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Protective Mechanisms of Flavonoids in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:314560. [PMID: 26576219 PMCID: PMC4630416 DOI: 10.1155/2015/314560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic, debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region in human midbrain. To date, oxidative stress is the well accepted concept in the etiology and progression of Parkinson's disease. Hence, the therapeutic agent is targeted against suppressing and alleviating the oxidative stress-induced cellular damage. Within the past decades, an explosion of research discoveries has reported on the protective mechanisms of flavonoids, which are plant-based polyphenols, in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease using both in vitro and in vivo models. In this paper, we have reviewed the literature on the neuroprotective mechanisms of flavonoids in protecting the dopaminergic neurons hence reducing the symptoms of this movement disorder. The mechanism reviewed includes effect of flavonoids in activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, suppressing the lipid peroxidation, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, flavonoids as a mitochondrial target therapy, and modulation of gene expression in neuronal cells.
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102
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Randall MJ, Haenen GRMM, Bouwman FG, van der Vliet A, Bast A. The tobacco smoke component acrolein induces glucocorticoid resistant gene expression via inhibition of histone deacetylase. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:43-9. [PMID: 26481333 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of cigarette smoke-related death worldwide. Acrolein, a crucial reactive electrophile found in cigarette smoke mimics many of the toxic effects of cigarette smoke-exposure in the lung. In macrophages, cigarette smoke is known to hinder histone deacetylases (HDACs), glucocorticoid-regulated enzymes that play an important role in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid resistant inflammation, a common feature of COPD. Thus, we hypothesize that acrolein plays a role in COPD-associated glucocorticoid resistance. To examine the role of acrolein on glucocorticoid resistance, U937 monocytes, differentiated with PMA to macrophage-like cells were treated with acrolein for 0.5h followed by stimulation with hydrocortisone for 8h, or treated simultaneously with LPS and hydrocortisone for 8h without acrolein. GSH and nuclear HDAC activity were measured, or gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Acrolein-mediated TNFα gene expression was not suppressed by hydrocortisone whereas LPS-induced TNFα expression was suppressed. Acrolein also significantly inhibited nuclear HDAC activity in macrophage-like cells. Incubation of recombinant HDAC2 with acrolein led to the formation of an HDAC2-acrolein adduct identified by mass spectrometry. Therefore, these results suggest that acrolein-induced inflammatory gene expression is resistant to suppression by the endogenous glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Randall
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Guido R M M Haenen
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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103
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Blake DJ, Reese CM, Garcia M, Dahlmann EA, Dean A. Soluble extracellular Klotho decreases sensitivity to cigarette smoke induced cell death in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1647-52. [PMID: 26100223 PMCID: PMC4604604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third leading cause of death in the US and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to cigarette smoke (CS). Exposure to CS induces oxidative stress and can result in cellular senescence in the lung. Cellular senescence can then lead to decreased proliferation of epithelial cells, the destruction of alveolar structure and pulmonary emphysema. The anti-aging gene, klotho, encodes a membrane bound protein that has been shown to be a key regulator of oxidative stress and cellular senescence. In this study the role of Klotho (KL) with regard to oxidative stress and cellular senescence was investigated in human pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke. Individual clones that stably overexpress Klotho were generated through retroviral transfection and geneticin selection. Klotho overexpression was confirmed through RT-qPCR, Western blotting and ELISA. Compared to control cells, constitutive Klotho overexpression resulted in decreased sensitivity to cigarette smoke induced cell death in vitro via a reduction of reactive oxygen species and a decrease in the expression of p21. Our results suggest that increasing Klotho level in pulmonary epithelial cells may be a promising strategy to reduce cellular senescence and mitigate the risk for the development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Blake
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States.
| | - Caitlyn M Reese
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Mario Garcia
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Dahlmann
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Alexander Dean
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
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104
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Signaling network of lipids as a comprehensive scaffold for omics data integration in sputum of COPD patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015. [PMID: 26215076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous and progressive inflammatory condition that has been linked to the dysregulation of many metabolic pathways including lipid biosynthesis. How lipid metabolism could affect disease progression in smokers with COPD remains unclear. We cross-examined the transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics data available on the public domain to elucidate the mechanisms by which lipid metabolism is perturbed in COPD. We reconstructed a sputum lipid COPD (SpLiCO) signaling network utilizing active/inactive, and functional/dysfunctional lipid-mediated signaling pathways to explore how lipid-metabolism could promote COPD pathogenesis in smokers. SpLiCO was further utilized to investigate signal amplifiers, distributers, propagators, feed-forward and/or -back loops that link COPD disease severity and hypoxia to disruption in the metabolism of sphingolipids, fatty acids and energy. Also, hypergraph analysis and calculations for dependency of molecules identified several important nodes in the network with modular regulatory and signal distribution activities. Our systems-based analyses indicate that arachidonic acid is a critical and early signal distributer that is upregulated by the sphingolipid signaling pathway in COPD, while hypoxia plays a critical role in the elevated dependency to glucose as a major energy source. Integration of SpLiCo and clinical data shows a strong association between hypoxia and the upregulation of sphingolipids in smokers with emphysema, vascular disease, hypertension and those with increased risk of lung cancer.
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105
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Dove RE, Leong-Smith P, Roos-Engstrand E, Pourazar J, Shah M, Behndig AF, Mudway IS, Blomberg A. Cigarette smoke-induced induction of antioxidant enzyme activities in airway leukocytes is absent in active smokers with COPD. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2:27837. [PMID: 26557249 PMCID: PMC4629722 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative injury to the airway has been proposed as an important underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As the extent of oxidant-mediated damage is dependent on the endogenous antioxidant defences within the airways, we examined whether COPD was associated with deficiencies in the antioxidant network within the respiratory tract lining fluids (RTLFs) and resident airway leukocytes. We hypothesised that COPD would be associated with both basal depression of antioxidant defences and impaired adaptive antioxidant responses to cigarette smoke. METHODS Low molecular weight and enzymatic antioxidants together with metal-handling proteins were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway leukocytes, derived from current (n=9) and ex-smoking COPD patients (n=15), as well as from smokers with normal lung function (n=16) and healthy never smokers (n=13). RESULTS Current cigarette smoking was associated with an increase in ascorbate and glutathione within peripheral RTLFs in both smokers with normal lung function compared with healthy never smokers and in COPD smokers compared with COPD ex-smokers. In contrast, intra-cellular antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase) were only up-regulated in smokers with normal lung function compared with healthy never smokers and not in actively smoking COPD patients relative to COPD ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of impaired basal antioxidant defences, within either the RTLFs or airway leukocytes in stable ex-smoking COPD patients compared with healthy never smoking controls. Current cigarette smoking induced an up-regulation of low molecular weight antioxidants in the RTLFs of both control subjects with normal lung function and patients with COPD. Importantly, the present data demonstrated a cigarette smoke-induced increase in intra-cellular antioxidant enzyme activities only within the smokers with normal lung function, implying that patients with COPD who continue to smoke will experience enhanced oxidative stress, prompting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund E. Dove
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Pheneatia Leong-Smith
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ester Roos-Engstrand
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mittal Shah
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Annelie F. Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ian S. Mudway
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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106
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Sirtuin 1 and aging theory for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:897327. [PMID: 26236580 PMCID: PMC4506835 DOI: 10.1155/2015/897327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory syndrome that represents an increasing health problem, especially in the elderly population. Drug therapies are symptomatic and inadequate to contrast disease progression and mortality. Thus, there is an urgent need to clarify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this condition in order to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Processes including oxidant/antioxidant, protease/antiprotease, and proliferative/antiproliferative balance and control of inflammatory response become dysfunctional during aging as well as in COPD. Recently it was suggested that Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an antiaging molecule involved in the response to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, is implicated in both development and progression of COPD. The present review focuses on the involvement of SIRT1 in the regulation of redox state, inflammation, and premature senescence, all crucial characteristics of COPD phenotypes. Recent evidence corroborating the statement of the “aging theory for COPD” was also discussed.
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107
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Morissette MC, Shen P, Thayaparan D, Stämpfli MR. Disruption of pulmonary lipid homeostasis drives cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1451-60. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00216914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence links inflammation to the pathogenesis of smoking-related pulmonary diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite an increased understanding of the disease pathogenesis, mechanisms initiating smoking-induced inflammatory processes remain incompletely understood.To investigate the mechanisms that initiate and propagate smoke-induced inflammation, we used a well-characterised mouse model of cigarette smoke exposure, mice deficient for interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and Toll-like receptor 4, and antibodies blocking granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Studies were also pursued using intranasal delivery of human oxidised low-density lipoprotein (hOxLDL), a source of oxidised lipids, to investigate the inflammatory processes associated with impaired lipid homeostasis.We found that cigarette smoke exposure rapidly led to lipid accumulation in pulmonary macrophages, a defining feature of foam cells, which in turn released high levels of IL-1α. In smoke-exposed IL-1α-deficient mice, phospholipids accumulated in the bronchoalveolar lavage, a phenomenon also observed when blocking GM-CSF. Intranasal administration of hOxLDL led to lipid accumulation in macrophages and initiated an inflammatory process that mirrored the characteristics of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation.These findings identify a link between lipid accumulation in macrophages, inflammation and damaged surfactant, suggesting that the response to damaged pulmonary surfactant is a central mechanism that drives cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. Further investigations are required to explore the role of distorted lipid homeostasis in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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108
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Morita K, Masuda N, Oniki K, Saruwatari J, Kajiwara A, Otake K, Ogata Y, Nakagawa K. Association between the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2*2 allele and smoking-related chronic airway obstruction in a Japanese general population: a pilot study. Toxicol Lett 2015; 236:117-22. [PMID: 25978981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) detoxifies exogenous and endogenous toxic aldehydes; however, its protective effect against cigarette smoke in airways is unknown. We therefore examined whether the inactive ALDH2*2 allele is associated with smoking-related chronic airway obstruction. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 684 Japanese participants in a health screening program, and a retrospective longitudinal study in the elderly subgroup. The risks of airway obstruction in the ever-smokers with the ALDH2*1/*2 and *2/*2 genotypes were two and three times higher, respectively, than in the never-smokers with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype. Moreover, the combined effect of smoking and the ALDH2*2 allele was prominent in the asthmatic subjects. In a longitudinal association analysis, the combination of the ALDH2 genotype and pack-years of smoking synergistically increased the risk of airway obstruction. The number of pack-years of smoking at baseline was identified to be a significant predictor of airway obstruction only in the ALDH2*2 allele carriers. In addition, the ALDH2*2 allele was also associated with the incidence of smoking-related airway obstruction, in the Cox proportional hazards model. This pilot study demonstrated for the first time a significant gene-environment interaction between the ALDH2*2 allele and cumulative exposure to cigarette smoke on the risk of airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Morita
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Natsuki Masuda
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ayami Kajiwara
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Otake
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogata
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuko Nakagawa
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Lunghi B, De Cunto G, Cavarra E, Fineschi S, Bartalesi B, Lungarella G, Lucattelli M. Smoking p66Shc knocked out mice develop respiratory bronchiolitis with fibrosis but not emphysema. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119797. [PMID: 25790295 PMCID: PMC4366108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein p66Shc regulates intracellular oxidant levels through the modulation of a forkhead-related transcription factor (FOXO3a). The genetic ablation of p66Shc (p66Shc-/-) renders mice resistant to oxidative stress and p53-dependent apoptosis. We investigated whether p66Shc ablation in mice modifies lung cellular and molecular responses to cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. No differences between wild type (WT) and p66Shc-/- mice were observed in terms of inflammation and oxidant burden after acute CS exposure; however,p66Shc ablation modifies specific features of chronic inflammation induced by repeated exposure to CS. Unlike WT mice, p66Shc-/- mice did not develop emphysema, showing protection toward oxidative damage to DNA and apoptosis as revealed by a trivial 8-hydroxyguanosine staining and faint TUNEL and caspase-3 positivity on alveolar epithelial cells. Unexpectedly, CS exposure in p66Shc-/- mice resulted in respiratory bronchiolitis with fibrosis in surrounded alveoli. Respiratory bronchiolitis was characterized by peribronchiolar infiltrates of lymphocytes and histiocytes, accumulation of ageing pigmented macrophages within and around bronchioles, and peribronchiolar fibrosis. The blockage of apoptosis interferes with the macrophage "clearance" from alveolar spaces, favouring the accumulation of aging macrophages into alveoli and the progressive accumulation of iron pigment in long-lived senescent cells. The presence of areas of interstitial and alveolar fibrosis in peripheral parenchyma often accompanied the bronchiolar changes. Macrophages from smoking p66Shc-/- mice elaborate M2 cytokines (i.e., IL-4 and IL-13) and enzymes (i.e., chitinase and arginase I), which can promote TGF-beta expression, collagen deposition, and fibrosis in the surrounding areas. We demonstrate here that resistance to oxidative stress and p53-dependent apoptosis can modify tissue responses to CS caused by chronic inflammation without influencing early inflammatory response to CS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Lunghi
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Cunto
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cavarra
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Bartalesi
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lungarella
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Lucattelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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110
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Wagner RY, Luciani F, Cario-André M, Rubod A, Petit V, Benzekri L, Ezzedine K, Lepreux S, Steingrimsson E, Taieb A, Gauthier Y, Larue L, Delmas V. Altered E-Cadherin Levels and Distribution in Melanocytes Precede Clinical Manifestations of Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1810-1819. [PMID: 25634357 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting disorder resulting from the loss of melanocytes from the basal epidermal layer. The pathogenesis of the disease is likely multifactorial and involves autoimmune causes, as well as oxidative and mechanical stress. It is important to identify early events in vitiligo to clarify pathogenesis, improve diagnosis, and inform therapy. Here, we show that E-cadherin (Ecad), which mediates the adhesion between melanocytes and keratinocytes in the epidermis, is absent from or discontinuously distributed across melanocyte membranes of vitiligo patients long before clinical lesions appear. This abnormality is associated with the detachment of the melanocytes from the basal to the suprabasal layers in the epidermis. Using human epidermal reconstructed skin and mouse models with normal or defective Ecad expression in melanocytes, we demonstrated that Ecad is required for melanocyte adhesiveness to the basal layer under oxidative and mechanical stress, establishing a link between silent/preclinical, cell-autonomous defects in vitiligo melanocytes and known environmental stressors accelerating disease expression. Our results implicate a primary predisposing skin defect affecting melanocyte adhesiveness that, under stress conditions, leads to disappearance of melanocytes and clinical vitiligo. Melanocyte adhesiveness is thus a potential target for therapy aiming at disease stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselyne Y Wagner
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Flavie Luciani
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Muriel Cario-André
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Rubod
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Laila Benzekri
- Department of Dermatology, Mohammed V University, UFR of Dermatology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Lepreux
- Department of Pathology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A Taieb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yvon Gauthier
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France.
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
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Abstract
In ageing populations many patients have multiple diseases characterised by acceleration of the normal ageing process. Better understanding of the signalling pathways and cellular events involved in ageing shows that these are characteristic of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration. Common mechanisms have now been identified in these diseases, which show evidence of cellular senescence with telomere shortening, activation of PI3K–AKT–mTOR signalling, impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic changes, abnormal microRNA profiles, immunosenescence and low grade chronic inflammation (“inflammaging”). Many of these pathways are driven by chronic oxidative stress. There is also a reduction in anti-ageing molecules, such as sirtuins and Klotho, which further accelerates the ageing process. Understanding these molecular mechanisms has identified several novel therapeutic targets and several drugs have already been developed that may slow the ageing process, as well as lifestyle interventions, such as diet and physical activity. This indicates that in the future new treatment approaches may target the common pathways involved in multimorbidity and this area of research should be given high priority. Thus, COPD should be considered as a component of multimorbidity and common disease pathways, particularly accelerated ageing, should be targeted.
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112
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Pereira J, Porto-Figueira P, Cavaco C, Taunk K, Rapole S, Dhakne R, Nagarajaram H, Câmara JS. Breath analysis as a potential and non-invasive frontier in disease diagnosis: an overview. Metabolites 2015; 5:3-55. [PMID: 25584743 PMCID: PMC4381289 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a small number of diseases, particularly cardiovascular (CVDs), oncologic (ODs), neurodegenerative (NDDs), chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes, form a severe burden to most of the countries worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of efficient diagnostic tools, particularly those enabling reliable detection of diseases, at their early stages, preferably using non-invasive approaches. Breath analysis is a non-invasive approach relying only on the characterisation of volatile composition of the exhaled breath (EB) that in turn reflects the volatile composition of the bloodstream and airways and therefore the status and condition of the whole organism metabolism. Advanced sampling procedures (solid-phase and needle traps microextraction) coupled with modern analytical technologies (proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, e-noses, etc.) allow the characterisation of EB composition to an unprecedented level. However, a key challenge in EB analysis is the proper statistical analysis and interpretation of the large and heterogeneous datasets obtained from EB research. There is no standard statistical framework/protocol yet available in literature that can be used for EB data analysis towards discovery of biomarkers for use in a typical clinical setup. Nevertheless, EB analysis has immense potential towards development of biomarkers for the early disease diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Carina Cavaco
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Rahul Dhakne
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India.
| | - Hampapathalu Nagarajaram
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India.
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
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Shoeb M, Ansari NH, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. 4-Hydroxynonenal in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:230-7. [PMID: 23848536 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastable aldehydes produced by lipid peroxidation act as 'toxic second messengers' that extend the injurious potential of free radicals. 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (HNE), a highly toxic and most abundant stable end product of lipid peroxidation, has been implicated in the tissue damage, dysfunction, injury associated with aging and other pathological states such as cancer, Alzheimer, diabetes, cardiovascular and inflammatory complications. Further, HNE has been considered as a oxidative stress marker and it act as a secondary signaling molecule to regulates a number of cell signaling pathways. Biological activity of HNE depends on its intracellular concentration, which can differentially modulate cell death, growth and differentiation. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for maintaining the intracellular levels of HNE are most important, not only in the defense against oxidative stress but also in the pathophysiology of a number of disease processes. In this review, we discussed the significance of HNE in mediating various disease processes and how regulation of its metabolism could be therapeutically effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shoeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas -77555, USA.
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114
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Veldhuis NA, Poole DP, Grace M, McIntyre P, Bunnett NW. The G Protein–Coupled Receptor–Transient Receptor Potential Channel Axis: Molecular Insights for Targeting Disorders of Sensation and Inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 67:36-73. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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115
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Domej W, Oettl K, Renner W. Oxidative stress and free radicals in COPD--implications and relevance for treatment. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:1207-24. [PMID: 25378921 PMCID: PMC4207545 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s51226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals and other reactive species overwhelm the availability of antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, and their counterpart antioxidant agents are essential for physiological signaling and host defense, as well as for the evolution and persistence of inflammation. When their normal steady state is disturbed, imbalances between oxidants and antioxidants may provoke pathological reactions causing a range of nonrespiratory and respiratory diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the respiratory system, ROS may be either exogenous from more or less inhalative gaseous or particulate agents such as air pollutants, cigarette smoke, ambient high-altitude hypoxia, and some occupational dusts, or endogenously generated in the context of defense mechanisms against such infectious pathogens as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. ROS may also damage body tissues depending on the amount and duration of exposure and may further act as triggers for enzymatically generated ROS released from respiratory, immune, and inflammatory cells. This paper focuses on the general relevance of free radicals for the development and progression of both COPD and pulmonary emphysema as well as novel perspectives on therapeutic options. Unfortunately, current treatment options do not suffice to prevent chronic airway inflammation and are not yet able to substantially alter the course of COPD. Effective therapeutic antioxidant measures are urgently needed to control and mitigate local as well as systemic oxygen bursts in COPD and other respiratory diseases. In addition to current therapeutic prospects and aspects of genomic medicine, trending research topics in COPD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Domej
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Oettl
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Renner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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116
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Transient receptor potential channels and occupational exposure. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 14:77-83. [PMID: 24451914 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The discovery that a number of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are expressed in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower airways as well as in nonneuronal cells in the airways and lungs has initiated a quest for the understanding of their role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the respiratory tract. RECENT FINDINGS Various members of the TRP vanilloid subfamily (TRPV1, TRPV4) and the TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), because of their localization in peptidergic sensory neurons, promote airway neurogenic inflammation. In particular, TRPA1, which is gated by oxidative and nitrative stress byproducts, has been found to mediate inflammatory responses produced by an unprecedented series of toxic and irritant agents produced by air pollution, contained in cigarette smoke, and produced by accidental events at the workplace. The observation that reactive molecules endogenously produced in the airways/lungs of asthma, work-related asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease target TRPA1 underscores the primary role of the TRPA1 channel in these conditions. SUMMARY Identification of TRP channels, and especially TRPA1, as major targets of oxidative/nitrative stress and a variety of irritant environmental agents supports the hypothesis that neurogenic inflammation plays an important role in work-related inflammatory diseases and that antagonists for such channels may be novel therapeutic options for the treatment of these diseases.
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117
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Lin XX, Yang XF, Jiang JX, Zhang SJ, Guan Y, Liu YN, Sun YH, Xie QM. Cigarette smoke extract-induced BEAS-2B cell apoptosis and anti-oxidative Nrf-2 up-regulation are mediated by ROS-stimulated p38 activation. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:575-83. [PMID: 25134437 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.956909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains reactive oxygen (ROS) that can cause oxidative stress. It increases the number of apoptotic and necrotic lung cells and further induces the development of chronic airway disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). CSE exposure induced ROS generation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation that are associated with the activation of apoptosis-regulating signal kinase 1 (ASK-1). N-acetylcysteine (a general antioxidant) attenuated the CSE-induced ASK-1 and p38 MAPK activation and cell apoptosis, suggesting a triggering role of ROS in ASK-1/p38 MAPK activation during apoptotic progression. In contrast, the inhibition and knockdown of p38 attenuated the expression of anti-oxidant master NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and CSE-induced apoptosis, suggesting that p38 MAPK modulates Nrf-2 expression and presumably prevents cell apoptosis. Taken together, the data presented in this manuscript demonstrate that the ROS-dependent ASK-1/p38 signaling cascade regulates CSE-induced BEAS-2B cell apoptosis. In addition, anti-oxidative Nrf-2 is also up-regulated by the ROS/p38 signaling cascade in this progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Lin
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China and
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118
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Amal H, Shi DY, Ionescu R, Zhang W, Hua QL, Pan YY, Tao L, Liu H, Haick H. Assessment of ovarian cancer conditions from exhaled breath. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E614-22. [PMID: 25159530 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a pilot study that aims to examine the possibility to easily and noninvasively detect and discriminate females with ovarian cancer (OC) from females that have no tumor(s) and from females that have benign genital tract neoplasia, using exhaled breath samples. The study is based on clinical samples and data from 182 females, as follows: 48 females with OC, 48 tumor-free controls and 86 females with benign gynecological neoplasia. Analysis of the breath samples with gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry shows that decanal, nonanal, styrene, 2-butanone and hexadecane could serve as potential volatile markers for OC. Analysis of the same samples with tailor-made nanoarrays shows good discrimination between females with OC and females that have either no tumor or benign genital tract neoplasia (71% for accuracy, sensitivity and specificity). Conversely, the nanoarray output shows excellent discrimination between the OC patients and the tumor-free controls (79% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 89% accuracy). These results suggest that the nanoarray approach might be useful to avoid unnecessary complicated or expensive tests for tumor-free females in case of a negative result. In the case of positive result, the test will indicate with high probability the presence of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Amal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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119
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Shi R, Zhang Q, Vriesekoop F, Yuan Q, Liang H. Preparation of organogel with tea polyphenols complex for enhancing the antioxidation properties of edible oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8379-8384. [PMID: 25089366 DOI: 10.1021/jf501512y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Food-grade organogels are semisolid systems with immobilized liquid edible oil in a three-dimensional network of self-assembled gelators, and they are supposed to have a broad range of potential applications in food industries. In this work, an edible organogel with tea polyphenols was developed, which possesses a highly effective antioxidative function. To enhance the dispersibility of the tea polyphenols in the oil phase, a solid lipid-surfactant-tea polyphenols complex (organogel complex) was first prepared according to a novel method. Then, a food-grade organogel was prepared by mixing this organogel complex with fresh peanut oil. Compared with adding free tea polyphenols, the organogel complex could be more homogeneously distributed in the prepared organogel system, especially under heating condition. Furthermore, the organogel loading of tea polyphenols performed a 2.5-fold higher antioxidation compared with other chemically synthesized antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and propyl gallate) by evaluating the peroxide value of the fresh peanut oil based organogel in accelerated oxidation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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120
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Tse HN, Tseng CZS. Update on the pathological processes, molecular biology, and clinical utility of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:825-36. [PMID: 25125976 PMCID: PMC4130719 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s51057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and morbid disease characterized by high oxidative stress. Its pathogenesis is complex, and involves excessive oxidative stress (redox imbalance), protease/antiprotease imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and autoimmunity. Among these, oxidative stress has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COPD by initiating and mediating various redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways and gene expression. The protective physiological mechanisms of the redox balance in the human body, their role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and the clinical correlation between oxidative stress and COPD are reviewed in this paper. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper also reviews the use of NAC in patients with COPD, especially the dose-dependent properties of NAC, eg, its effects on lung function and the exacerbation rate in patients with the disease. Earlier data from BRONCUS (the Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study) did not suggest that NAC was beneficial in patients with COPD, only indicating that it reduced exacerbation in an “inhaled steroid-naïve” subgroup. With regard to the dose-dependent properties of NAC, two recent randomized controlled Chinese trials suggested that high-dose NAC (1,200 mg daily) can reduce exacerbations in patients with COPD, especially in those with an earlier (moderately severe) stage of disease, and also in those who are at high risk of exacerbations. However, there was no significant effect on symptoms or quality of life in patients receiving NAC. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effect of NAC at higher doses in non-Chinese patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Nam Tse
- Medical and Geriatric Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cee Zhung Steven Tseng
- Medical and Geriatric Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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121
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Song MK, Choi HS, Lee HS, Ryu JC. Transcriptome Profile Analysis of Saturated Aliphatic Aldehydes Reveals Carbon Number-Specific Molecules Involved in Pulmonary Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1362-70. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Song
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Han-Seam Choi
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Lee
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Jae-Chun Ryu
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Human and Environmental Toxicology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
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Alagappan VKT, de Boer WI, Misra VK, Mooi WJ, Sharma HS. Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in chronic airway diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:219-34. [PMID: 23975597 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain a global health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite differences in the causal agents, both diseases exhibit various degrees of inflammatory changes, structural alterations of the airways leading to airflow limitation. The existence of transient disease phenotypes which overlap both diseases and which progressively decline the lung function has complicated the search for an effective therapy. Important characteristics of chronic airway diseases include airway and vascular remodeling, of which the molecular mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. Recently, we and others have shown that airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells are not only structural and contractile components of airways, rather they bear capabilities of producing large number of pro-inflammatory and mitogenic factors. Increase in size and number of blood vessels both inside and outside the smooth muscle layer as well as hyperemia of bronchial vasculature are contributing factors in airway wall remodeling in patients with chronic airway diseases, proposing for the ongoing mechanisms like angiogenesis and vascular dilatation. We believe that vascular changes directly add to the airway narrowing and hyper-responsiveness by exudation and transudation of proinflammatory mediators, cytokines and growth factors; facilitating trafficking of inflammatory cells; causing oedema of the airway wall and promoting ASM accumulation. One of the key regulators of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor in concerted action with other endothelial mitogens play pivotal role in regulating bronchial angiogenesis. In this review article we address recent advances in pulmonary angiogenesis and remodelling that contribute in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases.
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123
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Yang Y, Zhang N, Lan F, Van Crombruggen K, Fang L, Hu G, Hong S, Bachert C. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathways in inflammatory airway diseases. Allergy 2014; 69:699-707. [PMID: 24750111 DOI: 10.1111/all.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been reported being involved in the remodeling and immunosuppression processes of inflammatory airway diseases; understanding the regulation of TGF-β1 is therefore a key to unravel the pathomechanisms of these diseases. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on the influencing factors for driving TGF-β1 and its regulatory pathways in inflammatory airway diseases and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to TGF-β1 control. The factors include smoking and oxidative stress, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), bradykinin (BK), and microRNAs (miRs). Based on the summary, new innovative treatment strategies may be developed for inflammatory airway diseases with an impaired expression of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - F. Lan
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Fang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - G. Hu
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - S. Hong
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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124
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Zheng R, Dragomir AC, Mishin V, Richardson JR, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Differential metabolism of 4-hydroxynonenal in liver, lung and brain of mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:43-52. [PMID: 24832492 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lipid peroxidation end-product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is generated in tissues during oxidative stress. As a reactive aldehyde, it forms Michael adducts with nucleophiles, a process that disrupts cellular functioning. Liver, lung and brain are highly sensitive to xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress and readily generate 4-HNE. In the present studies, we compared 4-HNE metabolism in these tissues, a process that protects against tissue injury. 4-HNE was degraded slowly in total homogenates and S9 fractions of mouse liver, lung and brain. In liver, but not lung or brain, NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H markedly stimulated 4-HNE metabolism. Similar results were observed in rat S9 fractions from these tissues. In liver, lung and brain S9 fractions, 4-HNE formed protein adducts. When NADH was used to stimulate 4-HNE metabolism, the formation of protein adducts was suppressed in liver, but not lung or brain. In both mouse and rat tissues, 4-HNE was also metabolized by glutathione S-transferases. The greatest activity was noted in livers of mice and in lungs of rats; relatively low glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in brain. In mouse hepatocytes, 4-HNE was rapidly taken up and metabolized. Simultaneously, 4-HNE-protein adducts were formed, suggesting that 4-HNE metabolism in intact cells does not prevent protein modifications. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to liver, lung and brain have a limited capacity to metabolize 4-HNE. The persistence of 4-HNE in these tissues may increase the likelihood of tissue injury during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Zheng
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ana-Cristina Dragomir
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Environmental Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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125
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO + with some physiologically significant aldehydes obtained using a SRI-TOF-MS instrument. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 363:23-31. [PMID: 25844049 PMCID: PMC4375723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO+ with 22 aldehydes involved in human physiology have been determined under the prevailing conditions of a selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SRI-TOF-MS) at an E/N in the flow/drift tube reactor of 130 Td. The chosen aldehydes were fourteen alkanals (the C2-C11 n-alkanals, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, and 2-ethyl hexanal), six alkenals (2-propenal, 2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-butenal, 3-methyl 2-butenal, 2-methyl 2-butenal, and 2-undecenal), benzaldehyde, and furfural. The product ion fragmentations patterns were determined for both dry air and humid air (3.5% absolute humidity) used as the matrix buffer/carrier gas in the drift tube of the SRI-TOF-MS instrument. Hydride ion transfer was seen to be a common ionization mechanism in all these aldehydes, thus generating (M-H)+ ions. Small fractions of the adduct ion, NO+M, were also seen for some of the unsaturated alkenals, in particular 2-undecenal, and heterocyclic furfural for which the major reactive channel was non-dissociative charge transfer generating the M+ parent ion. Almost all of the reactions resulted in partial fragmentation of the aldehyde molecules generating hydrocarbon ions; specifically, the alkanal reactions resulted in multiple product ions, whereas, the alkenals reactions produced only two or three product ions, dissociation of the nascent excited product ion occurring preferentially at the 2-position. The findings of this study are of particular importance for data interpretation in studies of aldehydes reactions employing SRI-TOF-MS in the NO+ mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstr. 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institut of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
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Wu YL, Lin AH, Chen CH, Huang WC, Wang HY, Liu MH, Lee TS, Ru Kou Y. Glucosamine attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by inhibiting ROS-sensitive inflammatory signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:208-18. [PMID: 24486342 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes persistent lung inflammation that is mainly regulated by redox-sensitive pathways. We have reported that cigarette smoke (CS) activates a NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway leading to induction of lung inflammation. Glucosamine, a dietary supplement used to treat osteoarthritis, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether glucosamine has similar beneficial effects against CS-induced lung inflammation remains unclear. Using a murine model we show that chronic CS exposure for 4 weeks increased lung levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (an oxidative stress biomarker), phospho-AMPK, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and induced lung inflammation; all of these CS-induced events were suppressed by chronic treatment with glucosamine. Using human bronchial epithelial cells, we demonstrate that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) sequentially activated NADPH oxidase; increased intracellular levels of ROS; activated AMPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 3 (STAT3); and induced interleukin-8 (IL-8). Additionally, using a ROS scavenger, a siRNA that targets AMPK, and various pharmacological inhibitors, we identified the signaling cascade that leads to induction of IL-8 by CSE. All these CSE-induced events were inhibited by glucosamine pretreatment. Our findings suggest a novel role for glucosamine in alleviating the oxidative stress and lung inflammation induced by chronic CS exposure in vivo and in suppressing the CSE-induced IL-8 in vitro by inhibiting both the ROS-sensitive NADPH oxidase/AMPK/MAPK signaling pathway and the downstream transcriptional factors NF-κB and STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Lin Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - An-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yu Ru Kou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Morissette MC, Lamontagne M, Bérubé JC, Gaschler G, Williams A, Yauk C, Couture C, Laviolette M, Hogg JC, Timens W, Halappanavar S, Stampfli MR, Bossé Y. Impact of cigarette smoke on the human and mouse lungs: a gene-expression comparison study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92498. [PMID: 24663285 PMCID: PMC3963906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is well known for its adverse effects on human health, especially on the lungs. Basic research is essential to identify the mechanisms involved in the development of cigarette smoke-related diseases, but translation of new findings from pre-clinical models to the clinic remains difficult. In the present study, we aimed at comparing the gene expression signature between the lungs of human smokers and mice exposed to cigarette smoke to identify the similarities and differences. Using human and mouse whole-genome gene expression arrays, changes in gene expression, signaling pathways and biological functions were assessed. We found that genes significantly modulated by cigarette smoke in humans were enriched for genes modulated by cigarette smoke in mice, suggesting a similar response of both species. Sixteen smoking-induced genes were in common between humans and mice including six newly reported to be modulated by cigarette smoke. In addition, we identified a new conserved pulmonary response to cigarette smoke in the induction of phospholipid metabolism/degradation pathways. Finally, the majority of biological functions modulated by cigarette smoke in humans were also affected in mice. Altogether, the present study provides information on similarities and differences in lung gene expression response to cigarette smoke that exist between human and mouse. Our results foster the idea that animal models should be used to study the involvement of pathways rather than single genes in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu C. Morissette
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Maxime Lamontagne
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Bérubé
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | - Gordon Gaschler
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole Yauk
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | - James C. Hogg
- Center for Heart and Lung Health St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin R. Stampfli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health at St. Joseph’s Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
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Sauler M, Leng L, Trentalange M, Haslip M, Shan P, Piecychna M, Zhang Y, Andrews N, Mannam P, Allore H, Fried T, Bucala R, Lee PJ. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L487-96. [PMID: 24441872 PMCID: PMC3949087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00284.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains poorly understood. Cellular senescence and apoptosis contribute to the development of COPD; however, crucial regulators of these underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that antagonizes both apoptosis and premature senescence and may be important in the pathogenesis of COPD. This study examines the role of MIF in the pathogenesis of COPD. Mice deficient in MIF (Mif(-/-)) or the MIF receptor CD74 (Cd74(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) controls were aged for 6 mo. Both Mif(-/-) and Cd74(-/-) mice developed spontaneous emphysema by 6 mo of age compared with WT mice as measured by lung volume and chord length. This was associated with activation of the senescent pathway markers p53/21 and p16. Following exposure to cigarette smoke, Mif(-/-) mice were more susceptible to the development of COPD and apoptosis compared with WT mice. MIF plasma concentrations were measured in a cohort of 224 human participants. Within a subgroup of older current and former smokers (n = 72), MIF concentrations were significantly lower in those with COPD [8.8, 95%CI (6.7-11.0)] compared with those who did not exhibit COPD [12.7 ng/ml, 95%CI (10.6-14.8)]. Our results suggest that both MIF and the MIF receptor CD74 are required for maintenance of normal alveolar structure in mice and that decreases in MIF are associated with COPD in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Sauler
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale Univ. School of Medicine, PO Box 208057, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8057.
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129
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Yao H, Sundar IK, Ahmad T, Lerner C, Gerloff J, Friedman AE, Phipps RP, Sime PJ, McBurney MW, Guarente L, Rahman I. SIRT1 protects against cigarette smoke-induced lung oxidative stress via a FOXO3-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L816-28. [PMID: 24633890 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00323.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and carbonyl stress is increased in lungs of smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rodent lungs. We previously showed that sirtuin1 (SIRT1), an antiaging protein, is reduced in lungs of CS-exposed mice and patients with COPD and that SIRT1 attenuates CS-induced lung inflammation and injury. It is not clear whether SIRT1 protects against CS-induced lung oxidative stress. Therefore, we determined the effect of SIRT1 on lung oxidative stress and antioxidants in response to CS exposure using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, as well as a pharmacological SIRT1 activation by SRT1720. We found that CS exposure increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in lungs of wild-type (WT) mice, which was further augmented in SIRT1-deficient mice. Furthermore, both SIRT1 genetic overexpression and SRT1720 treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress induced by CS exposure. FOXO3 deletion augmented lipid peroxidation products but reduced antioxidants in response to CS exposure, which was not affected by SRT1720. Interestingly, SRT1720 treatment exhibited a similar effect on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants (i.e., manganese superoxide dismutase, heme oxygenase-1, and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1) in WT and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-deficient mice in response to CS exposure. This indicates that SIRT1 protects against CS-induced oxidative stress, which is mediated by FOXO3, but is independent of Nrf2. Overall, these findings reveal a novel function of SIRT1, which is to reduce CS-induced oxidative stress, and this may contribute to its protective effects against lung inflammation and subsequent development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Univ. of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642.
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Babizhayev MA. The detox strategy in smoking comprising nutraceutical formulas of non-hydrolyzed carnosine or carcinine used to protect human health. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:284-316. [PMID: 24220875 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113493306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased oxidative stress in patients with smoking-associated disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is the result of an increased burden of inhaled oxidants as well as increased amounts of reactive oxygen species generated by various inflammatory, immune and epithelial cells of the airways. Nicotine sustains tobacco addiction, a major cause of disability and premature death. In addition to the neurochemical effects of nicotine, behavioural factors also affect the severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms. For some people, the feel, smell and sight of a cigarette and the ritual of obtaining, handling, lighting and smoking a cigarette are all associated with the pleasurable effects of smoking. For individuals who are motivated to quit smoking, a combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioural therapy has been shown to be most effective in controlling the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. In the previous studies, we proposed the viability and versatility of the imidazole-containing dipeptide-based compounds in the nutritional compositions as the telomere protection targeted therapeutic system for smokers in combination with in vitro cellular culture techniques being an investigative tool to study telomere attrition in cells induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and smoke constituents. Our working therapeutic concept is that imidazole-containing dipeptide-based compounds (non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine) can modulate the telomerase activity in the normal cells and can provide the redox regulation of the cellular function under the terms of environmental and oxidative stress and in this way protect the length and the structure of telomeres from attrition. The detoxifying system of non-hydrolyzed carnosine or carcinine can be applied in the therapeutic nutrition formulations or installed in the cigarette filter. Patented specific oral formulations of non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine provide a powerful manipulation tool for targeted therapeutic inhibition of cumulative oxidative stress and inflammation and protection from telomere attrition associated with smoking. It is demonstrated in this work that both non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine are characterized by greater bioavailability than pure l-carnosine subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with carnosinase, and perform the detoxification of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds present in tobacco smoke. We argue that while an array of factors has shaped the history of the 'safer' cigarette, it is the current understanding of the industry's past deceptions and continuing avoidance of the moral implications of the sale of products that cause the enormous suffering and death of millions that makes reconsideration of 'safer' cigarettes challenging. In contrast to this, the data presented in the article show that recommended oral forms of non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine protect against CS-induced disease and inflammation, and synergistic agents with the actions of imidazole-containing dipeptide compounds in developed formulations may have therapeutic utility in inflammatory lung diseases where CS plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Babizhayev
- 1Innovative Vision Products, Inc., County of New Castle, Delaware, USA
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131
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Jang JH, Bruse S, Liu Y, Duffy V, Zhang C, Oyamada N, Randell S, Matsumoto A, Thompson DC, Lin Y, Vasiliou V, Tesfaigzi Y, Nyunoya T. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 protects airway epithelial cells from cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:80-6. [PMID: 24316006 PMCID: PMC3941192 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), an ALDH superfamily member, catalyzes the oxidation of reactive aldehydes, highly toxic components of cigarette smoke (CS). Even so, the role of ALDH3A1 in CS-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage has not been examined. Among all of the ALDH superfamily members, ALDH3A1 mRNA levels showed the greatest induction in response to CS extract (CSE) exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). ALDH3A1 protein accumulation was accompanied by increased ALDH enzymatic activity in CSE-exposed immortalized HBECs. The effects of overexpression or suppression of ALDH3A1 on CSE-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage (γH2AX) were evaluated in cultured immortalized HBECs. Enforced expression of ALDH3A1 attenuated cytotoxicity and downregulated γH2AX. SiRNA-mediated suppression of ALDH3A1 blocked ALDH enzymatic activity and augmented cytotoxicity in CSE-exposed cells. Our results suggest that the availability of ALDH3A1 is important for cell survival against CSE in HBECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Jang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Shannon Bruse
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Yushi Liu
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Veronica Duffy
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Nathaniel Oyamada
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Scott Randell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yong Lin
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Toru Nyunoya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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132
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Steinhoff MS, von Mentzer B, Geppetti P, Pothoulakis C, Bunnett NW. Tachykinins and their receptors: contributions to physiological control and the mechanisms of disease. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:265-301. [PMID: 24382888 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tachykinins, exemplified by substance P, are one of the most intensively studied neuropeptide families. They comprise a series of structurally related peptides that derive from alternate processing of three Tac genes and are expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems. Tachykinins interact with three neurokinin G protein-coupled receptors. The signaling, trafficking, and regulation of neurokinin receptors have also been topics of intense study. Tachykinins participate in important physiological processes in the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, and dermal systems, including inflammation, nociception, smooth muscle contractility, epithelial secretion, and proliferation. They contribute to multiple diseases processes, including acute and chronic inflammation and pain, fibrosis, affective and addictive disorders, functional disorders of the intestine and urinary bladder, infection, and cancer. Neurokinin receptor antagonists are selective, potent, and show efficacy in models of disease. In clinical trials there is a singular success: neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists to treat nausea and vomiting. New information about the involvement of tachykinins in infection, fibrosis, and pruritus justifies further trials. A deeper understanding of disease mechanisms is required for the development of more predictive experimental models, and for the design and interpretation of clinical trials. Knowledge of neurokinin receptor structure, and the development of targeting strategies to disrupt disease-relevant subcellular signaling of neurokinin receptors, may refine the next generation of neurokinin receptor antagonists.
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133
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Imbalance in redox status is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:461-70. [PMID: 24449404 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression levels of human antioxidant genes (HAGs) and oxidative markers were investigated in light of lung adenocarcinoma aggressiveness and patient outcome. METHODS We assayed in vitro the tumoral invasiveness and multidrug resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma (AdC) cell lines (EKVX and A549). Data were associated with several redox parameters and differential expression levels of HAG network. The clinicopathological significance of these findings was investigated using microarray analysis of tumor tissue and by immunohistochemistry in archival collection of biopsies. RESULTS An overall increased activity (expression) of selected HAG components in the most aggressive cell line (EKVX cells) was observed by bootstrap and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). In vitro validation of oxidative markers revealed that EKVX cells had high levels of oxidative stress markers. In AdC cohorts, GSEA of microarray datasets showed significantly high levels of HAG components in lung AdC samples in comparison with normal tissue, in advanced stage compared with early stage and in patients with poor outcome. Cox multivariate regression analysis in a cohort of early pathologic (p)-stage of AdC cases showed that patients with moderate levels of 4-hydroxynonenal, a specific and stable end product of lipid peroxidation, had a significantly less survival rate (hazard ratio of 8.87) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High levels of oxidative markers are related to tumor aggressiveness and can predict poor outcome of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Abstract
Oxidants play an important role in homeostatic function, but excessive oxidant generation has an adverse effect on health. The manipulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can have a beneficial effect on various lung pathologies. However indiscriminate uses of anti-oxidant strategies have not demonstrated any consistent benefit and may be harmful. Here we propose that nuanced strategies are needed to modulate the oxidant system to obtain a beneficial result in the lung diseases such as Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). We identify novel areas of lung oxidant responses that may yield fruitful therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Mannam
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anup Srivastava
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Patty J Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maor Sauler
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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135
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Ning Y, Shang Y, Huang H, Zhang J, Dong Y, Xu W, Li Q. Attenuation of cigarette smoke-induced airway mucus production by hydrogen-rich saline in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83429. [PMID: 24376700 PMCID: PMC3869805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-production of mucus is an important pathophysiological feature in chronic airway disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Cigarette smoking (CS) is the leading cause of COPD. Oxidative stress plays a key role in CS-induced airway abnormal mucus production. Hydrogen protected cells and tissues against oxidative damage by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. In the present study we investigated the effect of hydrogen on CS-induced mucus production in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham control, CS group, hydrogen-rich saline pretreatment group and hydrogen-rich saline control group. Lung morphology and tissue biochemical changes were determined by immunohistochemistry, Alcian Blue/periodic acid-Schiff staining, TUNEL, western blot and realtime RT-PCR. RESULTS Hydrogen-rich saline pretreatment attenuated CS-induced mucus accumulation in the bronchiolar lumen, goblet cell hyperplasia, muc5ac over-expression and abnormal cell apoptosis in the airway epithelium as well as malondialdehyde increase in the BALF. The phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr1068 and Nrf2 up-regulation expression in the rat lungs challenged by CS exposure were also abrogated by hydrogen-rich saline. CONCLUSION Hydrogen-rich saline pretreatment ameliorated CS-induced airway mucus production and airway epithelium damage in rats. The protective role of hydrogen on CS-exposed rat lungs was achieved at least partly by its free radical scavenging ability. This is the first report to demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of hydrogen-rich saline protected rat airways against CS damage and it could be promising in treating abnormal airway mucus production in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunye Ning
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchao Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wujian Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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136
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Haick H, Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A. Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1423-49. [PMID: 24305596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new non-invasive and potentially inexpensive frontier in the diagnosis of cancer relies on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath samples. Breath can be sampled and analyzed in real-time, leading to fascinating and cost-effective clinical diagnostic procedures. Nevertheless, breath analysis is a very young field of research and faces challenges, mainly because the biochemical mechanisms behind the cancer-related VOCs are largely unknown. In this review, we present a list of 115 validated cancer-related VOCs published in the literature during the past decade, and classify them with respect to their "fat-to-blood" and "blood-to-air" partition coefficients. These partition coefficients provide an estimation of the relative concentrations of VOCs in alveolar breath, in blood and in the fat compartments of the human body. Additionally, we try to clarify controversial issues concerning possible experimental malpractice in the field, and propose ways to translate the basic science results as well as the mechanistic understanding to tools (sensors) that could serve as point-of-care diagnostics of cancer. We end this review with a conclusion and a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Barreiro E, Fermoselle C, Mateu-Jimenez M, Sánchez-Font A, Pijuan L, Gea J, Curull V. Oxidative stress and inflammation in the normal airways and blood of patients with lung cancer and COPD. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:859-871. [PMID: 23954470 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with a greater risk for lung cancer (LC). Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in LC pathophysiology. Studies conducted so far have focused solely on lung tumor parenchyma and not the airways. We explored levels of local and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation within normal bronchial epithelium and blood of patients with lung cancer (n=52), with and without COPD, and in control subjects (COPD and non-COPD, n=21). In normal bronchial epithelium specimens (bronchoscopy) and blood from patients with similar smoking history (LC-COPD and LC) and control subjects (both COPD and non-COPD), redox balance and inflammatory markers were measured (ELISA and immunoblotting). All subjects were clinically evaluated. Absence of malignant cells within the bronchial specimens was always pathologically confirmed. Bronchial levels of protein carbonylation, MDA-protein adducts, antioxidants, TNF-α, interferon-γ, TGF-β, and VEGF and blood levels of superoxide anion, oxidatively damaged DNA and proteins, TNF-α, interferon-γ, TGF-β, VEGF, and neutrophils were significantly greater in all LC patients compared to control subjects. Systemic levels of oxidatively damaged DNA, superoxide anion, and TNF-α and bronchial levels of TGF-β and TNF-α showed high sensitivity and specificity for LC among patients. Regardless of the presence of an underlying respiratory condition (COPD), protein oxidation, oxidatively damaged DNA, and inflammation were remarkably increased in the normal airways and blood of patients with LC. Furthermore, the potential predictive value for LC development of these molecular events warrants attention and should be explored in future larger longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, and Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Clara Fermoselle
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, and Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Mercè Mateu-Jimenez
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, and Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Albert Sánchez-Font
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, and Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Pijuan
- Pathology Department, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, and Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Víctor Curull
- Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, and Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a role in a variety of diseases but it is even more pertinent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) given the increased oxidant burden in smokers. The increased oxidant burden results from the fact that cigarette smoke contains over 4700 different chemical compounds and more than 10(15) oxidants/free radicals per puff. Other factors, such as air pollutants, infections, and occupational dusts that may exacerbate COPD, also have the potential to produce oxidative stress. These oxidants give rise to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that are generated enzymatically by inflammatory and epithelial cells within the lung as part of an inflammatory immune response towards a pathogen or irritant. Thus, while ROS are necessary for host defence against invading pathogens, increased levels of ROS have been implicated in initiating inflammatory responses in the lungs through the activation of transcriptional factors, signal transduction pathways, chromatin remodelling and gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the normal lung has developed defences to ROS-mediated damage, which include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. In this review we consider the therapeutic potential of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1 for the treatment of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsLung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia,Correspondence to: Ross Vlahos, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsLung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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139
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Hara H, Araya J, Ito S, Kobayashi K, Takasaka N, Yoshii Y, Wakui H, Kojima J, Shimizu K, Numata T, Kawaishi M, Kamiya N, Odaka M, Morikawa T, Kaneko Y, Nakayama K, Kuwano K. Mitochondrial fragmentation in cigarette smoke-induced bronchial epithelial cell senescence. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L737-46. [PMID: 24056969 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continuously change their shape through fission and fusion. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics is involved in disease pathology through excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Accelerated cellular senescence resulting from cigarette smoke exposure with excessive ROS production has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hence, we investigated the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production in terms of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced cellular senescence in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). Mitochondrial morphology was examined by electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining and p21 Western blotting of primary HBEC were performed to evaluate cellular senescence. Mitochondrial-specific superoxide production was measured by MitoSOX staining. Mitochondrial fragmentation was induced by knockdown of mitochondrial fusion proteins (OPA1 or Mitofusins) by small-interfering RNA transfection. N-acetylcysteine and Mito-TEMPO were used as antioxidants. Mitochondria in bronchial epithelial cells were prone to be more fragmented in COPD lung tissues. CSE induced mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial ROS production, which were responsible for acceleration of cellular senescence in HBEC. Mitochondrial fragmentation induced by knockdown of fusion proteins also increased mitochondrial ROS production and percentages of senescent cells. HBEC senescence and mitochondria fragmentation in response to CSE treatment were inhibited in the presence of antioxidants. CSE-induced mitochondrial fragmentation is involved in cellular senescence through the mechanism of mitochondrial ROS production. Hence, disruption of mitochondrial dynamics may be a part of the pathogenic sequence of COPD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Hara
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Jikei Univ. School of Medicine, Japan.
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140
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Huang J, Xu J, Tian L, Zhong L. A thioredoxin reductase and/or thioredoxin system-based mechanism for antioxidant effects of ambroxol. Biochimie 2013; 97:92-103. [PMID: 24103200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment with ambroxol (ABX), a bronchial expectorant, was found to prevent acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). The underlying mechanism remains unclear. To address this, we have investigated the effect of ABX on critical antioxidant proteins thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) that are decreased in patients with AECOPD. Trx, TrxR and NADP(H) form Trx system, which is involved in regulating numerous oxidative stress-related events. In human bronchial epithelial cells, treatment with ABX from 0 to 200 μM gradually increased mRNA and protein levels of TrxR/Trx. At these ABX concentrations, TrxR activity was elevated progressively, whereas Trx activity exhibited a dose-dependent biphasic response, increasing at 50 and 75 μM, but decreasing at ABX over 150 μM. Pre-treatment with 75 μM ABX enhanced the capacity of the cells to eliminate reactive oxygen species, which was largely prevented by knockdown of cytosolic Trx (hTrx1). In a purified system, ABX shortened the initial lag phase during the reduction of insulin disulfide by Trx system. Pre-treatment of NADPH-reduced TrxR with ABX caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in thiolate/selenolate species, i.e. the catalytically active form of TrxR. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the reduction of H2O2 by TrxR or Trx system were enhanced by 100 or 200 μM ABX. When hTrx1 was mixed with ABX in a molar ratio of 1:1 to 1:100 (which could occur in human plasma), changes in intrinsic Trp fluorescence occurred, and the response of reduced hTrx1 was especially remarkable. These data reveal an ABX-sensing mechanism of TrxR/Trx. We therefore conclude that the antioxidant actions of ABX at physiological concentrations are, at least partially, mediated by TrxR and/or Trx system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, YuQuan Road 19(A), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Longcheng Street 99, 030032 Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China.
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, YuQuan Road 19(A), 100049 Beijing, China.
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141
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Barnes PJ. New anti-inflammatory targets for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:543-59. [PMID: 23977698 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with chronic inflammation of the peripheral airways and lung parenchyma, which leads to progressive obstruction of the airways. Current management with long-acting bronchodilators does not reduce disease progression, and there are no treatments that effectively suppress chronic inflammation in COPD. An increased understanding of the inflammatory processes that are involved in the pathophysiology of COPD has identified several new therapeutic targets. This Review discusses some of the most promising of these targets, including new antioxidants, kinase inhibitors and drugs that target cellular senescence, microbial colonization, epigenetic regulation of inflammatory gene expression and corticosteroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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142
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Afzal S, Lange P, Bojesen SE, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, lung function and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2013; 69:24-31. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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143
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To M, Takagi D, Akashi K, Kano I, Haruki K, Barnes PJ, Ito K. Sputum Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Elevation by Oxidative Stress-Dependent Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in COPD. Chest 2013; 144:515-521. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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144
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145
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Role of lipid peroxidation-derived α, β-unsaturated aldehydes in vascular dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:629028. [PMID: 23819013 PMCID: PMC3683506 DOI: 10.1155/2013/629028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases are the most prominent cause of death, and inflammation and vascular dysfunction are key initiators of the pathophysiology of vascular disease. Lipid peroxidation products, such as acrolein and other α, β-unsaturated aldehydes, have been implicated as mediators of inflammation and vascular dysfunction. α, β-Unsaturated aldehydes are toxic because of their high reactivity with nucleophiles and their ability to form protein and DNA adducts without prior metabolic activation. This strong reactivity leads to electrophilic stress that disrupts normal cellular function. Furthermore, α, β-unsaturated aldehydes are reported to cause endothelial dysfunction by induction of oxidative stress, redox-sensitive mechanisms, and inflammatory changes such as induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and cytokines. This review provides an overview of the effects of lipid peroxidation products, α, β-unsaturated aldehydes, on inflammation and vascular dysfunction.
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146
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Sundar IK, Yao H, Rahman I. Oxidative stress and chromatin remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking-related diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1956-71. [PMID: 22978694 PMCID: PMC3624634 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly a tobacco smoke-triggered disease with features of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and aging (inflammaging) of the lung associated with steroid resistance induced by cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induces various kinase signaling pathways leading to chromatin modifications (histone acetylation/deacetylation and histone methylation/demethylation) in inflammation, senescence, and steroid resistance. RECENT ADVANCES Histone mono-, di-, or tri-methylation at lysine residues result in either gene activation (H3K4, H3K36, and H3K79) or repression (H3K9, H3K27, and H3K20). Cross-talk occurs between various epigenetic marks on histones and DNA methylation. Both CS and oxidants alter histone acetylation/deacetylation and methylation/demethylation leading to enhanced proinflammatory gene expression. Chromatin modifications occur in lungs of patients with COPD. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) reduction (levels and activity) is associated with steroid resistance in response to oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES Histone modifications are associated with DNA damage/repair and epigenomic instability as well as premature lung aging, which have implications in the pathogenesis of COPD. HDAC2/SIRTUIN1 (SIRT1)-dependent chromatin modifications are associated with DNA damage-induced inflammation and senescence in response to CS-mediated oxidative stress. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding CS/oxidative stress-mediated chromatin modifications and the cross-talk between histone acetylation and methylation will demonstrate the involvement of epigenetic regulation of chromatin remodeling in inflammaging. This will lead to identification of novel epigenetic-based therapies against COPD and other smoking-related lung diseases. Pharmacological activation of HDAC2/SIRT1 or reversal of their oxidative post-translational modifications may offer therapies for treatment of COPD and CS-related diseases based on epigenetic histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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147
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Lowe FJ, Luettich K, Gregg EO. Lung cancer biomarkers for the assessment of modified risk tobacco products: an oxidative stress perspective. Biomarkers 2013; 18:183-95. [PMID: 23530763 PMCID: PMC3667677 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.777116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturers have developed prototype cigarettes yielding reduced levels of some tobacco smoke toxicants, when tested using laboratory machine smoking under standardised conditions. For the scientific assessment of modified risk tobacco products, tests that offer objective, reproducible data, which can be obtained in a much shorter time than the requirements of conventional epidemiology are needed. In this review, we consider whether biomarkers of biological effect related to oxidative stress can be used in this role. Based on published data, urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine, thymidine glycol, F2-isoprostanes, serum dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid ratio and carotenoid concentrations show promise, while 4-hydroxynonenal requires further qualification.
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148
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van der Toorn M, Slebos DJ, de Bruin HG, Gras R, Rezayat D, Jorge L, Sandra K, van Oosterhout AJM. Critical role of aldehydes in cigarette smoke-induced acute airway inflammation. Respir Res 2013; 14:45. [PMID: 23594194 PMCID: PMC3671961 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (CS) is the most important risk factor for COPD, which is associated with neutrophilic airway inflammation. We hypothesize, that highly reactive aldehydes are critical for CS-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation. METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed to CS, water filtered CS (WF-CS) or air for 5 days. Levels of total particulate matter (TPM) and aldehydes in CS and WF-CS were measured. Six hours after the last exposure, inflammatory cells and cytokine levels were measured in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Furthermore, Beas-2b bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to CS extract (CSE) or WF-CS extract (WF-CSE) in the absence or presence of the aldehyde acrolein and IL-8 production was measured after 24 hrs. RESULTS Compared to CS, in WF-CS strongly decreased (CS; 271.1 ± 41.5 μM, WF-CS; 58.5 ± 8.2 μM) levels of aldehydes were present whereas levels of TPM were only slightly reduced (CS; 20.78 ± 0.59 mg, WF-CS; 16.38 ± 0.36 mg). The numbers of mononuclear cells in BALF (p<0.01) and lung tissue (p<0.01) were significantly increased in the CS- and WF-CS-exposed mice compared to air control mice. Interestingly, the numbers of neutrophils (p<0.001) in BALF and neutrophils and eosinophils (p<0.05) in lung tissue were significantly increased in the CS-exposed but not in WF-CS-exposed mice as compared to air control mice. Levels of the neutrophil and eosinophil chemoattractants KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α and IL-5 were all significantly increased in lung tissue from CS-exposed mice compared to both WF-CS-exposed and air control mice. Interestingly, depletion of aldehydes in WF-CS extract significantly reduced IL-8 production in Beas-2b as compared to CSE, which could be restored by the aldehyde acrolein. CONCLUSION Aldehydes present in CS play a critical role in inflammatory cytokine production and neutrophilic- but not mononuclear airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Toorn
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Harold G de Bruin
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Gras
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Delaram Rezayat
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Jorge
- Metablys, Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Metablys, Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Antoon JM van Oosterhout
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
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149
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Macrophage heterogeneity in respiratory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:769214. [PMID: 23533311 PMCID: PMC3600198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/769214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the respiratory tract, and they can have strikingly different phenotypes within this environment. Our knowledge of the different phenotypes and their functions in the lung is sketchy at best, but they appear to be linked to the protection of gas exchange against microbial threats and excessive tissue responses. Phenotypical changes of macrophages within the lung are found in many respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. This paper will give an overview of what macrophage phenotypes have been described, what their known functions are, what is known about their presence in the different obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis), and how they are thought to contribute to the etiology and resolution of these diseases.
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150
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Abaffy T, Möller MG, Riemer DD, Milikowski C, DeFazio RA. Comparative analysis of volatile metabolomics signals from melanoma and benign skin: a pilot study. Metabolomics 2013; 9:998-1008. [PMID: 24039618 PMCID: PMC3769583 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers of cancer is both promising and challenging. In this pilot study, we used an untargeted approach to compare volatile metabolomic signatures of melanoma and matched control non-neoplastic skin from the same patient. VOC from fresh (non-fixed) biopsied tissue were collected using the headspace solid phase micro extraction method (HS SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). We applied the XCMS analysis platform and MetaboAnalyst software to reveal many differentially expressed metabolic features. Our analysis revealed increased levels of lauric acid (C12:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) in melanoma. The identity of these compounds was confirmed by comparison with chemical standards. Increased levels of these fatty acids are likely to be a consequence of up-regulated de novo lipid synthesis, a known characteristic of cancer. Increased oxidative stress is likely to cause an additional increase in lauric acid. Implementation of this study design on larger number of cases will be necessary for the future metabolomics biomarker discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Abaffy
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - M. G. Möller
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - D. D. Riemer
- Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - C. Milikowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - R. A. DeFazio
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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