101
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Alizadeh Z, Mostafaee M, Mazaheri R, Younespour S. Acute Effect of Morning and Afternoon Aerobic Exercise on Appetite of Overweight Women. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e24222. [PMID: 26448839 PMCID: PMC4592764 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.6(2)20156.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best time of exercise along the day for weight management in overweight and obese patients is not determined. The time of exercise may influence its effect on appetite and food intake. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different times of exercise during the day on appetite, energy intake, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on overweight women. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty overweight female subjects were recruited in this interventional study. Two sessions of exercise were performed in the morning and afternoon with the target heart rate corresponding to the ventilatory threshold (VT). The appetite was evaluated with visual analogue scale, the energy intake was measured with 24 hours food record and the RPE was determined by visual Borg scale; these variables were compared between the two sessions. RESULTS The behavior of appetite in relation to hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, tendency to salty, savoury, sweet and fatty foods, did not change significantly after both exercise sessions (P > 0.05). Except for the satiety, no significant difference was found among changes in the appetite scores between the two exercise sessions. The median change in the satiety score of the morning exercise was significantly higher than that of the afternoon exercise (5.5 (-8.5, 22.5) vs. -1 (-8, 4.5) respectively, P = 0.01). The median RPE value did not differ significantly between the morning and afternoon sessions (13 (12, 14) vs. 13 (12, 13) respectively, P = 0.46). There was no significant association between the time of exercise and the estimates of the carbohydrate (P = 0.41), fat (P = 0.23), protein (P = 0.13), and calorie intake (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS One session of moderate intensity exercise disregarding the time of exercise did not affect appetite significantly. However, morning exercise may cause greater levels of satiety in comparison with afternoon exercise. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise did not alter the patterns of energy intake 24 hours following morning or afternoon exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alizadeh
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoumeh Mostafaee
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Mazaheri
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Reza Mazaheri, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188630227, Fax: +98-2188003539, E-mail:
| | - Shima Younespour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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102
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Abedelmalek S, Denguezli M, Chtourou H, Souissi N, Tabka Z. Does Ramadan fasting affect acylated ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations during short-term maximal exercise in the afternoon? BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1048949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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103
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Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2789-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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104
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Kojima C, Sasaki H, Tsuchiya Y, Goto K. The influence of environmental temperature on appetite-related hormonal responses. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:22. [PMID: 25935755 PMCID: PMC4460689 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute exercise in the heat has been shown to reduce appetite. However, the influence of exercise in the cold on appetite regulation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare exercise-induced appetite regulation under three different environmental temperatures. Methods Eleven male participants completed three experimental trials on the following separate days: exercise in the heat (36°C), exercise at neutral temperature (24°C), and exercise in the cold (12°C). The exercise trials consisted of pedaling exercises for 30 min at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Blood samples were collected repeatedly to determine plasma ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and other hormonal concentrations. Subjective feelings of hunger and tympanic temperature were also monitored. Results Tympanic temperature was significantly higher in the 36°C trial than that of the other two trials (P < 0.05). The subjective feelings of hunger in the 36°C and 24°C trials were significantly lower than those in the 12°C trial (P < 0.05). Plasma ghrelin concentration decreased significantly with exercise in all conditions (P < 0.05), and the responses were not significantly different among the three conditions. Plasma PYY concentration increased significantly after the exercise in the 24°C trial only (P < 0.05), with no significant difference among the three trials. Conclusions These results suggest that exposure to hot or cold temperatures during exercise did not affect exercise-induced plasma ghrelin and PYY responses. However, the exercise-induced reduction of subjective hunger was significantly attenuated in a cold environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Sasaki
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan. .,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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105
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Duckworth LC, Backhouse SH, O'Hara JP, Stevenson EJ. Effect of Galactose Ingestion Before and During Exercise on Substrate Oxidation, Postexercise Satiety, and Subsequent Energy Intake in Females. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:1-12. [PMID: 25932956 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.994790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of consuming a galactose carbohydrate (CHO) drink on substrate oxidation, postexercise satiety, and subsequent energy intake. METHODS Nine recreationally active eumenorrheic females undertook 3 trials, each consisting of running for 60 minutes at 65% VO(2peak) followed immediately by a 90-minute rest period. Prior to (300 ml) and at 15-minute intervals during exercise (150 ml), participants consumed either a glucose (GLU: GI 89) or galactose (GAL: GI 20) drink, each of which contained 45 g of CHO, or an artificially sweetened placebo (PLA). Following the rest period, participants were provided with an ad libitum test lunch and asked to record food intake for the remainder of the day. RESULTS Plasma glucose was significantly greater throughout exercise and rest following the GLU trial compared with the GAL and PLA trials (P < 0.05); however there were no differences in CHO oxidation. Hunger was significantly lower (P < 0.05) throughout the GAL compared to the GLU and PLA trials. There were no significant differences between trials for energy intake during the postexercise meal. Overall net energy balance for the 24 hours was negative in both the GAL (-162 ± 115 kcal; P < 0.05 vs GLU) and PLA trials (-49 ± 160 kcal). CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that ingesting a solution containing GAL before and during exercise can positively impact postexercise satiety and energy balance throughout the day, compared to a more readily available and widely consumed form of CHO. Despite this, there appears to be no apparent benefit in consuming a CHO beverage on fuel utilization for this moderate exercise intensity and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Duckworth
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University , Headingley Campus, Leeds , UK
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University , Headingley Campus, Leeds , UK
| | - John P O'Hara
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University , Headingley Campus, Leeds , UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- b Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
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Henry KE, Elfers CT, Burke RM, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Blevins JE, Roth CL, Doyle RP. Vitamin B12 conjugation of peptide-YY(3-36) decreases food intake compared to native peptide-YY(3-36) upon subcutaneous administration in male rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1739-49. [PMID: 25658456 PMCID: PMC4398759 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Challenges to peptide-based therapies include rapid clearance, ready degradation by hydrolysis/proteolysis, and poor intestinal uptake and/or a need for blood brain barrier transport. This work evaluates the efficacy of conjugation of vitamin B12 (B12) on sc administered peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)(3-36) function. In the current experiments, a B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate was tested against native PYY(3-36), and an inactive conjugate B12-PYYC36 (null control) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated similar agonism for the neuropeptide Y2 receptor by the B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate (EC50 26.5 nM) compared with native PYY(3-36) (EC50 16.0 nM), with the null control having an EC50 of 1.8 μM. In vivo experiments were performed in young adult male Sprague Dawley rats (9 wk). Daily treatments were delivered sc in five 1-hour pulses, each pulse delivering 5-10 nmol/kg, by implanted microinfusion pumps. Increases in hindbrain Fos expression were comparable 90 minutes after B12-PYY(3-36) or PYY3-36 injection relative to saline or B12-PYYC36. Food intake was reduced during a 5-day treatment for both B12-PYY(3-36)- (24%, P = .001) and PYY(3-36)-(13%, P = .008) treated groups relative to baseline. In addition, reduction of food intake after the three dark cycle treatment pulses was more consistent with B12-PYY(3-36) treatment (-26%, -29%, -27%) compared with the PYY(3-36) treatment (-3%, -21%, -16%), and B12-PYY(3-36) generated a significantly longer inhibition of food intake vs. PYY(3-36) treatment after the first two pulses (P = .041 and P = .036, respectively). These findings demonstrate a stronger, more consistent, and longer inhibition of food intake after the pulses of B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate compared with the native PYY(3-36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Henry
- Department of Chemistry (K.E.H., R.M.B., R.P.D.), Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244; Center for Integrative Brain Research (C.T.E., C.L.R.), Division of Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., G.G.H., R.P.D.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Research and Development Service (J.E.B.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Medicine (J.E.B.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and Division of Endocrinology (C.L.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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107
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King JA, Garnham JO, Jackson AP, Kelly BM, Xenophontos S, Nimmo MA. Appetite-regulatory hormone responses on the day following a prolonged bout of moderate-intensity exercise. Physiol Behav 2015; 141:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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108
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CRABTREE DANIELR, BLANNIN ANDREWK. Effects of Exercise in the Cold on Ghrelin, PYY, and Food Intake in Overweight Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:49-57. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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109
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Howe SM, Hand TM, Manore MM. Exercise-trained men and women: role of exercise and diet on appetite and energy intake. Nutrients 2014; 6:4935-60. [PMID: 25389897 PMCID: PMC4245573 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of appetite and energy intake is influenced by numerous hormonal and neural signals, including feedback from changes in diet and exercise. Exercise can suppress subjective appetite ratings, subsequent energy intake, and alter appetite-regulating hormones, including ghrelin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) for a period of time post-exercise. Discrepancies in the degree of appetite suppression with exercise may be dependent on subject characteristics (e.g., body fatness, fitness level, age or sex) and exercise duration, intensity, type and mode. Following an acute bout of exercise, exercise-trained males experience appetite suppression, while data in exercise-trained women are limited and equivocal. Diet can also impact appetite, with low-energy dense diets eliciting a greater sense of fullness at a lower energy intake. To date, little research has examined the combined interaction of exercise and diet on appetite and energy intake. This review focuses on exercise-trained men and women and examines the impact of exercise on hormonal regulation of appetite, post-exercise energy intake, and subjective and objective measurements of appetite. The impact that low-energy dense diets have on appetite and energy intake are also addressed. Finally, the combined effects of high-intensity exercise and low-energy dense diets are examined. This research is in exercise-trained women who are often concerned with weight and body image issues and consume low-energy dense foods to keep energy intakes low. Unfortunately, these low-energy intakes can have negative health consequences when combined with high-levels of exercise. More research is needed examining the combined effect of diet and exercise on appetite regulation in fit, exercise-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Howe
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise and Sport Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Taryn M Hand
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise and Sport Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Melinda M Manore
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise and Sport Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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110
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Hunschede S, El Khoury D, Antoine-Jonville S, Smith C, Thomas S, Anderson GH. Acute changes in substrate oxidation do not affect short-term food intake in healthy boys and men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:168-77. [PMID: 25603432 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute relationship between substrate oxidation as measured by respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and food intake (FI) has not been defined. The purpose of the study was to determine acute relationships between RER, modified by exercise and a glucose load, and FI and net energy balance (NEB) in physically active normal-weight boys and men. In a crossover design, 15 boys (aged 9-12 years) and 15 men (aged 20-30 years) were randomly assigned to 4 conditions: (i) water and rest, (ii) glucose-drink and rest, (iii) water and exercise, and (iv) glucose-drink and exercise. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine RER, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and fat oxidation. Subjective appetite and blood glucose were also measured. RER was higher after glucose (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with water (0.87 ± 0.01) (p < 0.0001), and after exercise (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with rest (0.88 ± 0.01) (p = 0.0043) in men (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with boys (0.88 ± 0.01) (p = 0.0002). FI (kcal·m(-2)) did not differ between boys and men. Glucose (582 ± 24 kcal·m(-2)) reduced FI compared with water (689 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) (p < 0.0001), and further decreased FI when combined with exercise (554 ± 34 kcal·m(-2)) (p = 0.0303). NEB was reduced with exercise (573 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) compared with the sedentary condition (686 ± 24 kcal·m(-2)) (p < 0.0001), but was higher after the glucose drink (654 ± 27 kcal·m(-2)) compared with water (605 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) (p = 0.0267). No correlations were found between RER and FI or NEB in boys and men, except in the control condition of resting with water. In conclusion, the short-term modification of substrate oxidation by glucose and/or exercise in normal weight and active boys and men did not affect FI and NEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hunschede
- a Department for Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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111
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Does the method of weight loss effect long-term changes in weight, body composition or chronic disease risk factors in overweight or obese adults? A systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109849. [PMID: 25333384 PMCID: PMC4198137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in biological changes from weight loss by energy restriction and/or exercise may be associated with differences in long-term weight loss/regain. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of weight loss method on long-term changes in weight, body composition and chronic disease risk factors. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990-October 2013) for studies with data on the effect of energy restriction, exercise (aerobic and resistance) on long-term weight loss. Twenty articles were included in this review. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Primary source, peer reviewed randomized trials published in English with an active weight loss period of >6 months, or active weight loss with a follow-up period of any duration, conducted in overweight or obese adults were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Considerable heterogeneity across trials existed for important study parameters, therefore a meta-analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and grouped by comparisons (e.g. diet vs. aerobic exercise, diet vs. diet + aerobic exercise etc.) and study design (long-term or weight loss/follow-up). RESULTS Forty percent of trials reported significantly greater long-term weight loss with diet compared with aerobic exercise, while results for differences in weight regain were inconclusive. Diet+aerobic exercise resulted in significantly greater weight loss than diet alone in 50% of trials. However, weight regain (∼ 55% of loss) was similar in diet and diet+aerobic exercise groups. Fat-free mass tended to be preserved when interventions included exercise.
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112
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Mattes RD. Eating patterns, diet quality and energy balance: an introduction to an international conference. Physiol Behav 2014; 134:1-4. [PMID: 25108513 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, United States.
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113
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Halliday TM, Davy BM, Clark AG, Baugh ME, Hedrick VE, Marinik EL, Flack KD, Savla J, Winett S, Winett RA. Dietary intake modification in response to a participation in a resistance training program for sedentary older adults with prediabetes: findings from the Resist Diabetes study. Eat Behav 2014; 15:379-82. [PMID: 25064285 PMCID: PMC4115251 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Engagement in one type of health behavior change may exert a "spillover" effect resulting in other behavior changes. Few studies have examined dietary intake following prolonged training, and none have evaluated spontaneous dietary changes beyond alterations in energy or macronutrient intake following initiation of strength/resistance training (RT). The purpose of this observational investigation was to determine if spontaneous dietary intake modifications occur in response to initiation of an RT program, among older adults. Previously sedentary adults with prediabetes (n=134, age=59±1 years) were enrolled in a supervised 12-week RT program. Participants were not given dietary advice or encouraged to change eating behaviors. Three non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks of RT. Reductions in intake of energy (1914±40 kcal vs. 1834±427 kcal, p=0.010), carbohydrate (211.6±4.9 g vs. 201.7±5.2 g, p=0.015), total sugar (87.4±2.7 g vs. 81.5±3.1 g, p=0.030), glycemic load (113.4±3.0 vs. 108.1±3.2, p=0.031), fruits and vegetables (4.6±0.2 servings vs. 4.1±0.2 servings, p=0.018), and sweets and desserts (1.1±0.07 servings vs. 0.89±0.07 servings, p=0.023) were detected over time. No changes in other dietary intake variables were observed. Mode of exercise and disease state may be important factors in determining whether dietary modifications occur with exercise initiation, among previously sedentary adults. Successful initiation of RT may represent an opportunity for health care professionals to promote beneficial changes in dietary habits, among older adults with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Halliday
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - Adrienne G Clark
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - Mary Elizabeth Baugh
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - Valisa E Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - Elaina L Marinik
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - Kyle D Flack
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | - J Savla
- Department of Human Development, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
| | | | - Richard A Winett
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, United States.
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Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M. Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2681-98. [PMID: 24526057 PMCID: PMC11113821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recognized as a "disease modifier", physical activity (PA) is increasingly viewed as a more holistic, cost-saving method for prevention, treatment and management of human disease conditions. The traditional view that PA engages the monoaminergic and endorphinergic systems has been challenged by the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), composed of endogenous lipids, their target receptors, and metabolic enzymes. Indeed, direct and indirect evidence suggests that the ECS might mediate some of the PA-triggered effects throughout the body. Moreover, it is now emerging that PA itself is able to modulate ECS in different ways. Against this background, in the present review we shall discuss evidence of the cross-talk between PA and the ECS, ranging from brain to peripheral districts and highlighting how ECS must be tightly regulated during PA, in order to maintain its beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and nociception, while avoiding impaired energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Tantimonaco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
As obesity continues to be a global epidemic, research into the mechanisms of hunger and satiety and how those signals act to regulate energy homeostasis persists. Peptide YY (PYY) is an acute satiety signal released upon nutrient ingestion and has been shown to decrease food intake when administered exogenously. More recently, investigators have studied how different factors influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Some of these factors include exercise, macronutrient composition of the diet, body-weight status, adiposity levels, sex, race and ageing. The present article provides a succinct and comprehensive review of the recent literature published on the different factors that influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Where human data are insufficient, evidence in animal or cell models is summarised. Additionally, the present review explores the recent findings on PYY responses to different dietary fatty acids and how this new line of research will make an impact on future studies on PYY. Human demographics, such as sex and age, do not appear to influence PYY levels. Conversely, adiposity or BMI, race and acute exercise all influence circulating PYY levels. Both dietary fat and protein strongly stimulate PYY release. Furthermore, MUFA appear to result in a smaller PYY response compared with SFA and PUFA. PYY levels appear to be affected by acute exercise, macronutrient composition, adiposity, race and the composition of fatty acids from dietary fat.
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117
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Creating an acute energy deficit without stimulating compensatory increases in appetite: is there an optimal exercise protocol? Proc Nutr Soc 2014; 73:352-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511400007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant interest from both the scientific community and the media regarding the influence of exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake responses. This review demonstrates a consensus among the majority of scientific investigations that an acute bout of land-based endurance exercise does not stimulate any compensatory increases in appetite and energy intake on the day of exercise. Alternatively, preliminary evidence suggests that low volume, supramaximal exercise may stimulate an increase in appetite perceptions during the subsequent hours. In accordance with the apparent insensitivity of energy intake to exercise in the short term, the daily energy balance response to exercise appears to be primarily determined by the energy cost of exercise. This finding supports the conclusions of recent training studies that the energy expenditure of exercise is the strongest predictor of fat loss during an exercise programme.
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Manning S, Batterham RL. The Role of Gut Hormone Peptide YY in Energy and Glucose Homeostasis: Twelve Years On. Annu Rev Physiol 2014; 76:585-608. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Manning
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Rachel L. Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom; ,
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Crabtree DR, Chambers ES, Hardwick RM, Blannin AK. The effects of high-intensity exercise on neural responses to images of food. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:258-67. [PMID: 24305681 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bouts of high-intensity exercise modulate peripheral appetite regulating hormones to transiently suppress hunger. However, the effects of physical activity on central appetite regulation have yet to be fully investigated. OBJECTIVE We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural responses to visual food stimuli after intense exercise and rest. DESIGN Fifteen lean healthy men [mean ± SD age: 22.5 ± 3.1 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 24.2 ± 2.4] completed two 60-min trials-exercise (EX; running at ∼70% maximum aerobic capacity) and a resting control trial (REST)-in a counterbalanced order. After each trial, an fMRI assessment was completed in which images of high- and low-calorie foods were viewed. RESULTS EX significantly suppressed subjective appetite responses while increasing thirst and core-body temperature. Furthermore, EX significantly suppressed ghrelin concentrations and significantly enhanced peptide YY release. Neural responses to images of high-calorie foods significantly increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and suppressed orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus activation after EX compared with REST. After EX, low-calorie food images increased insula and putamen activation and reduced OFC activation compared with REST. Furthermore, left pallidum activity was significantly elevated after EX when low-calorie images were viewed and was suppressed when high-calorie images were viewed, and these responses correlated significantly with thirst. CONCLUSIONS Exercise increases neural responses in reward-related regions of the brain in response to images of low-calorie foods and suppresses activation during the viewing of high-calorie foods. These central responses are associated with exercise-induced changes in peripheral signals related to appetite-regulation and hydration status. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01926431.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Crabtree
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (DRC); the Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (ESC); the Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (RMH); and the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AKB)
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Kawano H, Motegi F, Ando T, Gando Y, Mineta M, Numao S, Miyashita M, Sakamoto S, Higuchi M. Appetite after rope skipping may differ between males and females. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 6:e91-e174. [PMID: 24331252 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND When previously sedentary males and females follow the same exercise training programs with ad libitum feeding, males reduced body mass, but females do not, which suggests that females may increase appetite in response to exercise training compared with males. Rope skipping is traditional exercise modality that everyone had experienced during elementary school years in Japan. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a sex difference on appetite after acute rope skipping exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen healthy young males (22.5 ± 0.8 years, 172.2 ± 1.7 cm, 68.8 ± 2.3 kg, 18.4 ± 0.9%) and 13 females (22.9 ± 0.8 years, 160.6 ± 1.5 cm, 52.9 ± 1.6 kg, 25.0 ± 1.0%) participated in this study. Subjects consumed their lunch by 13:00, and performed a total of 20 min rope skipping exercise (2 sets × 10 min with 5 min interval) from 16:00. In females, appetite significantly increased from immediately after the exercise to 30 min after the exercise (from 13 mm to 30 mm), but remained unchanged in males. Although heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate concentrations increased from baseline to immediately after exercise, there were no differences in the increase between males and females. Blood glucose concentrations at baseline and 30 min after exercise were higher in females than in males. CONCLUSION These results indicated that rope skipping exercise induces an increase in appetite in females, but not in males. This increased appetite in females after the rope skipping exercise was induced without change in blood glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawano
- Faculty of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Motegi
- College of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Graduate School of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Yuko Gando
- Faculty of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Mayuko Mineta
- Graduate School of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
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Rocha J, Paxman J, Dalton C, Winter E, Broom D. Effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on immediate and subsequent three-day food intake and energy expenditure in active and inactive men. Appetite 2013; 71:369-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Gonzalez JT, Rumbold PL, Stevenson EJ. Appetite sensations and substrate metabolism at rest, during exercise, and recovery: impact of a high-calcium meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1260-7. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the calcium content of a high-carbohydrate, pre-exercise meal on substrate metabolism and appetite sensations before, during, and after exercise. Nine active males participated in 2 trials in a double-blind, randomised, crossover design. After consuming a high carbohydrate (1.5 g·kg−1 of body mass) breakfast with a calcium content of either 3 (control trial) or 9 mg·kg−1 of body mass (high milk-calcium (CAL)), participants ran at 60% peak oxygen uptake for 60 min. Following exercise, a recovery drink was consumed and responses were investigated for a further 90 min. Blood and expired gas were sampled throughout to determine circulating substrate and hormone concentrations and rates of substrate oxidation. Visual analogue scales were also administered to determine subjective appetite sensations. Neither whole-body lipid oxidation nor non-esterified fatty acid availability differed between trials. The area under the curve for the first hour following breakfast consumption was 16% (95% confidence interval: 0%–35%) greater for fullness and 10% (95% confidence interval: 2%–19%) greater for insulin in the CAL trial but these differences were transient and not apparent later in the trial. This study demonstrates that increasing the calcium content of a high carbohydrate meal transiently increases insulinemia and fullness but substrate metabolism is unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T. Gonzalez
- Brain, Performance, and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Penny L.S. Rumbold
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Brain, Performance, and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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Treating obesity: is it all in the gut? Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:845-58. [PMID: 24291217 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide, with current strategies for treatment including life-style changes, pharmacological intervention and bariatric surgery. With pharmacological intervention showing at best modest patient benefits, new treatments are required. Modulation of anorectic gut hormones could offer the potential to elicit the required life-changing level of efficacy only currently seen with bariatric surgery, and without the cardiovascular risk associated with a number of the current marketed therapies. This review will discuss the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), Ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK)--for which more advanced non-peptide chemical matter has been discovered acting through these hormone pathways and/or their receptors.
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Henderson GC, Alderman BL. Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 116:95-103. [PMID: 24235102 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00956.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A single bout of exercise can alter subsequent resting metabolism for many hours and into the next day. However, differences between men and women, effects of nutritional state, and relative effects of resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in controlling the increase in lipid oxidation (Lox) after exercise are not yet clear. Effects of aerobic capacity (Vo2 peak) and exercise bout parameters (intensity and volume) also remain to be clearly elucidated as does the time course of changes after exercise. We performed a meta-analysis to assess these potential moderators of the impact of endurance exercise [effect sizes (ESs)] on subsequent Lox at rest (ES = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.69-1.12), on the day of exercise (ES = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.89-1.55), and on the following day (ES = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.35-0.85). ES for the exercise-related increase in resting Lox was significantly greater in men than women in the postabsorptive state but similar in the postprandial state. The ES for depression of RER after exercise was similar between men and women, while the ES for RMR in the postabsorptive state tended to be higher in men than women. Finally, Vo2 peak and exercise energy expenditure (EEE), but not intensity, were predictive of postexercise Lox. The findings indicate importance of EEE and fitness for ability to achieve robust enhancement of Lox after exercise. The results additionally indicate a gender difference in postexercise Lox that is dependent on nutritional state, as the ES for Lox was lower in women only in the postabsorptive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Holmstrup ME, Fairchild TJ, Keslacy S, Weinstock RS, Kanaley JA. Satiety, but not total PYY, Is increased with continuous and intermittent exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2014-20. [PMID: 23418154 PMCID: PMC3661741 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the hormonal and subjective appetite responses to exercise (1-h continuous versus intermittent exercise throughout the day) in obese individuals. DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven obese subjects (>30 kg/m(2) ) underwent three 12-h study days: control condition [sedentary behavior (SED)], continuous exercise condition [(EX) 1-h exercise], and intermittent exercise condition [(INT) 12 hourly, 5-min bouts]. Blood samples (every 10 min) were measured for serum insulin and total peptide YY (PYY) concentrations, with ratings of appetite (visual analog scale [VAS): every 20 min]. Both total area under the curve (AUC), and subjective appetite ratings were calculated. RESULTS No differences were observed in total PYY AUC between conditions, but hunger was reduced with INT (INT < EX; P < 0.05), and satiety was increased with both SED and INT conditions (INT > EX and SED > EX; P < 0.05). A correlation existed between the change in total PYY and insulin levels (r = -0.81; P < 0.05), and total PYY and satiety (r = 0.80; P < 0.05) with the EX condition, not the SED and INT conditions. CONCLUSIONS The total PYY response to meals is not altered over the course of a 12-h day with either intermittent or continuous exercise; however, intermittent exercise increased satiety and reduced hunger to a greater extent than continuous exercise in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Holmstrup
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Exercise and Rehabilitative Sciences, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
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Engelstoft MS, Park WM, Sakata I, Kristensen LV, Husted AS, Osborne-Lawrence S, Piper PK, Walker AK, Pedersen MH, Nøhr MK, Pan J, Sinz CJ, Carrington PE, Akiyama TE, Jones RM, Tang C, Ahmed K, Offermanns S, Egerod KL, Zigman JM, Schwartz TW. Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor repertoire of gastric ghrelin cells. Mol Metab 2013; 2:376-92. [PMID: 24327954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating secretion of the orexigenic-glucoregulatory hormone ghrelin remain unclear. Based on qPCR analysis of FACS-purified gastric ghrelin cells, highly expressed and enriched 7TM receptors were comprehensively identified and functionally characterized using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methods. Five Gαs-coupled receptors efficiently stimulated ghrelin secretion: as expected the β1-adrenergic, the GIP and the secretin receptors but surprisingly also the composite receptor for the sensory neuropeptide CGRP and the melanocortin 4 receptor. A number of Gαi/o-coupled receptors inhibited ghrelin secretion including somatostatin receptors SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 and unexpectedly the highly enriched lactate receptor, GPR81. Three other metabolite receptors known to be both Gαi/o- and Gαq/11-coupled all inhibited ghrelin secretion through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi/o pathway: FFAR2 (short chain fatty acid receptor; GPR43), FFAR4 (long chain fatty acid receptor; GPR120) and CasR (calcium sensing receptor). In addition to the common Gα subunits three non-common Gαi/o subunits were highly enriched in ghrelin cells: GαoA, GαoB and Gαz. Inhibition of Gαi/o signaling via ghrelin cell-selective pertussis toxin expression markedly enhanced circulating ghrelin. These 7TM receptors and associated Gα subunits constitute a major part of the molecular machinery directly mediating neuronal and endocrine stimulation versus metabolite and somatostatin inhibition of ghrelin secretion including a series of novel receptor targets not previously identified on the ghrelin cell.
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Key Words
- 7TM, seven transmembrane segment
- BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CFMB, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butamide
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CHBA, 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
- Enteroendocrine
- G protein signaling
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPCR
- Ghrelin
- Metabolites
- PTx, Bordetella pertussis toxin
- PYY, peptide YY
- Secretion
- hrGFP, humanized Renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Deighton K, Karra E, Batterham RL, Stensel DJ. Appetite, energy intake, and PYY3–36 responses to energy-matched continuous exercise and submaximal high-intensity exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:947-52. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent exercise induces physiological adaptations similar to energy-matched continuous exercise, but the comparative appetite and energy balance responses are unknown. Twelve healthy males (mean ± SD: age, 22 ± 3 years; body mass index, 23.7 ± 3.0 kg·m−2; maximum oxygen uptake, 52.4 ± 7.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three 8 h trials (control, steady-state exercise (SSE), high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE)) separated by 1 week. Trials commenced upon completion of a standardized breakfast. Exercise was performed from hour 2 to hour 3. In SSE, 60 min of cycling at 59.5% ± 1.6% of maximum oxygen uptake was performed. In HIIE, ten 4-min cycling intervals were completed at 85.8% ± 4.0% of maximum oxygen uptake, with a 2-min rest between each interval. A standardized lunch and an ad libitum afternoon meal were provided at hours 3.75 and 7, respectively. Appetite ratings and peptide YY3–36 concentrations were measured throughout each trial. Appetite was acutely suppressed during exercise, but more so during HIIE (p < 0.05). Peptide YY3–36 concentrations increased significantly upon cessation of exercise in SSE (p = 0.002), but were highest in the hours after exercise in HIIE (p = 0.05). Exercise energy expenditure was not different between HIIE and SSE (p = 0.649), but perceived exertion was higher in HIIE (p < 0.0005). Ad libitum energy intake did not differ between trials (p = 0.833). Therefore, relative energy intake (energy intake minus the net energy expenditure of exercise) was lower in the SSE and HIIE trials than in the control trial (control, 4759 ± 1268 kJ; SSE, 2362 ± 1224 kJ; HIIE, 2523 ± 1402 kJ; p < 0.0005). An acute bout of energy-matched continuous exercise and HIIE were equally effective at inducing an energy deficit without stimulating compensatory increases in appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Deighton
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Efthimia Karra
- Centre for Obesity Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | | | - David John Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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Svidnicki PV, de Carvalho Leite N, Venturelli AC, Camargo RL, Vicari MR, de Almeida MC, Artoni RF, Nogaroto V, Grassiolli S. Swim training restores glucagon-like peptide-1 insulinotropic action in pancreatic islets from monosodium glutamate-obese rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 209:34-44. [PMID: 23746147 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important modulator of insulin secretion by endocrine pancreas. In the present study, we investigated the effect of swim training on GLP-1 insulinotropic action in pancreatic islets from monosodium glutamate (MSG)-obese rats. METHODS Obesity was induced by neonatal MSG administration. MSG-obese and control (CON) exercised rats swam for 30 min (3 times week(-1) ) for 10 weeks. Pancreatic islets were isolated by colagenase technique and incubated with low (5.6 mM) or high (16.7 mM) glucose concentrations in the presence or absence of GLP-1 (10 nM). In addition, GLP-1 gene expression in ileum was quantified in fasting and glucose conditions. RESULTS Exercise reduced obesity and hyperinsulinemia in MSG-obese rats. Swim training also inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion in islets from both groups. Islets from MSG-obese rats maintained GLP-1 insulinotropic response in low glucose concentration. In contrast, in the presence of high glucose concentration, GLP-1 insulinotropic action was absent in islets from MSG-obese rats. Islets from MSG-exercised rats showed reduced GLP-1 insulinotropic action in the presence of low glucose. However, in high glucose concentration swim training restored GLP-1 insulinotropic response in islets from MSG-obese rats. In all groups, glucose intake increased GLP-1 immunoreactivity and gene expression in ileum cells in relation to fasting conditions. Swim training reduced these parameters only in ileum cells from CON-exercised rats. Neither MSG treatment nor exercise affected GLP-1 expression in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS Exercise avoids insulin hypersecretion restoring GLP-1's insulinotropic action in pancreatic islets from MSG-obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Svidnicki
- Department of Structural Biology; Molecular and Genetic; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - N. de Carvalho Leite
- Department of General Biology; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - A. C. Venturelli
- Department of General Biology; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - R. L. Camargo
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics; University of Campinas; Campinas; SP; Brazil
| | - M. R. Vicari
- Department of Structural Biology; Molecular and Genetic; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - M. C. de Almeida
- Department of Structural Biology; Molecular and Genetic; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - R. F. Artoni
- Department of Structural Biology; Molecular and Genetic; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - V. Nogaroto
- Department of Structural Biology; Molecular and Genetic; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
| | - S. Grassiolli
- Department of General Biology; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa; PR; Brazil
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Heden TD, Liu Y, Park Y, Dellsperger KC, Kanaley JA. Acute aerobic exercise differentially alters acylated ghrelin and perceived fullness in normal-weight and obese individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:680-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiposity alters acylated ghrelin concentrations, but it is unknown whether adiposity alters the effect of exercise and feeding on acylated ghrelin responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether adiposity [normal-weight (NW) vs. obese (Ob)] influences the effect of exercise and feeding on acylated ghrelin, hunger, and fullness. Fourteen NW and 14 Ob individuals completed two trials in a randomized counterbalanced fashion, including a prior exercise trial (EX) and a no exercise trial (NoEX). During the EX trial, the participants performed 1 h of treadmill walking (55–60% peak O2 uptake) during the evening, 12 h before a 4-h standardized mixed meal test. Frequent blood samples were taken and analyzed for acylated ghrelin, and a visual analog scale was used to assess perceived hunger and fullness. In NW individuals, EX, compared with NoEX, reduced fasting acylated ghrelin concentrations by 18% ( P = 0.03), and, in response to feeding, the change in acylated ghrelin ( P = 0.02) was attenuated by 39%, but perceived hunger and fullness were unaltered. In Ob individuals, despite no changes in fasting or postprandial acylated ghrelin concentrations with EX, postprandial fullness was attenuated by 46% compared with NoEX ( P = 0.05). In summary, exercise performed the night before a meal suppresses acylated ghrelin concentrations in NW individuals without altering perceived hunger or fullness. In Ob individuals, despite no changes in acylated ghrelin concentrations, EX reduced the fullness response to the test meal. Acylated ghrelin and perceived fullness responses are differently altered by acute aerobic exercise in NW and Ob individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Liu
- Departments of 1Nutrition and Exercise Physiology,
| | | | - Kevin C. Dellsperger
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology,
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Knudsen SH, Karstoft K, Solomon TPJ. Impaired postprandial fullness in Type 2 diabetic subjects is rescued by acute exercise independently of total and acylated ghrelin. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:618-25. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00204.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin levels are suppressed in obese subjects and subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise-stimulated decreases in plasma ghrelin are a proposed mediator of exercise-induced satiety in healthy subjects. However, exercise-induced satiety and the impact of impaired ghrelin levels in obesity-related disease are poorly understood. Therefore our objective was to investigate exercise-induced postprandial satiety and ghrelin responses in overweight subjects with T2DM ( N = 8) and healthy controls ( N = 7). Visual analog scale satiety questionnaires (assessing hunger, thirst, food that could be eaten, nausea, and fullness) and circulating levels of glucose, insulin, and total and acylated ghrelin were measured at baseline and in response to a 75 g oral glucose load, provided immediately after an aerobic exercise bout (1 h at 50% Wmax) or no exercise (rest trial), on two separate occasions. Baseline levels of total (284.4 ± 15.9 and 397.6 ± 35.2 pmol/l) and acylated ghrelin (7.9 ± 1.0 and 13.7 ± 1.2 pmol/l) were lower in subjects with T2DM compared with healthy subjects ( P < 0.05). In the rest trial, post- vs. preprandial feeling of fullness increased in healthy subjects but decreased in subjects with T2DM (healthy vs. T2DM; P < 0.05). Exercise increased postprandial fullness in the T2DM group ( P < 0.05), while plasma ghrelin levels were unaffected. Our data suggest that the presence of T2DM likely drives suppressed ghrelin levels and poor appetite regulation, but a single exercise bout is sufficient to restore oral glucose-induced fullness independently of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine H. Knudsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P. J. Solomon
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lund MT, Taudorf L, Hartmann B, Helge JW, Holst JJ, Dela F. Meal induced gut hormone secretion is altered in aerobically trained compared to sedentary young healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2737-47. [PMID: 23979179 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial insulin release is lower in healthy aerobically trained (T) compared to untrained (UT) individuals. This may be mediated by a lower release of the two incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] in T. The aim of this study was to assess and compare gut hormone response and satiety changes after a liquid meal intake in young, healthy T and UT males. Postprandial gut hormone release and subjective feelings of hunger, satiety, fullness and prospective food consumption were assessed before and frequently for the following 3 h after a 200 ml liquid meal (1,260 kJ and 27, 41 and 32 energy % as protein, carbohydrates and fat, respectively) in ten T and ten UT young, healthy male subjects. The insulin and GIP responses were markedly lower in T than UT and correlated during the first 30 min after the liquid meal. Baseline GLP-1 concentration was higher in T versus UT, but the response in the following 3 h after a liquid meal was similar in T and UT. Satiety measures did not differ between groups throughout the test. It is possible that in aerobically T subjects, a lower GIP release is partly responsible for a lower postprandial incretin stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taulo Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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133
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Kawano H, Mineta M, Asaka M, Miyashita M, Numao S, Gando Y, Ando T, Sakamoto S, Higuchi M. Effects of different modes of exercise on appetite and appetite-regulating hormones. Appetite 2013; 66:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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134
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Sim AY, Wallman KE, Fairchild TJ, Guelfi KJ. High-intensity intermittent exercise attenuates ad-libitum energy intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:417-22. [PMID: 23835594 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the acute effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on energy intake, perceptions of appetite and appetite-related hormones in sedentary, overweight men. DESIGN Seventeen overweight men (body mass index: 27.7±1.6 kg m(-2); body mass: 89.8±10.1 kg; body fat: 30.0±4.3%; VO(2peak): 39.2±4.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed four 30-min experimental conditions using a randomised counterbalanced design. CON: resting control, MC: continuous moderate-intensity exercise (60% VO(2peak)), HI: high-intensity intermittent exercise (alternating 60 s at 100% VO(2peak) and 240 s at 50% VO(2peak)), VHI: very-high-intensity intermittent exercise (alternating 15 s at 170% VO(2peak) and 60 s at 32% VO(2peak)). Participants consumed a standard caloric meal following exercise/CON and an ad-libitum meal 70 min later. Capillary blood was sampled and perceived appetite assessed at regular time intervals throughout the session. Free-living energy intake and physical activity levels for the experimental day and the day after were also assessed. RESULTS Ad-libitum energy intake was lower after HI and VHI compared with CON (P=0.038 and P=0.004, respectively), and VHI was also lower than MC (P=0.028). Free-living energy intake in the subsequent 38 h remained less after VHI compared with CON and MC (P≤0.050). These observations were associated with lower active ghrelin (P≤0.050), higher blood lactate (P≤0.014) and higher blood glucose (P≤0.020) after VHI compared with all other trials. Despite higher heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during HI and VHI compared with MC (P≤0.004), ratings of physical activity enjoyment were similar between all the exercise trials (P=0.593). No differences were found in perceived appetite between trials. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity intermittent exercise suppresses subsequent ad-libitum energy intake in overweight inactive men. This format of exercise was found to be well tolerated in an overweight population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Sim
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K E Wallman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T J Fairchild
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K J Guelfi
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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135
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Short-term aerobic exercise training increases postprandial pancreatic polypeptide but not peptide YY concentrations in obese individuals. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:266-71. [PMID: 23736355 PMCID: PMC3773306 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective Short-term exercise training improves glycemic control, but the effect of short-term training on postprandial satiety peptide responses or perceived satiety remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that short-term aerobic exercise training (15 days) would alter postprandial pancreatic and gut peptide [pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide YY (PYY)] responses and perceived appetite and satiety in obese individuals. Subjects Thirteen healthy obese men and women (age: 42±2 y; BMI: 30-45 kg/m2) Measurements Subjects were studied before and after 15 days of training (walking 1 h at 70-75% VO2peak). On the study day, subjects consumed 1500 kcal as 6 meals (250 kcal: 9 g protein, 40 g CHO, 6 g fat) while blood samples and satiety measurements were taken at baseline and every 20 min for 12 h. Blood was analyzed for pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), glucose, and insulin levels. Appetite and satiety was assessed with a visual analog scale throughout the day. Results Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for PP increased significantly with training (pre 2788±753; post 3845±830 pg/ml·min for 12-h, p<0.001), but there was no difference in the PP response to each meal. The initial PP response to the first meal increased (ΔPPmin 20-0: pre 86±25; post 140±36 pg/ml, p<0.05) with training. PYY iAUC showed no significant changes with training but showed a significant main effect of time across meals, with the largest response being to the first meal (P<0.005). There were no changes in satiety, glucose, or insulin levels with training. Conclusion Short-term exercise training increases postprandial PP concentrations in obese individuals; however, PYY levels and glycemic control remain unaffected. Both PP and PYY show meal-induced increases at all meals but PYY has a greater response at the first meal with reduced responses at subsequent meals.
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136
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King JA, Wasse LK, Stensel DJ, Nimmo MA. Exercise and ghrelin. A narrative overview of research. Appetite 2013; 68:83-91. [PMID: 23624293 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1999, ghrelin has been implicated in a multiplicity of physiological activities. Most notably, ghrelin has an important influence on energy metabolism and after the identification of its potent appetite stimulating effects ghrelin has been termed the 'hunger hormone'. Exercise is a stimulus which has a significant impact on energy homeostasis and consequently a substantial body of research has investigated the interaction between exercise and ghrelin. This narrative review provides an overview of research relating to the acute and chronic effects of exercise on circulating ghrelin (acylated, unacylated and total). To enhance study comparability, the scope of this review is limited to research undertaken in adult humans and consequently studies involving children and animals are not discussed. Although there is significant ambiguity within much of the early research, our review suggests that acute exercise transiently interferes with the production of acylated ghrelin. Furthermore, the consensus of evidence indicates that exercise training does not influence circulating ghrelin independent of weight loss. Additional research is needed to verify and extend the available literature, particularly by uncovering the mechanisms governing acute exercise-related changes and characterising responses in other populations such as females, older adults, and the obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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137
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Davitt PM, Arent SM, Tuazon MA, Golem DL, Henderson GC. Postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism in obese women after either endurance or resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1743-54. [PMID: 23580597 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00095.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of two exercise modalities on postprandial triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. Sedentary, obese women were studied on three occasions in randomized order: endurance exercise for 60 min at 60-65% aerobic capacity (E), ~60 min high-intensity resistance exercise (R), and a sedentary control trial (C). After exercise, a liquid-mixed meal containing [U-(13)C]palmitate was consumed, and subjects were studied over 7 h. Isotopic enrichment (IE) of plasma TG, plasma FFA, and breath carbon dioxide compared with meal IE indicated the contribution of dietary fat to each pool. Total and endogenously derived plasma TG content was reduced significantly in both E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), with no effect of exercise on circulating exogenous (meal-derived) TG content. Exogenous plasma FFA content was increased significantly following both E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), whereas total and endogenous FFA concentrations were elevated only in E (P < 0.05) compared with C. Fatty acid (FA) oxidation rates were increased significantly after E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), with no difference between exercise modalities. The present results indicate that E and R may be equally effective in reducing postprandial plasma TG concentration and enhancing lipid oxidation when the exercise sessions are matched for duration rather than for energy expenditure. Importantly, tracer results indicated that the reduction in postprandial lipemia after E and R exercise bouts is not achieved by enhanced clearance of dietary fat but rather, is achieved by reduced abundance of endogenous FA in plasma TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Davitt
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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138
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Harrington DM, Martin CK, Ravussin E, Katzmarzyk PT. Activity related energy expenditure, appetite and energy intake: potential implications for weight management. Appetite 2013; 67:1-7. [PMID: 23523668 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate relationships between activity related energy expenditure (AREE), appetite ratings and energy intake (EI) in a sample of 40 male (26.4years; BMI 23.5kg/m(2)) and 42 female (26.9years; BMI 22.4kg/m(2)) participants. AREE was expressed as the residual value of the regression between total daily EE (by doubly labeled water) and resting EE (by indirect calorimetry). EI was measured using an ad libitum buffet meal and visual analogue scales measured subjective appetite ratings before and after the meal. AREE was divided into low, middle and high sex-specific tertiles. General linear models were used to investigate differences in appetite ratings and EI across AREE tertiles. Before the meal, males in the high AREE tertile had significantly lower desire to eat and lower prospective food consumption and higher feelings of fullness compared to those in the low tertile. Males in the middle tertile had significantly higher satiety quotients after the meal and lower EI compared to the other tertiles. No significant differences across tertiles were found in females. Sex differences in relationships between AREE, appetite ratings and EI may lead to differing patterns of EI and subsequent weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Harrington
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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139
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Rumbold PLS, St Clair Gibson A, Stevenson EJ, King JA, Stensel DJ, Dodd-Reynolds CJ. Influence of netball-based exercise on energy intake, subjective appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin in adolescent girls. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:854-61. [PMID: 23855273 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored 5-day regulation of exercise-induced energy expenditure, energy intake, and hormonal appetite, via acylated ghrelin, after acute exercise. Using a randomized crossover design, 10 female adolescents (13-15 years old) completed two 7-day treatment weeks (2 days of maintenance, 1 day of treatment, and a 4-day follow-up), interspersed with a 1-week period. On day 3, 47 min of netball-based exercise or sedentary activity was imposed with a test meal 1 h later. Measures of energy expenditure, subjective appetite, test meal energy intake, plasma acylated ghrelin, insulin, and glucose were taken during this period. Energy intake compensation for the exercise period was calculated. Four-day follow-up measures were daily subjective appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy balance. Girls felt more full 20 min during the netball-based exercise bout compared with sedentary activity (87 ± 15 mm vs. 75 ± 24 mm). An energy intake compensation of 27% was identified for the netball-based exercise. Compared with immediately before exercise or sedentary activity, plasma acylated ghrelin was elevated 45 min after netball (103.8 ± 56.9 pg·mL(-1) vs. 85.7 ± 26.9 pg·mL(-1); n = 7) and sedentary activity (98.2 ± 27.1 pg·mL(-1) vs. 60.8 ± 33.5 pg·mL(-1); n = 7) but not different between treatments. Adolescent girls (13-15 years old) only partially compensated for the netball-based exercise-induced energy expenditure. The effect of exercise on appetite needs to be further explored in adolescents, whereby nutritional behaviour is tracked for more than 1 week to investigate full compensation for acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny L S Rumbold
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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140
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Energy compensation after an aerobic exercise session in high-fat/low-fit and low-fat/high-fit young male subjects. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1133-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that exercise-induced energy expenditure is not entirely compensated for at the next meal or over the following 24 h, but inter-individual variability is high. The role of ‘fatness and fitness’ in this variability has never been assessed. Therefore, eighteen non-obese male subjects aged 22·2 (sd2·0) years were selected and separated into a ‘high-fatness and low-fitness’ (Hfat/Lfit,n9) and a ‘low-fatness and high-fitness’ (Lfat/Hfit,n9) group, according to three criteria: maximal oxygen uptake; weekly hours of physical activity; fat mass index. At 1 h before lunch, they were subjected to 60 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer (70 % VO2max), or stayed at rest. Then, they self-reported food intake in diaries until the next breakfast. Intake at lunch was not different between conditions, but was higher after exercise than after rest over the 24 h, leading to a significant but partial mean level of compensation of 49·8 (sem16·5) and 37·8 (sem24·6) % for the Hfat/Lfit and Lfat/Hfit groups, respectively. Energy compensation at lunch and over the 24 h were strongly correlated (r0·76,P< 0·001). Both groups consumed more fat and protein after exercise than after rest over the 24 h, but the percentage of energy derived from fat increased only in the Hfat/Lfit group (2·1 (sem0·6) %,P= 0·026). Thus, the energy cost of an aerobic exercise session was partially compensated over the next 24 h independently of the ‘fatness and fitness’ status, but ‘high-fat and low-fit’ individuals compensated more specifically on fats.
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141
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Ueda SY, Miyamoto T, Nakahara H, Shishido T, Usui T, Katsura Y, Yoshikawa T, Fujimoto S. Effects of exercise training on gut hormone levels after a single bout of exercise in middle-aged Japanese women. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:83. [PMID: 23504454 PMCID: PMC3597337 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of exercise training on gut hormone levels after a single bout of exercise in middle-aged Japanese women. Twenty healthy middle-aged women were recruited for this study. Several measurements were performed pre and post exercise training, including: body weight and composition, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), energy intake after the single bout of exercise, and the release of gut hormones with fasting and after the single bout of exercise. Exercise training resulted in significant increases in acylated ghrelin fasting levels (from 126.6 ± 5.6 to 135.9 ± 5.4 pmol/l, P < 0.01), with no significant changes in GLP-1 (from 0.54 ± 0.04 to 0.55 ± 0.03 pmol/ml) and PYY (from 1.20 ± 0.07 to 1.23 ± 0.06 pmol/ml) fasting levels. GLP-1 levels post exercise training after the single bout of exercise were significantly higher than those pre exercise training (areas under the curve (AUC); from 238.4 ± 65.2 to 286.5 ± 51.2 pmol/ml x 120 min, P < 0.001). There was a tendency for higher AUC for the time courses of PYY post exercise training than for those pre exercise training (AUC; from 519.5 ± 135.5 to 551.4 ± 128.7 pmol/ml x 120 min, P = 0.06). Changes in (delta) GLP-1 AUC were significantly correlated with decreases in body weight (r = -0.743, P < 0.001), body mass index (r = -0.732, P < 0.001), percent body fat (r = -0.731, P < 0.001), and energy intake after a single bout exercise (r = -0.649, P < 0.01) and increases in peak VO2 (r = 0.558, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the ability of exercise training to create a negative energy balance relies not only directly on its impact on energy expenditure, but also indirectly on its potential to modulate energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Ueda
- Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16, Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 559-8611 Japan
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142
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Marqueze EC, Ulhôa MA, Castro Moreno CR. Leisure-time physical activity does not fully explain the higher body mass index in irregular-shift workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:229-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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143
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Bales CW, Hawk VH, Granville EO, Rose SB, Shields T, Bateman L, Willis L, Piner LW, Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Gallup D, Samsa GP, Kraus WE. Aerobic and resistance training effects on energy intake: the STRRIDE-AT/RT study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:2033-9. [PMID: 22525775 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318259479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study characterizes food and energy intake responses to long-term aerobic training (AT) and resistance training (RT) during a controlled 8-month trial. METHODS In the STRRIDE-AT/RT trial, overweight/obese sedentary dyslipidemic men and women were randomized to AT (n = 39), RT (n = 38), or a combined treatment (AT/RT, n = 40) without any advice to change their food intakes. Quantitative food intake assessments and food frequency questionnaires were collected at baseline (before training) and after 8 months of training (end of training); body mass (BM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were also assessed. RESULTS In AT and AT/RT, respectively, meaningful decreases in reported energy intake (REI) (-217 and -202 kcal, P < 0.001) and in intakes of fat (-14.9 and -14.9 g, P < 0.001, P = 0.004), protein (-8.3 and -10.7 g, P = 0.002, P < 0.001), and carbohydrate (-28.1 and -14.7 g, P = 0.001, P = 0.030) were found by food frequency questionnaires. REI relative to FFM decreased (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002), as did intakes of fat (-0.2 and -0.3 g, P = 0.003 and P = 0.014) and protein (-0.1 and -0.2 g, P = 0.005 and P < 0.001) in AT and AT/RT and carbohydrate (-0.5 g, P < 0.003) in AT only. For RT, REI by quantitative daily dietary intake decreased (-3.0 kcal.kg(-1) FFM, P = 0.046), as did fat intake (-0.2 g, P = 0.033). BM decreased in AT (-1.3 kg, P = 0.006) and AT/RT (-1.5 kg, P = 0.001) but was unchanged (0.6 kg, P = 0.176) in RT. CONCLUSIONS Previously sedentary subjects completing 8 months of AT or AT/RT reduced their intakes of calories and macronutrients and BM. In RT, fat intakes and REI (when expressed per FFM) decreased, BM was unchanged, and FFM increased.
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144
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King JA, Wasse LK, Stensel DJ. Acute exercise increases feeding latency in healthy normal weight young males but does not alter energy intake. Appetite 2013; 61:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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145
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Guelfi KJ, Donges CE, Duffield R. Beneficial effects of 12 weeks of aerobic compared with resistance exercise training on perceived appetite in previously sedentary overweight and obese men. Metabolism 2013; 62:235-43. [PMID: 22959499 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic (AER) compared with resistance training (RES) on perceived hunger and fullness, together with appetite-related hormones in both the fasted state and postprandially. METHODS Thirty-three inactive, overweight and obese men (age 49±7 years; BMI 30.8±4.2 kg/m(2)) were allocated to either AER exercise (n=12), RES exercise (n=13) or a control group (CON; n=8). AER and RES completed 12 weeks of training (3 sessions per week), while CON continued their sedentary routine. Perceived hunger and fullness, together with appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)) were assessed pre and post-intervention in the fasted state and in response to oral glucose consumption (1284 kJ; 75 g carbohydrate). RESULTS Both AER and RES training elicited a decrease in fat mass (p<0.05), while CON did not. There was no difference in perceived hunger either in the fasted state (p>0.05) or in response to caloric consumption (p>0.05) following the intervention in any group. In contrast, both fasting and postprandial perceived fullness was higher following AER exercise (p<0.05), but not RES exercise or CON. These observations were not associated with alterations in fasting or postprandial active ghrelin, PP or PYY, although fasting and postprandial leptin was reduced following both AER and RES training (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise training is associated with an increase in satiety, while an equivalent period of resistance training is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym J Guelfi
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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146
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Hagobian TA, Yamashiro M, Hinkel-Lipsker J, Streder K, Evero N, Hackney T. Effects of acute exercise on appetite hormones and ad libitum energy intake in men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:66-72. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise suppresses relative energy intake; however, it remains unclear whether this occurs in both men and women exposed to the same relative exercise treatment. Eleven healthy men (22 ± 2 years; 16% ± 6% body fat (BF); 26 ± 4 body mass index (BMI); 42.9 ± 6.5 mL·kg–1·min–1 peak oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2peak)) and 10 healthy women (21 ± 2 years; 24 ± 2 BMI; 23% ± 3% BF; 39.9 ± 5.5 mL·kg–1·min–1 [Formula: see text]O2peak) rested for 60 min or exercised on a cycle ergometer at 70% [Formula: see text]O2peak until 30% of total daily energy expenditure was expended (men, expenditure = 975 ± 195 kcal in 82 ± 13 min; women, expenditure = 713 ± 86 kcal in 84 ± 17 min) in a counterbalanced, crossover fashion. Appetite hormones and appetite ratings were assessed in response to each condition. Forty minutes after both conditions, ad libitum total and relative energy intake (energy intake minus energy cost of exercise) were assessed at a buffet meal. There was no significant sex or condition effect in appetite hormones (PYY3-36, acylated ghrelin, insulin) and appetite ratings (hunger, satisfaction, fullness). Total energy intake in men was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in exercise and rest conditions (1648 ± 950, 1216 ± 633 kcal, respectively) compared with women (591 ± 183, 590 ± 231 kcal, respectively). Relative energy intake was significantly lower (P < 0.05) after exercise compared with rest in men (672 ± 827, 1133 ± 619 kcal, respectively) and women (−121 ± 243, 530 ± 233 kcal, respectively). These data highlight the effectiveness of acute exercise to suppress relative energy intake regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Alan Hagobian
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Megan Yamashiro
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Jake Hinkel-Lipsker
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Katherine Streder
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Nero Evero
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Terry Hackney
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
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147
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Wasse LK, Sunderland C, King JA, Miyashita M, Stensel DJ. The influence of vigorous running and cycling exercise on hunger perceptions and plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations in lean young men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38:1-6. [PMID: 23368821 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vigorous running suppresses plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations but the limited literature on cycling suggests that acylated ghrelin is unchanged, perhaps because body mass is supported during cycling. It is important from a research and applied perspective to determine whether acylated ghrelin and hunger responses are exercise-mode specific. This study sought to examine this. Eleven recreationally active males fasted overnight and completed three 4-h trials: control, running, and cycling, in a random order. Participants rested throughout the control trial and ran or cycled at 70% of mode-specific maximal oxygen uptake for the first hour during exercise trials, resting thereafter. Hunger was measured every 0.5 h using visual analogue scales. Eight venous blood samples were collected to determine acylated ghrelin concentrations and a standardised meal was consumed at 3 h. Compared with the control trial, acylated ghrelin concentrations were suppressed to a similar extent at 0.5 and 1 h during the running (p < 0.005) and cycling (p < 0.001) trials. Area under the curve values for ghrelin concentration over time were lower during exercise trials versus control (Control: 606 ± 379; Running: 455 ± 356; Cycling: 448 ± 315 pg·mL(-1)·4 h(-1); mean ± SD, p < 0.05). Hunger values did not differ significantly between trials but an interaction effect (p < 0.05) indicated a tendency for hunger to be suppressed during exercise. Thus, at similar relative exercise intensities, plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations are suppressed to a similar extent during running and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy K Wasse
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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148
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Deighton K, Barry R, Connon CE, Stensel DJ. Appetite, gut hormone and energy intake responses to low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1147-56. [PMID: 23111564 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sprint interval exercise improves several health markers but the appetite and energy balance response is unknown. This study compared the effects of sprint interval and endurance exercise on appetite, energy intake and gut hormone responses. Twelve healthy males [mean (SD): age 23 (3) years, body mass index 24.2 (2.9) kg m(-2), maximum oxygen uptake 46.3 (10.2) mL kg(-1) min(-1)] completed three 8 h trials [control (CON), endurance exercise (END), sprint interval exercise (SIE)] separated by 1 week. Trials commenced upon completion of a standardised breakfast. Sixty minutes of cycling at 68.1 (4.3) % of maximum oxygen uptake was performed from 1.75-2.75 h in END. Six 30-s Wingate tests were performed from 2.25-2.75 h in SIE. Appetite ratings, acylated ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were measured throughout each trial. Food intake was monitored from buffet meals at 3.5 and 7 h and an overnight food bag. Appetite (P < 0.0005) and acylated ghrelin (P < 0.002) were suppressed during exercise but more so during SIE. Peptide YY increased during exercise but most consistently during END (P < 0.05). Acylated ghrelin was lowest in the afternoon of SIE (P = 0.018) despite elevated appetite (P = 0.052). Exercise energy expenditure was higher in END than that in SIE (P < 0.0005). Energy intake was not different between trials (P > 0.05). Therefore, relative energy intake (energy intake minus the net energy expenditure of exercise) was lower in END than that in CON (15.7 %; P = 0.006) and SIE (11.5 %; P = 0.082). An acute bout of endurance exercise resulted in lower appetite perceptions in the hours after exercise than sprint interval exercise and induced a greater 24 h energy deficit due to higher energy expenditure during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Deighton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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149
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Fazen CH, Kahkoska AR, Doyle RP. Expression and purification of human PYY(3–36) in Escherichia coli using a His-tagged small ubiquitin-like modifier fusion. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 85:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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150
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Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 after an acute physical exercise: relation with post-exercise energy intake in twins. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:85-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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