101
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Mensah SA, Nersesyan AA, Harding IC, Lee CI, Tan X, Banerjee S, Niedre M, Torchilin VP, Ebong EE. Flow-regulated endothelial glycocalyx determines metastatic cancer cell activity. FASEB J 2020; 34:6166-6184. [PMID: 32167209 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901920r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and secondary tumor initiation largely depend on circulating tumor cell (CTC) and vascular endothelial cell (EC) interactions by incompletely understood mechanisms. Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) dysfunction may play a significant role in this process. GCX structure depends on vascular flow patterns, which are irregular in tumor environments. This work presents evidence that disturbed flow (DF) induces GCX degradation, leading to CTC homing to the endothelium, a first step in secondary tumor formation. A 2-fold greater attachment of CTCs to human ECs was found to occur under DF conditions, compared to uniform flow (UF) conditions. These results corresponded to an approximately 50% decrease in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-labeled components of the GCX under DF conditions, vs UF conditions, with undifferentiated levels of CTC-recruiting E-selectin under DF vs UF conditions. Confirming the role of the GCX, neuraminidase induced the degradation of WGA-labeled GCX under UF cell culture conditions or in Balb/C mice and led to an over 2-fold increase in CTC attachment to ECs or Balb/C mouse lungs, respectively, compared to untreated conditions. These experiments confirm that flow-induced GCX degradation can enable metastatic CTC arrest. This work, therefore, provides new insight into pathways of secondary tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alina A Nersesyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire I Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Selina Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Neuroscience Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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102
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Vlasov H, Juvonen T, Hiippala S, Suojaranta R, Peltonen M, Schramko A, Arvonen K, Salminen US, Kleine Budde I, Eränen T, Mazanikov M, Meinberg M, Vähäsilta T, Wilkman E, Pettilä V, Pesonen E. Effect and safety of 4% albumin in the treatment of cardiac surgery patients: study protocol for the randomized, double-blind, clinical ALBICS (ALBumin In Cardiac Surgery) trial. Trials 2020; 21:235. [PMID: 32111230 PMCID: PMC7048052 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), large amounts of fluids are administered. CPB priming with crystalloid solution causes marked hemodilution and fluid extravasation. Colloid solutions may reduce fluid overload because they have a better volume expansion effect than crystalloids. The European Medicines Agency does not recommend the use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions (HES) due to harmful renal effects. Albumin solution does not impair blood coagulation but the findings on kidney function are conflicting. On the other hand, albumin may reduce endothelial glycocalyx destruction and decrease platelet count during CPB. No large randomized, double-blind, clinical trials have compared albumin solution to crystalloid solution in cardiac surgery. Methods/design In this single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial comprising 1386 adult cardiac surgery patients, 4% albumin solution will be compared to Ringer’s acetate solution in CPB priming and volume replacement up to 3200 mL during surgery and the first 24 h of intensive care unit stay. The primary efficacy outcome is the number of patients with at least one major adverse event (MAE) during 90 postoperative days (all-cause death, acute myocardial injury, acute heart failure or low output syndrome, resternotomy, stroke, major arrhythmia, major bleeding, infection compromising post-procedural rehabilitation, acute kidney injury). Secondary outcomes are total number of MAEs, incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE; cardiac death, acute myocardial injury, acute heart failure, arrhythmia), amount of each type of blood product transfused (red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets), total fluid balance at the end of the intervention period, total measured blood loss, development of acute kidney injury, days alive without mechanical ventilation in 90 days, days alive outside intensive care unit at 90 days, days alive at home at 90 days, and 90-day mortality. Discussion The findings of this study will provide new evidence regarding efficacy and safety of albumin solution in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Trial registration EudraCT (clinicaltrialsregister.eu) 2015–002556-27 Registered 11 Nov 2016 and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02560519. Registered 25 Sept 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Vlasov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tatu Juvonen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Hiippala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raili Suojaranta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Peltonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexey Schramko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaapo Arvonen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla-Stina Salminen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Kleine Budde
- Department of Clinical Operations, Sanquin Plasma Products B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiina Eränen
- HUS Pharmacy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Mazanikov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mihkel Meinberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Vähäsilta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Wilkman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pesonen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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103
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Araibi H, van der Merwe E, Gwanyanya A, Kelly-Laubscher R. The effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on the endothelial glycocalyx during ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12612. [PMID: 32017300 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a natural metabolite that is cardioprotective, but its effects on endothelial glycocalyx damage during ischemia-reperfusion are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on the endothelial glycocalyx during ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS Isolated hearts from Wistar rats were perfused on a Langendorff system with Krebs-Henseleit buffer and pretreated with sphingosine-1-phosphate (10 nmol/L) before ischemia-reperfusion. Infarct size was measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining (n ≥ 6 per group). Cardiac edema was assessed by calculating total water content (n = 7 per group) and histologically quantifying the interstitial compartment (n ≥ 3 per group). The post-ischemic coronary release of syndecan-1 was quantified using ELISA. Syndecan-1 immunostaining intensity was assessed in perfusion-fixed hearts (n ≥ 3 per group). RESULTS Pretreatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate decreased infarct size in isolated hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (P = .01 vs ischemia-reperfusion). However, sphingosine-1-phosphate had no effect on syndecan-1 levels in the coronary effluent or on the intensity of the syndecan-1 immunostaining signal in cardiac tissue. Heart total water content was not significantly different between control and ischemic groups but was significantly decreased in hearts treated with sphingosine-1-phosphate alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury is not mediated by the maintenance of syndecan-1 in the endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Araibi
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth van der Merwe
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Asfree Gwanyanya
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roisin Kelly-Laubscher
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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104
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Abassi Z, Armaly Z, Heyman SN. Glycocalyx Degradation in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:752-767. [PMID: 32035883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer coating the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. It is vital for endothelial function as it participates in microvascular reactivity, endothelium interaction with blood constituents, and vascular permeability. Structural and functional damage to glycocalyx occurs in various disease states. A prominent clinical situation characterized by glycocalyx derangement is ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the whole body as well as during selective I/R to organs such as the kidney, heart, lung, or liver. Degradation of the glycocalyx is now considered a cornerstone in I/R-related endothelial dysfunction, which further impairs local microcirculation with a feed-forward loop of organ damage, due to vasoconstriction, leukocyte adherence, and activation of the immune response. Glycocalyx damage during I/R is evidenced by rising plasma levels of its principal constituents, heparan sulfate and syndecan-1. By contrast, the concentrations of these compounds in the circulation decrease after successful protective interventions in I/R, suggesting their use as surrogate biomarkers of endothelial integrity. In light of the importance of the glycocalyx in preserving endothelial cell integrity and its involvement in pathologic conditions, several promising therapeutic strategies to restore the damaged glycocalyx and to attenuate its deleterious consequences have been suggested. This review focuses on alterations of glycocalyx during I/R injury in general (to vital organs in particular), and on maneuvers aimed at glycocalyx recovery during I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Zaher Armaly
- Department of Nephrology, Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine-Bar Ilan University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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105
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Radman M, McGuire J, Zimmerman J. Childhood Obesity, Endothelial Cell Activation, and Critical Illness. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:441. [PMID: 32850554 PMCID: PMC7419464 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity is increasing in prevalence and is frequently an antecedent to adult obesity and adult obesity-associated morbidities such as atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, and chronic metabolic syndrome. Endothelial cell activation, one aspect of inflammation, is present in the early stages of atherosclerosis, often prior to the onset of symptoms. Endothelial activation is a pathological condition in which vasoconstricting, pro-thrombotic, and proliferative mediators predominate protective vasodilating, anti-thrombogenic, and anti-mitogenic mediators. Many studies report poor outcomes among obese children with systemic endothelial activation. Likewise, the link between childhood obesity and poor outcomes in critical illness is well-established. However, the link between obesity and severity of endothelial activation specifically in the setting of critical illness is largely unstudied. Although endothelial cell activation is believed to worsen disease in critically ill children, the nature and extent of this response is poorly understood due to the difficulty in measuring endothelial cell dysfunction and destruction. Based on the data available for the obese, asymptomatic population and the obese, critically ill population, the authors posit that obesity, and obesity-associated chronic inflammation, including oxidative stress and insulin resistance, may contribute to endothelial activation and associated worse outcomes among critically ill children. A research agenda to examine this hypothesis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Radman
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Pediatric Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John McGuire
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Pediatric Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jerry Zimmerman
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Pediatric Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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106
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Astapenko D, Benes J, Pouska J, Lehmann C, Islam S, Cerny V. Endothelial glycocalyx in acute care surgery - what anaesthesiologists need to know for clinical practice. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19:238. [PMID: 31862008 PMCID: PMC6925438 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is the thin sugar-based lining on the apical surface of endothelial cells. It has been linked to the physiological functioning of the microcirculation and has been found to be damaged in critical illness and after acute care surgery. This review aims to describe the role of EG in severely injured patients undergoing surgery, discuss specific situations (e.G. major trauma, hemorrhagic shock, trauma induced coagulopathy) as well as specific interventions commonly applied in these patients (e.g. fluid therapy, transfusion) and specific drugs related to perioperative medicine with regard to their impact on EG.EG in acute care surgery is exposed to damage due to tissue trauma, inflammation, oxidative stress and inadequate fluid therapy. Even though some interventions (transfusion of plasma, human serum albumin, hydrocortisone, sevoflurane) are described as potentially EG protective there is still no specific treatment for EG protection and recovery in clinical medicine.The most important principle to be adopted in routine clinical practice at present is to acknowledge the fragile structure of the EG and avoid further damage which is potentially related to worsened clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Astapenko
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Benes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical centrum, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pouska
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sufia Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, A/2 Jahurul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Vladimir Cerny
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Departments of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Intensive care medicine, J.E. Purkinje 21 University, Masaryk Hospital Usti nad Labem, Socialni pece 3316/12A, 400 11, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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107
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Diarte-Añazco EMG, Méndez-Lara KA, Pérez A, Alonso N, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. Novel Insights into the Role of HDL-Associated Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246273. [PMID: 31842389 PMCID: PMC6940915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are key signaling molecules involved in the regulation of cell physiology. These species are found in tissues and in circulation. Although they only constitute a small fraction in lipid composition of circulating lipoproteins, their concentration in plasma and distribution among plasma lipoproteins appears distorted under adverse cardiometabolic conditions such as diabetes mellitus. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), one of their main representatives, is involved in regulating cardiomyocyte homeostasis in different models of experimental cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and represents a main risk factor for heart failure. Notably, plasma concentration of S1P, particularly high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound S1P, may be decreased in patients with diabetes mellitus, and hence, inversely related to cardiac alterations. Despite this, little attention has been given to the circulating levels of either total S1P or HDL-bound S1P as potential biomarkers of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Thus, this review will focus on the potential role of HDL-bound S1P as a circulating biomarker in the diagnosis of main cardiometabolic complications frequently associated with systemic metabolic syndromes with impaired insulin signaling. Given the bioactive nature of these molecules, we also evaluated its potential of HDL-bound S1P-raising strategies for the treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M. G. Diarte-Añazco
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
| | - Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Correspondence: (K.A.M.-L.); (F.B.-V.); (J.J.)
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servei d’Endocrinologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servei d’Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (K.A.M.-L.); (F.B.-V.); (J.J.)
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (K.A.M.-L.); (F.B.-V.); (J.J.)
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108
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Hesse B, Rovas A, Buscher K, Kusche-Vihrog K, Brand M, Di Marco GS, Kielstein JT, Pavenstädt H, Linke WA, Nofer JR, Kümpers P, Lukasz A. Symmetric dimethylarginine in dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein mediates endothelial glycocalyx breakdown in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 97:502-515. [PMID: 32008804 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (d-HDL) in chronic kidney disease is known to have a change in composition towards an endothelial-damaging phenotype, amongst others, via the accumulation of symmetric dimethylarginine. The endothelial glycocalyx, a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the endothelial luminal surface, is a first line defense against vascular diseases including atherosclerosis. Here we conducted a translational, cross-sectional study to determine the role of symmetric dimethylarginine in d-HDL as a mediator of glycocalyx damage. Using confocal and atomic force microscopy, intact HDL from healthy donors was found to maintain the glycocalyx while isolated HDL from hemodialysis patients and exogenous symmetric dimethylarginine caused significant damage to the glycocalyx in endothelial cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Symmetric dimethylarginine triggered glycocalyx deterioration via molecular pathways mediated by toll-like-receptor 2 and matrix metalloprotease-9. Corresponding intravital microscopy revealed that exogenous symmetric dimethylarginine and d-HDL from hemodialysis patients caused glycocalyx breakdown, which subsequently contributed to alterations in leukocyte rolling. Biologically effective HDL, which estimates the functionality of HDL, was calculated from circulating HDL-cholesterol and symmetric dimethylarginine, as described in the literature. Biologically effective HDL was the only parameter that could independently predict glycocalyx damage in vivo. Thus, our data suggest that symmetric dimethylarginine in d-HDL mediates glycocalyx breakdown in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hesse
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandros Rovas
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Konrad Buscher
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Brand
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giovana Seno Di Marco
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan T Kielstein
- Medical Clinic V, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Blood Purification, Academic Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Lukasz
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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109
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Membrane tension regulates syndecan-1 expression through actin remodelling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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110
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Lin CH, Lu JH, Hsia K, Lee H, Yao CL, Ma H. The Antithrombotic Function of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate on Human Adipose-Stem-Cell-Recellularized Tissue Engineered Vascular Graft In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205218. [PMID: 31640220 PMCID: PMC6829437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) show potential in the recellularization of tissue engineerined vascular grafts (TEVGs). However, whether sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) could further enhance the adhesion, proliferation, and antithrombosis of ASCs on decellularized vascular scaffolds is unknown. This study investigated the effect of S1P on the recellularization of TEVGs with ASCs. Human ASCs were derived from lipoaspirate. Scaffolds were derived from human umbilical arteries (HUAs) with treatment of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 48 h (decellularized HUAs; DHUAs). The adhesion, proliferation, and antithrombotic functions (kinetic clotting time and platelet adhesion) of ASCs on DHUAs with S1P or without S1P were evaluated. The histology and DNA examination revealed a preserved structure and the elimination of the nuclear component more than 95% in HUAs after decellularizaiton. Human ASCs (hASCs) showed CD29(+), CD73(+), CD90(+), CD105(+), CD31(-), CD34(-), CD44(-), HLA-DR(-), and CD146(-) while S1P-treated ASCs showed marker shifting to CD31(+). In contrast to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), S1P didn't significantly increase proliferation of ASCs on DHUAs. However, the kinetic clotting test revealed prolonged blood clotting in S1P-treated ASC-recellularized DHUAs. S1P also decreased platelet adhesion on ASC-recellularized DHUAs. In addition, S1P treatment increased the syndecan-1 expression of ASCs. TEVG reconstituted with S1P and ASC-recellularized DHUAs showed an antithrombotic effect in vitro. The preliminary results showed that ASCs could adhere to DHUAs and S1P could increase the antithrombotic effect on ASC-recellularized DHUAs. The antithrombotic effect is related to ASCs exhibiting an endothelial-cell-like function and preventing of syndecan-1 shedding. A future animal study is warranted to prove this novel method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsun Lin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Her Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, medicine & Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Kai Hsia
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Hsu Ma
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, medicine & Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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111
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Kong C, Elderman M, Cheng L, de Haan BJ, Nauta A, de Vos P. Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Glycocalyx Development by Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Non-Digestible Carbohydrates. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900303. [PMID: 31140746 PMCID: PMC6771538 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The epithelial glycocalyx development is of great importance for microbial colonization. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) and non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) may modulate glycocalyx development. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of hMOs and NDCs on human gut epithelial cells (Caco2) are investigated by quantifying thickness and area coverage of adsorbed albumin, heparan sulfate (HS), and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the glycocalyx. Effects of hMOs (2'-FL and 3-FL) and NDCs [inulins with degrees of polymerization (DP) (DP3-DP10, DP10-DP60, DP30-DP60) and pectins with degrees of methylation (DM) (DM7, DM55, DM69)] are tested using immunofluorescence staining at 1 and 5 days stimulation. HMOs show a significant enhancing effect on glycocalyx development but effects are structure-dependent. 3-FL induces a stronger albumin adsorption and increases HS and HA stronger than 2'-FL. The DP3-DP10, DP30-60 inulins also increase glycocalyx development in a structure-dependent manner as DP3-DP10 selectively increases HS, while DP30-DP60 specifically increases HA. Pectins have less effects, and only increase albumin adsorption. CONCLUSION Here, it is shown that 2'-FL and 3-FL and inulins stimulate glycocalyx development in a structure-dependent fashion. This may contribute to formulation of effective hMO and NDC formulations in infant formulas to support microbial colonization and gut barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology GroupDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marlies Elderman
- Immunoendocrinology GroupDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lianghui Cheng
- Immunoendocrinology GroupDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology GroupDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampinaStationsplein 43818 LEAmersfoortThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology GroupDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
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112
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Passov A, Schramko A, Mäkisalo H, Nordin A, Andersson S, Pesonen E, Ilmakunnas M. Graft glycocalyx degradation in human liver transplantation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221010. [PMID: 31415628 PMCID: PMC6695121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischaemia/reperfusion-injury degrades endothelial glycocalyx. Graft glycocalyx degradation was studied in human liver transplantation. METHODS To assess changes within the graft, blood was drawn from portal and hepatic veins in addition to systemic samples in 10 patients. Plasma syndecan-1, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS During reperfusion, syndecan-1 levels were higher in graft caval effluent [3118 (934-6141) ng/ml, P = 0.005] than in portal venous blood [101 (75-121) ng/ml], indicating syndecan-1 release from the graft. Concomitantly, heparan sulfate levels were lower in graft caval effluent [96 (32-129) ng/ml, P = 0.037] than in portal venous blood [112 (98-128) ng/ml], indicating heparan sulfate uptake within the graft. Chondroitin sulfate levels were equal in portal and hepatic venous blood. After reperfusion arterial syndecan-1 levels increased 17-fold (P < 0.001) and heparan sulfate decreased to a third (P < 0.001) towards the end of surgery. CONCLUSION Syndecan-1 washout from the liver indicates extensive glycocalyx degradation within the graft during reperfusion. Surprisingly, heparan sulfate was taken up by the graft during reperfusion. Corroborating previous experimental reports, this suggests that endogenous heparan sulfate might be utilized within the graft in the repair of damaged glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Passov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexey Schramko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Mäkisalo
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery Clinic, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Nordin
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery Clinic, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pesonen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Ilmakunnas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Objective: The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) is a dynamic and multicomponent layer of macromolecules found at the surface of vascular endothelium, which is largely underappreciated. It has recently been recognized that eGC is a major regulator of endothelial function and may have therapeutic value in organ injuries. This study aimed to explore the role of the eGC in various pathologic and physiologic conditions, by reviewing the basic research findings pertaining to the detection of the eGC and its clinical significance. We also explored different pharmacologic agents used to protect and rebuild the eGC. Data sources: An in-depth search was performed in the PubMed database, focusing on research published after 2003 with keywords including eGC, permeability, glycocalyx and injuries, and glycocalyx protection. Study selection: Several authoritative reviews and original studies were identified and reviewed to summarize the characteristics of the eGC under physiologic and pathologic conditions as well as the detection and protection of the eGC. Results: The eGC degradation is closely associated with pathophysiologic changes such as vascular permeability, edema formation, mechanotransduction, and clotting cascade, together with neutrophil and platelet adhesion in diverse injury and disease states including inflammation (sepsis and trauma), ischemia-reperfusion injury, shock, hypervolemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and high Na+ as well as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Therapeutic strategies for protecting and rebuilding the eGC should be explored through experimental test and clinical verifications. Conclusions: Disturbance of the eGC usually occurs at early stages of various clinical pathophysiologies which can be partly prevented and reversed by protecting and restoring the eGC. The eGC seems to be a promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in clinical settings.
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114
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Magnesium lithospermate B protects the endothelium from inflammation-induced dysfunction through activation of Nrf2 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:867-878. [PMID: 30617294 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is an active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix, a traditional Chinese herb used in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of MLB against inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms. Endothelial dysfunction was induced in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL). We showed that pretreatment with MLB (10-100 μM) dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines ICAM1, VCAM1, and TNFα, which contributed to reduced leukocytes adhesion and attenuation of endothelial hyperpermeability in HMEC-1 cells. SD rats were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, ip) to induce endothelial dysfunction in vivo. We showed that pretreatment with MLB (25-100 mg/kg, ip) dose-dependently restored LPS-impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation in superior mesenteric artery (SMA), attenuated leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules and decreased vascular leakage in the lungs. We further elucidated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of MLB, and revealed that MLB pretreatment inhibited NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκBα degradation and subsequent phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in vitro and in vivo. In HMEC-1 cells, MLB pretreatment activated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA abolished the inhibitory effects of MLB on IκBα degradation and ICAM1 up-regulation, which were mimicked by PKC inhibition (Gö6983) or PI3K/Akt inhibition (LY294002). In summary, our results demonstrate that MLB inhibits NF-κB activation through PKC- and PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 activation in HMEC-1 cells and protects against LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction in murine model of acute inflammation.
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115
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Zeng Y, Yao X, Liu X, He X, Li L, Liu X, Yan Z, Wu J, Fu BM. Anti-angiogenesis triggers exosomes release from endothelial cells to promote tumor vasculogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1629865. [PMID: 31258881 PMCID: PMC6586113 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1629865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anti-angiogenic therapies (AATs) have some effects against multiple malignancies, they are limited by subsequent tumor vasculogenesis and progression. To investigate the mechanisms by which tumor vasculogenesis and progression following AATs, we transfected microRNA (miR)-9 into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to mimic the tumor-associated endothelial cells in hepatocellular carcinoma and simulated the AATs in vitro and in vivo. We found that administration of the angiogenesis inhibitor vandetanib completely abolished miR-9-induced angiogenesis and promoted autophagy in HUVECs, but induced the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-enriched exosomes. These VEGF-enriched exosomes significantly promoted the formation of endothelial vessels and vasculogenic mimicry in hepatocellular carcinoma and its progression in mice. Anti-autophagic therapy is proposed to improve the efficacy of AATs. However, similar effects by AATs were observed with the application of anti-autophagy by 3-methyladenine. Our results revealed that tumor vasculogenesis and progression after AATs and anti-autophagic therapies were due to the cross-talk between endothelial and tumor cells via VEGF-enriched exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- Radiation Therapy Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueling He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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116
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Curry FE. Layer upon layer: the functional consequences of disrupting the glycocalyx-endothelial barrier in vivo and in vitro. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 113:559-561. [PMID: 28453735 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- FitzRoy E Curry
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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117
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Yilmaz O, Afsar B, Ortiz A, Kanbay M. The role of endothelial glycocalyx in health and disease. Clin Kidney J 2019; 12:611-619. [PMID: 31583086 PMCID: PMC6768294 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is the largest organ in the body and recent studies have shown that the endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) plays a major role in health and disease states. The integrity of eGCX is vital for homoeostasis and disruption of its structure and function plays a major role in several pathologic conditions. An increased understanding of the numerous pathophysiological roles of eGCX may lead to the development of potential surrogate markers for endothelial injury or novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a state-of-the-art update on the structure and function of the eGCX, emphasizing the current understanding of interorgan crosstalk between the eGCX and other organs that might also contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Yilmaz
- Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Afsar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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118
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate in Endothelial Cell Recellularization Improves Patency and Endothelialization of Decellularized Vascular Grafts In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071641. [PMID: 30987025 PMCID: PMC6480112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: S1P has been shown to improve the endothelialization of decellularized vascular grafts in vitro. Here, we evaluated the potential of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by ECs and S1P on decellularized vascular scaffolds in a rat model. Methods: Rat aorta was decellularized mainly by 0.1% SDS and characterized by histology. Rat ECs, were seeded onto decellularized scaffolds, and the viability of the ECs was evaluated by biochemical assays. Then, we investigated the in vivo patency rate and endothelialization for five groups of decellularized vascular grafts (each n = 6) in a rat abdominal aorta model for 14 days. The five groups included (1) rat allogenic aorta (RAA); (2) decellularized RAA (DRAA); (3) DRAA with S1P (DRAA/S1P); (4) DRAA with EC recellularization (DRAA/EC); and (5) DRAA with S1P and EC recellularization (DRAA/EC/S1P). Results: In vitro, ECs were identified by the uptake of Dil-Ac-LDL. S1P enhanced the expression of syndecan-1 on ECs and supported the proliferation of ECs on decellularized vascular grafts. In vivo, RAA and DRAA/EC/S1P both had 100% patency without thrombus formation within 14 days. Better endothelialization, more wall structure maintenance and less inflammation were noted in the DRAA/EC/S1P group. In contrast, there was thrombus formation in the DRAA, DRAA/S1P and DRAA/EC groups. Conclusion: S1P could inhibit thrombus formation to improve the patency rate of EC-covered decellularized vascular grafts in vivo and may play an important role in the construction of TEVGs.
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119
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Milford EM, Reade MC. Resuscitation Fluid Choices to Preserve the Endothelial Glycocalyx. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:77. [PMID: 30850020 PMCID: PMC6408751 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2019. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2019. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Milford
- Intensive Care Medicine, 2nd General Health Battalion, Australian Army, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael C Reade
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland and Australian Defence Force Joint Health Command, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Clinical Services, 2nd General Health Battalion, Australian Army, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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120
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Fels J, Kusche-Vihrog K. Endothelial Nanomechanics in the Context of Endothelial (Dys)function and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:945-959. [PMID: 29433330 PMCID: PMC6354603 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stiffness of endothelial cells is closely linked to the function of the vasculature as it regulates the release of vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. The outer layer of endothelial cells, consisting of the glycocalyx above and the cortical zone beneath the plasma membrane, is a vulnerable compartment able to adapt its nanomechanical properties to any changes of forces exerted by the adjacent blood stream. Sustained stiffening of this layer contributes to the development of endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathologies. Recent Advances: The development of specific techniques to quantify the mechanical properties of cells enables the detailed investigation of the mechanistic link between structure and function of cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Challenging the mechanical stiffness of cells, for instance, by inflammatory mediators can lead to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Prevention of sustained stiffening of the outer layer of endothelial cells in turn improves endothelial function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The mechanical properties of cells can be used as critical marker and test system for the proper function of the vascular system. Pharmacological substances, which are able to improve endothelial nanomechanics and function, could take a new importance in the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. Thus, detailed knowledge acquisition about the structure/function relationship of endothelial cells and the underlying signaling pathways should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fels
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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121
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Uchimido R, Schmidt EP, Shapiro NI. The glycocalyx: a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target in sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:16. [PMID: 30654825 PMCID: PMC6337861 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. It is comprised of membrane-attached proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan chains, glycoproteins, and adherent plasma proteins. The glycocalyx maintains homeostasis of the vasculature, including controlling vascular permeability and microvascular tone, preventing microvascular thrombosis, and regulating leukocyte adhesion.During sepsis, the glycocalyx is degraded via inflammatory mechanisms such as metalloproteinases, heparanase, and hyaluronidase. These sheddases are activated by reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta. Inflammation-mediated glycocalyx degradation leads to vascular hyper-permeability, unregulated vasodilation, microvessel thrombosis, and augmented leukocyte adhesion. Clinical studies have demonstrated the correlation between blood levels of glycocalyx components with organ dysfunction, severity, and mortality in sepsis.Fluid resuscitation therapy is an essential part of sepsis treatment, but overaggressive fluid therapy practices (leading to hypervolemia) may augment glycocalyx degradation. Conversely, fresh frozen plasma and albumin administration may attenuate glycocalyx degradation. The beneficial and harmful effects of fluid and plasma infusion on glycocalyx integrity in sepsis are not well understood; future studies are warranted.In this review, we first analyze the underlying mechanisms of glycocalyx degradation in sepsis. Second, we demonstrate how the blood and urine levels of glycocalyx components are associated with patient outcomes. Third, we show beneficial and harmful effects of fluid therapy on the glycocalyx status during sepsis. Finally, we address the concept of glycocalyx degradation as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Uchimido
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1 Deaconess Road, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nathan I Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1 Deaconess Road, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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122
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Ali MM, Mahmoud AM, Le Master E, Levitan I, Phillips SA. Role of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylase in oxidative stress-induced degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H647-H663. [PMID: 30632766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00090.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is crucial for normal endothelial function. It also tethers extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), which protects the endothelium against oxidative damage. Proteolytic enzymes [matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)] are capable of disrupting endothelial cell surface proteins, such as syndecans, resulting in derangements of the endothelial glycocalyx. We sought to test the role of MMPs in oxidative stress-mediated disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx and examine the effect of pharmacological inhibition of MMPs on mitigating this detrimental effect. We also examined the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in the oxidative stress-mediated MMP induction and glycocalyx remodeling. Oxidative stress was experimentally induced in human adipose microvascular endothelial cells using H2O2 and buthionine sulfoximine in the presence and absence of potent MMP and HDAC inhibitors. H2O2 and buthionine sulfoximine resulted in a notable loss of the endothelial glycocalyx; they also increased the expression and proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and subsequently increased the shedding of syndecan-1 and SOD3 from the endothelial cell surface. MMP upregulation was accompanied by a decline in mRNA and protein levels of their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs; TIMP-1 and TIMP-3). Furthermore, oxidative stress induced HDAC activity. Inhibition of MMPs and HDAC reversed syndecan-1 and SOD3 shedding and maintained endothelial glycocalyx integrity. HDAC inhibition increased TIMP expression and reduced MMP expression and activity in endothelial cells. Our findings shed light on MMPs and HDAC as therapeutically targetable mechanisms in oxidative stress-induced glycocalyx remodeling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress, a hallmark of many diseases, damages the endothelial glycocalyx, resulting in vascular dysfunction. Studying the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and endothelial glycocalyx derangements might help discover new therapeutic targets to preserve vascular function. In this study, we investigated the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylase in oxidative stress-induced endothelial glycocalyx degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Ali
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth Le Master
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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Fisher J, Linder A, Bentzer P. Elevated plasma glypicans are associated with organ failure in patients with infection. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:2. [PMID: 30618011 PMCID: PMC6323058 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased vascular permeability is a key feature in the pathophysiology of sepsis and the development of organ failure. Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx is increasingly being recognized as an important pathophysiological mechanism but at present it is unclear if glypicans contribute to this response. We hypothesized that plasma levels of glypicans (GPC) are elevated in patients with sepsis. Methods Plasma GPC 1–6 levels were measured by ELISA in 10 patients with sepsis and 10 healthy controls as an initial screening. Plasma GPC 1, 3, and 4 were further measured in a cohort of 184 patients with a clinically confirmed infection. Patients were divided into groups of those who had sepsis and those who had an infection without organ failure. To determine whether plasma glypicans could predict the development of organ failure, patients were further subdivided to those who had organ failure at enrolment and those who developed it after enrollment. The association of plasma GPC 1, 3, and 4 with organ failure and with various markers of inflammation, disease severity, and glycocalyx shedding was investigated. Results In the pilot study, only GPC 1, 3, and 4 were detectable in the plasma of sepsis patients. In the larger cohort, GPC 1, 3, and 4 levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in patients with sepsis than in those with infection without organ failure. GPC 1, 3, and 4 were significantly positively correlated with plasma levels of the disease severity markers C-reactive protein, lactate, procalcitonin, and heparin binding protein, and with the marker of glycocalyx degradation syndecan 1. They were significantly negatively correlated with plasma levels of the glycocalyx-protective factors apolipoprotein M and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Conclusions We show that GPC 1, 3, and 4 are elevated in plasma of patients with sepsis and correlate with markers of disease severity, systemic inflammation, and glycocalyx damage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40635-018-0216-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Fisher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Adam Linder
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Bentzer
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Anesthesia and Intensive care, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Harding IC, Mitra R, Mensah SA, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow disrupts caveolin-1 expression, localization, and function via glycocalyx degradation. J Transl Med 2018; 16:364. [PMID: 30563532 PMCID: PMC6299559 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-dependent atherosclerosis develops in a non-random pattern in regions of vessel bending and bifurcations, where blood flow exhibits disturbed flow (DF) patterns. In contrast, uniform flow (UF), normal endothelium, and healthy vessel walls co-exist within straight vessels. In clarifying how flow protectively or atherogenically regulates endothelial cell behavior, involvement of the endothelial surface glycocalyx has been suggested due to reduced expression in regions of atherosclerosis development. Here, we hypothesized that pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of DF-induced reduction in glycocalyx expression and subsequently impairs endothelial sensitivity to flow. Specifically, we propose that glycocalyx degradation can induce pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction through decreased caveolin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and localization. METHODS We studied endothelial cells in atherosclerotic-prone DF and atherosclerotic-resistant UF conditions in parallel plate flow culture and in C57Bl/6 mice. The effects of flow conditioning on endothelial cell behavior were quantified using immunocytochemistry. The glycocalyx was fluorescently labeled for wheat germ agglutinin, which serves as a general glycocalyx label, and heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component. Additionally, mechanosensitivity was assessed by immunocytochemical fluorescence expression and function of caveolin-1, the protein that forms the mechanosignaling caveolar invaginations on the endothelial surface, total endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which synthesizes nitric oxide, and serine 1177 phosphorylated eNOS (eNOS-pS1177), which is the active form of eNOS. Caveolin function and eNOS expression and activation were correlated to glycocalyx expression. Heparinase III enzyme was used to degrade a major glycocalyx component, HS, to identify the role of the glycocalyx in caveoin-1 and eNOS-pS1177 regulation. RESULTS Results confirmed that DF reduces caveolin-1 expression and abolishes most of its subcellular localization preferences, when compared to the effect of UF. DF down-regulates caveolin-1 mechanosignaling, as indicated by its reduced colocalization with serine 1177 phosphorylated endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-pS1177), a vasoregulatory signaling molecule whose activity is regulated by its residence in caveolae. As expected, DF inhibited glycocalyx expression compared to UF. In the absence of heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component, UF-conditioned endothelial cells exhibited near DF-like caveolin-1 expression, localization, and colocalization with eNOS-pS1177. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of a flow-defined role of the glycocalyx in caveolae expression and function related to vasculoprotective endothelial mechanosensitivity that defends against atherosclerosis. The results suggest that a glycocalyx-based therapeutic targeted to areas of atherosclerosis development could prevent disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Huang L, Zhang X, Ma X, Zhang D, Li D, Feng J, Pan X, Lü J, Wang X, Liu X. Berberine alleviates endothelial glycocalyx degradation and promotes glycocalyx restoration in LPS-induced ARDS. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:96-107. [PMID: 30308440 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an increase in vascular endothelial permeability may trigger pulmonary edema and ultimately lead to respiratory failure. Endothelial glycocalyx damage is an important factor that causes an increase in vascular endothelial permeability. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine that exerts multiple pharmacological effects. In this study, pretreatment with BBR inhibited the increase in vascular endothelial permeability in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS. BBR pretreatment inhibited the shedding of syndecan-1 (SDC-1) and heparan sulfate (HS), which are important components of the endothelial glycocalyx that lessen endothelial glycocalyx damage. BBR further significantly inhibited increases in important endothelial glycocalyx damage factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), heparanase (HPA), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in LPS-induced ARDS mice and in LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. BBR pretreatment also decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway activation in LPS-induced ARDS. In addition, BBR promoted the recovery of SDC-1 and HS content in injured endothelial glycocalyx after LPS treatment and accelerated its restoration. This is the first report of BBR maintaining the integrity of endothelial glycocalyx. These results provide a new theoretical basis for the use of BBR in the treatment of ARDS and other diseases related to endothelial glycocalyx damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Department of Respirator Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Binzhou, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Respirator Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Binzhou, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Respirator Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Binzhou, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiali Feng
- Department of Respirator Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Binzhou, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinjie Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- Division of Physical Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Respirator Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University Binzhou, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangyong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China.
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LaRivière WB, Schmidt EP. The Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx in ARDS: A Critical Role for Heparan Sulfate. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:33-52. [PMID: 30360782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a glycosaminoglycan-enriched endovascular layer that, with the development of novel fixation and in vivo microscopy techniques, has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to vascular homeostasis. Sepsis-associated degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx mediates the onset of the alveolar microvascular dysfunction characteristic of sepsis-induced lung injury (such as the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS). Emerging evidence indicates that processes of glycocalyx reconstitution are necessary for endothelial repair and, as such, are promising therapeutic targets to accelerate lung injury recovery. This review discusses what has been learned about the homeostatic and pathophysiologic role of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx during lung health and injury, with the goal to identify promising new areas for future mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wells B LaRivière
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Cooper S, Emmott A, McDonald KK, Campeau MA, Leask RL. Increased MMP activity in curved geometries disrupts the endothelial cell glycocalyx creating a proinflammatory environment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202526. [PMID: 30138400 PMCID: PMC6107195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall shear stress gradients (WSSGs) induce an inflammatory phenotype in endothelial cells (ECs) which is hypothesized to be mediated by mechanotransduction through the EC glycocalyx (GCX). We used a three-dimensional in vitro cell culture model with a 180o curved geometry to investigate if WSSGs created by curvature can cause EC inflammation and disruption of the GCX. The hydrodynamics of the model elicited a morphological response in ECs as well as a pattern of leukocyte adhesion towards the inner wall of curvature that was attenuated with enzymatic removal of GCX components. GCX degradation was also observed in regions of curvature which corresponded to increased activity of MMPs. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the EC GCX is involved in mechanotransduction of WSSGs and that components of the GCX are regulated by MMP activity in regions of curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Emmott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karli K. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Richard L. Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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POINT: Should Intravenous Albumin Be Used for Volume Resuscitation in Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock? Yes. Chest 2018; 149:1365-7. [PMID: 27287566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Dogné S, Flamion B, Caron N. Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Shield Against Diabetic Vascular Complications: Involvement of Hyaluronan and Hyaluronidases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1427-1439. [PMID: 29880486 PMCID: PMC6039403 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EG), which covers the apical surface of the endothelial cells and floats into the lumen of the vessels, is a key player in vascular integrity and cardiovascular homeostasis. The EG is composed of PGs (proteoglycans), glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans, in particular hyaluronan (HA). HA seems to be implicated in most of the functions described for EG such as creating a space between blood and the endothelium, controlling vessel permeability, restricting leukocyte and platelet adhesion, and allowing an appropriate endothelial response to flow variation through mechanosensing. The amount of HA in the EG may be regulated by HYAL (hyaluronidase) 1, the most active somatic hyaluronidase. HYAL1 seems enriched in endothelial cells through endocytosis from the bloodstream. The role of the other main somatic hyaluronidase, HYAL2, in the EG is uncertain. Damage to the EG, accompanied by shedding of one or more of its components, is an early sign of various pathologies including diabetes mellitus. Shedding increases the blood or plasma concentration of several EG components, such as HA, heparan sulfate, and syndecan. The plasma levels of these molecules can then be used as sensitive markers of EG degradation. This has been shown in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Recent experimental studies suggest that preserving the size and amount of EG HA in the face of diabetic insults could be a useful novel therapeutic strategy to slow diabetic complications. One way to achieve this goal, as suggested by a murine model of HYAL1 deficiency, may be to inhibit the function of HYAL1. The same approach may succeed in other pathological situations involving endothelial dysfunction and EG damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dogné
- From the Molecular Physiology Research Unit-URPhyM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (Unamur), Belgium.
| | - Bruno Flamion
- From the Molecular Physiology Research Unit-URPhyM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (Unamur), Belgium
| | - Nathalie Caron
- From the Molecular Physiology Research Unit-URPhyM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (Unamur), Belgium
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130
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Betteridge KB, Arkill KP, Neal CR, Harper SJ, Foster RR, Satchell SC, Bates DO, Salmon AHJ. Sialic acids regulate microvessel permeability, revealed by novel in vivo studies of endothelial glycocalyx structure and function. J Physiol 2018; 595:5015-5035. [PMID: 28524373 PMCID: PMC5538239 DOI: 10.1113/jp274167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points We have developed novel techniques for paired, direct, real‐time in vivo quantification of endothelial glycocalyx structure and associated microvessel permeability. Commonly used imaging and analysis techniques yield measurements of endothelial glycocalyx depth that vary by over an order of magnitude within the same vessel. The anatomical distance between maximal glycocalyx label and maximal endothelial cell plasma membrane label provides the most sensitive and reliable measure of endothelial glycocalyx depth. Sialic acid residues of the endothelial glycocalyx regulate glycocalyx structure and microvessel permeability to both water and albumin.
Abstract The endothelial glycocalyx forms a continuous coat over the luminal surface of all vessels, and regulates multiple vascular functions. The contribution of individual components of the endothelial glycocalyx to one critical vascular function, microvascular permeability, remains unclear. We developed novel, real‐time, paired methodologies to study the contribution of sialic acids within the endothelial glycocalyx to the structural and functional permeability properties of the same microvessel in vivo. Single perfused rat mesenteric microvessels were perfused with fluorescent endothelial cell membrane and glycocalyx labels, and imaged with confocal microscopy. A broad range of glycocalyx depth measurements (0.17–3.02 μm) were obtained with different labels, imaging techniques and analysis methods. The distance between peak cell membrane and peak glycocalyx label provided the most reliable measure of endothelial glycocalyx anatomy, correlating with paired, numerically smaller values of endothelial glycocalyx depth (0.078 ± 0.016 μm) from electron micrographs of the same portion of the same vessel. Disruption of sialic acid residues within the endothelial glycocalyx using neuraminidase perfusion decreased endothelial glycocalyx depth and increased apparent solute permeability to albumin in the same vessels in a time‐dependent manner, with changes in all three true vessel wall permeability coefficients (hydraulic conductivity, reflection coefficient and diffusive solute permeability). These novel technologies expand the range of techniques that permit direct studies of the structure of the endothelial glycocalyx and dependent microvascular functions in vivo, and demonstrate that sialic acid residues within the endothelial glycocalyx are critical regulators of microvascular permeability to both water and albumin. We have developed novel techniques for paired, direct, real‐time in vivo quantification of endothelial glycocalyx structure and associated microvessel permeability. Commonly used imaging and analysis techniques yield measurements of endothelial glycocalyx depth that vary by over an order of magnitude within the same vessel. The anatomical distance between maximal glycocalyx label and maximal endothelial cell plasma membrane label provides the most sensitive and reliable measure of endothelial glycocalyx depth. Sialic acid residues of the endothelial glycocalyx regulate glycocalyx structure and microvessel permeability to both water and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai B Betteridge
- Bristol Renal, Schools of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Pharmacology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Kenton P Arkill
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.,Biofisika Institute (CSIC UPV/EHU) and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Christopher R Neal
- Bristol Renal, Schools of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Pharmacology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Steven J Harper
- Bristol Renal, Schools of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Pharmacology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Schools of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Pharmacology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Schools of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Pharmacology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - David O Bates
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew H J Salmon
- Bristol Renal, Schools of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Pharmacology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.,Renal Service, Specialist Medicine and Health of Older People, Waitemata DHB, Auckland, New Zealand
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131
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Zeng Y, Yao X, Chen L, Yan Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Feng T, Wu J, Liu X. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma via an MMP-7/ syndecan-1/TGF-β autocrine loop. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63324-63337. [PMID: 27556509 PMCID: PMC5325366 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between S1P and syndecan-1 in HCC, the molecular mechanism involved, as well as their roles in EMT of HCC. Results revealed a high serum S1P level presents in patients with HCC, which positively correlated with the serum syndecan-1 level. A significant inverse correlation existed between S1P1 and syndecan-1 in HCC tissues. S1P elicits activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways via S1P1, which triggers HPSE, leading to increases in expression and activity of MMP-7 and leading to shedding and suppression of syndecan-1. The loss of syndecan-1 causes an increase in TGF-β1 production. The limited chronic increase in TGF-β1 can convert HCC cells into a mesenchymal phenotype via establishing an MMP-7/Syndecan-1/TGF-β autocrine loop. Finally, TGF-β1 and syndecan-1 are essential for S1P-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Taken together, our study demonstrates that S1P induces advanced tumor phenotypes of HCC via establishing an MMP-7/syndecan-1/TGF-β1 autocrine loop, and implicates targetable S1P1-PI3K/AKT-HPSE-MMP-7 signaling axe in HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxia Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tang Feng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Song JW, Goligorsky MS. Perioperative implication of the endothelial glycocalyx. Korean J Anesthesiol 2018; 71:92-102. [PMID: 29619781 PMCID: PMC5903118 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2018.71.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a gel-like layer lining the luminal surface of healthy vascular endothelium. Recently, the EG has gained extensive interest as a crucial regulator of endothelial funtction, including vascular permeability, mechanotransduction, and the interaction between endothelial and circulating blood cells. The EG is degraded by various enzymes and reactive oxygen species upon pro-inflammatory stimulus. Ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, hypervolemia, and systemic inflammatory response are responsible for perioperative EG degradation. Perioperative damage of the EG has also been demonstrated, especially in cardiac surgery. However, the protection of the EG and its association with perioperative morbidity needs to be elucidated in future studies. In this review, the present knowledge about EG and its perioperative implication is discussed from an anesthesiologist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Wook Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute and Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Halbgebauer R, Braun CK, Denk S, Mayer B, Cinelli P, Radermacher P, Wanner GA, Simmen HP, Gebhard F, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang M. Hemorrhagic shock drives glycocalyx, barrier and organ dysfunction early after polytrauma. J Crit Care 2018; 44:229-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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134
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Liu XY, Xu HX, Li JK, Zhang D, Ma XH, Huang LN, Lü JH, Wang XZ. Neferine Protects Endothelial Glycocalyx via Mitochondrial ROS in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29520236 PMCID: PMC5826949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx is a critical factor in increased pulmonary vascular permeability, which is the basic pathological feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Neferine (Nef), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from green seed embryos of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, has extensive pharmacological activity. In this study, we showed that Nef reduced lung-capillary permeability, down-regulated the production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS. Further analysis indicated that Nef provided protection against endothelial glycocalyx degradation in LPS-induced ARDS mice (in vivo) and in LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (in vitro). The glycocalyx-protective effect of Nef may be initiated by suppressing the production of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and decreasing oxidative damage. Nef was also found to promote glycocalyx restoration by accelerating the removal of mtROS in endothelial cells in LPS-induced ARDS. These results suggested the potential of Nef as a therapeutic agent for ARDS associated with Gram-negative bacterial infections and elucidated the mechanisms underlying the protection and restoration of the endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hai-Xiao Xu
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Jian-Kui Li
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Ma
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jun-Hong Lü
- Division of Physical Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China.,Division of Physical Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Holzmann MS, Winkler MS, Strunden MS, Izbicki JR, Schoen G, Greiwe G, Pinnschmidt HO, Poppe A, Saugel B, Daum G, Goetz AE, Heckel K. Syndecan-1 as a biomarker for sepsis survival after major abdominal surgery. Biomark Med 2018; 12:119-127. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian S Holzmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin S Winkler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mike S Strunden
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Asklepios Clinic Harburg, Eißendorfer Pferdeweg 52, 21052 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department for General, Visceral & Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schoen
- Institute for Medical Biometry & Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gillis Greiwe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans O Pinnschmidt
- Institute for Medical Biometry & Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Poppe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Saugel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guenter Daum
- Clinic & Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alwin E Goetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Heckel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Edema is typically presented as a secondary effect from injury, illness, disease, or medication, and its impact on patient wellness is nested within the underlying etiology. Therefore, it is often thought of more as an amplifier to current preexisting conditions. Edema, however, can be an independent risk factor for patient deterioration. Improper management of edema is costly not only to the patient, but also to treatment and care facilities, as mismanagement of edema results in increased lengths of hospital stay. Direct tissue trauma, disease, or inappropriate resuscitation and/or ventilation strategies result in edema formation through physical disruption and chemical messenger-based structural modifications of the microvascular barrier. Derangements in microvascular barrier function limit tissue oxygenation, nutrient flow, and cellular waste removal. Recent studies have sought to elucidate cellular signaling and structural alterations that result in vascular hyperpermeability in a variety of critical care conditions to include hemorrhage, burn trauma, and sepsis. These studies and many others have highlighted how multiple mechanisms alter paracellular and/or transcellular pathways promoting hyperpermeability. Roles for endothelial glycocalyx, extracellular matrix and basement membrane, vesiculo-vacuolar organelles, cellular junction and cytoskeletal proteins, and vascular pericytes have been described, demonstrating the complexity of microvascular barrier regulation. Understanding these basic mechanisms inside and out of microvessels aid in developing better treatment strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of excessive edema formation.
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Zhang L, Zeng M, Fan J, Tarbell JM, Curry FRE, Fu BM. Sphingosine-1-phosphate Maintains Normal Vascular Permeability by Preserving Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx in Intact Microvessels. Microcirculation 2018; 23:301-10. [PMID: 27015105 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S1P was found to protect the ESG by inhibiting MMP activity-dependent shedding of ESG in cultured endothelial cell studies. We aimed to further test that S1P contributes to the maintenance of normal vascular permeability by protecting the ESG in intact microvessels. METHODS We quantified the ESG in post-capillary venules of rat mesentery and measured the vascular permeability to albumin in the presence and absence of 1 μM S1P. We also measured permeability to albumin in the presence of MMP inhibitors and compared the measured permeability with those predicted by a transport model for the inter-endothelial cleft. RESULTS We found that in the absence of S1P, the fluorescence intensity of the FITC-anti-HS-labeled ESG was ~10% of that in the presence of S1P, whereas the measured permeability to albumin was ~6.5-fold of that in the presence of S1P. Similar results were observed with MMP inhibition. The predictions by the mathematical model further confirmed that S1P maintains microvascular permeability by preserving ESG. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that S1P contributes to the maintenance of normal vascular permeability by protecting the ESG in intact microvessels, consistent with parallel observation in cultured endothelial monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Fitz-Roy E Curry
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
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The Role of Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx in Mechanosensing and Transduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:1-27. [PMID: 30315537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells (ECs) forming the inner wall of every blood vessel are constantly exposed to the mechanical forces generated by blood flow. The EC responses to these hemodynamic forces play a critical role in the homeostasis of the circulatory system. A variety of mechanosensors and transducers, locating on the EC surface, intra- and trans-EC membrane, and within the EC cytoskeleton, have thus been identified to ensure proper functions of ECs. Among them, the most recent candidate is the endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG), which is a matrix-like thin layer covering the luminal surface of the EC. It consists of various proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and plasma proteins and is close to other prominent EC mechanosensors and transducers. This chapter summarizes the ESG composition, thickness, and structure observed by different labeling and visualization techniques and in different types of vessels. It also presents the literature in determining the ESG mechanical properties by atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers. The molecular mechanisms by which the ESG plays the role in EC mechanosensing and transduction are described as well as the ESG remodeling by shear stress, the actin cytoskeleton, the membrane rafts, the angiogenic factors, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate.
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139
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Radeva MY, Waschke J. Mind the gap: mechanisms regulating the endothelial barrier. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28231640 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial barrier consists of intercellular contacts localized in the cleft between endothelial cells, which is covered by the glycocalyx in a sievelike manner. Both types of barrier-forming junctions, i.e. the adherens junction (AJ) serving mechanical anchorage and mechanotransduction and the tight junction (TJ) sealing the intercellular space to limit paracellular permeability, are tethered to the actin cytoskeleton. Under resting conditions, the endothelium thereby builds a selective layer controlling the exchange of fluid and solutes with the surrounding tissue. However, in the situation of an inflammatory response such as in anaphylaxis or sepsis intercellular contacts disintegrate in post-capillary venules leading to intercellular gap formation. The resulting oedema can cause shock and multi-organ failure. Therefore, maintenance as well as coordinated opening and closure of interendothelial junctions is tightly regulated. The two principle underlying mechanisms comprise spatiotemporal activity control of the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA and the balance of the phosphorylation state of AJ proteins. In the resting state, junctional Rac1 and RhoA activity is enhanced by junctional components, actin-binding proteins, cAMP signalling and extracellular cues such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). In addition, phosphorylation of AJ components is prevented by junction-associated phosphatases including vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP). In contrast, inflammatory mediators inhibiting cAMP/Rac1 signalling cause strong activation of RhoA and induce AJ phosphorylation finally leading to endocytosis and cleavage of VE-cadherin. This results in dissolution of TJs the outcome of which is endothelial barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Radeva
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - J. Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
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Curry FRE. The Molecular Structure of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Layer (EGL) and Surface Layers (ESL) Modulation of Transvascular Exchange. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:29-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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141
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Sieve I, Münster-Kühnel AK, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. Regulation and function of endothelial glycocalyx layer in vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 100:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kim YH, Nijst P, Kiefer K, Tang WHW. Endothelial Glycocalyx as Biomarker for Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanistic and Clinical Implications. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14:117-126. [PMID: 28233259 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-017-0320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endothelial surface layer is covered with abundant proteoglycans, of which syndecans and glycosaminoglycans are major constituents. RECENT FINDINGS Among the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) constituents, syndecan-1 (sdc1) is a main component, and an elevated serum level of sdc1 may indicate the degradation of eGC. In patients with ischemic heart disease or heart failure, elevation of serum sdc1 has been associated with worsening cardiac and renal function; however, the causal relationship between degradation of eGC and clinical outcomes is unclear. Herein, we review the previous literature on eGC in cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hyun Kim
- , 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J3-4, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Petra Nijst
- , 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J3-4, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Kathryn Kiefer
- , 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J3-4, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via syndecan-1. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 148:32-38. [PMID: 29180036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis. We previously demonstrated that S1P induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells via an MMP-7/Syndecan-1/TGF-β autocrine loop. In the present study, we investigated the regulative role of S1P in cell survival and progression of HCC cells, and tested whether syndecan-1 is required in the S1P action. After transfected with syndecan-1 shRNA, HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells were treated with S1P for 72 h, and then cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 assay, and cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis markers including cleaved-Caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP in SMMC7721 cells were examined by western blotting. Results showed that S1P significantly enhanced cell proliferation in HCC cells, which was significantly inhibited by syndecan-1 shRNA. S1P induced the cell proportion in S phase in HCC cells, whereas S1P decreased the proportion of cells in both early and late apoptosis. Syndecan-1 shRNA induced the G2/M arrest in the presence of S1P. In the syndecan-1 shRNA transfected HCC cells, the proportions of late and early apoptotic cells, and levels of cleaved-Caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP were significantly increased in cells with or without S1P treatment. Thus, S1P augments the proportion of cells in S phase of the cell cycle that might translate to enhance HCC cell proliferation and inhibit the cell apoptosis via syndecan-1.
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144
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Mitra R, O'Neil GL, Harding IC, Cheng MJ, Mensah SA, Ebong EE. Glycocalyx in Atherosclerosis-Relevant Endothelium Function and as a Therapeutic Target. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:63. [PMID: 29127504 PMCID: PMC5681608 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The cell surface-attached extracellular glycocalyx (GCX) layer is a major contributor to endothelial cell (EC) function and EC-dependent vascular health and is a first line of defense against vascular diseases including atherosclerosis. Here, we highlight our findings regarding three GCX-dependent EC functions, which are altered when GCX is shed and in atherosclerosis. We discuss why the GCX is a viable option for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Recent Findings GCX regulated EC activities such as barrier and filtration function, active cell-to-cell communication, and vascular tone mediation contribute to function of the entire vascular wall. Atheroprone vessel regions, including bifurcation sites, exhibit breakdown in GCX. This GCX degradation allows increased lipid flux and thereby promotes lipid deposition in the vessel walls, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. GCX degradation also alters EC-to-EC communication while increasing EC-to-inflammatory cell interactions that enable inflammatory cells to migrate into the vessel wall. Inflammatory macrophages and foam cells, to be specific, appear in early stages of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, GCX degradation deregulates vascular tone, by causing ECs to reduce their expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) which produces the vasodilator, nitric oxide. Loss of vasodilation supports vasoconstriction, which promotes the progression of atherosclerosis. Summary Common medicinal atherosclerosis therapies include lipid lowering and anti-platelet therapies. None of these treatments specifically target the endothelial GCX, although the GCX is at the front-line in atherosclerosis combat. This review demonstrates the viability of targeting the GCX therapeutically, to support proper EC functionality and prevent and/or treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ming Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Eno Essien Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue 313 Snell Engineering Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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145
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Zhang J, Zhao D, Na N, Li H, Miao B, Hong L, Huang Z. Renoprotective effect of erythropoietin via modulation of the STAT6/MAPK/NF-κB pathway in ischemia/reperfusion injury after renal transplantation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:25-32. [PMID: 29115389 PMCID: PMC5746301 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) commonly occurs in renal transplantation. Erythropoietin (EPO) exerts a protective effect in IRI. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanism, rat models of renal IRI were established and treated with EPO and/or lentivirus-mediated EPO-siRNA, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) inhibitor AS1517499, the JNK inhibitor SP600125, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580, and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor lactacystin. Histological examination revealed that EPO protected the kidney from IRI, through decreasing the extent of tissue congestion and inflammatory cell infiltration; however, EPO siRNA did not exert the same protective effect. In addition, the EPO level was inversely associated with renal IRI. EPO downregulated the expression of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, creatinine and caspase-3, and upregulated the expression of IL-10, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, STAT6, p-JNK and p-p38, while the opposite effects were observed with the administration of EPO-siRNA and the specific respective inhibitors. Further results revealed that MAPK (p-JNK and p-p38) acted upstream of NF-κB, and that NF-κB signaling regulated the expression of caspase-1 and -3, which may be responsible for the cytotoxicity associated with IRI. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that EPO exerted a protective effect in renal IRI via the STAT6/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. This protective effect of EPO may improve reperfusion tolerance in ischemic kidneys and benefit transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Ning Na
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bin Miao
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Liangqing Hong
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Huang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Mensah SA, Cheng MJ, Homayoni H, Plouffe BD, Coury AJ, Ebong EE. Regeneration of glycocalyx by heparan sulfate and sphingosine 1-phosphate restores inter-endothelial communication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186116. [PMID: 29023478 PMCID: PMC5638341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculoprotective endothelium glycocalyx (GCX) shedding plays a critical role in vascular disease. Previous work demonstrated that GCX degradation disrupts endothelial cell (EC) gap junction connexin (Cx) proteins, likely blocking interendothelial molecular transport that maintains EC and vascular tissue homeostasis to resist disease. Here, we focused on GCX regeneration and tested the hypothesis that vasculoprotective EC function can be stimulated via replacement of GCX when it is shed. We used EC with [i] intact heparan sulfate (HS), the most abundant GCX component; [ii] degraded HS; or [iii] HS that was restored after enzyme degradation, by cellular self-recovery or artificially. Artificial HS restoration was achieved via treatment with exogenous HS, with or without the GCX regenerator and protector sphingosine 1- phosphate (S1P). In these cells we immunocytochemically examined expression of Cx isotype 43 (Cx43) at EC borders and characterized Cx-containing gap junction activity by measuring interendothelial spread of gap junction permeable Lucifer Yellow dye. With intact HS, 60% of EC borders expressed Cx43 and dye spread to 2.88 ± 0.09 neighboring cells. HS degradation decreased Cx43 expression to 30% and reduced dye spread to 1.87± 0.06 cells. Cellular self-recovery of HS restored baseline levels of Cx43 and dye transfer. Artificial HS recovery with exogenous HS partially restored Cx43 expression to 46% and yielded dye spread to only 1.03 ± 0.07 cells. Treatment with both HS and S1P, recovered HS and restored Cx43 to 56% with significant dye transfer to 3.96 ± 0.23 cells. This is the first evidence of GCX regeneration in a manner that effectively restores vasculoprotective EC communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A. Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ming J. Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Homa Homayoni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arthur J. Coury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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147
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Shen L, Song Y, Fu Y, Li P. MiR-29b mimics promotes cell apoptosis of smooth muscle cells via targeting on MMP-2. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:351-359. [PMID: 28988362 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic transformation and dysfunctions of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) such as abnormality proliferation and apoptosis are key pathological basis of atherosclerosis. The recent study aimed to detect the role of miR-29b in phenotypic transformation of SMCs. In this study, we investigated the expression level of miR-29b and MMP-2 in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, verified whether MMP-2 is the target gene of miR-29b by luciferase reporter gene system, and explored the role of miR-29b in the viability and apoptosis of SMCs. We found that the plasma level of miR-29b was significantly downregulated to 56% of controls (p < 0.01). The plasma level of MMP-2 in health controls was 34.9 ± 6.9 ng/mL, and that it significantly increased to 46.2 ± 13.2 ng/mL in ACS patients. MMP-2 is a target gene of miR-29b. The overexpression of miR-29b significantly downregulated the expression of MMP-2 mRNA and protein. miR-29b mimics inhibited the cell viability of SMCs, and cell apoptosis was significantly enhanced compared with the NC group, especially in the early stage. In the presence of MMP-2 inhibitor SB-3CT, the cell viability and apoptosis of SMC cells were significantly reduced and enhanced, respectively, while the miR-29b -inhibited cell viability and -induced cell apoptosis were not significantly changed. Taken together, miR-29b was downregulated in ACS patients. MiR-29 mimics inhibits cell viability and promotes cell apoptosis via directly targeting on MMP-2, which could be a potentially promising therapy target for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingguang Shen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanhui Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, RongFu Military Hospital of Jining, Jining, 272101, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuqin Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China.
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Cerny V, Astapenko D, Brettner F, Benes J, Hyspler R, Lehmann C, Zadak Z. Targeting the endothelial glycocalyx in acute critical illness as a challenge for clinical and laboratory medicine. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:343-357. [PMID: 28958185 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1379943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to review the role of endothelial glycocalyx (EG) in the field of critical and perioperative medicine and to discuss possible future directions for investigations in this area. Under physiological conditions, EG has several well-defined functions aimed to prevent the disruption of vessel wall integrity. Under pathological conditions, the EG represent one of the earliest sites of injury during inflammation. EG structure and function distortion contribute to organ dysfunction related to sepsis, trauma, or global ischemia of any origin. Discovering new therapeutic approaches (either pharmacological or non-pharmacological) aimed to protect the EG against injury represents a promising direction in clinical medicine. Further, the currently-used common interventions in the acutely ill - fluids, blood products, nutritional support, organ-supporting techniques (e.g. continuous renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal circulation), temperature modulation and many others - should be re-evaluated during acute illness in terms of their EG "friendliness". To assess new therapies that protect the EG, or to evaluate the effect of currently-used interventions on EG integrity, a relevant marker or method to determine EG damage is needed. Such marker or method should be available to clinicians within hours, preferably in the form of a point-of-care test at the bedside. Collaborative research between clinical disciplines and laboratory medicine is warranted, and targeting the EG represents major challenges for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Cerny
- a Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care , JE Purkinje University, Masaryk Hospital , Usti nad Labem , Czech Republic.,b Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.,c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.,d Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - David Astapenko
- c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Florian Brettner
- e Department of Anaesthesiology , University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany
| | - Jan Benes
- f Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen , Plzen , Czech Republic.,g Biomedical Centre, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen , Plzen , Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Hyspler
- b Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Christian Lehmann
- d Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada.,h Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada.,i Department of Pharmacology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Zdenek Zadak
- b Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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Zeng Y, Wu J, He X, Li L, Liu X, Liu X. Mechanical microenvironment regulation of age-related diseases involving degeneration of human skeletal and cardiovascular systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 148:54-59. [PMID: 28958683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases involving degeneration of human skeletal and cardiovascular systems are now critical problems worldwide. The current review focuses on a common pathophysiological association between primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification, and reviews the mechanical response of bone cells and vascular cells to mechanical stress, as well as the coordination mechanism for intercellular signaling. With aging, calcium is lost from bones but deposited in the cardiovascular system. Bone metabolism-related molecules, such as alkaline phosphatase, matrix Gla protein, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and collagen type I; inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, -6, and tumor necrosis factor; and lipid metabolism related molecules, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein; mediate signaling in primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification. The mechanical microenvironment is a common pathophysiological basis for primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Mobilization of calcium from bone to vessel determines the regression rate, which could be controlled using a mechanical microenvironment. We highlight several issues: (1) linked features between primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification, and detailed changes of the mechanical microenvironment in degenerative bone or blood vessels, (2) signaling coordination mechanism between bone and vascular wall cells, and (3) calcium translocation mechanism. The degree to which these issues can be solved will help develop prevention and treatment strategies for age-related regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueling He
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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150
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Lipocalins Are Required for Apical Extracellular Matrix Organization and Remodeling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 207:625-642. [PMID: 28842397 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipid and glycoprotein-rich apical extracellular matrix (aECM) or glycocalyx lines exposed membranes in the body, and is particularly important to protect narrow tube integrity. Lipocalins ("fat cups") are small, secreted, cup-shaped proteins that bind and transport lipophilic cargo and are often found in luminal or aECM compartments such as mammalian plasma, urine, or tear film. Although some lipocalins can bind known aECM lipids and/or matrix metalloproteinases, it is not known if and how lipocalins affect aECM structure due to challenges in visualizing the aECM in most systems. Here we show that two Caenorhabditiselegans lipocalins, LPR-1 and LPR-3, have distinct functions in the precuticular glycocalyx of developing external epithelia. LPR-1 moves freely through luminal compartments, while LPR-3 stably localizes to a central layer of the membrane-anchored glycocalyx, adjacent to the transient zona pellucida domain protein LET-653 Like LET-653 and other C. elegans glycocalyx components, these lipocalins are required to maintain the patency of the narrow excretory duct tube, and also affect multiple aspects of later cuticle organization. lpr-1 mutants cannot maintain a continuous excretory duct apical domain and have misshapen cuticle ridges (alae) and abnormal patterns of cuticular surface lipid staining. lpr-3 mutants cannot maintain a passable excretory duct lumen, properly degrade the eggshell, or shed old cuticle during molting, and they lack cuticle barrier function. Based on these phenotypes, we infer that both LPR-1 and LPR-3 are required to build a properly organized aECM, while LPR-3 additionally is needed for aECM clearance and remodeling. The C. elegans glycocalyx provides a powerful system, amenable to both genetic analysis and live imaging, for investigating how lipocalins and lipids affect aECM structure.
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