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Abstract
Background Little data is available on gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and body fat distribution in healthy individuals. We examined whether GGT within normal range is prospectively associated with total body fat (TF) and regional body fat distribution. Methods We included 62 patients who were presented at Eureka Health and Research Foundation Clinic. GGT was measured by enzymatic photometry method. TF, android fat (AF), gynoid fat (GF) and android/gynoid ratio (A/G ratio) was assessed using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Regression coefficients and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated using multivariate linear regression models adjusting for confounders. Results Mean value of GGT of the study population was 21.64U/L (ranging from 6 to 48 U/L). There was no association between GGT and TF. Increased GGT was associated with higher AF (top tertile relative to the lowest: ß=0.35; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.52), lower GF(top tertile relative to the lowest: ß=-0.48; 95%CI: -0.69,.-0.27) and higher AF/GF ratio (top tertile relative to the lowest: ß=0.04; 95%CI: 0.03, 0.06). Conclusions This study suggests that an increase in GGT concentrations is a sensitive and early biomarker of unfavorable body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viko Coku
- Eureka Health and Research Foundation Clinic, Tirana, Albania
| | - Xike Shkembi
- Eureka Health and Research Foundation Clinic, Tirana, Albania
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102
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Jana S, Balakrishnan N, Hamid JS. Inference in the Growth Curve Model under Multivariate Skew Normal Distribution. SANKHYA B 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13571-018-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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103
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Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Young Chinese Patients: A Case-Control Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2429160. [PMID: 30245751 PMCID: PMC6139227 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2429160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a biomarker of hepatic disease. Recent studies have shown that GGT may also associate with the risk of coronary artery disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of this association are still unclear. Methods This study included 216 young patients with acute coronary syndrome (aged ≤55years) and 227 age-matched controls with normal findings by coronary angiography or coronary computed tomography angiography. We use standard colorimetric techniques and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the levels of GGT and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), respectively. Traditional risk factors of coronary artery disease, including smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity/overweight, were evaluated according to the current guidelines. Results The levels of GGT were significantly correlated with body mass index and levels of triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, and ox-LDL (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GGT was significantly associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome in young Chinese patients (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.09–2.15) after adjusting for traditional risk factors, including sex, age, quantity of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, dyslipidemia, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. However, this association was significantly attenuated (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.91–1.58) after further adjusting for the levels of ox-LDL. Conclusions GGT was associated with the risk of ACS in relatively young patients. The link between GGT and the risk of ACS may be dependent on ox-LDL levels, indicating that the prooxidant action is an important pathway for GGT in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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104
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Hughes JT, Maple-Brown LJ, Thomas M, Lawton PD, Sinha A, Cass A, Barzi F, Jones G, Jerums G, MacIsaac RJ, O'Dea K, Hoy WE. Cross-sectional associations of albuminuria among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults: the eGFR Study. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:37-45. [PMID: 29250918 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the detailed associations of albuminuria among a contemporary cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to inform strategies for chronic kidney disease prevention and management. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of Indigenous participants of the eGFR Study. MEASURES Clinical, biochemical and anthropometric measures were collected (including body-circumferences, blood pressure (BP); triglycerides, HbA1c, liver function tests, creatinine; urine- microscopic-haem, albumin: creatinine ratio (ACR), prescriptions- angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor II antagonist (ACEI/ARB). Albuminuria and diabetes were defined by an ACR>3.0 mg/mmol, and HbA1c≥48 mmol/mol or prior history respectively. Waist: hip ratio (WHR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. ACR was non-normally distributed; a logarithmic transformation was applied (in base 2), with each unit increase in log2-albuminuria representing a doubling of ACR. RESULTS 591 participants were assessed (71% Aboriginal, 61.6% female, mean age 45.1 years, BMI 30.2 kg/m2 , WHR 0.94, eGFR 99.2 ml/min/1.73m2 ). The overall prevalence of albuminuria, diabetes, microscopic-haem and ACEI/ARB use was 41.5%, 41.5%, 17.8% and 34.7% respectively; 69.3% of adults with albuminuria and diabetes received an ACEI/ARB. Using multivariable linear regression modelling, the potentially modifiable factors independently associated with log2-albuminuria were microscopic-haem, diabetes, WHR, systolic BP, alkaline phosphatase (all positive) and eGFR (inverse). CONCLUSION Albuminuria is associated with diabetes, central obesity and haematuria. High ACEI/ARB prescribing for adults with diabetes and albuminuria was observed. Further understanding of the links between fat deposition, haematuria and albuminuria is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Hughes
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - L J Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - M Thomas
- Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - P D Lawton
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - A Sinha
- Cairns Base Hospital and Diabetes Centre, Cairns, Australia
| | - A Cass
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - F Barzi
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Grd Jones
- SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Jerums
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne.,Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R J MacIsaac
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - K O'Dea
- Centre for Population Health Research, Australia
| | - W E Hoy
- Centre for Chronic Disease, The University of Queensland, Australia
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105
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Kim JG, Chang K, Choo EH, Lee JM, Seung KB. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase is a predictor of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11393. [PMID: 30024510 PMCID: PMC6086492 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease. However, the association between GGT and long-term mortality has not been studied in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).A total of 2239 AMI patients for whom serum GGT values were available and who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled in the COREA-AMI (CardiOvascular Risk and idEntificAtion of potential high-risk population in Korean patients with AMI) registry. Patients with acute liver injury were excluded. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to normal (n = 1983) or elevated (n = 256) levels of serum GGT. The primary clinical outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome was cardiac death and recurrent non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI).The median follow-up period was 3.7 years, and both groups had similar characteristics. Patients with elevated GGT had significantly higher all-cause mortality compared to patients with normal GGT (21.9% vs. 14.4%, P = .001). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that elevated serum GGT level was independently correlated with mortality (hazard ratio 2.12[1.44-3.11]; P < .001). Although elevated serum GGT was independently associated with long-term mortality after 30 days after PCI, there was no association within 30 days after PCI. Elevated GGT was also associated with death of cardiac causes with statistical significance. In the subgroup analysis, stronger associations were observed in the young and female patients and in patients who had ST-segment elevation MI and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction at the first echocardiography after the indexed PCI.Elevated serum GGT is an independent predictor of long-term mortality in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gyung Kim
- Cardiovascular Center and Cardiology Division, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu
| | - Kiyuk Chang
- Cardiovascular Center and Cardiology Division, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ho Choo
- Cardiovascular Center and Cardiology Division, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Cardiovascular Center and Cardiology Division, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Cardiovascular Center and Cardiology Division, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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106
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Estimation of the parameters of the extended growth curve model under multivariate skew normal distribution. J MULTIVARIATE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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107
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Long-term risk for end-stage kidney disease and death in a large population-based cohort. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7729. [PMID: 29769597 PMCID: PMC5955909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of metabolic risk factors for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the general population is limited when considering the competing event death in risk analysis. The aim of our prospective observational study was to investigate how blood pressure and metabolic factors might influence the risks for ESKD and death before ESKD in a large Austrian population-based cohort with long-term follow-up. 177,255 participants (53.8% women; mean age 42.5 years) were recruited between 1988 and 2005 and linked to the Austrian Dialysis and Transplant Registry and the National Mortality Registry. Over a mean follow-up of 16 years 358 participants reached ESKD and 19,512 participants died. Applying fully adjusted cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertension, hypertrigylceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were associated with a higher relative risk for ESKD than for death before ESKD, whereas elevated γ-glutamyltransferase was associated with an increased relative risk of death but not ESKD. Results were similar using continuous or categorical exposure variable measures in the general cohort but differed in selected high-risk populations. These findings might help improve the design of renal risk factor modification trials and kidney disease awareness and prevention programs in the general population, which may ultimately decrease the burden of ESKD.
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108
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Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Delling FN, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Lutsey PL, Mackey JS, Matchar DB, Matsushita K, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, O'Flaherty M, Palaniappan LP, Pandey A, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Ritchey MD, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Shah SH, Spartano NL, Tirschwell DL, Tsao CW, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018; 137:e67-e492. [PMID: 29386200 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4510] [Impact Index Per Article: 751.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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109
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Plasma Neuregulin 4 Levels Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Patients Newly Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6974191. [PMID: 29721105 PMCID: PMC5867541 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6974191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) has been proposed to play a role in the pathogeneses of obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. However, information about the link between Nrg4 and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is scarce, especially in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (nT2DM). This study aimed at investigating whether Nrg4 is associated with MetS in nT2DM patients. A total of 311 patients with nT2DM were recruited. Plasma Nrg4 concentration was determined by ELISA. Plasma Nrg4 concentration was lower in nT2DM patients with MetS than in nT2DM patients without MetS (P = 0.001). Nrg4 concentration showed negative correlations with most of the analyzed indicators of MetS. MetS was less prevalent among subjects in the highest quartile of plasma Nrg4 concentration than among those in the lowest quartile (P < 0.01). Age- and sex-adjusted plasma Nrg4 concentrations were positively correlated with concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A (both P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase concentrations, neutrophil count, and white blood cell (WBC) count (all P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, Nrg4 was independently associated with hs-CRP level, WBC count, and HDL-C level (P = 0.001 or P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis of MetS prediction by Nrg4 revealed an odds ratio of 0.560 (95% CI: 0.374-0.837; P < 0.01). Decreased plasma Nrg4 levels, which may be associated with augmented oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, might be involved in the development of MetS in nT2DM patients.
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110
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Gene-by-environment interactions in urban populations modulate risk phenotypes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:827. [PMID: 29511166 PMCID: PMC5840419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the interaction between genomes and the environment is a principal challenge of modern genomics and preventive medicine. While theoretical models are well defined, little is known of the G × E interactions in humans. We used an integrative approach to comprehensively assess the interactions between 1.6 million data points, encompassing a range of environmental exposures, health, and gene expression levels, coupled with whole-genome genetic variation. From ∼1000 individuals of a founder population in Quebec, we reveal a substantial impact of the environment on the transcriptome and clinical endophenotypes, overpowering that of genetic ancestry. Air pollution impacts gene expression and pathways affecting cardio-metabolic and respiratory traits, when controlling for genetic ancestry. Finally, we capture four expression quantitative trait loci that interact with the environment (air pollution). Our findings demonstrate how the local environment directly affects disease risk phenotypes and that genetic variation, including less common variants, can modulate individual’s response to environmental challenges. Individuals with different genotypes may respond differently to environmental variation. Here, Favé et al. find substantial impacts of different environment exposures on the transcriptome and clinical endophenotypes when controlling for genetic ancestry by analyzing data from ∼1000 individuals from a founder population in Quebec.
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111
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Choi KM, Han K, Park S, Chung HS, Kim NH, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, Park YG, Kim SM. Implication of liver enzymes on incident cardiovascular diseases and mortality: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3764. [PMID: 29491346 PMCID: PMC5830612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although liver enzymes, such as γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), have recently been suggested as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), impact on mortality after myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemic stroke (IS) was not previously examined. Using a population-based, nationwide cohort database, we explored the implication of GGT and aminotransferases on the development of CVD and all-cause mortality during a median 9.1 years of follow-up. Among 16,624,006 Korean adults, both GGT and aminotransferases exhibited a positive relationship with MI, IS, and mortality in a multivariate adjusted model. ALT and AST showed U-shaped associations with mortality, whereas GGT showed a positive linear relationship with mortality. The risk of 1-year mortality after MI or IS was significantly higher in the highest quartile of GGT compared to the lowest quartile (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.40-1.52). The implication of GGT on MI, IS, and mortality persisted regardless of traditional cardiovascular risk parameters. This study demonstrated the unique pattern of association of ALT, AST, and GGT with the development of CVD and all-cause mortality in the Korean population. In particular, GGT showed the most robust linear relationship with mortality before and after cardiovascular events independent of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Soo Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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112
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Yang W, Kim CK, Kim DY, Jeong HG, Lee SH. Gamma-glutamyl transferase predicts future stroke: A Korean nationwide study. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:375-386. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wookjin Yang
- Department of Neurology; Seoul National University Hospital
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute
| | - Chi Kyung Kim
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute
- Department of Neurology; Korea University Guro Hospital and Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Neurology; Seoul National University Hospital
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute
| | - Han-Gil Jeong
- Department of Neurology; Seoul National University Hospital
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurology; Seoul National University Hospital
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute
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113
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophilic xenobiotics and some endogenous compounds are detoxified by conversion to the corresponding glutathione S-conjugate, which is metabolized to the N-acetylcysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate) and excreted. Some mercapturate pathway components, however, are toxic. Bioactivation (toxification) may occur when the glutathione S-conjugate (or mercapturate) is converted to a cysteine S-conjugate that undergoes a β-lyase reaction. If the sulfhydryl-containing fragment produced in this reaction is reactive, toxicity may ensue. Some drugs and halogenated workplace/environmental contaminants are bioactivated by this mechanism. On the other hand, cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases occur in nature as a means of generating some biologically useful sulfhydryl-containing compounds.
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114
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Alissa EM. Relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in metabolic syndrome. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:430-434. [PMID: 30090789 PMCID: PMC6060918 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_194_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the associations of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in Saudi adults. Methods The study comprised 400 participants (70 men and 330 women), aged between 40 and 88 years, randomly selected from the medicine clinics at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in a cross-sectional study design. A standardized questionnaire was used to determine demographics variables, general health, lifestyle habits, and medical history. Anthropometric and biochemical variables measurements were taken for all study participants. MetS was defined according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute report, by the presence of abdominal obesity. Results Higher means for triglycerides and insulin resistance indices (P < 0.0001) was found among those in the second, third, and fourth GGT quartiles as compared with their counterparts in the first quartile. McAuley index (β = -0.239, P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval: -4.1--1.5) was shown to be a major determinant of circulating GGT in a multivariate analysis. Conclusion Elevated serum GGT could be a cardiometabolic risk factor either as a mediator of low-grade systemic inflammation and as a mediator of oxidative stress through mediation of extracellular glutathione transport into cells of organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mokbel Alissa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Elemental Spectroscopy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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115
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Ndrepepa G, Colleran R, Kastrati A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 476:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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116
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γ-Glutamyltransferase Fractions in Obese Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: Relation to Insulin Sensitivity and Effects of Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2017; 28:1363-1371. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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117
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Prytuła AA, Cransberg K, Bouts AHM, van Schaik RHN, de Jong H, de Wildt SN, Mathôt RAA. The Effect of Weight and CYP3A5 Genotype on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Stable Paediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 55:1129-43. [PMID: 27138785 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in paediatric patients at least 1 year after renal transplantation and simulate individualised dosage regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 54 children with median age of 11.1 years (range 3.8-18.4 years) with 120 pharmacokinetic profiles performed over 2 to 4 h. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the non-linear mixed-effects modelling software (NONMEM(®)). The impact of covariates including concomitant medications, age, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP3A5*3 gene and the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette protein B1 (ABCB1) 3435 C→T gene polymorphism on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics was analysed. The final model was externally validated on an independent dataset and dosing regimens were simulated. RESULTS A two-compartment model adequately described tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was associated with weight (allometric scaling) but not age. Children with lower weight and CYP3A5 expressers required higher weight-normalised tacrolimus doses. CL/F was inversely associated with haematocrit (P < 0.05) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) (P < 0.001) and was increased by 45 % in carriers of the CYP3A5*1 allele (P < 0.001). CL/F was not associated with concomitant medications. Dose simulations show that a daily tacrolimus dose of 0.2 mg/kg generates a pre-dose concentration (C 0) ranging from 5 to 10 µg/L depending on the weight and CYP3A5 polymorphism. The median area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) corresponding with a tacrolimus C 0 of 4-8 µg/L was 97 h·µg/L (interquartile range 80-120). CONCLUSIONS In patients beyond the first year after transplantation, there is a cumulative effect of CYP3A5*1 polymorphism and weight on the tacrolimus C 0. Children with lower weight and carriers of the CYP3A5*1 allele have higher weight-normalised tacrolimus dose requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Prytuła
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Paediatric Nephrology Department, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Karlien Cransberg
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonia H M Bouts
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib de Jong
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy-Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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118
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So-Armah KA, Lim JK, Re VL, Tate JP, Chang CCH, Butt AA, Gibert CL, Rimland D, Marconi VC, Goetz MB, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Budoff MJ, Tindle HA, Samet JH, Justice AC, Freiberg MS. FIB-4 stage of liver fibrosis predicts incident heart failure among HIV-infected and uninfected patients. Hepatology 2017; 66:1286-1295. [PMID: 28543215 PMCID: PMC5609079 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver fibrosis is common, particularly in individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-infected individuals have excess congestive heart failure (CHF) risk compared with uninfected people. It remains unknown whether liver fibrosis stage influences the CHF risk or if HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection modifies this association. Our objectives were to assess whether 1) stage of liver fibrosis is independently associated with incident CHF and 2) the association between stage of liver fibrosis and incident CHF is modified by HIV/HCV status. Participants alive on or after April 1, 2003, in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study were included. Those without prevalent cardiovascular disease were followed until their first CHF event, death, last follow-up date, or December 31, 2011. Liver fibrosis was measured using the fibrosis 4 index (FIB-4), which is calculated using age, aminotransferases, and platelets. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Among 96,373 participants over 6.9 years, 3844 incident CHF events occurred. FIB-4 between 1.45 and 3.25 (moderate fibrosis) and FIB-4 > 3.25 (advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis) were associated with CHF (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.17 [1.07-1.27] and 1.65 [1.43-1.92], respectively). The association of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis and incident CHF persisted regardless of HIV/HCV status. CONCLUSION Moderate and advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis are associated with an increased risk of CHF. The association for advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis persists even among participants without hepatitis C and/or HIV infection. Assessing liver health may be important for reducing the risk of future CHF events, particularly among HIV and hepatitis C infected people among whom cardiovascular disease risk is elevated and liver disease is common. (Hepatology 2017;66:1286-1295).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph K. Lim
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vincent Lo Re
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janet P. Tate
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chung-Chou H. Chang
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adeel A. Butt
- Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA,Hamad Healthcare Quality Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cynthia L. Gibert
- VA Medical Center & George Washington University School of Medicine and Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Rimland
- Atlanta VA Medical Center & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Atlanta VA Medical Center; Emory University School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Matthew B. Goetz
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | | | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey H. Samet
- Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C. Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew S. Freiberg
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Association between plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions and metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12003. [PMID: 28931896 PMCID: PMC5607275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the risk factors associated to metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertension shows the highest prevalence in Italy. We investigated the relationship between the newly identified serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) fractions, b- s- m- f-GGT, and risk factors associated to MetS in hypertensive patients. A total of ninety-five consecutive hypertensive patients were enrolled. GGT fractions were analysed by gel-filtration chromatography, and hepatic steatosis was evaluated by ultrasound. MetS was diagnosed in 36% of patients. Considering the whole group, b- and f-GGT showed the highest positive correlation with BMI, glucose, triglycerides and insulin, and the highest negative correlation with HDL cholesterol. While both serum triglycerides and insulin were independently associated with b-GGT levels, only triglycerides were independently associated with f-GGT. The values of b-GGT activity increased with steatosis grade (g0 = 1.19; g2 = 3.29; ratio g2/g0 = 2.75, p < 0.0001 linear trend). Patients with MetS showed higher levels of b-GGT, m-GGT and f-GGT [median (25th-75th) U/L: 3.19 (1.50-6.59); 0.55 (0.26-0.81); 10.3 (9.1-13.6); respectively] as compared to subjects presenting with one or two MetS criteria [1.75 (0.95-2.85), p < 0.001; 0.33 (0.19-0.60), p < 0.05; 8.8 (7.0-10.6), p < 0.001]. Our data point to a potential role for b- and f-GGT fractions in identifying MetS patients among hypertensive subjects, thus providing a minimally invasive blood-based tool for MetS diagnosis.
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120
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Shu Y, Li R, Qiu W, Chang Y, Sun X, Fang L, Chen C, Yang Y, Lu Z, Hu X, Kermode AG. Association of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and C-reactive proteins with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 18:65-70. [PMID: 29107207 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have demonstrated that serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) within normal range might be an early marker of oxidative stress. However the role of GGT in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown. METHODS We assessed the correlations among GGT and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as well as clinical characteristics of NMO and MS. Serum GGT and CRP levels were measured in 106 NMO patients, 87 MS patients, 79 patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (Parkinson disease) and 80 healthy controls (HC). Clinical parameters, blood-brain barrier (BBB) index and Delpech index of MS and NMO were also investigated. RESULTS We found that NMO patients had higher serum GGT and CRP levels within their normal ranges compared to MS, PD, healthy controls. NMO patients exhibited significantly higher EDSS scores than MS patients. The BBB index in NMO patients was significantly higher than that in MS patients. Significant correlations existed between serum GGT and CRP levels and EDSS scores, BBB index in NMO and MS patients. CONCLUSION Elevated GGT and CRP levels within their normal ranges in NMO and MS may be associated with inflammatory response, oxidative stress and BBB disturbance in the diseases. Further study into the underlying pathophysiology of this relationship is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yanyu Chang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance syndrome is a constellation of obesity-related metabolic derangements predisposing to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In 1998, WHO defined the first criteria of MetS. Three years later, the user-friendly National Cholesterol Education Program criteria of MetS were proposed. Different criteria were issued by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005, making abdominal obesity a necessary component. Several international societies, including The International Diabetes Federation, jointly adopted the revised National Cholesterol Education Program criteria as harmonizing criteria of MetS in 2009. WHO warned the next year that MetS has limited practical utility as a management tool. Adipose tissue inflammation has been shown to be a fundamental mechanism of metabolic derangements, associated with ectopic lipid deposit and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle and the liver.
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122
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Lin CM, Hsieh CH, Lee CH, Pei D, Lin JD, Wu CZ, Liang YJ, Hung YJ, Chen YL. Predictive Value of Serum Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase for Future Cardiometabolic Dysregulation in Adolescents- a 10-year longitudinal study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9636. [PMID: 28851958 PMCID: PMC5574888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults. The relationships between γ-GT and cardiometabolic dysregulation remains unclear in adolescents. We enrolled 7,072 Taiwanese adolescents and followed them for a median of 6.8 years. The optimal cut-off values (CoVs) of baseline γ-GT to predict future MetS, hypertension (HTN), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were determined by receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Using these CoVs, the participants were divided into normal- and high-level groups. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for the subjects with a high level of γ-GT for the risk of future cardiometabolic dysregulation. Serum γ-GT was significantly higher in the subjects with MetS than in those without MetS at baseline (p < 0.001). The optimal CoVs of γ-GT were 12 U/L for boys and 11 U/L for girls. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, a higher serum γ-GT level increased the risk of future MetS (HRs 1.98 and 2.85 for boys and girls, respectively, both p < 0.001), but not new onset HTN and T2DM. In conclusion, serum γ-GT levels not only demonstrated an excellent correlation with the presence of MetS and also in predicting future MetS in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Diann Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ze Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Jen Liang
- Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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123
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Cantero I, Abete I, Babio N, Arós F, Corella D, Estruch R, Fitó M, Hebert JR, Martínez-González MÁ, Pintó X, Portillo MP, Ruiz-Canela M, Shivappa N, Wärnberg J, Gómez-Gracia E, Tur JA, Salas-Salvadó J, Zulet MA, Martínez JA. Dietary Inflammatory Index and liver status in subjects with different adiposity levels within the PREDIMED trial. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1736-1743. [PMID: 28734553 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To assess the possible association between a validated Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and specific dietary components with suitable non-invasive markers of liver status in overweight and obese subjects within the PREDIMED study. METHODS A cross-sectional study encompassing 794 randomized overweight and obese participants (mean ± SD age: 67.0 ± 5.0 y, 55% females) from the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) trial was conducted. DII is a validated tool evaluating the effect of diet on six inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and C-reactive protein). Furthermore, a validated 137-item food-frequency-questionnaire was used to obtain the information about the food intake. In addition, anthropometric measurements and several non-invasive markers of liver status were assessed and the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) score was calculated. RESULTS A higher DII and lower adherence to Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) were associated with a higher degree of liver damage (FLI > 60) in obese as compared to overweight participants. Furthermore, the DII score was positively associated with relevant non-invasive liver markers (ALT, AST, GGT and FLI) and directly affected FLI values. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between liver damage (>50th percentile FLI) and nutrients and foods linked to a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern. CONCLUSIONS This study reinforced the concept that obesity is associated with liver damage and revealed that the consumption of a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern might contribute to obesity and fatty liver disease features. These data suggest that a well-designed precision diet including putative anti-inflammatory components could specifically prevent and ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver manifestations in addition to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cantero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Itziar Abete
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
| | - Fernando Arós
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Araba, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Fitó
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R Hebert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - M Ángel Martínez-González
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge-IDIBELL-UB, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M Puy Portillo
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Araba, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Malaga, Spain
| | | | - J Antoni Tur
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
| | - M Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yadav D, Lee MY, Kim JY, Ryu H, Huh JH, Bae KS, Ahn SV, Chung CH, Park JT, Koh SB. Combined Effect of Initial and Longitudinal Increases in γ-Glutamyltransferase on Incident Metabolic Syndrome: ARIRANG Study. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:763-769. [PMID: 28540989 PMCID: PMC5447107 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.4.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is well known to be associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), prospective data on baseline and longitudinal changes in GGT levels and incident cases of MS are limited. We aimed to examine prospective associations between changes in GGT levels over time, as well as at baseline, and incident MS in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2579 Korean adults free of MS were followed up for 2.6 years. Data were collected from 2005-2008 (baseline) and from 2008-2011 (follow-up). Serum GGT levels were determined by enzymatic methods. RESULTS During follow-up, 558 participants (21.6%) developed MS. A gradual increase in the incidence of MS was observed across GGT quartiles. After adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for new onset MS, comparing the highest to the lowest quartiles of baseline GGT, was 2.07 (95% CI: 1.52-2.80). The odds ratio for the highest GGT changes (>4 IU/L increase) in comparison to the lowest GGT changes (<-5 IU/L decrease) was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.32-2.33). Among participants with baseline GGT concentrations <the median, the odds ratio for incident MS, comparing participants with the highest GGT changes with the lowest GGT changes, was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.01-2.31). Among participants with baseline GGT concentration ≥the median, the corresponding odds ratio was 2.75 (95% CI: 1.84-4.10). CONCLUSION High initial GGT concentration and increases in GGT concentration over time should be considered independent predictors of and to have a combined effect on incident MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- Department of Interanl Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jang Young Kim
- Department of Interanl Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Huh
- Department of Interanl Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Keum Seok Bae
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Song Vogue Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Interanl Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong Taek Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Sang Baek Koh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Wang Q, Shu X, Dong Y, Zhou J, Teng R, Shen J, Chen Y, Dong M, Zhang W, Huang Y, Xie S, Wei Q, Zhao W, Chen W, Yuan X, Qi X, Wang L. Tumor and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, new prognostic and molecular interpretation of an old biomarker in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:36171-36184. [PMID: 28404903 PMCID: PMC5482647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric Cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme mainly involved in cellular glutathione homeostasis. We aim to explore the clinical value of GGT in gastric cancer. RESULTS Among 322 patients enrolled, 65/82 patients were determined as GGT positive in serum/tumor, respectively. High tumor GGT expression is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, histological subtype, and Her2 expression. Kaplan-Meier curve shows that high tumor GGT patients have shorter overall survival (P log-rank=0.001) and progress-free survival (P log-rank =0.001). Patients with both high tumor and serum GGT have the poorest prognosis. The multivariable Cox analysis shows that the hazard ratio of overall survival for high tumor GGT is 1.69 (95% CI 1.19-2.37). High serum GGT is a poor prognostic factor in adjuvant chemotherapy hazard ratio=2.18, 95%CI (1.15-4.47). These findings were further validated in six online datasets. Gene Sets Enrichment Analysis showed that GGT promotes cancer progression through EMT, KRAS, SRC and PKCA pathways. METHODS Tumor GGT and serum GGT levels were evaluated with immuno-histochemistry staining and enzymatic assay, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression model were used to test the association between GGT and gastric cancer prognosis. Independent datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus and Gene Sets Enrichment Analysis were applied to validate the findings and explore the potential mechanisms. CONCLUSION Both tumor GGT and serum GGT are poor prognostic factors in gastric cancer. Patients with high tumor and serum GGT levels require more intense treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yong Dong
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongyue Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Dong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yasheng Huang
- Department of Unrology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuduo Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhe Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Qi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Kawakami K, Fujita Y, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Horie K, Kameyama K, Kato T, Masunaga K, Kasuya Y, Tanaka M, Mizutani K, Deguchi T, Ito M. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in exosomes as a potential marker for prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:316. [PMID: 28476099 PMCID: PMC5420129 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes or extracellular vesicles have the potential as a diagnostic marker for various diseases including cancer. In order to identify novel exosomal markers for prostate cancer (PC), we performed proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from PC cell lines and examined the usefulness of the marker in patients. Methods Exosomes isolated by differential centrifugation from the culture medium of androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and its sublines of partially androgen-independent C4, androgen-independent C4–2 and bone metastatic C4–2B were subjected to iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Exosomes were also isolated by immunocapture and separated by size exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. GGT activity was measured using a fluorescent probe, γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green (gGlu-HMRG). Immunohistochemical analysis of tissues was performed using anti-GGT1 antibody. Results Among proteins upregulated in C4–2 and C4–2B cells than in LNCaP cells, we focused on gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1), a cell-surface enzyme that regulates the catabolism of extracellular glutathione. The levels of both GGT1 large and small subunits were elevated in exosomes isolated from C4–2 and C4–2B cells by differential centrifugation and by immunocapture with anti-CD9 or -prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody. In cell lysates and exosomes, GGT1 expression correlated with GGT activity. Size exclusion chromatography of human serum demonstrated the presence of GGT activity and GGT1 subunits in fractions positive for CD9. Density gradient centrifugation revealed the co-presence of GGT1 subunits with CD9 in exosomes isolated by differential centrifugation from human serum. Since GGT activity correlated with GGT1 expression in serum exosomes isolated by differential centrifugation, we measured serum exosomal GGT activity in patients. Unexpectedly, we found that serum exosomal GGT activity was significantly higher in PC patients than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. In support of this finding, immunohistochemical analysis showed increased GGT1 expression in PC tissues compared with BPH tissues. Conclusions Our results suggest that serum exosomal GGT activity could be a useful biomarker for PC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3301-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Kawakami
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujita
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kengo Horie
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Koji Kameyama
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Koichi Masunaga
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kasuya
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mizutani
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Takashi Deguchi
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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127
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Seo Y, Aonuma K. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase as a Risk Biomarker of Cardiovascular Disease - Does It Have Another Face? Circ J 2017; 81:783-785. [PMID: 28450670 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Seo
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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128
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Bharani V, Ramesh V, Rao RN, Tewari S. Evaluation of gamma glutamyl transferase as a marker of cardiovascular risk, in 200 angiographically proven coronary artery disease patients. Indian Heart J 2017. [PMID: 28648423 PMCID: PMC5485402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is emerging as a promising marker for assessing cardiovascular risk. GGT predicts cardiovascular mortality in the population and is positively associated with traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was undertaken on 200 north Indian CAD patients diagnosed with coronary angiography to study relation of GGT with risk factors for CAD and severity of CAD. GGT values ranged from 5 to 69U/L and were divided in 4 quartiles. GGT was positively associated with triglyceride (p=0.008) and VLDL cholesterol (p=0.002) in our subjects. Also an increase in total cholesterol from GGT quartile I to quartile IV (p=0.28) was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Bharani
- Dept. of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - V Ramesh
- Dept. of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ram Nawal Rao
- Dept. of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Satyendra Tewari
- Dept of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Mackey RH, Matsushita K, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Thiagarajan RR, Reeves MJ, Ritchey M, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sasson C, Towfighi A, Tsao CW, Turner MB, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 135:e146-e603. [PMID: 28122885 PMCID: PMC5408160 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6083] [Impact Index Per Article: 869.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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130
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Oxidative balance score and serum γ-glutamyltransferase level among Korean adults: a nationwide population-based study. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1237-1244. [PMID: 28258305 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The oxidative balance score (OBS) comprises dietary and non-dietary lifestyle pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Elevated serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level has currently emerged as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In this study, we examined whether OBS was inversely associated with serum GGT level and whether OBS could be a useful marker to predict GGT among Korean adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on data obtained from the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2087 men and 2071 women were included in final analysis. The OBS was divided into five equal interval categories, and GGT was dichotomized into low and high using its sex-specific median value. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between OBS categories and high GGT. RESULTS Compared with the lowest OBS category as reference, the multivariable adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the highest OBS category of men and women were 0.05 (0.01-0.19) and 0.27 (0.09-0.78), respectively (p for trend <0.01). CONCLUSION A higher OBS that indicates a predominance of antioxidant over pro-oxidant exposure was strongly inversely associated with GGT level among Korean adults.
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131
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Wang J, Zhang D, Huang R, Li X, Huang W. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172631. [PMID: 28231268 PMCID: PMC5322906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) elevation likely contributes to cardiovascular (CV) mortality, however it has remained unknown whether a dose-response relationship exists between serum GGT and CV mortality. METHODS We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases for prospective cohort studies published up to October 2, 2016. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a fixed effects model. FINDINGS Nine prospective studies, including 527,589 participants and more than 7,011 cases, were included in this meta-analysis. For the moderate, high, and highest levels of GGT, the pooled HRs of CV mortality were 1.11 (95% CI = 1.04-1.19), 1.29 (95% CI = 1.21-1.38) and 1.59 (95% CI = 1.47-1.72), respectively (all p < 0.05 as compared to the lowest levels of GGT). Additionally, the HR per incremental increase of GGT by 10 U/L was 1.10 (95% CI = 1.08-1.11). Evidence of a positive relationship with nonlinear trend for GGT elevation with CV mortality in females was found (P = 0.04 for nonlinearity). However, a linear model was better fit to illustrate the GGT-CV mortality among males (P = 0.304 for nonlinearity). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that serum GGT activity within the reference interval is positively associated with increased risk of CV mortality in a dose-response manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (XSL); (WXH)
| | - Wenxiang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (XSL); (WXH)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) has been introduced as a predictive factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the association of serum GGT and premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in candidates for coronary angiography. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled male subjects aged ≤45 years and female subjects ≤55 years who were candidates for elective coronary angiography due to typical chest pain or a positive non-invasive test. Baseline characteristics were recorded for all the participants and serum levels of blood glucose, lipid profile and GGT were measured. Patients were divided into CAD and non-CAD groups based on angiography for further comparisons. RESULTS From a total of 367 patients (age 45.1 ± 6.1 years, 161 males [43.9%]), 176 (47.9%) patients had premature CAD. A high level of GGT was significantly associated with the presence of CAD (p < 0.001). A 10-unit increase in GGT could strongly predict the presence of premature coronary artery disease (OR: 13.34, 95% CI: 7.19-24.78; p < 0.001) after adjustment for confounders. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GGT was 80.9% (range 76.5-85.3) and the sensitivity and specificity of GGT at a cut-point of 22.5 IU/l was 80.1% and 70.2%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of GGT was 74.9%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value for GGT was 71.3 and 79.3, respectively. CONCLUSION We observed that GGT levels in patients with typical chest pain or positive non-invasive tests could predict the presence of premature CAD in young patients.
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133
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Gamma-glutamyl transferase and atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 465:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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134
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Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:481. [PMID: 28149843 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme located on the external surface of cellular membranes. GGT contributes in maintaining the physiological concentrations of cytoplasmic glutathione and cellular defense against oxidative stress via cleavage of extracellular glutathione and increased availability of amino acids for its intracellular synthesis. Increased GGT activity is a marker of antioxidant inadequacy and increased oxidative stress. Ample evidence suggests that elevated GGT activity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, arterial hypertension, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and all-cause and CVD-related mortality. The evidence is weaker for an association between elevated GGT activity and acute ischemic events and myocardial infarction. The risk for CVD or CVD-related mortality mediated by GGT may be explained by the close correlation of GGT with conventional CVD risk factors and various comorbidities, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol consumption, oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. The finding of GGT activity in atherosclerotic plaques and correlation of intra-plaque GGT activity with histological indexes of plaque instability may suggest a participation of GGT in the pathophysiology of CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. However, whether GGT has a direct role in the pathophysiology of CVD or it is an epiphenomenon of coexisting CVD risk factors or comorbidities remains unknown and Hill's criteria of causality relationship between GGT and CVD are not fulfilled. The exploration whether GGT provides prognostic information on top of the information provided by known cardiovascular risk factors regarding the CVD or CVD-related outcome and exploration of molecular mechanisms of GGT involvement in the pathophysiology of CVD and eventual use of interventions to reduce circulating GGT activity remain a duty of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany;; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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135
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Kunutsor SK. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-friend or foe within? Liver Int 2016; 36:1723-1734. [PMID: 27512925 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a liver enzyme, which is located on the plasma membranes of most cells and organ tissues, but more commonly in hepatocytes, and is routinely used in clinical practice to help indicate liver injury and as a marker of excessive alcohol consumption. Among the liver enzymes, important advances have especially been made in understanding the physiological functions of GGT. The primary role of GGT is the extracellular catabolism of glutathione, the major thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells, which plays a relevant role in protecting cells against oxidants produced during normal metabolism; GGT, therefore, plays an important role in cellular defence. Beyond its physiological functions, circulating serum GGT has been linked to a remarkable array of chronic conditions and diseases, which include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, vascular and nonvascular diseases and mortality outcomes. This review summarizes the available epidemiological and genetic evidence for the associations between GGT and these adverse outcomes, the postulated biologic mechanisms underlying these associations, outlines areas of outstanding uncertainty and the implications for clinical practice.
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136
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Dogan A, Arslan A. Reply to the letter “The relation between inflammation and coronary artery ectasia”. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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137
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Brea Á, Pintó X, Ascaso JF, Blasco M, Díaz Á, González-Santos P, Hernández Mijares A, Mantilla T, Millán J, Pedro-Botet J. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, association with cardiovascular disease and treatment. (I). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2016; 29:141-148. [PMID: 27692633 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a series of histologically lesions similar to those induced by alcohol consumption in people with very little or no liver damage. The importance of NAFLD is its high prevalence in the Western world and, from the point of view of the liver, in its gradual progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. During the last decade it has been observed that NAFLD leads to an increased cardiovascular risk with acceleration of arteriosclerosis and events related to it, being the main cause of its morbidity and mortality. This review, updated to January 2016, consists of two parts, with the first part analysing the association of NAFLD with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Brea
- Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, España.
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Unidad de Lípidos y Riesgo Vascular, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Idibell. CiberObn, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Clínico , Valencia, España
| | - Mariano Blasco
- Atención Primaria, Área Sanitaria de Delicias, Zaragoza, España
| | - Ángel Díaz
- Centro de Salud de Bembibre, Bembibre, León, España
| | | | - Antonio Hernández Mijares
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Universitat de València , Valencia, España
| | - Teresa Mantilla
- Atención Primaria, Centro de Salud de Prosperidad, Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Millán
- Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense , Madrid, España
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- Unidad de Lípidos y Riesgo Vascular, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, España
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138
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Dogan A, Arslan A. Reply to the letter "The relation between inflammation and coronary artery ectasia". Rev Port Cardiol 2016; 35:555-6. [PMID: 27640095 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Dogan
- Cardiology Department, Medical School, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Akif Arslan
- Cardiology Department, Medical School, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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139
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Inácio de Carvalho V, de Carvalho M, Alonzo TA, González-Manteiga W. Functional covariate-adjusted partial area under the specificity-ROC curve with an application to metabolic syndrome diagnosis. Ann Appl Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1214/16-aoas943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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140
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Popov VB, Thompson CC, Kumar N, Ciarleglio MM, Deng Y, Laine L. Effect of Intragastric Balloons on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2477-87. [PMID: 27207181 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intragastric balloons (IGBs) are safe and effective in inducing weight loss in obese patients. The objective of this study was to review and analyze the available data of the effect of IGB on markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver enzymes. METHODS Searches were performed of MEDLINE and Embase databases from inception through January 2016. Study inclusion criteria were the following: ≥5 overweight or obese adult patients undergoing intragastric balloon placement, with liver tests [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)] or markers of NAFLD (e.g., imaging, biopsy) reported before balloon insertion and after balloon removal at 6 months. RESULTS Nine observational studies and one randomized trial were identified. ALT decreased by -10.02 U/l (95 % CI, -13.2, -6.8), GGT decreased by -9.82 U/l (95 % CI, -12.9, -6.8), and BMI decreased by -4.98 kg/m(2) (-5.6, -4.4) with IGB therapy. Hepatic steatosis improved from baseline after 6 months of balloon therapy by magnetic resonance imaging (fat fraction, 16.7 ± 10.9-7.6 ± 9.8, p = 0.003), ultrasound (severe liver steatosis, 52-4 %, p < 0.0001). Histological NAFLD activity score was lower after 6 months of IGB versus control with sham endoscopy and diet (2 ± 0.75 vs. 4 ± 2.25, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The use of intragastric balloon decreases liver enzymes and is potentially an effective short-term treatment for NAFLD as part of a multidisciplinary approach. Larger, more rigorous trials are needed to confirm the effect of IGBs on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta B Popov
- NYU Langone Medical Center and VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, 423 East 23rd Street, 11 North, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Christopher C Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Thorne 14, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Thorne 14, Boston, MA, USA.,Bariatric Endoscopy Institute Gastroenterology Weight Management, Addison, IL, 60101, USA
| | - Maria M Ciarleglio
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 555, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA
| | - Loren Laine
- Yale School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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141
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Chen JT, Kotani K. Serum γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and oxidative stress in subjectively healthy women: an association with menopausal stages. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:619-24. [PMID: 26438207 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) is used as a marker of alcohol-related pathology, while γ-GT is recently considered to be an oxidative stress marker. AIM The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the oxidative status and γ-GT levels, in association with menopausal stages. METHODS In total, 252 women, who were subjectively healthy, were divided into three groups: premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal. The circulating oxidative status was evaluated by the diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) test. In addition to serum γ-GT, routine blood investigations, including lipid, glucose, and inflammatory parameters, were performed. RESULTS The median γ-GT level was 17 U/L and the mean d-ROM level was 335 Carr U in all subjects. On multiple regression analysis, independent significant positive correlations were observed between d-ROM and high-sensitivity CRP levels in three groups, while there was a significant positive correlation between d-ROM and γ-GT levels only in the premenopausal group but not in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups. DISCUSSION The significant relationship between d-ROM and γ-GT at active estrogen stage may indicate a different oxidative stress condition by memopausal stage. The reasons of this relationship should be further explored. CONCLUSION A positive relationship between d-ROM and γ-GT levels, both as known as oxidative stress-related markers, could exist in premenopausal women.
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142
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Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:475-486. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying irregular meal patterns fits in with the latest research focusing not only on what people eat but also when they eat, also called chrono-nutrition. Chrono-nutrition involves studying the impact of nutrition on metabolism via circadian patterns, including three aspects of time: (ir)regularity, frequency and clock time. The present paper aimed to narratively review research on irregular meal patterns and cardiometabolic consequences. Only few cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies were identified, and most of these suggested that eating meals irregularly is associated with a higher risk of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors, including BMI and blood pressure. This was supported by two randomised controlled intervention studies showing that consuming meals regularly for 2 weeks v. an irregular meal pattern, led to beneficial impact on cardiometabolic risk factors as lower peak insulin, lower fasting total and LDL-cholesterol, both in lean and obese women. In conclusion, the limited evidence on meal regularity and cardiometabolic consequences supports the hypothesis that consuming meals irregularly is adversely associated with cardiometabolic risk. However, it also highlights the need for more large-scale studies, including detailed dietary assessment to further advance the understanding of the impact of chrono-nutrition on public health.
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Ali SS, Oni ET, Blaha MJ, Veledar E, Feiz HR, Feldman T, Agatston AS, Blumenthal RS, Conceicao RD, Carvalho JAM, Santos RD, Nasir K. Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase is associated with subclinical inflammation independent of cardiometabolic risk factors in an asymptomatic population: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:37. [PMID: 27195017 PMCID: PMC4870806 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), a marker of oxidative stress, has been suggested to be independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We examined the association of serum GGT levels with the burden of subclinical inflammation across a spectrum of metabolic conditions. Methods We evaluated 5,446 asymptomatic subjects (43 ± 10 years, 78 % males) who had an employer-sponsored physical between 2008 and 2010. Highly sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured as a marker of underlying systemic inflammation. A linear regression of GGT quartiles with log transformed hsCRP and a multivariate logistic regression of GGT quartiles with elevated hsCRP (≥3 mg/L) were performed. Results Median GGT was 31 IU/l (IQR: 22–45 IU/l), 1025 (19 %) had hsCRP ≥ 3 mg/L. The median hsCRP increased with GGT quartiles (Q1: 0.9 mg/L, Q2: 1.1 mg/L, Q3: 1.4 mg/L, Q4: 1.6 mg/L, p < 0.001). Linear regression models showed GGT in the fourth quartile was associated with 0.45 mg/L (95 % CI 0.35, 0.54, p < 0.001) increase in log transformed hsCRP adjusting for risk factors. The Odds Ratio (OR) for an elevated hsCRP (≥3 mg/L) also increased with higher GGT quartiles; GGT Q2 1.44 (95 % CI 1.12, 1.85), GGT Q3 1.89 (95 % CI 1.45, 2.46), GGT Q4 2.22 (95 % CI 1.67, 2.95), compared to GGT Q1. The strength of association increased in the presence of and combination of metabolic conditions. Conclusion In our cohort of asymptomatic individuals a higher serum GGT level was independently associated with increased burden of subclinical inflammation across metabolic states. These findings may explain GGT association with increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozab S Ali
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA ; University of Manchester School of Medicine, Manchester, UK ; Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL USA
| | - Ebenezer T Oni
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA ; Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Emir Veledar
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA
| | - Hamid R Feiz
- Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL USA
| | - Theodore Feldman
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA
| | - Arthur S Agatston
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA
| | - Roger S Blumenthal
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Raquel D Conceicao
- Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose A M Carvalho
- Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul D Santos
- Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Lipid Clinic-Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA ; Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ; Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA ; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
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144
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Ballestri S, Zona S, Targher G, Romagnoli D, Baldelli E, Nascimbeni F, Roverato A, Guaraldi G, Lonardo A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:936-44. [PMID: 26667191 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography. METHODS Pertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed-up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3-14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43-1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71-2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76-1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed-up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3-11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72-1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89-2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05-3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Zona
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dante Romagnoli
- Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrica Baldelli
- Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Nascimbeni
- Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Amedeo Lonardo
- Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy
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145
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Corti A, Fierabracci V, Caponi L, Paolicchi A, Lorenzini E, Campani D, Belcastro E, Franzini M. Effect of the three-dimensional organization of liver cells on the biogenesis of the γ-glutamyltransferase fraction pattern. Biomarkers 2016; 21:441-8. [PMID: 27027926 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Context Four gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) fractions with different molecular weights (big-, medium-, small- and free-GGT) are detectable in human plasma. Objective Verify if liver cells can release all four GGT fractions and if the spatial cell organization influences their release. Methods Hepatoma (HepG2) and melanoma (Me665/2/60) cells were cultured as monolayers or spheroids. GGT released in culture media was analysed by gel-filtration chromatography. Results HepG2 and Me665/2/60 monolayers released the b-GGT fraction, while significative levels of s-GGT and f-GGT were detectable only in media of HepG2-spheroids. Bile acids alone or in combination with papain promoted the conversion of b-GGT in s-GGT or f-GGT, respectively. Conclusions GGT is usually released as b-GGT, while s-GGT and f-GGT are likely to be produced in the liver extracellular environment by the combined action of bile acids and proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Vanna Fierabracci
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Laura Caponi
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Aldo Paolicchi
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Evelina Lorenzini
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Daniela Campani
- b Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy ;,c Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana , Pisa , Italy
| | - Maria Franzini
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy ;,c Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana , Pisa , Italy
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146
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Han KS, Cho DY, Kim YS, Kim KN. Serum Gamma-glutamyl Transferase Concentration Within the Reference Range is Related to the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction in Korean Men: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (V-1, 2010 and V-2, 2011). Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:2006-11. [PMID: 26228210 PMCID: PMC4717947 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.161343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist on the association of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) level within the reference range with the increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) prediction in men. The study examined the association between serum GGT concentration within the reference range and the CHD risk prediction in Korean men. METHODS The study employed data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (V-1, 2010 and V-2, 2011) where a total of 1301 individuals were analyzed. A 10-year CHD risk prediction was computed using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) modified by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). RESULTS Positive correlations were established between log-transformed GGT concentration and FRS (r = 0.237, P < 0.001). After adjustment of body mass index, the amount of alcohol intake and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for intermediate risk and beyond of 10-year CHD prediction (10-year risk ≥10%) with lowest quartile of participants was 1.21 (0.78-1.87) for second quartiles, 1.39 (0.88-2.21) for third quartiles and 2.03 (1.23-3.34) for highest quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum GGT within its reference range was significantly correlated with a 10-year CHD risk prediction estimation using NCEP ATP III in Korean men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyu-Nam Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-Ro, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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147
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Lee H, Shin DW, Lee TH, Yang HK, Ahn E, Yoon JM, Lee HK, Suh B, Son KY, Kim JS, Cho B. Association Between Change in Serum Aminotransferase and Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3158. [PMID: 27015199 PMCID: PMC4998394 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information on how the change in serum aminotransferase affects mortality. We investigated the association between changes in serum aminotransferase levels and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and liver disease.Three percent of men from the Korean National Health Insurance database were sampled randomly at the end of 2002. After excluding patients with cancer, CVD, CVD risk factors, or liver disease, those who participated in 2 consecutive rounds of the national health screening examination were included (n = 68,431). The primary outcome was CVD mortality. Secondary outcomes were liver disease mortality and all-cause mortality. Change in metabolic profiles was analyzed based on changes in liver enzyme levels. Elevated levels of serum aminotransferase were associated with CVD, liver disease, and all-cause mortality. Men who had sustained elevation of serum aminotransferase during 2 subsequent liver enzyme tests showed a significantly higher risk of CVD mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-3.56, 2.29; 1.27-4.12) than the sustained normal group. In contrast, the normalization group (aHR 1.52, 95% CI 0.82-2.81 for aspartate aminotransferase [AST]; aHR 1.35, 95% CI 0.70-2.61 for alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and the new elevation group (aHR 1.27, 0.66-2.44 for AST; aHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.49-2.20 for ALT) were not different from the sustained normal group in CVD mortality.Individuals with serum aminotransferase elevation, particularly when sustained, are at higher risk of mortality, and should receive appropriate medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- From the Department of Family Medicine and Health Promotion Center (HL, DWS, EA, J-MY, H-KL, BS, KYS, JSK, BC), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (DWS, BC), College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (THL), Metro Health Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; and Cancer Policy Branch (H-KY), National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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148
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Choi HS, Kim KJ, Rhee Y, Lim SK. Serum γ-Glutamyl Transferase Is Inversely Associated with Bone Mineral Density Independently of Alcohol Consumption. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:64-71. [PMID: 26676328 PMCID: PMC4803563 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a well-known marker of chronic alcohol consumption or hepatobiliary diseases. A number of studies have demonstrated that serum levels of GGT are independently associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to test if serum GGT levels are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adults. METHODS A total of 462 subjects (289 men and 173 women), who visited Severance Hospital for medical checkup, were included in this study. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Cross-sectional association between serum GGT and BMD was evaluated. RESULTS As serum GGT levels increased from the lowest tertile (tertile 1) to the highest tertile (tertile 3), BMD decreased after adjusting for confounders such as age, body mass index, amount of alcohol consumed, smoking, regular exercise, postmenopausal state (in women), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. A multiple linear regression analysis showed a negative association between log-transformed serum GGT levels and BMD. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, tertile 3 of serum GGT level was associated with an increased risk for low bone mass compared to tertile 1 (odds ratio, 2.271; 95% confidence interval, 1.340 to 3.850; P=0.002). CONCLUSION Serum GGT level was inversely associated with BMD in Korean adults. Further study is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanism of the inverse relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Seok Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kwang Joon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Check-up, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Executive Healthcare Clinic, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kil Lim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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149
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Williams KH, Sullivan DR, Veillard AS, O'Brien R, George J, Jenkins AJ, Young S, Ehnholm C, Duffield A, Twigg SM, Keech AC. Low alanine aminotransferase levels and higher number of cardiovascular events in people with Type 2 diabetes: analysis of the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabet Med 2016; 33:356-64. [PMID: 26433207 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether alanine aminotransferase or gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, as markers of liver health and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, might predict cardiovascular events in people with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS Data from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes study were analysed to examine the relationship between liver enzymes and incident cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary and other cardiovascular death, coronary or carotid revascularization) over 5 years. RESULTS Alanine aminotransferase measure had a linear inverse relationship with the first cardiovascular event occurring in participants during the study period. After adjustment, for every 1 sd higher baseline alanine aminotransferase measure (13.2 U/l), the risk of a cardiovascular event was 7% lower (95% CI 4-13; P = 0.02). Participants with alanine aminotransferase levels below and above the reference range 8-41 U/l for women and 9-59 U/l for men, had hazard ratios for a cardiovascular event of 1.86 (95% CI 1.12-3.09) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.49-0.87), respectively (P = 0.001). No relationship was found for gamma-glutamyltransferase. CONCLUSIONS The data may indicate that in people with Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with higher alanine aminotransferase levels because of prevalent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a low alanine aminotransferase level is a marker of hepatic or systemic frailty rather than health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Williams
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D R Sullivan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A S Veillard
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R O'Brien
- Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J George
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Jenkins
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Young
- Diabetes Clinic, Northshore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C Ehnholm
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Duffield
- Clinical Research Centre, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - S M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A C Keech
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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150
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Shteyer E, Villenchik R, Mahamid M, Nator N, Safadi R. Low Serum Lysosomal Acid Lipase Activity Correlates with Advanced Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:312. [PMID: 26927097 PMCID: PMC4813175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver has become the most common liver disorder and is recognized as a major health burden in the Western world. The causes for disease progression are not fully elucidated but lysosomal impairment is suggested. Here we evaluate a possible role for lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity in liver disease. To study LAL levels in patients with microvesicular, idiopathic cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Medical records of patients with microvesicular steatosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis and NAFLD, diagnosed on the basis of liver biopsies, were included in the study. Measured serum LAL activity was correlated to clinical, laboratory, imaging and pathological data. No patient exhibited LAL activity compatible with genetic LAL deficiency. However, serum LAL activity inversely predicted liver disease severity. A LAL level of 0.5 was the most sensitive for detecting both histologic and noninvasive markers for disease severity, including lower white blood cell count and calcium, and elevated γ-glutamyltransferase, creatinine, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, uric acid and coagulation function. Serum LAL activity <0.5 indicates severe liver injury in patients with fatty liver and cirrhosis. Further studies should define the direct role of LAL in liver disease severity and consider the possibility of replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Shteyer
- The Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel.
| | - Rivka Villenchik
- The Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Mahmud Mahamid
- Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
- Liver Unit, Holy Family Hospital; Safed Medical School, Bar Ilan University, Nazareth 1641110, Israel.
| | - Nidaa Nator
- The Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Rifaat Safadi
- The Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
- Liver Unit, Holy Family Hospital; Safed Medical School, Bar Ilan University, Nazareth 1641110, Israel.
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