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IT-141, a Polymer Micelle Encapsulating SN-38, Induces Tumor Regression in Multiple Colorectal Cancer Models. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2011:869027. [PMID: 22187652 PMCID: PMC3236496 DOI: 10.1155/2011/869027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer micelles are promising drug delivery vehicles for the delivery of anticancer agents to tumors. Often, anticancer drugs display potent cytotoxic effects towards cancer cells but are too hydrophobic to be administered in the clinic as a free drug. To address this problem, a polymer micelle was designed using a triblock copolymer (ITP-101) that enables hydrophobic drugs to be encapsulated. An SN-38 encapsulated micelle, IT-141, was prepared that exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxicity against a wide array of cancer cell lines. In a mouse model, pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that IT-141 had a much longer circulation time, plasma exposure, and tumor exposure compared to irinotecan. IT-141 was also superior to irinotecan in terms of antitumor activity, exhibiting greater tumor inhibition in HT-29 and HCT116 colorectal cancer xenograft models at half the dose of irinotecan. The antitumor effect of IT-141 was dose-dependent and caused complete growth inhibition and tumor regression at well-tolerated doses. Varying the specific concentration of SN-38 within the IT-141 micelle had no detectible effect on this antitumor activity, indicating no differences in activity between different IT-141 formulations. In summary, IT-141 is a potent micelle-based chemotherapy that holds promise for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Williams CC, Thang SH, Hantke T, Vogel U, Seeberger PH, Tsanaktsidis J, Lepenies B. RAFT-Derived Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (HPMA)-7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) Conjugates. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:281-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sapra P, Kraft P, Mehlig M, Malaby J, Zhao H, Greenberger LM, Horak ID. Marked therapeutic efficacy of a novel polyethylene glycol-SN38 conjugate, EZN-2208, in xenograft models of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica 2011; 94:1456-9. [PMID: 19794091 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of the clinical utility of SN38 (10-hydroxy-7-ethyl-camptothecin), the active metabolite of CPT-11, has not been possible to date due to poor solubility of SN38. Here we evaluated the activity of EZN-2208, a water-soluble polyethyleneglycol-SN38 conjugate, in pre-clinical models of Burkitt's non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (Raji and Daudi), and follicular NHL (DoHH2). In vitro, the IC50 of EZN-2208 ranged from 3-24 nM, which was 30- to 45-fold lower than CPT-11 or 2.5- to 3.5-fold higher than SN38. In both an early-disease Raji model and an advanced-disease Daudi model, treatment with multiple doses of EZN-2208 resulted in 90% and 100% cures of animals, respectively (cure defined as no sign of tumors by gross observations at the termination of study). The activity of EZN-2208 was dramatically superior to that of CPT-11 in all three models. The excellent therapeutic efficacy of EZN-2208 in several B-cell NHL xenograft models merits its evaluation in the clinic for lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sapra
- Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 20 Kingsbridge Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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105
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Kummar S, Raffeld M, Juwara L, Horneffer Y, Strassberger A, Allen D, Steinberg SM, Rapisarda A, Spencer SD, Figg WD, Chen X, Turkbey IB, Choyke P, Murgo AJ, Doroshow JH, Melillo G. Multihistology, target-driven pilot trial of oral topotecan as an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5123-31. [PMID: 21673063 PMCID: PMC3149769 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) α is frequently overexpressed in human tumors and is associated with angiogenesis and metastasis. Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit HIF-1α expression in preclinical models. We designed a pilot trial to measure HIF-1α inhibition in tumor biopsies from patients with advanced solid tumors overexpressing HIF-1α, after treatment with oral topotecan. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Topotecan was administered orally at 1.6 mg/m(2) once daily for 5 days/week for 2 weeks, in 28-day cycles. Objectives were to determine inhibition of expression of HIF-1α and HIF-1 target genes in tumor; to assess tumor blood flow by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI); and to measure pharmacokinetics. Tumor biopsies were collected at baseline and during the second cycle of treatment. RESULTS Sixteen patients were enrolled. The dose of topotecan was reduced to 1.2 mg/m(2)/day due to myelosuppression. Seven patients had paired tumor biopsies. In 4 patients, HIF-1α nuclear staining became undetectable after treatment (7.5%-50% staining at baseline). Decreased levels of VEGF and GLUT-1 mRNA were measured in 4 patients; the changes were concordant with reduction in HIF-1α in 3 patients. Decreased tumor blood flow and permeability were observed by DCE-MRI in 7 of 10 patients after 1 cycle. One patient had a partial response accompanied by inhibition of HIF-1α in tumor and reduction in tumor blood flow on DCE-MRI. CONCLUSIONS This multihistology, target assessment trial of a small molecule inhibitor of HIF-1α showed that topotecan could decrease HIF-1α expression in advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kummar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Yvonne Horneffer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Deborah Allen
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Annamaria Rapisarda
- Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Shawn D. Spencer
- Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - William D. Figg
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Peter Choyke
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anthony J. Murgo
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Giovanni Melillo
- Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
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Maak M, Nitsche U, Keller L, Wolf P, Sarr M, Thiebaud M, Rosenberg R, Langer R, Kleeff J, Friess H, Johannes L, Janssen KP. Tumor-specific targeting of pancreatic cancer with Shiga toxin B-subunit. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1918-28. [PMID: 21788400 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most aggressive tumor entities, and standard chemotherapy provides only modest benefit. Therefore, specific targeting of pancreatic cancer for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention is of great interest. We have previously shown that the cellular receptor for Shiga toxin B (STxB), the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3) or CD77) is strongly increased in colorectal adenocarcinoma and their metastases. Here, we report an upregulation of Gb(3) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (21 of 27 cases) as compared with matched normal tissue (n = 27). The mean expression was highly significantly increased from 30 ± 16 ng Gb(3)/mg tissue in normal pancreas to 61 ± 41 ng Gb(3)/mg tissue (mean ± SD, P = 0.0006), as evidenced by thin layer chromatography. Upregulation of Gb(3) levels did not depend on tumor stage or grading and showed no correlation with clinical outcome. Tumor cells and endothelial cells were identified as the source of increased Gb(3) expression by immunocytochemistry. Pancreatic cancer cell lines showed rapid intracellular uptake of STxB to the Golgi apparatus, following the retrograde pathway. The therapeutic application of STxB was tested by specific delivery of covalently coupled SN38, an active metabolite of the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan. The cytotoxic effect of the STxB-SN38 compound in pancreatic cancer cell lines was increased more than 100-fold compared with irinotecan. Moreover, this effect was effectively blocked by competing incubation with nonlabeled STxB, showing the specificity of the targeting. Thus, STxB constitutes a promising new tool for specific targeting of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Maak
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Mahato R, Tai W, Cheng K. Prodrugs for improving tumor targetability and efficiency. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:659-70. [PMID: 21333700 PMCID: PMC3132824 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the mainstay in the treatment of various cancers for several decades, chemotherapy is successful but still faces challenges including non-selectivity and high toxicity. Improving the selectivity is therefore a critical step to improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. Prodrug is one of the most promising approaches to increase the selectivity and efficacy of a chemotherapy drug. The classical prodrug approach is to improve the pharmaceutical properties (solubility, stability, permeability, irritation, distribution, etc.) via a simple chemical modification. This review will focus on various targeted prodrug designs that have been developed to increase the selectivity of chemotherapy drugs. Various tumor-targeting ligands, transporter-associated ligands, and polymers can be incorporated in a prodrug to enhance the tumor uptake. Prodrugs can also be activated by enzymes that are specifically expressed at a higher level in tumors, leading to a selective anti-tumor effect. This can be achieved by conjugating the enzyme to a tumor-specific antibody, or delivering a vector expressing the enzyme into tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Mahato
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Wanyi Tai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
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108
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Kummar S, Raffeld M, Juwara L, Horneffer Y, Strassberger A, Allen D, Steinberg SM, Rapisarda A, Spencer SD, Figg WD, Chen X, Turkbey IB, Choyke P, Murgo AJ, Doroshow JH, Melillo G. Multihistology, target-driven pilot trial of oral topotecan as an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011. [PMID: 21673063 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-06821078-0432.ccr-11-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) α is frequently overexpressed in human tumors and is associated with angiogenesis and metastasis. Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit HIF-1α expression in preclinical models. We designed a pilot trial to measure HIF-1α inhibition in tumor biopsies from patients with advanced solid tumors overexpressing HIF-1α, after treatment with oral topotecan. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Topotecan was administered orally at 1.6 mg/m(2) once daily for 5 days/week for 2 weeks, in 28-day cycles. Objectives were to determine inhibition of expression of HIF-1α and HIF-1 target genes in tumor; to assess tumor blood flow by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI); and to measure pharmacokinetics. Tumor biopsies were collected at baseline and during the second cycle of treatment. RESULTS Sixteen patients were enrolled. The dose of topotecan was reduced to 1.2 mg/m(2)/day due to myelosuppression. Seven patients had paired tumor biopsies. In 4 patients, HIF-1α nuclear staining became undetectable after treatment (7.5%-50% staining at baseline). Decreased levels of VEGF and GLUT-1 mRNA were measured in 4 patients; the changes were concordant with reduction in HIF-1α in 3 patients. Decreased tumor blood flow and permeability were observed by DCE-MRI in 7 of 10 patients after 1 cycle. One patient had a partial response accompanied by inhibition of HIF-1α in tumor and reduction in tumor blood flow on DCE-MRI. CONCLUSIONS This multihistology, target assessment trial of a small molecule inhibitor of HIF-1α showed that topotecan could decrease HIF-1α expression in advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kummar
- Center for Cancer Research and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 21702, USA
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Sharkey RM, Karacay H, Govindan SV, Goldenberg DM. Combination radioimmunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy involving different or the same targets improves therapy of human pancreatic carcinoma xenograft models. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1072-81. [PMID: 21467164 PMCID: PMC5654622 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemoimmunotherapy with antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) is emerging as a promising therapy for solid tumors, whereas radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) of solid tumors has been relatively ineffective because of their resistance to radiation. We developed antibody-SN-38 conjugates that have significant antitumor activity in xenograft models at nontoxic doses. The goal of this study was to determine if an ADC could be combined with RAIT to enhance efficacy without a commensurate increase in host toxicity. Nude mice bearing human pancreatic cancer xenografts (Capan-1 and BxPC-3) were treated with a single dose of 90Y-labeled antimucin antibody (hPAM4; clivatuzumab tetraxetan) alone or in combination with an anti-Trop-2-SN-38 conjugate, typically administered twice weekly over 4 weeks. The combination, even at RAIT's maximum tolerated dose, controlled tumor progression and cured established xenografts significantly better than the individual treatments without appreciable toxicity. The ADC could be started 1 week after or up to 2 weeks before RAIT with similar enhanced responses, but delaying RAIT for 2 weeks after the ADC was less effective. A nonspecific ADC provided additional benefit over using free drug (irinotecan), but the response was enhanced with the specific ADC. When targeting Capan-1 with ample mucin, hPAM4 could be used as the RAIT and the ADC agent without losing effectiveness, but in BxPC-3 with less mucin, targeting of different antigens was preferred. These studies show the feasibility of combining ADC and RAIT for improved efficacy without increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Sharkey
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, 300 American Way, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA.
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Cardillo TM, Govindan SV, Sharkey RM, Trisal P, Goldenberg DM. Humanized anti-Trop-2 IgG-SN-38 conjugate for effective treatment of diverse epithelial cancers: preclinical studies in human cancer xenograft models and monkeys. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3157-69. [PMID: 21372224 PMCID: PMC10766325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the efficacy of an SN-38-anti-Trop-2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) against several human solid tumor types, and to assess its tolerability in mice and monkeys, the latter with tissue cross-reactivity to hRS7 similar to humans. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two SN-38 derivatives, CL2-SN-38 and CL2A-SN-38, were conjugated to the anti-Trop-2-humanized antibody, hRS7. The immunoconjugates were characterized in vitro for stability, binding, and cytotoxicity. Efficacy was tested in five different human solid tumor-xenograft models that expressed Trop-2 antigen. Toxicity was assessed in mice and in Cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS The hRS7 conjugates of the two SN-38 derivatives were equivalent in drug substitution (∼ 6), cell binding (K(d) ∼ 1.2 nmol/L), cytotoxicity (IC(50) ∼ 2.2 nmol/L), and serum stability in vitro (t/(½) ∼ 20 hours). Exposure of cells to the ADC demonstrated signaling pathways leading to PARP cleavage, but differences versus free SN-38 in p53 and p21 upregulation were noted. Significant antitumor effects were produced by hRS7-SN-38 at nontoxic doses in mice bearing Calu-3 (P ≤ 0.05), Capan-1 (P < 0.018), BxPC-3 (P < 0.005), and COLO 205 tumors (P < 0.033) when compared to nontargeting control ADCs. Mice tolerated a dose of 2 × 12 mg/kg (SN-38 equivalents) with only short-lived elevations in ALT and AST liver enzyme levels. Cynomolgus monkeys infused with 2 × 0.96 mg/kg exhibited only transient decreases in blood counts, although, importantly, the values did not fall below normal ranges. CONCLUSIONS The anti-Trop-2 hRS7-CL2A-SN-38 ADC provides significant and specific antitumor effects against a range of human solid tumor types. It is well tolerated in monkeys, with tissue Trop-2 expression similar to humans, at clinically relevant doses, and warrants clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Cardillo
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ 07950
- Contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Robert M. Sharkey
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Belleville, NJ 07109
| | | | - David M. Goldenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Belleville, NJ 07109
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111
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Wagner L. Camptothecin-based regimens for treatment of ewing sarcoma: past studies and future directions. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:957957. [PMID: 21512587 PMCID: PMC3075817 DOI: 10.1155/2011/957957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapies are needed to improve survival for patients with Ewing sarcoma. Over the past decade, camptothecin agents such as topotecan and irinotecan have demonstrated activity against Ewing sarcoma, especially in combination with alkylating agents. Previous studies have shown camptothecin-based combinations to be tolerable outpatient strategies that are attractive for salvage therapy. This paper highlights important issues related to drug dosing, schedule of administration, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and activity of commonly used camptothecin-based regimens. Also discussed are strategies for incorporating these regimens into therapy for newly diagnosed patients, including several potential possibilities for combination with targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wagner
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, MLC 7015, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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112
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Potent and sustained inhibition of HIF-1α and downstream genes by a polyethyleneglycol-SN38 conjugate, EZN-2208, results in anti-angiogenic effects. Angiogenesis 2011; 14:245-53. [PMID: 21452059 PMCID: PMC3155047 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I inhibitors down-regulate HIF-1α leading to tumor growth inhibition, but only while maintaining sustained levels of drug exposure. EZN-2208, a multi-arm 40 kDa pegylated, releasable SN38-drug conjugate, provides higher, longer lasting exposure of tumors to SN38 in contrast to SN38 that is released from CPT-11. EZN-2208 also consistently has greater antitumor activity than CPT-11 in a variety of solid and hematological tumor models. In this report, the ability of PEG-SN38 to down-regulate HIF-1α and its downstream targets, in a more potent, sustained manner compared with CPT-11 was examined. To do so, U251 glioma xenografts that stably expressed a hypoxia response element-dependent luciferase reporter gene were implanted in mice. After treatment it was found that EZN-2208 induced potent, sustained HIF-1α down-regulation (37% at 48 h and 83% at 120 h) in the tumors, whereas CPT-11 caused only minor, transient HIF-1α down-regulation. In addition, EZN-2208 down-regulated mRNA levels of HIF-1α targeted genes (MMP2, VEGF1, Glut1, Glut3 and TGFβ1). Further, western blot analyses of xenograft tumors demonstrated that EZN-2208 had significantly more effect than CPT-11 in down-regulating HIF-1α, VEGF, Glut1 and MMP2 protein levels. Significant down-regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins translated to EZN-2208’s superior anti-angiogenic activity compared with CPT-11, confirmed by microvessel density reduction in a chorioallantoic membrane assay and in CD-31 immunohistochemistry studies. Additional studies done with matrigel implants devoid of tumor cells show that EZN-2208 significantly inhibits angiogenesis while CPT-11 has little or no effect. It is concluded that the superior antitumor activity of EZN-2208 compared with CPT-11 is attributed, in part, to an anti-angiogenic effect. Ongoing clinical Phase I and Phase II studies will assess safety and efficacy of EZN-2208.
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Kontek R, Matlawska-Wasowska K, Kalinowska-Lis U, Marciniak B. Genotoxic effects of irinotecan combined with the novel platinum(II) complexes in human cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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115
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Pastorino F, Loi M, Sapra P, Becherini P, Cilli M, Emionite L, Ribatti D, Greenberger LM, Horak ID, Ponzoni M. Tumor Regression and Curability of Preclinical Neuroblastoma Models by PEGylated SN38 (EZN-2208), a Novel Topoisomerase I Inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4809-21. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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116
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Venditto VJ, Simanek EE. Cancer therapies utilizing the camptothecins: a review of the in vivo literature. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:307-49. [PMID: 20108971 DOI: 10.1021/mp900243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the in vivo assessment-preliminary, preclinical, and clinical-of chemotherapeutics derived from camptothecin or a derivative. Camptothecin is a naturally occurring, pentacyclic quinoline alkaloid that possesses high cytotoxic activity in a variety of cell lines. Major limitations of the drug, including poor solubility and hydrolysis under physiological conditions, prevent full clinical utilization. Camptothecin remains at equilibrium in an active lactone form and inactive hydrolyzed carboxylate form. The active lactone binds to DNA topoisomerase I cleavage complex, believed to be the single site of activity. Binding inhibits DNA religation, resulting in apoptosis. A series of small molecule camptothecin derivatives have been developed that increase solubility, lactone stability and bioavailability to varying levels of success. A number of macromolecular agents have also been described wherein camptothecin(s) are covalently appended or noncovalently associated with the goal of improving solubility and lactone stability, while taking advantage of the tumor physiology to deliver larger doses of drug to the tumor with lower systemic toxicity. With the increasing interest in drug delivery and polymer therapeutics, additional constructs are anticipated. The goal of this review is to summarize the relevant literature for others interested in the field of camptothecin-based therapeutics, specifically in the context of biodistribution, dosing regimens, and pharmacokinetics with the desire of providing a useful source of comparative data. To this end, only constructs where in vivo data is available are reported. The review includes published reports in English through mid-2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Venditto
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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117
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Heidel JD, Davis ME. Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Pharm Res 2010; 28:187-99. [PMID: 20549313 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle approaches to drug delivery for cancer offer exciting and potentially "game-changing" ways to improve patient care and quality of life in numerous ways, such as reducing off-target toxicities by more selectively directing drug molecules to intracellular targets of cancer cells. Here, we focus on technologies being investigated clinically and discuss numerous types of therapeutic molecules that have been incorporated within nanostructured entities such as nanoparticles. The impacts of nanostructured therapeutics on efficacy and safety, including parameters like pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, are described for several drug molecules. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of ligand-based targeting of nanoparticles, such as on receptor avidity and selectivity.
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A novel size-tunable nanocarrier system for targeted anticancer drug delivery. J Control Release 2010; 144:314-23. [PMID: 20211210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a nanocarrier drug-delivery system based on micelles formed by a new class of well-defined linear PEGylated two-arm oligomer of cholic acids in aqueous solution. By varying the length of the linear PEG chains and the configuration of cholic acid oligomer, one can easily fine-tune the physicochemical properties of the amphiphilic polymers and the resulting micelles. These include particle size, critical micelle concentration, and drug-loading capacity. High level of hydrophobic anticancer drugs such as PTX, etoposide and SN-38 can be readily loaded into such nanocarriers. The loading capacity of the nanocarrier for PTX (PTX) is extremely high (12.0mg/mL), which is equivalent to 37.5% (w/w) of the total mass of the micelle. PTX-loaded nanocarriers are much more stable than Abraxane (PTX/human serum albumin nanoaggregate) when stored in bovine serum albumin solution or dog plasma. PTX release profile from the micelles is burst-free and sustained over a period of seven days. The anti-tumor activity of PTX-loaded nanocarriers against ovarian cancer cell line in vitro, with continuous drug exposure, is similar to Taxol (formulation of PTX dissolved in Cremophor EL and ethanol) or Abraxane. Targeted drug delivery to tumor site with these novel micelles was demonstrated by near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging in nude mice bearing ovarian cancer xenograft. Furthermore, PTX-loaded nanocarriers demonstrated superior anti-tumor efficacy compared to Taxol at equivalent PTX dose in ovarian cancer xenograft model.
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Genotoxicity of irinotecan and its modulation by vitamins A, C and E in human lymphocytes from healthy individuals and cancer patients. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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120
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Apana SM, Anderson LW, Berridge MS. Synthesis and biodistribution of [ 11C]SN-38. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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121
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Pasut G, Veronese FM. PEG conjugates in clinical development or use as anticancer agents: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1177-88. [PMID: 19671438 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the almost forty years of PEGylation, several antitumour agents, either proteins, peptides or low molecular weight drugs, have been considered for polymer conjugation but only few entered clinical phase studies. The results from the first clinical trials have shared and improved the knowledge on biodistribution, clearance, mechanism of action and stability of a polymer conjugate in vivo. This has helped to design conjugates with improved features. So far, most of the PEG conjugates comprise of a protein, which in the native form has serious shortcomings that limit the full exploitation of its therapeutic action. The main issues can be short in vivo half-life, instability towards degrading enzymes or immunogenicity. PEGylation proved to be effective in shielding sensitive sites at the protein surface, such as antigenic epitopes and enzymatic degradable sequences, as well as in prolonging the drug half-life by decreasing the kidney clearance. In this review PEG conjugates of proteins or low molecular weight drugs, in clinical development or use as anticancer agents, will be taken into consideration. In the case of PEG-protein derivatives the most represented are depleting enzymes, which act by degrading amino acids essential for cancer cells. Interestingly, PEGylated conjugates have been also considered as adjuvant therapy in many standard anticancer protocols, in this regard the case of PEG-G-CSF and PEG-interferons will be presented.
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Venditto VJ, Allred K, Allred CD, Simanek EE. Intercepting the synthesis of triazine dendrimers with nucleophilic pharmacophores: a general strategy toward drug delivery vehicles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5541-2. [PMID: 19753350 PMCID: PMC3881288 DOI: 10.1039/b911353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The camptothecin ester of isonipecotic acid is installed on a triazine dendrimer intermediate obtained through an iterative, scalable route to ultimately yield cationic and PEGylated targets with activities in cell culture comparable to free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Venditto
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-845-9452; Tel: +1-979-845-4242
| | - Kimberly Allred
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-862-7782; Tel: +1-979-845-0863
| | - Clinton D. Allred
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-862-7782; Tel: +1-979-845-0863
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-845-9452; Tel: +1-979-845-4242
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123
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Govindan SV, Cardillo TM, Moon SJ, Hansen HJ, Goldenberg DM. CEACAM5-targeted therapy of human colonic and pancreatic cancer xenografts with potent labetuzumab-SN-38 immunoconjugates. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6052-61. [PMID: 19789330 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the efficacy and reduce the gastrointestinal toxicity of the cancer prodrug, CPT-11, we have developed immunoconjugates of its active form, SN-38, and an anti-CEACAM5 antibody for targeted chemotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SN-38 conjugates of the anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, labetuzumab (hMN-14), varying in the nature of the cross-linker attachment at the drug's 20-hydroxyl position, were evaluated in vitro, in metastatic and/or s.c. human colonic and pancreatic cancer xenografts in nude mice using appropriate controls, and in a CEACAM5-negative tumor model. RESULTS A pilot study in a s.c. LS174T model of human colonic carcinoma established the relative effectiveness of different conjugates. In the lung metastatic model of GW-39 human colonic carcinoma in nude mice, therapy with two specific labetuzumab-SN-38 conjugates, using 0.25 mg SN-38 equivalent/kg, q4d x 8, significantly extended median survival time versus controls (P < 0.002). In an expanded evaluation in the s.c. LS174T xenograft model, specific SN-38 conjugates produced significant tumor growth control and increases in median survival time versus other controls, including CPT-11 at a 33-fold greater cumulative dose (P < 0.01). An improvement was also observed in the therapy of a s.c. human pancreatic tumor xenograft. In a CEACAM5-negative systemic lymphoma xenograft, one labetuzumab-SN-38 conjugate examined was ineffective, whereas the conjugate specific for the tumor model produced 100% survival. CONCLUSIONS The promising labetuzumab-SN-38 conjugates developed showed selective therapeutic efficacy in human tumor models at nontoxic doses that were a fraction of the CPT-11 doses used.
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Onnis B, Rapisarda A, Melillo G. Development of HIF-1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2780-6. [PMID: 19674190 PMCID: PMC2832082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumour hypoxia has long been considered a driving force of tumour progression and a negative prognostic factor in human cancers. The discovery of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), which mediate transcriptional responses to changes in oxygen levels, has renewed enthusiasm for the discovery and development of targeted therapies exploiting the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. In spite of an ever increasing number of putative small molecule inhibitors of HIF, only few progress through pre-clinical and early clinical development. In this review, we will focus primarily on: (1) HIF inhibitors that have been more recently described and (2) small molecules targeting HIF that are being tested in early clinical trials or that are already approved for use in patients. A rigorous 'validation' of HIF targeted therapies in relevant pre-clinical models and eventually in pharmacodynamic-based early clinical trials is essential for 'credentialing' HIF-1 as a legitimate target that can be pharmacologically modulated in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Onnis
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI-FrederickFrederick, MD, USA
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125
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Rapisarda A, Melillo G. Role of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment in the resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. Drug Resist Updat 2009; 12:74-80. [PMID: 19394890 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a key process for the growth of human cancers, has recently been exploited for the development of a novel class of cancer therapeutics that was thought to have wide applications and not to induce resistance in the clinical setting. Indeed, anti-angiogenic therapy has become an important option for the management of several human malignancies. However, a significant number of patients either do not respond to anti-angiogenic agents or fairly rapidly develop resistance. In addition, the benefit of anti-angiogenic therapy is relatively short-lived and the majority of patients eventually relapses and progresses. Several mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy have been recently proposed. The current review focuses on the role of intra-tumor hypoxia as a mechanism of resistance to anti-angiogenic agents and speculates on therapeutic approaches that might circumvent resistance and thereby improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Rapisarda
- Tumor Hypoxia Laboratory - SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Zhang HZ, Crogan-Grundy C, May C, Drewe J, Tseng B, Cai SX. Discovery and structure–activity relationships of (2-(arylthio)benzylideneamino)guanidines as a novel series of potent apoptosis inducers. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2852-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology offer researchers opportunities to significantly transform cancer therapeutics. This technology has enabled the manipulation of the biological and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials to facilitate more efficient drug targeting and delivery. Clinical investigations suggest that therapeutic nanoparticles can enhance efficacy and reduced side effects compared with conventional cancer therapeutic drugs. Encouraged by rapid and promising progress in cancer nanotechnology, researchers continue to develop novel and efficacious nanoparticles for drug delivery. The use of therapeutic nanoparticles as unique drug delivery systems will be a significant addition to current cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Sirisoma N, Kasibhatla S, Pervin A, Zhang H, Jiang S, Willardsen JA, Anderson MB, Baichwal V, Mather GG, Jessing K, Hussain R, Hoang K, Pleiman CM, Tseng B, Drewe J, Cai SX. Discovery of 2-chloro-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-methylquinazolin-4-amine (EP128265, MPI-0441138) as a potent inducer of apoptosis with high in vivo activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4771-9. [PMID: 18651728 DOI: 10.1021/jm8003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a live cell, high-throughput caspase-3 activator assay, we have identified a novel series of 4-anilinoquinazolines as inducers of apoptosis. In this report, we discuss the discovery of 2-chloro-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-methylquinazolin-4-amine, compound 2b (EP128265, MPI-0441138) as a highly active inducer of apoptosis (EC50 for caspase activation of 2 nM) and as a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation (GI50 of 2 nM) in T47D cells. Compound 2b inhibited tubulin polymerization, was effective in cells overexpressing ABC transporter Pgp-1, and was efficacious in the MX-1 human breast and PC-3 prostate cancer mouse models. In contrast to the SAR of 4-anilinoquinazolines as EGFR kinase inhibitors, the methyl group on the nitrogen linker was essential for the apoptosis-inducing activity of 4-anilinoquinazolines and substitution in the 6- and 7-positions of the quinazoline core structure decreased potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilantha Sirisoma
- EpiCept Corporation, 6650 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Abstract
Major advances in the use of carrier vehicles delivering pharmacologic agents and enzymes to sites of disease have occurred over the past 10 years. This review focuses on the concepts and clinical evaluation of carrier-mediated anticancer agents that are administered i.v. or orally. The primary types of carrier-mediated anticancer agents are nanoparticles, nanosomes, which are nanoparticle-sized liposomes, and conjugated agents. Nanosomes are further subdivided into stabilized and nonstabilized or conventional nanosomes. Nanospheres and dendrimers are subclasses of nanoparticles. Conjugated agents consist of polymer-linked and pegylated agents. The theoretical advantages of carrier-mediated drugs are greater solubility, longer duration of exposure, selective delivery of entrapped drug to the site of action, superior therapeutic index, and the potential to overcome resistance associated with the regular anticancer agent. The pharmacokinetic disposition of carrier-mediated agents depends on the physiochemical characteristics of the carrier, such as size, surface charge, membrane lipid packing, steric stabilization, dose, and route of administration. The primary sites of accumulation of carrier-mediated agents are the tumor, liver, and spleen, compared with noncarrier formulations. The drug that remains encapsulated in or linked to the carrier (e.g., the nanosome or nanoparticle) is an inactive prodrug, and thus the drug must be released from the carrier to be active. The factors affecting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of these agents remain unclear, but most likely include the reticuloendothelial system, which has also been called the mononuclear phagocyte system. Future studies need to evaluate the mechanism of clearance of carrier-mediated agents and identify the factors associated with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of carrier agents in patients and specifically in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 3308 Kerr Hall CB 7360, 311 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA.
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Zhao H, Rubio B, Sapra P, Wu D, Reddy P, Sai P, Martinez A, Gao Y, Lozanguiez Y, Longley C, Greenberger LM, Horak ID. Novel Prodrugs of SN38 Using Multiarm Poly(ethylene glycol) Linkers. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:849-59. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700333s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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