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Fair KL, Colquhoun J, Hannan NRF. Intestinal organoids for modelling intestinal development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170217. [PMID: 29786552 PMCID: PMC5974440 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent in developed countries. Immortalized cells and animal models have delivered important but limited insight into the mechanisms that initiate and propagate these diseases. Human-specific models of intestinal development and disease are desperately needed that can recapitulate structure and function of the gut in vitro Advances in pluripotent stem cells and primary tissue culture techniques have made it possible to culture intestinal epithelial cells in three dimensions that self-assemble to form 'intestinal organoids'. These organoids allow for new, human-specific models that can be used to gain insight into gastrointestinal disease and potentially deliver new therapies to treat them. Here we review current in vitro models of intestinal development and disease, considering where improvements could be made and potential future applications in the fields of developmental modelling, drug/toxicity testing and therapeutic uses.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Fair
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jennifer Colquhoun
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nicholas R F Hannan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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102
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Interactions of Gut Microbiota, Endotoxemia, Immune Function, and Diet in Exertional Heatstroke. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5724575. [PMID: 29850597 PMCID: PMC5926483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5724575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exertional heatstroke (EHS) is a medical emergency that cannot be predicted, requires immediate whole-body cooling to reduce elevated internal body temperature, and is influenced by numerous host and environmental factors. Widely accepted predisposing factors (PDF) include prolonged or intense exercise, lack of heat acclimatization, sleep deprivation, dehydration, diet, alcohol abuse, drug use, chronic inflammation, febrile illness, older age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The present review links these factors to the human intestinal microbiota (IM) and diet, which previously have not been appreciated as PDF. This review also describes plausible mechanisms by which these PDF lead to EHS: endotoxemia resulting from elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) and tissue injury from oxygen free radicals. We propose that recognizing the lifestyle and host factors which are influenced by intestine-microbial interactions, and modifying habitual dietary patterns to alter the IM ecosystem, will encourage efficient immune function, optimize the intestinal epithelial barrier, and reduce EHS morbidity and mortality.
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103
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Jang H, Park S, Lee J, Myung JK, Jang WS, Lee SJ, Myung H, Lee C, Kim H, Lee SS, Jin YW, Shim S. Rebamipide alleviates radiation-induced colitis through improvement of goblet cell differentiation in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:878-886. [PMID: 29047150 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Radiation-induced colitis is a common clinical problem associated with radiotherapy and accidental exposure to ionizing radiation. Goblet cells play a pivotal role in the intestinal barrier against pathogenic bacteria. Rebamipide, an anti-gastric ulcer drug, has the effects to promote goblet cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether radiation-induced colonic injury could be alleviated by rebamipide. METHODS This study orally administered rebamipide for 6 days to mice, which were subjected to 13 Gy abdominal irradiation, to evaluate the therapeutic effects of rebamipide against radiation-induced colitis. To confirm the effects of rebamipide on irradiated colonic epithelial cells, this study used the HT29 cell line. RESULTS Rebamipide clearly alleviated the acute radiation-induced colitis, as reflected by the histopathological data, and significantly increased the number of goblet cells. The drug also inhibited intestinal inflammation and protected from bacterial translocation during acute radiation-induced colitis. Furthermore, rebamipide significantly increased mucin 2 expression in both the irradiated mouse colon and human colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, rebamipide accelerated not only the recovery of defective tight junctions but also the differentiation of impaired goblet cells in an irradiated colonic epithelium, which indicates that rebamipide has beneficial effects on the colon. CONCLUSIONS Rebamipide is a therapeutic candidate for radiation-induced colitis, owing to its ability to inhibit inflammation and protect the colonic epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwook Myung
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changsun Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Sook Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jin
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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104
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Li Y, Zhang H, Su W, Ying Z, Chen Y, Zhang L, Lu Z, Wang T. Effects of dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, inflammatory response, and microbiota of intra-uterine growth retarded weanling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:22. [PMID: 29564121 PMCID: PMC5848560 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The focus of recent research has been directed toward the probiotic potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) on the gut health of animals. However, little is known about BA's effects on piglets with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). Therefore, this study investigated the effects of BA supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, inflammatory response, and microbiota of IUGR piglets. METHODS Eighteen litters of newborn piglets were selected at birth, with one normal birth weight (NBW) and two IUGR piglets in each litter (i.e., 18 NBW and 36 IUGR piglets in total). At weaning, the NBW piglet and one of the IUGR piglets were assigned to groups fed a control diet (i.e., the NBW-CON and IUGR-CON groups). The other IUGR piglet was assigned to a group fed the control diet supplemented with 2.0 g BA per kg of diet (i.e., IUGR-BA group). The piglets were thus distributed across three groups for a four-week period. RESULTS IUGR reduced the growth performance of the IUGR-CON piglets compared with the NBW-CON piglets. It was also associated with decreased villus sizes, increased apoptosis rates, reduced goblet cell numbers, and an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the small intestine. Supplementation with BA improved the average daily weight gain and the feed efficiency of the IUGR-BA group compared with the IUGR-CON group (P < 0.05). The IUGR-BA group exhibited increases in the ratio of jejunal villus height to crypt depth, in ileal villus height, and in ileal goblet cell density. They also exhibited decreases in the numbers of jejunal and ileal apoptotic cells and ileal proliferative cells (P < 0.05). Supplementation with BA increased interleukin 10 content, but it decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha level in the small intestines of the IUGR-BA piglets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the IUGR-CON piglets, the IUGR-BA piglets had less Escherichia coli in their jejunal digesta, but more Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in their ileal digesta (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with BA improves morphology, decreases inflammatory response, and regulates microbiota in the small intestines of IUGR piglets, which may contribute to improved growth performance during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Weipeng Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
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105
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Sharpe C, Thornton DJ, Grencis RK. A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12517. [PMID: 29355990 PMCID: PMC5900928 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are a group of successful multicellular parasites that have evolved to coexist within the intestinal niche of multiple species. It is estimated that over 10% of the world's population are chronically infected by GI nematodes, making this group of parasitic nematodes a major burden to global health. Despite the large number of affected individuals, there are few effective treatments to eradicate these infections. Research into GI nematode infections has primarily focused on defining the immunological and pathological consequences on host protection. One important but neglected aspect of host protection is mucus, and the concept that mucus is just a simple barrier is no longer tenable. In fact, mucus is a highly regulated and dynamic-secreted matrix, underpinned by a physical hydrated network of highly glycosylated mucins, which is increasingly recognized to have a key protective role against GI nematode infections. Unravelling the complex interplay between mucins, the underlying epithelium and immune cells during infection are a major challenge and are required to fully define the protective role of the mucus barrier. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on mucins and the mucus barrier during GI nematode infections, with particular focus on murine models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sharpe
- Manchester Immunology Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D J Thornton
- Manchester Immunology Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R K Grencis
- Manchester Immunology Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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106
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Johnson ME, Stringer A, Bobrovskaya L. Rotenone induces gastrointestinal pathology and microbiota alterations in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2018; 65:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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107
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Palmela C, Chevarin C, Xu Z, Torres J, Sevrin G, Hirten R, Barnich N, Ng SC, Colombel JF. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2018; 67:574-587. [PMID: 29141957 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in particular, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Since the discovery of AIEC, two decades ago, progress has been made in unravelling these bacteria characteristics and its interaction with the gut immune system. The mechanisms of adhesion of AIEC to intestinal epithelial cells (via FimH and cell adhesion molecule 6) and its ability to escape autophagy when inside macrophages are reviewed here. We also explore the existing data on the prevalence of AIEC in patients with Crohn's disease and UC, and the association between the presence of AIEC and disease location, activity and postoperative recurrence. Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting AIEC colonisation of gut mucosa, including the use of phage therapy, bacteriocins and antiadhesive molecules. These strategies may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Palmela
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Caroline Chevarin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joana Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Gwladys Sevrin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Robert Hirten
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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108
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Coleman OI, Haller D. Bacterial Signaling at the Intestinal Epithelial Interface in Inflammation and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1927. [PMID: 29354132 PMCID: PMC5760496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides a compartmentalized interface with an enormous repertoire of immune and metabolic activities, where the multicellular structure of the mucosa has acquired mechanisms to sense luminal factors, such as nutrients, microbes, and a variety of host-derived and microbial metabolites. The GI tract is colonized by a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, which have developed a highly coevolved relationship with the host’s cellular and immune system. Intestinal epithelial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) substantially contribute to tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. The role of bacteria-derived signals in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and repair has been addressed in mouse models deficient in PRRs and signaling adaptors. While critical for host physiology and the fortification of barrier function, the intestinal microbiota poses a considerable health challenge. Accumulating evidence indicates that dysbiosis is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous GI tract diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Aberrant signal integration at the epithelial cell level contributes to such diseases. An increased understanding of bacterial-specific structure recognition and signaling mechanisms at the intestinal epithelial interface is of great importance in the translation to future treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize the growing understanding of the regulation and function of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and discuss microbial signaling in the dynamic host–microbe mutualism in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Haller
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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109
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Freedman SN, Shahi SK, Mangalam AK. The "Gut Feeling": Breaking Down the Role of Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:109-125. [PMID: 29204955 PMCID: PMC5794701 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential factor in the development of MS, with a number of studies having shown that patients with MS exhibit gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota helps the host remain healthy by regulating various functions, including food metabolism, energy homeostasis, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, inhibition of colonization by pathogenic organisms, and shaping of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Alteration of the gut microbiota, and subsequent changes in its metabolic network that perturb this homeostasis, may lead to intestinal and systemic disorders such as MS. Here we discuss the findings of recent MS microbiome studies and potential mechanisms through which gut microbiota can predispose to, or protect against, MS. These findings highlight the need of an improved understanding of the interactions between the microbiota and host for developing therapies based on gut commensals with which to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Freedman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shailesh K Shahi
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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110
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Adamek M, Hazerli D, Matras M, Teitge F, Reichert M, Steinhagen D. Viral infections in common carp lead to a disturbance of mucin expression in mucosal tissues. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:353-358. [PMID: 29054826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the constant challenge by potential pathogens, external surfaces of fish, their skin, gills and intestinal tract, are coated with mucus, a gel like substance which largely prevents the entry of pathogens. This mucus gel consists mainly of water and mucins, large O-glycosylated proteins, which are responsible for forming a gel like mixture. A modulation of the mRNA expression of mucins, was described in viral diseases in mammals however there is a knowledge gap about the regulation of mucins during viral infection in fish. Therefore, novel sequences for common carp mucins were located in an early version of the common carp genome and their mRNA expression measured in carp under infection with three different viral pathogens: (i) the alloherpesvirus cyprinid herpesvirus 3, (ii) the rhabdovirus spring viremia of carp virus and (iii) the poxvirus carp edema virus. The results showed a downregulation of mucin mRNA expression in gills and gut of common carp under infection with these pathogenic viruses. This could be a sign of a severe distress to the mucosal tissues in carp which occurs under viral infection. The reduced expression of mucins could help explaining the increased susceptibility of virus-infected carp to secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dennis Hazerli
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michal Reichert
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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111
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Hayashi N, Yokotani A, Yamamoto M, Kososhi M, Morita M, Fukunishi C, Nishizawa N, Gotoh N. Extracellular Signals of a Human Epithelial Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) Cell Line Facilitate the Penetration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Strain through the Mucin Layer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:415. [PMID: 28983473 PMCID: PMC5613098 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can penetrate the layer of mucus formed by host intestinal epithelial cells, often resulting in sepsis in immunocompromised patients. We have previously demonstrated that P. aeruginosa can penetrate the mucin layer by flagellar motility and the degradation of the mucin layer. However, it remains unclear how P. aeruginosa initially recognizes epithelial cells. Using the human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line, we investigated extracellular signaling that could facilitate the penetration of P. aeruginosa through the mucin layer. The supernatant from Caco-2 cell cultures increased penetration of P. aeruginosa through an artificial mucin layer. The Caco-2 cell supernatant increased bacterial flagella-dependent swarming motility, but it did not influence P. aeruginosa growth or protease activity. Filtering of the Caco-2 cell supernatant indicated that proteins weighing <10 kDa increased mucin penetration, swarming motility, and, based on a tethered cell assay, induced acceleration of the flagellar filament rotational rate. Furthermore, a capillary assay showed that <10 kDa proteins in the Caco-2 cell supernatant attracted P. aeruginosa cells. Finally, we identified that growth-regulated oncogene-α (GRO-α) secreted by Caco-2 cells was a factor facilitating flagellar filament rotation and swarming motility, although it did not attract the bacteria. We conclude that penetration of the mucin layer by P. aeruginosa is facilitated by small proteins (<10 kDa) secreted by Caco-2 cells, both by inducing acceleration of flagellar motility and increasing chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokotani
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Kososhi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Mayu Morita
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Chiaki Fukunishi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Nagisa Nishizawa
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Naomasa Gotoh
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan
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112
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Robinson LS, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. The sialate O-acetylesterase EstA from gut Bacteroidetes species enables sialidase-mediated cross-species foraging of 9- O-acetylated sialoglycans. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11861-11872. [PMID: 28526748 PMCID: PMC5512079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut harbors many symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microbes that break down and metabolize host carbohydrates. Sialic acids are prominent outermost carbohydrates on host glycoproteins called mucins and protect underlying glycan chains from enzymatic degradation. Sialidases produced by some members of the colonic microbiota can promote the expansion of several potential pathogens (e.g. Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli) that do not produce sialidases. O-Acetyl ester modifications of sialic acids help resist the action of many sialidases and are present at high levels in the mammalian colon. However, some gut bacteria, in turn, produce sialylate-O-acetylesterases to remove them. Here, we investigated O-acetyl ester removal and sialic acid degradation by Bacteroidetes sialate-O-acetylesterases and sialidases, respectively, and subsequent utilization of host sialic acids by both commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains. In vitro foraging studies demonstrated that sialidase-dependent E. coli growth on mucin is enabled by Bacteroides EstA, a sialate O-acetylesterase acting on glycosidically linked sialylate-O-acetylesterase substrates, particularly at neutral pH. Biochemical studies suggested that spontaneous migration of O-acetyl esters on the sialic acid side chain, which can occur at colonic pH, may serve as a switch controlling EstA-assisted sialic acid liberation. Specifically, EstA did not act on O-acetyl esters in their initial 7-position. However, following migration to the 9-position, glycans with O-acetyl esters became susceptible to the sequential actions of bacterial esterases and sialidases. We conclude that EstA specifically unlocks the nutritive potential of 9-O-acetylated mucus sialic acids for foraging by bacteria that otherwise are prevented from accessing this carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Warren G Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
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113
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Gabrielli MG, Tomassoni D. Starch-enriched diet modulates the glucidic profile in the rat colonic mucosa. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1109-1121. [PMID: 28393287 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The protective function of the intestinal mucosa largely depends on carbohydrate moieties that as a part of glycoproteins and glycolipids form the epithelial glycocalyx or are secreted as mucins. Modifications of their expression can be induced by an altered intestinal microenvironment and have been associated with inflammatory disorders and colorectal cancer. Given the influence of dietary factors on the gut ecosystem, here we have investigated whether a long term feeding on a starch-rich diet can modulate the glucidic profile in the colonic mucosa of rats. METHODS Animals were divided into two groups and maintained for 9 months at different diets: one group was fed a standard diet, the second was fed a starch-enriched diet. Samples of colonic mucosa, divided in proximal and distal portions, were processed for microscopic analysis. Conventional stainings and lectin histochemistry were applied to identify acidic glycoconjugates and specific sugar residues in oligosaccharide chains, respectively. Some lectins were applied on adjacent sections after sialidase/fucosidase digestion, deacetylation, and oxidation to characterize either terminal dimers or sialic acid acetylation. RESULTS An increase in sulfomucins was found to be associated with the starch-enriched diet that affected also the expression of several sugar residues as well as fucosylated and sialylated sequences in both proximal and distal colon. CONCLUSIONS Although the mechanisms leading to such a modulation are at present unknown, either an altered intestinal microbiota or a dysregulation of glycosylation patterns might be responsible for the types and distribution of changes in the glucidic profile here observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Gabrielli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, I, Camerino, 62032, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, I, Camerino, 62032, Macerata, Italy
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Pérez-Sánchez J, Terova G, Simó-Mirabet P, Rimoldi S, Folkedal O, Calduch-Giner JA, Olsen RE, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Skin Mucus of Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata L.). Protein Mapping and Regulation in Chronically Stressed Fish. Front Physiol 2017; 8:34. [PMID: 28210224 PMCID: PMC5288811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin mucus of gilthead sea bream was mapped by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer. More than 2,000 proteins were identified with a protein score filter of 30. The identified proteins were represented in 418 canonical pathways of the Ingenuity Pathway software. After filtering by canonical pathway overlapping, the retained proteins were clustered in three groups. The mitochondrial cluster contained 59 proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The second cluster contained 79 proteins related to antigen presentation and protein ubiquitination pathways. The third cluster contained 257 proteins where proteins related to protein synthesis, cellular assembly, and epithelial integrity were over-represented. The latter group also included acute phase response signaling. In parallel, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis methodology identified six proteins spots of different protein abundance when comparing unstressed fish with chronically stressed fish in an experimental model that mimicked daily farming activities. The major changes were associated with a higher abundance of cytokeratin 8 in the skin mucus proteome of stressed fish, which was confirmed by immunoblotting. Thus, the increased abundance of markers of skin epithelial turnover results in a promising indicator of chronic stress in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of InsubriaVarese, Italy; Inter-University Centre for Research in Protein Biotechnologies "The Protein Factory" Polytechnic University of Milan and University of InsubriaVarese, Italy
| | - Paula Simó-Mirabet
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Ole Folkedal
- Institute of Marine Research Matre Matredal, Norway
| | - Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
| | - Rolf E Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research MatreMatredal, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University for Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
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115
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Liu YH, Xu JD. Relationship between colonic inner mucus layer and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:77-83. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a mucus layer on the surface of the gastrointestinal tract, which is composed of two mucus layers with different structures and properties. The inner mucus layer is built by a network formed by the MUC2. Recent research on the colonic mucus layer indicates that the colon is protected by the normal inner mucus layer so that the commensal bacteria can live in friendly coexistence with the host. The damage to the inner mucus layer can cause its abnormal function, which may explain the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.
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Yan F, Liu L, Cao H, Moore DJ, Washington MK, Wang B, Peek RM, Acra SA, Polk DB. Neonatal colonization of mice with LGG promotes intestinal development and decreases susceptibility to colitis in adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:117-127. [PMID: 27095077 PMCID: PMC5073052 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of the intestinal microbiota during early life serves as a key regulatory stage in establishing the host-microbial relationship. This symbiotic relationship contributes to developing host immunity and maintaining health throughout the life span. This study was to develop an approach to colonize conventionally raised mice with a model probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and to determine the effects of LGG colonization on intestinal development and prevention of colitis in adulthood. LGG colonization in conventionally raised was established by administering LGG to pregnant mice starting at gestational day 18 and pups at postnatal days 1- 5. LGG colonization promoted bodyweight gain and increased diversity and richness of the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota before weaning. Intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, tight junction formation, and mucosal IgA production were all significantly enhanced in LGG-colonized mice. Adult mice colonized with LGG showed increased IgA production and decreased susceptibility to intestinal injury and inflammation induced in the dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis. Thus, neonatal colonization of mice with LGG enhances intestinal functional maturation and IgA production and confers lifelong health consequences on protection from intestinal injury and inflammation. This strategy might be applied for benefiting health in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Correspondence: D. Brent Polk, M.D., Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard MS#126, Los Angeles, CA 90027, Tel: 323.361.2278. Fax: 323.361.3719. . Fang Yan, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, MRB IV, Room: 1035, Nashville, TN 37232-0696, USA, Tel: 615-343-5021; Fax: 615-343-5323;
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sari A. Acra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - D. Brent Polk
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California and Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Correspondence: D. Brent Polk, M.D., Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard MS#126, Los Angeles, CA 90027, Tel: 323.361.2278. Fax: 323.361.3719. . Fang Yan, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, MRB IV, Room: 1035, Nashville, TN 37232-0696, USA, Tel: 615-343-5021; Fax: 615-343-5323;
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Majidi-Mosleh A, Sadeghi AA, Mousavi SN, Chamani M, Zarei A. Effects of in Ovo Infusion of Probiotic Strains on Performance Parameters, Jejunal Bacterial Population and Mucin Gene Expression in Broiler Chicken. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A Zarei
- Islamic Azad University, Iran
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Weng FCH, Yang YJ, Wang D. Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1024. [PMID: 28155661 PMCID: PMC5260014 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals conserve energy during food shortage in winter. This natural cycle is also accompanied by a remodeling of the intestinal immune system, which is an aspect of host biology that is both influenced by, and can itself influence, the microbiota. In amphibians, the bacteria in the intestinal tract show a drop in bacterial counts. The proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greater in hibernating frogs than that found in nonhibernating frogs. This suggests that some intestinal gut microbes in amphibians can be maintained and may contribute to the functions in this closed ecosystem during hibernation. However, these results were derived from culture-based approaches that only covered a small portion of bacteria in the intestinal tract. METHODS In this study, we use a more comprehensive analysis, including bacterial appearance and functional prediction, to reveal the global changes in gut microbiota during artificial hibernation via high-throughput sequencing technology. RESULTS Our results suggest that artificial hibernation in the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) could reduce microbial diversity, and artificially hibernating frogs tend to harbor core operational taxonomic units that are rarely distributed among nonhibernating frogs. In addition, artificial hibernation increased significantly the relative abundance of the red-leg syndrome-related pathogenic genus Citrobacter. Furthermore, functional predictions via PICRUSt and Tax4Fun suggested that artificial hibernation has effects on metabolism, disease, signal transduction, bacterial infection, and primary immunodeficiency. CONCLUSIONS We infer that artificial hibernation may impose potential effects on primary immunodeficiency and increase the risk of bacterial infections in the brown tree frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cheng-Hsuan Weng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Yang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401 Taiwan
| | - Daryi Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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The Role of Oligosaccharides in Host-Microbial Interactions for Human Health. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50 Suppl 2, Proceedings from the 8th Probiotics, Prebiotics & New Foods for Microbiota and Human Health meeting held in Rome, Italy on September 13-15, 2015:S131-S132. [PMID: 27741156 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides have many associated bioactivities which can contribute to human health and offer protective properties to the host. Such bioactivities include anti-infective properties whereby oligosaccharides interact with bacterial cells and prevent adhesion to the host and subsequent colonization. Milk oligosaccharides have also been shown to alter the glycosylation of intestinal cells, leading to a reduction in pathogenic colonization. In addition, these sugars promote adhesion of commensal bacterial strains to host cells as well as possessing the ability to alter mucin expression in intestinal cells and improve barrier function. The ability of milk oligosaccharides to alter the transcriptome of both commensal bacterial strains and intestinal epithelial cells has also been revealed, indicating the potential of many cell types to detect the presence of milk oligosaccharides and respond accordingly at the genetic level. Interestingly, domestic animal milk may provide a bioactive source of oligosaccharides for formula supplementation with the aim of emulating the gold standard that is human milk. Overall, this review highlights the ability of milk oligosaccharides to promote health in a variety of ways, for example, through direct bacterial interactions, immunomodulatory activities, promotion of gut barrier function, and induction of protective transcriptional responses.
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Sweeney T, Meredith H, Ryan M, Gath V, Thornton K, O'Doherty J. Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation on Campylobacter jejuni colonisation, performance and gut health following an experimental challenge in 10day old chicks. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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121
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Xu J, Zhao J, Li Y, Zou Y, Lu B, Chen Y, Ma Y, Xu H. Evaluation of differentially expressed immune-related genes in intestine of Pelodiscus sinensis after intragastric challenge with lipopolysaccharide based on transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:417-426. [PMID: 27475104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pelodiscus sinensis is the most common turtle species that has been raised in East and Southeast Asia. However, there are still limited studies about the immune defense mechanisms in its small intestine until now. In the present research, histological analysis and transcriptome analysis was performed on the small intestine of P. sinensis after intragastric challenge with LPS to explore its mechanisms of immune responses to pathogens. The result showed the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and goblet cells (GCs) in its intestine increased significantly at 48 h post-challenge with LPS by intragastrical route, indicating clearly the intestinal immune response was induced. Compared with the control, a total of 748 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 361 up-regulated genes and 387 down-regulated genes. Based on the Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), 48 immune-related DEGs were identified, which were classified into 82 GO terms and 14 pathways. Finally, 18 DEGs, which were randomly selected, were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results provide valuable information for further analysis of the immune defense mechanisms against pathogens in the small intestine of P. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiyi Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Binjie Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuyin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Youzhi Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Marchini CFP, Café MB, Araújo EG, Nascimiento MRBM. Physiology, cell dynamics of small intestinal mucosa, and performance of broiler chickens under heat stress: a review. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2016. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n3a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A. Bacillus clausii and gut homeostasis: state of the art and future perspectives. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:943-8. [PMID: 27291780 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2016.1200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intestinal barrier is a complex system responsible for the host health. Many gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases are associated to gut barrier disruption. An increasing interest on nutritional supplements and functional foods focused on the hypothesis that specific prebiotics and probiotics may modulate and interact with gut barrier, re-establishing gut homeostasis. AREAS COVERED The application of preparations containing B. clausii in the treatment or prevention of gut phisiology impairment has been largely supported in the last years and has driven its clinical applications. This review focuses on B. clausii clinical applications and speculates on the possible interactions among B. clausii, gut barrier and immune system and on the consequences of this interplay in modulating human health. Expert commentary: Its favorable effects have been linked to several properties, such as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, cell-cell signaling, cell adhesion, signal transcription and transduction, production of vitamins and gut protection from genotoxic agents. In this scenario, future studies will need to better clarify its mechanisms of action and focus on the possible role of B. clausii in modulating gut immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris R Lopetuso
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division , Catholic University of Rome, Policlinico 'A. Gemelli' Hospital , Roma , Italia
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division , Catholic University of Rome, Policlinico 'A. Gemelli' Hospital , Roma , Italia
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division , Catholic University of Rome, Policlinico 'A. Gemelli' Hospital , Roma , Italia
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division , Catholic University of Rome, Policlinico 'A. Gemelli' Hospital , Roma , Italia
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Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA. The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:1-9. [PMID: 27271818 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review assesses the current knowledge about the immunological aspects of the vermiform appendix in health and disease. An essential part of its immunological function is the interaction with the intestinal bacteria, a trait shown to be preserved during its evolution. The existence of the appendiceal biofilm in particular has proved to have a beneficial effect for the entire gut. In assessing the influence of acute appendicitis and the importance of a normally functioning gut flora, however, multiple immunological aspects point towards the appendix as a priming site for ulcerative colitis. Describing the immunological and microbiotical changes in the appendix during acute and chronic inflammation of the appendix, this review suggests that this association becomes increasingly plausible. Sustained by the distinct composition of cells, molecules and microbiota, as well as by the ever more likely negative correlation between the appendix and ulcerative colitis, the idea of the appendix being a vestigial organ should therefore be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Kooij
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Sahami
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Buskens
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Tao S, Luo Y, Bin He, Liu J, Qian X, Ni Y, Zhao R. Paraoxonase 2 modulates a proapoptotic function in LS174T cells in response to quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28778. [PMID: 27364593 PMCID: PMC4929476 DOI: 10.1038/srep28778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mucus layer coats the gastrointestinal tract and serves as the first line of intestinal defense against infection. N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing molecules produced by gram-negative bacteria in the gut can influence the homeostasis of intestinal epithelium. In this study, we investigated the effects of two representative long- and short-chain AHLs, N-3-(oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) and N-butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), on cell viability and mucus secretion in LS174T cells. C12-HSL but not C4-HSL significantly decreased cell viability by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and activating cell apoptosis which led to a decrease in mucin expression. Pretreatment with lipid raft disruptor (Methyl-β-cyclodextrin, MβCD) and oxidative stress inhibitor (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) slightly rescued the viability of cells damaged by C12-HSL exposure, while the paraoxonase 2 (PON2) inhibitor (Triazolo[4,3-a]quinolone, TQ416) significantly affected recovering cells viability and mucin secretion. When LS174T cells were treated with C12-HSL and TQ416 simultaneously, TQ416 showed the maximal positive effect on cells viability. However, if cells were first treated with C12-HSL for 40 mins, and then TQ46 was added, the TQ416 had no effect on cell viability. These results suggest that the C12-HSL-acid process acts at an early step to activate apoptosis as part of C12-HSL’s effect on intestinal mucus barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT 05452, USA
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Mo JS, Alam KJ, Kim HS, Lee YM, Yun KJ, Chae SC. MicroRNA 429 Regulates Mucin Gene Expression and Secretion in Murine Model of Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:837-49. [PMID: 26818658 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS miRNAs are non-coding RNAs that play important roles in the pathogenesis of human diseases by regulating target gene expression in specific cells or tissues. We aimed to detect miRNAs related to ulcerative colitis [UC], identify their target molecules, and analyse the correlation between the miRNAs and their target genes in colorectal cells and dextran sulphate sodium [DSS]-induced mouse colitis. METHODS UC-associated miRNAs were identified by miRNA microarray analysis using DSS-induced colitis and normal colon tissues. The results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]. We identified target genes of MIR429, a colitis-associated miRNA, from our screen by comparing the mRNA microarray analysis in MIR429-overexpressed cells with predicted candidate target genes. We constructed luciferase reporter plasmids to confirm the effect of MIR429 on target gene expression. The protein expression of the target genes was measured by western blot,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] analysis, or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We identified 37 DSS-induced colitis associated miRNAs. We investigated MIR429 that is down-regulated in DSS-induced colitis, and identified 41 target genes of MIR429. We show that the myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate [MARCKS] is a direct target of MIR429. MARCKS mRNA and protein expression levels are down-regulated by MIR429, and MIR429 regulates the expression of MARCKS and MARCKS-mediated mucin secretion in colorectal cells and DSS-induced colitis. In addition, anti-MIR429 up-regulates MARCKS expression in colorectal cell lines. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that MIR429 modulates mucin secretion in human colorectal cells and mouse colitis tissues by up-regulating of MARCKS expression, thereby making MIR429 a candidate for anti-colitis therapy in human UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Mo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Khondoker Jahengir Alam
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Yun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Cheon Chae
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Rokhsefat S, Lin A, Comelli EM. Mucin-Microbiota Interaction During Postnatal Maturation of the Intestinal Ecosystem: Clinical Implications. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1473-86. [PMID: 26792279 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucus layer and gut microbiota interplay contributes to host homeostasis. The mucus layer serves as a scaffold and a carbon source for gut microorganisms; conversely, gut microorganisms, including mucin degraders, influence mucin gene expression, glycosylation, and secretion. Conjointly they shield the epithelium from luminal pathogens, antigens, and toxins. Importantly, the mucus layer and gut microbiota are established in parallel during early postnatal life. During this period, the development of gut microbiota and mucus layer is coupled with that of the immune system. Developmental changes of different mucin types can impact the age-dependent patterns of intestinal infection in terms of incidence and severity. Altered mucus layer, dysbiotic microbiota, and abnormal mucus-gut microbiota interaction have the potential for inducing systemic effects, and accompany several intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and radiation-induced mucositis. Early life provides a pivotal window of opportunity to favorably modulate the mucus-microbiota interaction. The support of a health-compatible mucin-microbiota maturation in early life is paramount for long-term health and serves as an important opportunity for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rokhsefat
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building Room 308a, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Aifeng Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building Room 308a, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3E2, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elena M Comelli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building Room 308a, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3E2, Canada.
- Centre for Child Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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128
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Effect of a Semi-Purified Oligosaccharide-Enriched Fraction from Caprine Milk on Barrier Integrity and Mucin Production of Co-Culture Models of the Small and Large Intestinal Epithelium. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050267. [PMID: 27164134 PMCID: PMC4882680 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine milk contains the highest amount of oligosaccharides among domestic animals, which are structurally similar to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). This suggests caprine milk oligosaccharides may offer similar protective and developmental effects to that of HMOs. However, to date, studies using oligosaccharides from caprine milk have been limited. Thus, this study aimed to examine the impact of a caprine milk oligosaccharide-enriched fraction (CMOF) on barrier function of epithelial cell co-cultures of absorptive enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) and mucus-secreting goblet cells (HT29-MTX cells), that more closely simulate the cell proportions found in the small (90:10) and large intestine (75:25). Treatment of epithelial co-cultures with 0.4, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL of CMOF was shown to have no effect on metabolic activity but did enhance cell epithelial barrier integrity as measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), in a dose-dependent manner. The CMOF at the maximum concentration tested (4.0 mg/mL) enhanced TEER, mucin gene expression and mucin protein abundance of epithelial co-cultures, all of which are essential components of intestinal barrier function.
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129
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Anticoccidial activities of Chitosan on Eimeria papillata-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2845-52. [PMID: 27041340 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria spp. multiply within the intestinal tract causing severe inflammatory responses. Chitosan (CS), meanwhile, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities in different experimental models. Here, we investigated the effect of CS on the outcome of inflammation caused by Eimeria papillata in the mouse intestine. Investigations were undertaken into the oocyst output in feces and developmental stages and goblet cells in intestinal tissue. Assays for lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also performed. T cells in intestinal tissue were counted using immunohistochemistry while total IgA in serum or intestinal wash was assayed using ELISA. In addition, mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-4 were detected using real-time PCR. The data indicated a reduction in both oocyst output and in the number of parasite developmental stages following CS treatment, while the goblet cell hypoplasia in infected mice was also inhibited. CS decreased lipid peroxidation, NO, and MPO but did not alter the T cell count or IgA levels in comparison to the infected group. The expression of TNF-α and TGF-β decreased but IL-10 and IL-4 increased after CS treatment in comparison to the non-treated infected group. In conclusion, CS showed anti-inflammatory and protective effects against E. papillata infection.
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130
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The Densely O-Glycosylated MUC2 Mucin Protects the Intestine and Provides Food for the Commensal Bacteria. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3221-3229. [PMID: 26880333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
All mucins are highly O-glycosylated by variable glycans depending on species, histoblood group and organ. This makes the intestinal main mucin MUC2 non-degradable by the host digestive system but well by both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The MUC2 glycans are important for selection of the commensal bacteria and act as a nutritional source for the bacteria; this also helps the host to recover some of the energy spent on constantly renewing the protective mucus layer. Glycosylation is the most diverse and common posttranslational modification of cell surfaces and secreted proteins. N-Glycosylation is most well studied and predictable, whereas O-glycosylation is more diverse and less well understood. O-Glycosylation is also often called mucin-type glycosylation as it is typical for mucins that often have more than 80% of the mass as O-glycans. This review will discuss the mucin-type O-glycosylation and especially the O-glycosylation of human and mice intestinal mucin MUC2 in relation to bacteria and disease.
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131
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The Link between the Appendix and Ulcerative Colitis: Clinical Relevance and Potential Immunological Mechanisms. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:163-9. [PMID: 26416189 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human appendix has long been considered as a vestigial organ, an organ that has lost its function during evolution. In recent years, however, reports have emerged that link the appendix to numerous immunological functions in humans. Evidence has been presented for an important role of the appendix in maintaining intestinal health. This theory suggests that the appendix may be a reservoir or 'safe house' from which the commensal gut flora can rapidly be reestablished if it is eradicated from the colon. However, the appendix may also have a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several large epidemiological cohort studies have demonstrated the preventive effect of appendectomy on the development of ulcerative colitis, a finding that has been confirmed in murine colitis models. In addition, current studies are examining the possible therapeutic effect of an appendectomy to modulate disease course in patients with ulcerative colitis. This literature review assesses the current knowledge about the clinical and immunological aspects of the vermiform appendix in IBD and suggests that the idea of the appendix as a vestigial remnant should be discarded.
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132
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Zhang Y, Zheng P, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Mao XB, Wang JX, Luo JQ, Huang ZQ, Cheng GX, Chen DW. Dietary spray-dried chicken plasma improves intestinal barrier function and modulates immune status in weaning piglets1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:173-84. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - P. Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - B. Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - J. He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - J. Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - X. B. Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - J. X. Wang
- Shanghai Genon Biological Product Company, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - J. Q. Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Z. Q. Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - G. X. Cheng
- Shanghai Genon Biological Product Company, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - D. W. Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an 625014, China
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133
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Wang A, Li J, Zhao Y, Johansson MEV, Xu H, Ghishan FK. Loss of NHE8 expression impairs intestinal mucosal integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G855-64. [PMID: 26505975 PMCID: PMC4669351 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The newest member of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) family, NHE8, is abundantly expressed at the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelia. We previously reported that mucin 2 expression was significantly decreased in the colon in NHE8(-/-) mice, suggesting that NHE8 is involved in intestinal mucosal protection. In this study, we further evaluated the role of NHE8 in intestinal epithelial protection after dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) challenge. Compared with wild-type mice, NHE8(-/-) mice have increased bacterial adhesion and inflammation, especially in the distal colon. NHE8(-/-) mice are also susceptible to DSS treatment. Real-time PCR detected a remarkable increase in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-4 in DSS-treated NHE8(-/-) mice compared with DSS-treated wild-type littermates. Immunohistochemistry showed a disorganized epithelial layer in the colon of NHE8(-/-) mice. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed a reduction in the number of mature goblet cells and the area of the goblet cell theca in NHE8(-/-) mice. Phyloxine/tartrazine staining revealed a decrease in functional Paneth cell population in the NHE8(-/-) small intestinal crypt. The expression of enteric defensins was also decreased in NHE8(-/-) mice. The reduced mucin production in goblet cells and antimicrobial peptides production in Paneth cells lead to disruption of the intestinal mucosa protection. Therefore, NHE8 may be involved in the establishment of intestinal mucosal integrity by regulating the functions of goblet and Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; ,2Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Jing Li
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
| | - Yang Zhao
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
| | | | - Hua Xu
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
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134
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Gibold L, Garenaux E, Dalmasso G, Gallucci C, Cia D, Mottet-Auselo B, Faïs T, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Nguyen HTT, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Delmas J. The Vat-AIEC protease promotes crossing of the intestinal mucus layer by Crohn's disease-associated Escherichia coli. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:617-31. [PMID: 26499863 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of Crohn's disease (CD) involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are receiving increased attention because in studies of mucosa-associated microbiota, they are more prevalent in CD patients than in healthy subjects. AIEC are associated both with ileal and colonic disease phenotypes. In this study, we reported a protease called Vat-AIEC from AIEC that favours the mucosa colonization. The deletion of the Vat-AIEC-encoding gene resulted in an adhesion-impaired phenotype in vitro and affected the colonization of bacteria in contact with intestinal epithelial cells in a murine intestinal loop model, and also their gut colonization in vivo. Furthermore, unlike LF82Δvat-AIEC, wild-type AIEC reference strain LF82 was able to penetrate a mucus column extensively and promoted the degradation of mucins and a decrease in mucus viscosity. Vat-AIEC transcription was stimulated by several chemical conditions found in the ileum environment. Finally, the screening of E. coli strains isolated from CD patients revealed a preferential vat-AIEC association with AIEC strains belonging to the B2 phylogroup. Overall, this study revealed a new component of AIEC virulence that might favour their implantation in the gut of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gibold
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Garenaux
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Camille Gallucci
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Cia
- Equipe Biophysique Neurosensorielle, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, UMR INSERM 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Mottet-Auselo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tiphanie Faïs
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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135
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New Role of Nod Proteins in Regulation of Intestinal Goblet Cell Response in the Context of Innate Host Defense in an Enteric Parasite Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 84:275-85. [PMID: 26527214 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01187-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins secreted by intestinal goblet cells are considered an important component of innate defense in a number of enteric infections, including many parasitic infections, but also likely provide protection against the gut microbiota. Nod proteins are intracellular receptors that play key roles in innate immune response and inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of Nod proteins in regulation of intestinal goblet cell response in naive mice and mice infected with the enteric parasite Trichuris muris. We observed significantly fewer periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained intestinal goblet cells and less mucin (Muc2) in Nod1 and Nod2 double-knockout (Nod DKO) mice after T. muris infection than in wild-type (WT) mice. Expulsion of parasites from the intestine was significantly delayed in Nod DKO mice. Treatment of naive WT mice with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists simultaneously increased numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2-expressing cells, whereas treatment with Nod1 or Nod2 separately had no significant effect. Stimulation of mucin-secreting LS174T cells with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists upregulated core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT; an important enzyme in mucin synthesis) and MUC2. We also observed lower numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and less Muc2 in germfree mice. Treatment with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists enhanced the production of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2 in germfree mice. These data provide novel information on the role of Nod proteins in goblet cell response and Muc2 production in relation to intestinal innate defense.
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136
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Gamazo C, Martín-Arbella N, Brotons A, Camacho AI, Irache JM. Mimicking microbial strategies for the design of mucus-permeating nanoparticles for oral immunization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:454-63. [PMID: 25615880 PMCID: PMC7126451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with mucosal delivery systems means dealing with mucus. The name mucosa comes from mucus, a dense fluid enriched in glycoproteins, such as mucin, which main function is to protect the delicate mucosal epithelium. Mucus provides a barrier against physiological chemical and physical aggressors (i.e., host secreted digestive products such as bile acids and enzymes, food particles) but also against the potentially noxious microbiota and their products. Intestinal mucosa covers 400m(2) in the human host, and, as a consequence, is the major portal of entry of the majority of known pathogens. But, in turn, some microorganisms have evolved many different approaches to circumvent this barrier, a direct consequence of natural co-evolution. The understanding of these mechanisms (known as virulence factors) used to interact and/or disrupt mucosal barriers should instruct us to a rational design of nanoparticulate delivery systems intended for oral vaccination and immunotherapy. This review deals with this mimetic approach to obtain nanocarriers capable to reach the epithelial cells after oral delivery and, in parallel, induce strong and long-lasting immune and protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nekane Martín-Arbella
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Brotons
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana I Camacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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137
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Zhang W, Zhu YH, Yang JC, Yang GY, Zhou D, Wang JF. A Selected Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain Promotes EGFR-Independent Akt Activation in an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88-Infected IPEC-J2 Cell Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125717. [PMID: 25915861 PMCID: PMC4411159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are important intestinal pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Although probiotic bacteria may protect against ETEC-induced enteric infections, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, porcine intestinal epithelial J2 cells (IPEC-J2) were pre-incubated with and without Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and then exposed to F4+ ETEC. Increases in TLR4 and NOD2 mRNA expression were observed at 3 h after F4+ ETEC challenge, but these increases were attenuated by L. rhamnosus treatment. Expression of TLR2 and NOD1 mRNA was up-regulated in cells pre-treated with L. rhamnosus. Pre-treatment with L. rhamnosus counteracted F4+ ETEC-induced increases in TNF-α concentration. Increased PGE2. concentrations were observed in cells infected with F4+ ETEC and in cells treated with L. rhamnosus only. A decrease in phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was observed at 3 h after F4+ ETEC challenge in cells treated with L. rhamnosus. Pre-treatment with L. rhamnosus enhanced Akt phosphorylation and increased ZO-1 and occludin protein expression. Our findings suggest that L. rhamnosus protects intestinal epithelial cells from F4+ ETEC-induced damage, partly through the anti-inflammatory response involving synergism between TLR2 and NOD1. In addition, L. rhamnosus promotes EGFR-independent Akt activation, which may activate intestinal epithelial cells in response to bacterial infection, in turn increasing tight junction integrity and thus enhancing the barrier function and restricting pathogen invasion. Pre-incubation with L. rhamnosus was superior to co-incubation in reducing the adhesion of F4+ ETEC to IPEC-J2 cells and subsequently attenuating F4+ ETEC-induced mucin layer destruction and suppressing apoptosis. Our data indicate that a selected L. rhamnosus strain interacts with porcine intestinal epithelial cells to maintain the epithelial barrier and promote intestinal epithelial cell activation in response to bacterial infection, thus protecting cells from the deleterious effects of F4+ ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cai Yang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Yan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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138
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Lilburn MS, Loeffler S. Early intestinal growth and development in poultry. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1569-76. [PMID: 25910905 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are many accepted "facts" within the field of poultry science that are in truth still open for discussion, there is little debate with respect to the tremendous genetic progress that has been made with commercial broilers and turkeys (Havenstein et al., 2003, 2007). When one considers the changes in carcass development in poultry meat strains, these genetic "improvements" have not always been accompanied by correlated changes in other physiological systems and this can predispose some birds to developmental anomalies (i.e. ascites; Pavlidis et al., 2007; Wideman et al., 2013). Over the last decade, there has been increased interest in intestinal growth/health as poultry nutritionists have attempted to adopt new approaches to deal with the broader changes in the overall nutrition landscape. This landscape includes not only the aforementioned genetic changes but also a raft of governmental policies that have focused attention on the environment (phosphorus and nitrogen excretion), consumer pressure on the use of antibiotics, and renewable biofuels with its consequent effects on ingredient costs. Intestinal morphology has become a common research tool for assessing nutritional effects on the intestine but it is only one metric among many that can be used and histological results can often be interpreted in a variety of ways. This study will address the broader body of research on intestinal growth and development in commercial poultry and will attempt to integrate the topics of the intestinal: microbial interface and the role of the intestine as an immune tissue under the broad umbrella of intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lilburn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - S Loeffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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139
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Kavanaugh D, O'Callaghan J, Kilcoyne M, Kane M, Joshi L, Hickey RM. The intestinal glycome and its modulation by diet and nutrition. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:359-75. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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140
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Pei R, Martin DA, DiMarco DM, Bolling BW. Evidence for the effects of yogurt on gut health and obesity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:1569-1583. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.883356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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141
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Cornick S, Tawiah A, Chadee K. Roles and regulation of the mucus barrier in the gut. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e982426. [PMID: 25838985 PMCID: PMC4372027 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.982426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is coated by a thick layer of mucus that forms the front line of innate host defense. Mucus consists of high molecular weight glycoproteins called mucins that are synthesized and secreted by goblet cells and functions primarily to lubricate the epithelium and protect it from damage by noxious substances. Recent studies have also suggested the involvement of goblet cells and mucins in complex immune functions such as antigen presentation and tolerance. Under normal physiological conditions, goblet cells continually produce mucins to replenish and maintain the mucus barrier; however, goblet cell function can be disrupted by various factors that can affect the integrity of the mucus barrier. Some of these factors such as microbes, microbial toxins and cytokines can stimulate or inhibit mucin production and secretion, alter the chemical composition of mucins or degrade the mucus layer. This can lead to a compromised mucus barrier and subsequently to various pathological conditions like chronic inflammatory diseases. Insight into how these factors modulate the mucus barrier in the gut is necessary in order to develop strategies to combat these disorders.
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Key Words
- Barrier function
- CD, Crohns disease
- ER stress
- ERAD, ER-associated protein degradation
- EhCP5, Entamoeba histolytica cysteine protease 5
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GalNAc, N-Acetylgalactosamine
- Goblet cell
- IBD
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease
- Innate defense
- LLO, Listeriolysin O
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MUC2
- MucBP, Mucin binding proteins
- Mucin
- SCFA, short chain fatty acids
- Secretory response
- UC, Ulcerative colitis
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Cornick
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adelaide Tawiah
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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142
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Valeri M, Rossi Paccani S, Kasendra M, Nesta B, Serino L, Pizza M, Soriani M. Pathogenic E. coli exploits SslE mucinase activity to translocate through the mucosal barrier and get access to host cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117486. [PMID: 25789808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SslE is a zinc-metalloprotease involved in the degradation of mucin substrates and recently proposed as a potential vaccine candidate against pathogenic E. coli. In this paper, by exploiting a human in vitro model of mucus-secreting cells, we demonstrated that bacteria expressing SslE have a metabolic benefit which results in an increased growth rate postulating the importance of this antigen in enhancing E. coli fitness. We also observed that SslE expression facilitates E. coli penetration of the mucus favouring bacteria adhesion to host cells. Moreover, we found that SslE-mediated opening of the mucosae contributed to the activation of pro-inflammatory events. Indeed, intestinal cells infected with SslE-secreting bacteria showed an increased production of IL-8 contributing to neutrophil recruitment. The results presented in this paper conclusively designate SslE as an important colonization factor favouring E. coli access to both metabolic substrates and target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeri
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Magdalena Kasendra
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Barbara Nesta
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Serino
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Soriani
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
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143
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Wlodarska M, Willing BP, Bravo DM, Finlay BB. Phytonutrient diet supplementation promotes beneficial Clostridia species and intestinal mucus secretion resulting in protection against enteric infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9253. [PMID: 25787310 PMCID: PMC4365398 DOI: 10.1038/srep09253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts, or phytonutrients, are used in traditional medicine practices as supplements to enhance the immune system and gain resistance to various infectious diseases and are used in animal production as health promoting feed additives. To date, there are no studies that have assessed their mechanism of action and ability to alter mucosal immune responses in the intestine. We characterized the immunomodulatory function of six phytonutrients: anethol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, capsicum oleoresin and garlic extract. Mice were treated with each phytonutrient to assess changes to colonic gene expression and mucus production. All six phytonutrients showed variable changes in expression of innate immune genes in the colon. However only eugenol stimulated production of the inner mucus layer, a key mucosal barrier to microbes. The mechanism by which eugenol causes mucus layer thickening likely involves microbial stimulation as analysis of the intestinal microbiota composition showed eugenol treatment led to an increase in abundance of specific families within the Clostridiales order. Further, eugenol treatment confers colonization resistance to the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. These results suggest that eugenol acts to strengthen the mucosal barrier by increasing the thickness of the inner mucus layer, which protects against invading pathogens and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wlodarska
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2P5
| | | | - B Brett Finlay
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4
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144
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Hayashi N, Nishizawa H, Kitao S, Deguchi S, Nakamura T, Fujimoto A, Shikata M, Gotoh N. Pseudomonas aeruginosa injects type III effector ExoS into epithelial cells through the function of type IV pili. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:890-6. [PMID: 25747138 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through epithelial tissues can cause sepsis. Here, we examined whether P. aeruginosa penetrates epithelial cell layers using type IV pili (TFP). Deletion of TFP (pilA) did not affect association with Caco-2 cells, although it decreased penetration through, and disruption of, Caco-2 cell monolayers. We found that TFP are necessary for injection of the type III effector ExoS, which impairs defense against P. aeruginosa penetration, into host cells. Deletion of pilA attenuated oral infection in silkworms. We conclude that P. aeruginosa injects ExoS into cells through the function of TFP, enabling penetration of epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nishizawa
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Seiya Kitao
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Sakurako Deguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takano Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Akiyo Fujimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Shikata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naomasa Gotoh
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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145
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Bhatia S, Prabhu PN, Benefiel AC, Miller MJ, Chow J, Davis SR, Gaskins HR. Galacto-oligosaccharides may directly enhance intestinal barrier function through the modulation of goblet cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:566-73. [PMID: 25421108 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Here we have tested the hypothesis that prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) may enhance mucosal barrier function through direct modulation of goblet cell function. METHODS AND RESULTS Human adenocarcinoma-derived LS174T cells, which exhibit an intestinal goblet cell-like phenotype, were used to examine the non-prebiotic effects of GOS on goblet cell functions. LS174T cells were treated with GOS, and the expression of goblet cell secretory product genes mucin 2 (MUC2), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), resistin-like molecule beta (RETNLB) and the Golgi-sulfotransferase genes, carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine-6-O) sulfotransferase 5 (CHST5) and galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 2 (GAL3ST2), was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, the abundance of CHST5, TFF3 and RETNLB was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Following treatment with GOS for 72 h, the expression of MUC2 was significantly upregulated 2-4-fold, CHST5 and RETNLB, 5-7-fold, and TFF3 2-4-fold. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased abundance of RETNLB, TFF3 and CHST5. Addition of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 along with GOS resulted in synergistic induction of RETNLB and CHST5. IL-8 secretion was not affected by GOS treatment, suggesting that the effects of GOS are not mediated through an inflammatory pathway. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data indicate that GOS may enhance mucosal barrier function through direct stimulation of intestinal goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Bhatia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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146
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Milani M, Sharifi Y, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Somi MH, Akbarzadeh A. Immunology and vaccines and nanovaccines for Helicobacter pylori infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:833-40. [PMID: 25645086 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1008460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is very common worldwide and is an important cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Since the eradication requires treatment with multidrug regimens, prevention of primary infection by a suitable vaccine is attractive. Developing vaccines on the spot when and where an infection is breaking out might be possible, thanks to engineered nanoparticles. In this review, the nature of the host immune response to H. pylori infection is considered. We explain recent candidate vaccines and prophylactic or therapeutic immunization strategies for use against H. pylori. We also describe identification of different types of immune responses that may be related to protection against H. pylori infection. Thus, it seems that there is still a strong need to clarify the main protective immune response against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal disease research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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147
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Exogenous phosphatidylcholine supplementation improves intestinal barrier defense against Clostridium difficile toxin. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 77:570-5; discussion 576. [PMID: 25250596 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile colitis have increased dramatically in the last decade. Disease severity is related to C. difficile virulence factors, including toxins A and B, as well as the patient's immune status. The intestinal mucus is an important component of innate barrier function in the intestine. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a key constituent of the intestinal mucus barrier, and exogenous PC administration has had therapeutic efficacy in patients with ulcerative colitis. We studied the protective function of exogenous PC on C. difficile toxin effects on the intestinal barrier in vitro. METHODS Mucus-producing (HT29-MTX strain) and non-mucus-producing (HT29 strain) intestinal epithelial monolayers were cocultured with PC and C. difficile toxin A added to the apical media. Basal chamber culture supernatants were subsequently obtained, and tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In other experiments, HT29 toxin A uptake, intestinal monolayer permeability, necrosis, and actin microfilament disruption were determined. RESULTS There was a threefold to fourfold decrease in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 levels and similar decreases in toxin A uptake and permeability changes in intestinal epithelial cells with mucus or PC versus control. Intestinal epithelial cell necrosis was reduced by more than 50% with either mucus or PC versus control. The integrity of HT29 cell cytoskeleton was demonstrated by both the mucus layer of the HT29-MTX strain and by exogenous PC administration by phalloidin staining of actin microfilaments. CONCLUSION PC supplementation was effective in improving intestinal barrier defense against C. difficile toxin A challenge. PC administration may be a useful therapeutic adjunct in severe cases of C. difficile colitis or in patients who do not improve with conventional treatment.
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148
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Estrogen modulates intestinal mucus physiochemical properties and protects against oxidant injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78:94-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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149
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Gopal A, Iyer SC, Gopal U, Devaraj N, Halagowder D. Shigella dysenteriae modulates BMP pathway to induce mucin gene expression in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111408. [PMID: 25365201 PMCID: PMC4218725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine act as the first line of host defense against pathogens by increasing mucin production for clearance. Despite this fact, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which Shigella dysenteriae transduce mucin gene expression remain poorly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in mucin gene expression during S. dysenteriae infection. In this study we demonstrate that S. dysenteriae activates BMP signaling to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression in rat ileal loop model and in vitro. We also observed that BMP pathway regulates CDX2 expression which plays a critical role in induction of MUC2 gene during S. dysenteriae infection. In SMAD4 silenced cells S. dysenteriae infection did not abrogate MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression whereas in CDX2 silenced cells it induces differential expression of MUC5AC gene. These results suggest that SMAD4-CDX2 induces MUC2 gene expression whereas SMAD4 directly influences differential expression of MUC5AC gene. Altogether, our results show that during S. dysenteriae infection the BMP pathway modulates inflammatory transcription factors CDX2 and SMAD4 to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression which plays a key role in the regulation of host mucosal defense thereby paving a cue for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashidha Gopal
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Soumya Chidambaram Iyer
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Niranjali Devaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- * E-mail:
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150
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Liu P, Pieper R, Tedin L, Martin L, Meyer W, Rieger J, Plendl J, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Effect of dietary zinc oxide on jejunal morphological and immunological characteristics in weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5009-18. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Tedin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Martin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, 30317 Hannover, Germany
| | - J. Rieger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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