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Song ES, Park SA, Kim SH, Cho YJ, Ahn BY, Ahn BC, Lee NG. Adjuvant effect of CIA07, a combination ofEscherichia coliDNA fragments and modified lipopolysaccharides, on the immune response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:496-504. [PMID: 17877731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CIA07 is an immunostimulatory agent composed of bacterial DNA fragments and modified lipopolysaccharide, which has antitumor activity against bladder cancer in mice. In this study, the adjuvant activity of CIA07 was evaluated using hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as the immunogen. Mice were immunized intramuscularly three times at 1-week intervals with HBsAg alone or in combination with alum, bacterial DNA fragments, modified lipopolysaccharide, CIA07 or CpG1826, and immune responses were assessed. At 1 week after the final injection, the HBsAg-specific total serum IgG antibody titer in CIA07-treated mice was 14 times higher than that in animals administered antigen alone, six times higher than in mice given alum or bacterial DNA fragments and twice as high as those treated with modified lipopolysaccharide or CpG1826, and remained maximal until 8 weeks postimmunization. Animals receiving antigen alone or plus alum displayed barely detectable HBsAg-specific serum IgG2a antibody responses. However, coadministration of CIA07 with antigen led to markedly enhanced serum IgG2a antibody titer and IFN-gamma(+) production in splenocytes, indicating that CIA07 effectively induces Th1-type immune responses. In addition, the number of HBsAg-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was elevated in CIA07-treated mice. These data clearly demonstrate that CIA07 is able to induce both cellular and humoral immune responses to HBsAg, and confirm its potential as an adjuvant in therapeutic vaccines for hepatitis B virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Song
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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102
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Thotathil Z, Jameson MB. Early experience with novel immunomodulators for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1391-403. [PMID: 17714025 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.9.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy involves the treatment of cancer by modification of the host-tumour relationship. It is now known that this relationship is quite complex and only some of the interactions have been elucidated. Early attempts at immunotherapy, such as Coley's toxins, were undertaken without an understanding of the processes mediating the effects. With a better understanding of the immunology of this anticancer response, recent trials have focussed on certain aspects of the process to stimulate an antitumour response. In this review, the authors discuss a number of novel biological response modifiers that work as general stimulants of the immune system, through varied mechanisms including induction of stimulatory cytokines (such as IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha and IL-12) and activation of T cells and the antigen-presenting dendritic cells. These compounds include Toll-like receptor agonists, several of which are in clinical trials at present. In addition to immunomodulatory activity, some compounds such as 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) and thalidomide and its analogues also target existing or developing tumour vasculature. Some of these compounds have single-agent activity in clinical trials, while others such as DMXAA have shown promise in combination with chemotherapy without increasing toxicity. Lactoferrin is another compound that has shown clinical activity with low toxicity. At present, accepted indications for immunotherapy are limited to a few cancers such as renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. This paper looks at some of the reasons for the limited impact of immunotherapy so far and suggest possible avenues for further research with a greater likelihood of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Thotathil
- Waikato Hospital, Department of Oncology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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103
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den Brok MHMGM, Nierkens S, Figdor CG, Ruers TJM, Adema GJ. Dendritic cells: tools and targets for antitumor vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 4:699-710. [PMID: 16221071 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.5.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and represent a promising tool in therapeutic vaccination against cancer. Immunotherapy applying ex vivo-generated and tumor antigen-loaded dentritic cells has been successfully introduced in clinical vaccination protocols and has proven to be feasible and effective in some patients. A better understanding of how dentritic cells succeed to induce and modulate immunity is necessary to optimally exploit dentritic cells in anticancer vaccines. The authors will review novel insights in antigen loading, activation and migration of dentritic cells and their impact on the application of ex vivo-generated dentritic cell vaccines. In addition, novel means to exploit dentritic cells in cancer vaccines by loading and activation of dentritic cells directly in situ and possible obstacles that should be overcome to induce long-lasting immunity in therapeutic settings will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H M G M den Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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104
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M17-04: TLR9 agonists. J Thorac Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.jto.0000282978.73370.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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105
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Yokouchi H, Chamoto K, Wakita D, Yamazaki K, Shirato H, Takeshima T, Dosaka-Akita H, Nishimura M, Yue Z, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Combination tumor immunotherapy with radiotherapy and Th1 cell therapy against murine lung carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:533-40. [PMID: 17653821 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mice bearing established Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) expressing model tumor antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) (LLC-OVA) marginally responded to local radiotherapy, but none of the mice was cured. In contrast, treatment of the tumor-bearing mice with intratumoral injection of tumor-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and tumor antigen (OVA) after radiotherapy dramatically prolonged the survival days and induced complete cure of the mice at high frequency (80%). Radiation therapy combined with Th1 cells or OVA alone showed no significant therapeutic activity against LLC-OVA. Such a strong therapeutic activity was not induced by intratumoral injection of Th1 cells plus OVA. Compared with other treatment, radiation therapy combined with Th1 cells and OVA was superior to induce the generation of OVA/H-2(b) tetramer(+) tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) with a strong cytotoxicity against LLC-OVA in draining lymph node (DLN). Moreover, the combined therapy is demonstrated to inhibit the growth of tumor mass, which grew at contralateral side. These results indicated that radiotherapy combined with Th1 cell/vaccine therapy induced a systemic antitumor immunity. These findings suggested that combination therapy with radiotherapy and Th1 cell/vaccine therapy may become a practical strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokouchi
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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106
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Mariani CL, Rajon D, Bova FJ, Streit WJ. Nonspecific immunotherapy with intratumoral lipopolysaccharide and zymosan A but not GM-CSF leads to an effective anti-tumor response in subcutaneous RG-2 gliomas. J Neurooncol 2007; 85:231-40. [PMID: 17568998 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonspecific stimulation of cells of the immune system may be useful in generating an anti-tumor response for a variety of cancers and may work synergistically with currently available cytotoxic therapies. In this study we examined the response of syngeneic rat gliomas to treatment with several nonspecific stimulators of dendritic cells and macrophages alone or in combination with radiation therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RG-2 gliomas were implanted subcutaneously and treated with intratumoral (IT) injections of the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zymosan A (ZymA) and the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Combination treatment with IT LPS and single-fraction external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was also evaluated. RESULTS Treatment with IT LPS and ZymA delayed tumor growth compared to saline controls. Multiple doses of both substances were superior to single doses, and led to complete tumor regression in 71% (LPS) and 50% (ZymA) of animals. GM-CSF showed no anti-tumor effects in this study. Combinations of IT LPS and EBRT appeared to have a synergistic effect in delaying tumor growth. Rechallenge studies and IT LPS treatment of RG-2 tumors in nude rats suggested the importance of T cells in this treatment paradigm. CONCLUSIONS Direct IT treatment with the TLR ligands LPS and ZymA are effective in generating an anti-tumor response. These treatments may synergize with cytotoxic therapies such as EBRT, and appear to require T cells for a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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107
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Ye GW, Park JB, Park YJ, Choi YS, Sin JI. Increased sensitivity of radiated murine cervical cancer tumors to E7 subunit vaccine-driven CTL-mediated killing induces synergistic anti-tumor activity. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1564-70. [PMID: 17505485 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic vaccines has important implications for the treatment of cancer patients. Here we investigate whether human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 subunit vaccines can enhance tumor radioresponse using an established cervical cancer animal model. Radiation plus E7 subunit vaccines improved complete response, cure, and recurrence rates of tumors dramatically compared with single therapy alone. In particular, both components of the E7 subunit vaccines (E7 protein and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide) were required for the induction of antigen (Ag)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses and for therapeutic synergy with radiotherapy. Moreover, with combined therapy the radiation dose could be reduced by 16 Gy to achieve an equivalent anti-tumor efficacy to radiation treatment alone. This therapeutic synergy was found to be mediated by CD8(+) CTLs and was concomitant with histological changes (presence of apoptotic bodies and multinucleated giant cells; heavy infiltration of lymphocytes), as determined by in vivo T-cell depletion and histological analysis. Finally, phenotypic changes of radiated tumors and their increased sensitivity to CTL-mediated killing appeared to be responsible for therapeutic synergy. These results show that E7 subunit vaccines act as a potent enhancer of tumor radioresponse and that this is mediated by increased sensitivity of radiated tumors to CTL-mediated killing. This study further suggests that E7-targeted therapeutic vaccines have the potential to improve radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Won Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Catholic University of Daegu, Namgu, Daegu, South Korea
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108
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Thamm DH. Interactions between radiation therapy and immunotherapy: the best of two worlds? Vet Comp Oncol 2006; 4:189-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2006.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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109
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Mukherjee P, Pathangey LB, Bradley JB, Tinder TL, Basu GD, Akporiaye ET, Gendler SJ. MUC1-specific immune therapy generates a strong anti-tumor response in a MUC1-tolerant colon cancer model. Vaccine 2006; 25:1607-18. [PMID: 17166639 PMCID: PMC1810513 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A MUC1-based vaccine was used in a preclinical model of colon cancer. The trial was conducted in a MUC1-tolerant immune competent host injected with MC38 colon cancer cells expressing MUC1. The vaccine included: MHC class I-restricted MUC1 peptides, MHC class II-restricted pan-helper-peptide, unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Immunization was successful in breaking MUC1 self-tolerance, and in eliciting a robust anti-tumor response. The vaccine stimulated IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells against MUC1 and other undefined MC38 tumor antigens. In the prophylactic setting, immunization caused complete rejection of tumor cells, while in the therapeutic regimen, tumor burden was significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mukherjee
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States.
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110
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De Ridder M, Verovski VN, Chiavaroli C, Van den Berge DL, Monsaert C, Law K, Storme GA. The radiosensitizing effect of immunoadjuvant OM-174 requires cooperation between immune and tumor cells through interferon-gamma and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:1473-80. [PMID: 17056198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.07.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether antitumor immunoadjuvant OM-174 can stimulate immune cells to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and thereby radiosensitize tumor cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS Splenocytes from BALB/c mice were stimulated by OM-174 at plasma-achievable concentrations (0.03-3 mug/mL), and afterward analyzed for the expression and secretion of IFN-gamma by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Stimulated splenocytes were used as a source of IFN-gamma to radiosensitize hypoxic EMT-6 tumor cells through the cytokine-inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). RESULTS OM-174 activated the production of IFN-gamma at high levels that reached 70 ng/mL in normoxia (21% oxygen) and 27 ng/mL in tumor-relevant hypoxia (1% oxygen). This caused up to 2.1-fold radiosensitization of EMT-6 tumor cells, which was associated with the iNOS-mediated production of the radiosensitizing molecule nitric oxide, as confirmed by accumulation of its oxidative metabolite nitrite, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Both iNOS activation and radiosensitization were counteracted by neutralizing antibodies against IFN-gamma. The same mechanism of radiosensitization through the IFN-gamma secretion pathway was identified for IL-12 + IL-18, which are known to mediate IFN-gamma responses. Hypoxia displayed a dual effect on the immune-tumor cell interaction, by downregulating the expression of the IFN-gamma gene while upregulating iNOS at transcriptional level. CONCLUSION Immunoadjuvant OM-174 is an efficient radiosensitizer of tumor cells through activation of the IFN-gamma secretion pathway in immune cells. This finding indicates a rationale for combining immunostimulatory and radiosensitizing strategies and extends the potential therapeutic applications of OM-174.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark De Ridder
- Academic Hospital Free University Brussels, Oncology Center, Cancer Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
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111
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den Brok MHMGM, Sutmuller RPM, Nierkens S, Bennink EJ, Toonen LWJ, Figdor CG, Ruers TJM, Adema GJ. Synergy between in situ cryoablation and TLR9 stimulation results in a highly effective in vivo dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7285-92. [PMID: 16849578 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in the induction of immunity. Ex vivo-generated, tumor antigen-loaded mature DC are currently exploited as cancer vaccines in clinical studies. However, antigen loading and maturation of DC directly in vivo would greatly facilitate the application of DC-based vaccines. We have previously shown that in situ tumor destruction by ablative treatments efficiently delivers antigens for the in vivo induction of antitumor immunity. In this article, we show that although 20% of the draining lymph node DCs acquire intratumorally injected model antigens after in situ cryoablation, only partial protection against a subsequent tumor rechallenge is observed. However, we also show that a combination treatment of cryoablation plus TLR9 stimulation via CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides is far more effective in the eradication of local and systemic tumors than either treatment modality alone. Analysis of the underlying mechanism revealed that in situ tumor ablation synergizes with TLR9 stimulation to induce DC maturation and efficient cross-presentation in tumor-bearing mice, leading to superior DC function in vivo. Therefore, in situ tumor destruction in combination with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide administration creates a unique "in situ DC vaccine" that is readily applicable in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H M G M den Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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112
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CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are potent enhancers of radio- and chemoresponses of murine tumors. Radiother Oncol 2006; 80:192-8. [PMID: 16905212 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs bind to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and stimulate both innate and adaptive immune reactions and possess anti-tumor activity. We recently reported that CpG ODN 1826 strongly enhances radioresponse of both immunogenic [Milas L, Mason K, Ariga H, et al. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances tumor response to radiation. Cancer Res 2004;64:5074-7] and non-immunogenic [Mason KA, Ariga H, Neal R, et al. Targeting toll-like receptor-9 with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides enhances tumor response to fractionated radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:361-9] murine tumors. Using two immunogenic murine tumors, a fibrosarcoma (FSa) and a mammary carcinoma (MCa-K), the present study explored whether CpG ODN 1826 also improves the response of murine tumors to the chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel (DOC). MATERIALS AND METHODS CpG ODN 1826 (100 microg) was given sc three times: when leg tumors were 6mm, when they grew to 8mm and again 1 week later. DOC (33 mg/kg iv) and local tumor radiation (10Gy) were given when tumors were 8mm. Effects of the treatments were assayed by tumor growth delay, defined as days for tumors to grow from 8 to 12 mm in diameter. RESULTS Treatment with CpG ODN 1826 resulted in strongly enhanced response of FSa tumors to radiation and MCa-K tumors to the chemotherapeutic agent DOC. Enhancement of tumor treatment response was demonstrated by a strong prolongation in the primary tumor treatment endpoint, tumor growth delay. Coincidentally, this treatment also resulted in a higher rate of tumor cure than that observed after tumor radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. When all three agents were combined the effect was comparable to that of the combination of CpG ODN 1826 with radiation in the case of FSa or of the combination of CpG ODN 1826 with DOC in the case of MCa-K. CONCLUSION Overall results show that CpG ODN 1826 can markedly improve tumor response to radiation and chemotherapy (DOC), suggesting that CpG ODNs have potential to be beneficial when used singly or in combination with other standard treatment modalities such as taxane chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both.
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113
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Arihiro K. Tumor-driven evolution of immunosuppressive networks during malignant progression. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5527-36. [PMID: 16740684 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumors evolve mechanisms to escape immune control by a process called immune editing, which provides a selective pressure in the tumor microenvironment that could lead to malignant progression. A variety of tumor-derived factors contribute to the emergence of complex local and regional immunosuppressive networks, including vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta, prostaglandin E(2), and soluble phosphatidylserine, soluble Fas, soluble Fas ligand, and soluble MHC class I-related chain A proteins. Although deposited at the primary tumor site, these secreted factors could extend immunosuppressive effects into the local lymph nodes and the spleen, promoting invasion and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factors play a key role in recruiting immature myeloid cells from the bone marrow to enrich the microenvironment as tumor-associated immature dendritic cells and tumor-associated macrophages. The understanding of the immunosuppressive networks that evolve is incomplete, but several features are emerging. Accumulation of tumor-associated immature dendritic cells may cause roving dendritic cells and T cells to become suppressed by the activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and arginase I by tumor-derived growth factors. Soluble phosphatidylserines support tumor-associated macrophages by stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory mediators that block antitumor immune responses. Soluble Fas, soluble FasL, and soluble MHC class I-related chain A proteins may help tumor cells escape cytolysis by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, possibly by counterattacking immune cells and causing their death. In summary, tumor-derived factors drive the evolution of an immunosuppressive network which ultimately extends immune evasion from the primary tumor site to peripheral sites in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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114
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van der Most RG, Himbeck R, Aarons S, Carter SJ, Larma I, Robinson C, Currie A, Lake RA. Antitumor efficacy of the novel chemotherapeutic agent coramsine is potentiated by cotreatment with CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunother 2006; 29:134-42. [PMID: 16531814 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000187958.38179.a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coramsine is a novel chemotherapeutic agent isolated from Solanum linnaeanum (devil's apple). Topical treatment provides clinical benefit for skin tumors. To evaluate the potential broader applicability of the drug, its in vivo anticancer efficacy in a murine model of malignant mesothelioma and its mode of action were investigated. Systemic administration of coramsine slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival time. Importantly, the antitumor efficacy of coramsine was enhanced when treatment was combined with stimulation of innate immunity using unmethylated CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Combination treatment further slowed tumor growth and provided a survival benefit. Coramsine seems to kill tumor cells by direct cell lysis. Using 2 different assays to detect apoptosis (caspase activation and DNA fragmentation), we found no evidence that coramsine induces any form of programmed cell death. The fact that the efficacy of coramsine is potentiated by CpG ODNs suggests that coramsine-induced cell death is an immunologic null event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert G van der Most
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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115
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Bourquin C, Schreiber S, Beck S, Hartmann G, Endres S. Immunotherapy with dendritic cells and CpG oligonucleotides can be combined with chemotherapy without loss of efficacy in a mouse model of colon cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2790-5. [PMID: 16388515 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of cancer, clinical studies assessing immunologic approaches in patients with advanced cancer will seldom be conducted in the absence of conventional treatment strategies such as chemotherapy. Here we investigate the combination of chemotherapy with CpG oligonucleotide and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in the C26 mouse model of colon carcinoma. The coinjection of antigen-pulsed, mature dendritic cells and CpG oligonucleotides together with a peritumoral injection of CpG oligonucleotides elicits a CD8 T-cell response resulting in tumor rejection and long-term protection in the C26 model. Tumor-bearing mice were treated weekly for 4 weeks by this immunotherapy protocol, by 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin or irinotecan, or by the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We observed that immunotherapy was more effective in reducing tumor growth and increasing survival than 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan. Immunotherapy was well tolerated, whereas therapeutic doses of 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan were associated with dose-limiting toxicity. Furthermore, the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with either 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan was similar to that of immunotherapy alone. Addition of immunotherapy to either 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan treatment strongly decreased the toxicity of chemotherapy. Immunotherapy both with and without chemotherapy generated a memory immune response, leading to tumor rejection in mice rechallenged with C26 tumor cells up to several months after treatment. In summary, immunotherapy with a combination of dendritic cells and CpG oligonucleotides is superior to chemotherapy in the C26 tumor model. This immunotherapy protocol can be combined with current chemotherapy agents with no loss in therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Munich, Germany.
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116
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Kamstock D, Guth A, Elmslie R, Kurzman I, Liggitt D, Coro L, Fairman J, Dow S. Liposome-DNA complexes infused intravenously inhibit tumor angiogenesis and elicit antitumor activity in dogs with soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:306-17. [PMID: 16138118 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous gene delivery using liposome-DNA complexes (LDC) has previously been shown to elicit antitumor activity, but only in rodent tumor models. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine in a large animal spontaneous tumor model whether intravenous infusions of LDC could target gene expression to cutaneous tumor tissues and whether repeated treatments had an effect on tumor growth or angiogenesis. A total of 13 dogs with cutaneous soft tissue sarcomas were enrolled in the study and were randomized to receive a series of 6 weekly infusions of LDC containing either canine endostatin DNA or DNA encoding an irrelevant gene (luciferase). Serial tumor biopsies were obtained to assess transgene expression, tumor microvessel density (MVD), and intratumoral leukocyte inflammatory responses. We found that intravenous infusion of LDC did not result in detectable gene expression in cutaneous tumor tissues. However, two of 13 treated dogs had objective tumor responses and eight dogs had stable disease during the treatment period. In addition, a significant decrease in tumor MVD was noted in six of 12 treated dogs at the completion of six treatments. These results suggest that intravenous infusions of LDC may elicit nonspecific antitumor activity and inhibit tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kamstock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, 80523, USA
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117
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Cho YJ, Ahn BY, Lee NG, Lee DH, Kim DS. A combination of E. coli DNA fragments and modified lipopolysaccharides as a cancer immunotherapy. Vaccine 2006; 24:5862-71. [PMID: 16725239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of Escherichia coli DNA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an immunotherapy is often associated with unacceptable toxicity and insufficient therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of using a combination of bacterial DNA fragments and LPS as an anticancer agent. LPS was isolated from an E. coli strain expressing short-carbohydrate-chain-containing LPS and subjected to alkaline hydrolysis to remove lipid A. The ability to induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release in human whole blood cells was significantly lower for the LPS devoid of lipid A than for its parent form. The immunostimulating activity of E. coli DNA fragments of various sizes were tested. Those of 0.2-0.5 kb in size exhibited the highest activity in whole blood assays, whereas those of size 0.5-2.0 kb exhibited the highest adjuvant activity in mice. A combination of 0.5-2.0-kb DNA fragments and modified LPS at a ratio of 100:1, designated CIA07, exhibited higher immunostimulating activity than each substance alone, and its antitumor activity was significantly higher than that of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in a mouse bladder cancer model. An intraperitoneal injection of CIA07 at a dose of 25mg/kg body weight caused no apparent adverse effects in mice and guinea pigs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CIA07 exhibits potent immunostimulating activity with no apparent toxicity, and therefore warrant the further development of CIA07 as an immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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118
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Vollmer J. Progress in drug development of immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide ligands for TLR9. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:673-82. [PMID: 15934842 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.5.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with unmethylated deoxycytosine-deoxyguanosine (CpG) motifs are recognised by Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 expressed in specialised cell subsets of the human immune system, B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. TLR9-mediated stimulation of the immune system leads to a plethora of directed effects linking innate to adaptive immune responses. This allows the use of TLR9 agonists as highly effective targeted immunomodulatory drugs with broad potential applications as vaccine adjuvants, stand-alone therapy or in combination with other therapies in cancer, infectious diseases or asthma and allergy. TLR9 agonists represent a new class of small (8-30 bases long), easily synthesised, non-antisense ODN pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Vollmer
- Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Str. 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany.
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119
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Sutherland RM. Radiation-enhanced immune response to cancer: workshop, Anaheim, CA, April 17, 2005. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:3-5. [PMID: 16377408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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121
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Gekeler V, Gimmnich P, Hofmann HP, Grebe C, Römmele M, Leja A, Baudler M, Benimetskaya L, Gonser B, Pieles U, Maier T, Wagner T, Sanders K, Beck JF, Hanauer G, Stein CA. G3139 and Other CpG-Containing Immunostimulatory Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides Are Potent Suppressors of the Growth of Human Tumor Xenografts in Nude Mice. Oligonucleotides 2006; 16:83-93. [PMID: 16584297 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2006.16.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Several phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are developed to target factors potentially involved in tumor growth and apoptosis suppression. Among them, the 18-mer G3139 (Oblimersen), which targets Bcl-2, is currently being tested in phase II and phase III clinical trials for various tumors in combination with chemotherapy. On the other hand, ODNs containing CpG dinucleotides (CpG-ODN) within specific-sequence contexts (CpG motifs) have been shown to activate rodent or primate immune cells via toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and have demonstrated remarkable T cell-dependent antitumor efficacy in a series of murine tumor models. However, immune cell activation by CpG-ODN is largely diminished upon C-5 methylation at CpG cytosine. As G3139 contains CpG motifs, we questioned whether the antitumor effects seen in human tumor xenografts might be abrogated by cytosine C-5 methylation of G3139, which retained the ability of G3139 to suppress Bcl-2 expression in tissue culture, or by similar derivatization of other phosphorothioate ODNs developed for the immune activation of rodent or human cells. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of the immunostimulatory H1826 and H2006 ODNs was compared with that of G3139. Bcl-2 suppression achieved by G3139 purportedly sensitizes tumor cells toward cytotoxic agents, and some of the experiments employed combinations of ODN with such drugs as cisplatin or etoposide. H1826, H2006, and G3139 all produced similar, striking, growth inhibitory effects on either H69 SCLC, A2780 ovarian carcinoma, or A549 lung adenocarcinoma human tumor xenografts at doses of 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg (H1826, H2006) or 12 mg/kg (G3139) per day. In contrast, the H2006-mC (1 mg/kg) or G3139-mC (12 mg/kg) derivatives demonstrated no significant antitumor effects. The combination of G3139 (12 mg/kg) with cisplatin produced some additive antitumor efficacy, which was not seen in combinations of G3139-mC (12 mg/kg) or H1826 (1 mg/kg) with cisplatin. G3139, at a dose of 12 mg/kg, alone induced extensive enlargement of the spleen. Immunostimulation was evaluated in vitro by flow cytometric measurements of the CD80 and CD86 activation markers found on CD19+ murine splenocytes. The CpG-ODN producing strong antitumor effects in vivo also induced these activation markers in vitro, in contrast to the in vivo inactive G3139-mC. Our data indicate a significant contribution of the immunostimulatory properties of CpG-ODN (including G3139) to the antitumor effects observed in nude mouse xenograft models. This is in contrast to previous data presented by other authors indicating that the activity of G3139 in human tumor xenografts was Bcl-2 specific. Furthermore, as nude mice are devoid of T cells, a T cell-mediated immune response apparently is not required for the potent antitumor responses observed here; innate immune responses are sufficient.
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Damiano V, Caputo R, Bianco R, D'Armiento FP, Leonardi A, De Placido S, Bianco AR, Agrawal S, Ciardiello F, Tortora G. Novel toll-like receptor 9 agonist induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition and synergistic antitumor activity with EGFR inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:577-83. [PMID: 16428503 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunostimulating Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists cause antitumor activity interfering also with cancer proliferation and angiogenesis by mechanisms still incompletely understood. We hypothesized that modified TLR9 agonists could impair epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and, by this means, greatly enhance EGFR inhibitors effect, acting on both the receptor targeting and the immunologic arm. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a novel second-generation, modified, immunomodulatory TLR9 agonist (IMO), alone and in combination with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab or tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, on the growth of GEO and cetuximab-resistant derivatives GEO-CR colon cancer xenografts. We have also evaluated the expression of several proteins critical for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, including EGFR, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, bcl-2, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nuclear factor-kappaB. RESULTS IMO inhibited GEO growth and signaling by EGFR and the other proteins critical for cell proliferation and angiogenesis. IMO plus the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab synergistically inhibited tumor growth, signaling proteins, and microvessel formation. EGFR signaling inhibition by IMO is relevant because IMO cooperated also with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in GEO tumors, while it was inactive against GEO-CR xenografts. On the other hand, IMO boosted the non-EGFR-dependent cetuximab activity, causing a cooperative antitumor effect in GEO-CR cells. Finally, combination of IMO, cetuximab and chemotherapeutic irinotecan eradicated the tumors in 90% of mice. CONCLUSION IMO interferes with EGFR-related signaling and angiogenesis and has a synergistic antitumor effect with EGFR inhibitors, especially with cetuximab, boosting both the EGFR dependent and independent activity of this agent. Moreover, this therapeutic strategy could be translated in patients affected by colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Damiano
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, and Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Cao C, Shinohara ET, Li H, Niermann KJ, Kim KW, Sekhar KR, Gleave M, Freeman M, Lu B. Clusterin as a therapeutic target for radiation sensitization in a lung cancer model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:1228-36. [PMID: 16253777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.07.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clusterin plays important roles in cell survival and death. Inactivation of clusterin enhances the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy in lung cancer models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibition of clusterin by an antisense-based investigative drug enhances radiation sensitization in a lung cancer model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cells were transfected with an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against clusterin (OGX-011). Apoptosis was determined by 7-aminoactinomycin D staining. Cell survival was examined by 3-(4, 5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and clonogenic assay. Xenograft model was used to demonstrate tumor growth and tumor blood flow. RESULTS OGX-011 specifically attenuated the expression of secreted clusterin (prosurvival), with no apparent effect on the expression of nuclear clusterin (proapoptotic). Apoptosis was significantly increased when H460 lung cancer cells were treated with OGX-011 plus radiation. Inhibition of clusterin followed by radiation greatly decreased cell survival. H460 xenografts that were treated with OGX-011 plus radiotherapy demonstrated growth delay beyond 17 days. Doppler studies showed that tumor blood flow was compromised when mice bearing H460 xenografts were treated with OGX-011 and radiation. CONCLUSION A combination of radiotherapy and OGX-011 improved control of tumor growth and vascular regression in the H460 lung cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-5671, USA
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Demaria S, Bhardwaj N, McBride WH, Formenti SC. Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a revived partnership. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:655-66. [PMID: 16199306 PMCID: PMC1489884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important local modality for the treatment of cancer. The current rationale for its use is based largely on the ability of RT to kill the cancer cells by a direct cytotoxic effect. Nevertheless, considerable evidence indicates that RT effects extend beyond the mere elimination of the more radiosensitive fraction of cancer cells present within a tumor at the time of radiation exposure. For instance, a large body of evidence is accumulating on the ability of RT to modify the tumor microenvironment and generate inflammation. This might have far-reaching consequences regarding the response of a patient to treatment, especially if radiation-induced tumor cell kill were to translate into the generation of effective antitumor immunity. Although much remains to be learned about how radiation can impact tumor immunogenicity, data from preclinical studies provide the proof of principle that different immunotherapeutic strategies can be combined with RT to enhance antitumor effects. Conversely, RT could be a useful tool to combine with immunotherapy. This article will briefly summarize what is known about the impact of RT on tumor immunity, including tumor-associated antigens, antigen-presenting cells, and effector mechanisms. In addition, the experimental evidence supporting the contention that RT can be used as a tool to induce antitumor immunity is discussed, and a new approach to radioimmunotherapy of cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Departments of Pathology and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Sandra Demaria, M. D., Department of Pathology, MSB-563, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Tel: (212) 263-7308; Fax: (212) 263-8211; e-mail:
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Division, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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125
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Meng Y, Carpentier AF, Chen L, Boisserie G, Simon JM, Mazeron JJ, Delattre JY. Successful combination of local CpG-ODN and radiotherapy in malignant glioma. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:992-7. [PMID: 15856470 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) display broad immunostimulating activity and are currently under clinical trial in various malignancies, including recurrent glioblastomas. Combining CpG-ODN with another therapy that could induce antigen release might enhance tumor-specific immune response. We investigated whether radiotherapy (RT) could be associated advantageously to intratumoral injections of CpG-ODN. Fisher rats bearing 9L glioma were treated with various combinations of RT and CpG-28, an oligonucleotide with good immunostimulating activity. RT and CpG-28 induced complete tumor remission in one-third of the animals. When both treatments were combined, complete tumor remission was achieved in two-thirds of the animals (p < 0.001 when compared to non-treated rats, p < 0.03 when compared to CpG-28 alone). Such efficacy was not observed in nude mice, underlying the role of T cells in antitumor effects. The combination of both treatments appeared optimal when the delay between RT and CpG-28 administration was <3 days (from 100% survival for a 3 days delay, to 57% survival for a 21 days delay, p < 0.05). Tumor infiltration by immune cells and expression within tumors of the CpG receptor, TLR9, were not modified by irradiation. These results support an attractive strategy of sequential radiotherapy and immunotherapy by CpG-ODN and have potential implications for future clinical trials with CpG-ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Meng
- Fédération de neurologie Mazarin and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-495, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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126
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Pratesi G, Petrangolini G, Tortoreto M, Addis A, Belluco S, Rossini A, Selleri S, Rumio C, Menard S, Balsari A. Therapeutic synergism of gemcitabine and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in an orthotopic human pancreatic carcinoma xenograft. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6388-93. [PMID: 16024642 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) exhibit potent immunostimulatory activity by binding with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Based on the finding that TLR9 is highly expressed and functional in pancreatic tissue, we evaluated the antitumor effects of chemotherapy combined with CpG-ODNs in the orthotopic mouse model of a human pancreatic tumor xenograft. Chemotherapy consisted of the maximum tolerated dose of gemcitabine (i.v., 100 mg/kg, q3dx4). CpG-ODNs were delivered (i.p., 20 microg/mouse), weekly, after the end of chemotherapy. CpG-ODNs alone had little effect on tumor growth, whereas gemcitabine alone significantly delayed the median time of disease onset (palpable i.p. tumor) and of bulky disease development (extensive peritoneal tumor burden), but did not enhance survival time. When the gemcitabine regimen was followed by administration of the immunostimulator, development of bulky disease was delayed, survival time was significantly improved (median survival time, 106 days; P < 0.02 versus gemcitabine-treated mice). Autoptic examination showed that tumor spread in the peritoneal cavity was reduced to a greater extent than with gemcitabine alone. All treatment regimens were well-tolerated. The use of nude mice excluded a T cell-mediated immune response, whereas the high pancreatic expression of TLR9 might have contributed to the tumor response. The clear improvement of survival observed in an orthotopic murine model of human pancreatic cancer by the combined use of CpG-ODNs with chemotherapy suggests the promise of this therapeutic regimen in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Pratesi
- Preclinical Chemotherapy and Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Sohn WJ, Lee KW, Choi SY, Chung E, Lee Y, Kim TY, Lee SK, Choe YK, Lee JH, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide protects immune cells from gamma-irradiation-induced cell death. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1163-71. [PMID: 16122803 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) and bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the context of particular base sequences (CpG motifs) are known to inhibit anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of WHEI 231 B lymphocytes, and spontaneous apoptosis of mature spleen B cells in a sequence-specific fashion of the CpG-ODN. Here we report that CpG-ODN protects from the cell death induced by gamma-irradiation of primary mouse spleen cells as well as mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and human RPMI 8226 B cells. Experimental results showed that CpG-ODN promotes growth of the cells, and protects the cells from gamma-irradiation-induced cell death accompanying Bcl-xS/L and Bcl-2 upregulation. Furthermore, survival of macrophages was enhanced when splenocytes were pretreated with CpG-ODN. Our results suggest the potential application of CpG-ODNs for more efficient cancer radiotherapy by enhancing survival of normal immune cells after radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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128
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Ninalga C, Loskog A, Klevenfeldt M, Essand M, Tötterman TH. CpG oligonucleotide therapy cures subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors and evokes protective immunity in murine bladder cancer. J Immunother 2005; 28:20-7. [PMID: 15614041 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200501000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation is standard immunotherapy for superficial bladder carcinoma. However, many patients become refractory to BCG, giving impetus to the development of alternative therapies. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) therapy has been shown to promote T(H)1-oriented antitumor responses in various tumor models. To investigate its therapeutic effect in bladder cancer, we used different CpG ODNs to treat C57BL/6 mice bearing the subcutaneous murine bladder tumor MB49. CpG type B ODN 1668 was superior at inhibiting tumor growth, leading to complete regression of large tumors. More importantly, CpG ODN 1668 also regressed orthotopically growing MB49 tumors for the first time. Rechallenge of CpG ODN-cured mice with MB49 showed that a majority of the mice were protected long term, demonstrating that CpG ODN therapy evokes a memory response. Adenoviral vectors (Ad) encoding CD40L, tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine, lymphotactin, interleukin (IL) 2, and IL-15 were also investigated. AdCD40L and AdIL-15 transduction could abolish MB49 tumorigenicity, and these vectors were combined with CpG ODN 1668 to investigate any enhanced effects. No such effects were seen. All groups of mice treated with CpG ODNs, alone or in combination with adenoviral vector, exhibited increased serum concentrations of IL-12, indicative of a T(H)1 response. Our results show that CpG ODN therapy cures established subcutaneous and orthotopic bladder cancer via a T(H)1-mediated response and provides long-lasting protective immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Administration, Intravesical
- Animals
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/therapy
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokines, C/genetics
- Chemokines, C/immunology
- DNA/therapeutic use
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-12/blood
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/therapeutic use
- Survival Rate
- Transfection
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ninalga
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Clinical Immunology Division, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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129
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Prater MR, Johnson VJ, Germolec DR, Luster MI, Holladay SD. Maternal treatment with a high dose of CpG ODN during gestation alters fetal craniofacial and distal limb development in C57BL/6 mice. Vaccine 2005; 24:263-71. [PMID: 16143434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs, characteristic of bacterial DNA, are currently being evaluated as vaccine adjuvants for inducing protective immunity. Recently, there is increasing pressure to vaccinate pregnant women against maternally transmitted diseases including AIDS and tetanus, as well as against potential bio-weapons such as anthrax. CpG vaccines are effective because they trigger transient increases in T(H)1 cytokine production. Recent literature suggests, however, that a shift toward a T(H)1 cytokine profile during pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal morphologic defects. On this basis, we hypothesized that exposure to CpG motifs during pregnancy could result in T(H)1 inflammation leading to adverse effects on fetal development. To address this hypothesis, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were injected with CpG ODN (0-300 microg/dam) and maternal and fetal outcomes were determined. Injection of dams with the highest dose of CpG ODN resulted in markedly increased fetal resorptions and craniofacial/limb defects, while lower doses had little, if any effects. Histological examination of placentas revealed cellular necrosis with mixed inflammation and calcification in the spongiotrophoblast layer and dysregulation of labyrinthine vascular development. Concomitant elevations in maternal serum cytokine levels were observed including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10 and IL-12. Treatment with 300 microg of non-CpG ODN did not cause any adverse effects. The 300 microg dose of CpG ODN used in the present study is 30-fold higher than the highest dose that has been administered to humans during clinical trials. These results suggest that the induction of T(H)1 cytokines during pregnancy by CpG motifs may potentially increase the risk of fetal loss and morphologic defects in mice, at least at high doses, and support the need for further investigation of teratogenesis that may result from exposure to vaccine adjuvants designed to produce T(H)1 cytokine profile shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renee Prater
- The Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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130
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Merrick A, Errington F, Milward K, O'Donnell D, Harrington K, Bateman A, Pandha H, Vile R, Morrison E, Selby P, Melcher A. Immunosuppressive effects of radiation on human dendritic cells: reduced IL-12 production on activation and impairment of naive T-cell priming. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1450-8. [PMID: 15812550 PMCID: PMC2362011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) of the immune system, uniquely able to prime naive T-cell responses. They are the focus of a range of novel strategies for the immunotherapy of cancer, a proportion of which include treating DC with ionising radiation to high dose. The effects of radiation on DC have not, however, been fully characterised. We therefore cultured human myeloid DC from CD14+ precursors, and studied the effects of ionising radiation on their phenotype and function. Dendritic cells were remarkably resistant against radiation-induced apoptosis, showed limited changes in surface phenotype, and mostly maintained their endocytic, phagocytic and migratory capacity. However, irradiated DC were less effective in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, and on maturation produced significantly less IL-12 than unirradiated controls, while IL-10 secretion was maintained. Furthermore, peptide-pulsed irradiated mature DC were less effective at naive T-cell priming, stimulating fewer effector cells with lower cytotoxicity against antigen-specific targets. Hence irradiation of DC in vitro, and potentially in vivo, has a significant impact on their function, and may shift the balance between T-cell activation and tolerization in DC-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merrick
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - F Errington
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - K Milward
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D O'Donnell
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - K Harrington
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - A Bateman
- Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H Pandha
- Department of Oncology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - R Vile
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - E Morrison
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - P Selby
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - A Melcher
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. E-mail:
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131
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Mason KA, Ariga H, Neal R, Valdecanas D, Hunter N, Krieg AM, Whisnant JK, Milas L. Targeting Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Tumor Response to Fractionated Radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.361.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs detected by Toll-like receptor 9 of dendritic cells and B cells have potent immunomodulatory effects. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce cytokines, activate natural killer cells, and elicit T-cell responses leading to antitumor effects, including improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and, as we reported recently, synergy between CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and single-dose radiotherapy of an immunogenic mouse fibrosarcoma. The present study extends this finding to the fractionated radiotherapy of the fibrosarcoma tumor and assesses the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 to increase the radioresponse of a tumor (nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma). The experiments used a murine immunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor, fibrosarcoma growing in the leg of mice, and response to radiotherapy was assessed by tumor growth delay and tumor cure rate (TCD50, radiation dose yielding 50% tumor cure). Multiple s.c. peritumoral or i.t. administrations of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 at a dose of 100 μg per mouse were given when established tumors were 6 mm in diameter. Local tumor irradiation was initiated when tumors grew to 8 mm in diameter; radiation was delivered in 1 to 9 Gy fractions given twice daily separated by 6 to 7 hours for 5 consecutive days to achieve a total dose of 10 to 90 Gy. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, given as a single agent, had only a small antitumor effect, but it dramatically enhanced fibrosarcoma response to radiotherapy. Although 83.1 (79.2-90.0) Gy total dose were needed to achieve tumor cures in 50% of mice treated with radiotherapy alone, only 23.0 (11.5-32.7) Gy total dose were needed in mice treated with both CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and radiotherapy. The magnitude of potentiation of tumor radioresponse at the TCD50 level was by a factor of 3.61, a much higher value than that (a factor of 1.93) that we reported for single-dose radiotherapy. Mice cured of their tumors by combined CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 plus radiotherapy were highly resistant to s.c. tumor take or development of tumor nodules in the lung from i.v. injected tumor cells when rechallenged with fibrosarcoma cells 100 to 120 days after the treatment, suggesting the development of a memory response. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 also increased radioresponse of the nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor by a factor of 1.41 and 1.73 when CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 was given s.c. and i.t., respectively. These findings show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are highly potent enhancers of tumor response to both single-dose and fractionated radiation and as such have potential to improve clinical radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Mason
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Hisanori Ariga
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Robert Neal
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - David Valdecanas
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Nancy Hunter
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | | | | | - Luka Milas
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
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