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Nogueiras R, Wiedmer P, Perez-Tilve D, Veyrat-Durebex C, Keogh JM, Sutton GM, Pfluger PT, Castaneda TR, Neschen S, Hofmann SM, Howles PN, Morgan DA, Benoit SC, Szanto I, Schrott B, Schürmann A, Joost HG, Hammond C, Hui DY, Woods SC, Rahmouni K, Butler AA, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Tschöp MH. The central melanocortin system directly controls peripheral lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3475-88. [PMID: 17885689 PMCID: PMC1978426 DOI: 10.1172/jci31743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of the melanocortin signaling system have been linked to obesity. We investigated a possible role of the central nervous melanocortin system (CNS-Mcr) in the control of adiposity through effects on nutrient partitioning and cellular lipid metabolism independent of nutrient intake. We report that pharmacological inhibition of melanocortin receptors (Mcr) in rats and genetic disruption of Mc4r in mice directly and potently promoted lipid uptake, triglyceride synthesis, and fat accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT), while increased CNS-Mcr signaling triggered lipid mobilization. These effects were independent of food intake and preceded changes in adiposity. In addition, decreased CNS-Mcr signaling promoted increased insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in WAT while decreasing glucose utilization in muscle and brown adipose tissue. Such CNS control of peripheral nutrient partitioning depended on sympathetic nervous system function and was enhanced by synergistic effects on liver triglyceride synthesis. Our findings offer an explanation for enhanced adiposity resulting from decreased melanocortin signaling, even in the absence of hyperphagia, and are consistent with feeding-independent changes in substrate utilization as reflected by respiratory quotient, which is increased with chronic Mcr blockade in rodents and in humans with loss-of-function mutations in MC4R. We also reveal molecular underpinnings for direct control of the CNS-Mcr over lipid metabolism. These results suggest ways to design more efficient pharmacological methods for controlling adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Petra Wiedmer
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gregory M. Sutton
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamara R. Castaneda
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Susanne Neschen
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Susanna M. Hofmann
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Philip N. Howles
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Donald A. Morgan
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ildiko Szanto
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brigitte Schrott
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig Hammond
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David Y. Hui
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew A. Butler
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
Center of Arteriosclerosis Studies, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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