101
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Ehlerding EB, England CG, Majewski RL, Valdovinos HF, Jiang D, Liu G, McNeel DG, Nickles RJ, Cai W. ImmunoPET Imaging of CTLA-4 Expression in Mouse Models of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1782-1789. [PMID: 28388076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is expressed on the surface of activated T cells and some tumor cells, and is the target of the clinically approved monoclonal antibody ipilimumab. In this study, we investigate specific binding of radiolabeled ipilimumab to CTLA-4 expressed by human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). Ipilimumab was radiolabeled with 64Cu (t1/2 = 12.7 h) through the use of the chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to formulate 64Cu-DOTA-ipilimumab. CTLA-4 expression in three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549, H460, and H358) was verified and quantified by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A receptor binding assay was utilized to monitor the binding and internalization of 64Cu-DOTA-ipilimumab in the NSCLC cell lines. Next, the biodistribution of 64Cu-DOTA-ipilimumab was mapped by longitudinal PET imaging up to 48 h after injection. Ex vivo biodistribution and histological studies were employed to verify PET results. By in vitro analysis, CTLA-4 was found to be expressed on all three NSCLC cell lines with A549 and H358 showing the highest and lowest level of expression, respectively. PET imaging and quantification verified these findings as the tracer accumulated highest in the A549 tumor model (9.80 ± 0.22%ID/g at 48 h after injection; n = 4), followed by H460 and H358 tumors with uptakes of 9.37 ± 0.26%ID/g and 7.43 ± 0.05%ID/g, respectively (n = 4). The specificity of the tracer was verified by injecting excess ipilimumab in A549 tumor-bearing mice, which decreased tracer uptake to 6.90 ± 0.51%ID/g at 48 after injection (n = 4). Ex vivo analysis following the last imaging session also corroborated these findings. 64Cu-DOTA-ipilimumab showed enhanced and persistent accumulation in CTLA-4-expressing tissues, which will enable researchers further insight into CTLA-4 targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Christopher G England
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Rebecca L Majewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Hector F Valdovinos
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Glenn Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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102
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Carrera W, Baartman BJ, Kosmorsky G. A Case Report of Drug-Induced Myopathy Involving Extraocular Muscles after Combination Therapy with Tremelimumab and Durvalumab for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Neuroophthalmology 2017; 41:140-143. [PMID: 28512504 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2017.1291686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed anti-tumour therapies targeting immune checkpoints include tremelimumab and durvalumab. These agents have incompletely characterised side effect profiles. The authors report a 68-year-old man treated for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab. After treatment he developed diplopia, ptosis, fatigue, weakness, and an inflammatory myopathy affecting the extraocular muscles requiring hospitalisation. Electromyography (EMG) testing and muscle biopsy suggested inflammatory myopathy without sign of myasthenia. Within 1 month of withdrawal of cancer therapies and initiation of oral steroid therapy, ocular and systemic symptoms had resolved. This notable adverse effect has not been previously described for these drugs administered singly or in combination, and ophthalmologists should be aware of this presentation in patients treated with these agents.
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103
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Rodríguez-Otero P, Paiva B, Engelhardt M, Prósper F, San Miguel JF. Is immunotherapy here to stay in multiple myeloma? Haematologica 2017; 102:423-432. [PMID: 28082344 PMCID: PMC5394971 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.152504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune escape and impaired immune surveillance have been identified as emerging hallmarks of cancer.1 Multiple myeloma represents a genuine example of disrupted immune surveillance characterized by: impaired antibody production, deregulation of the T and natural killer cell compartment, disruption of antigen presentation machinery, upregulation of inhibitory surface ligands, and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. Although the potential value of immunotherapeutic interventions had a clear antecedent in the graft-versus-myeloma effect induced by allogeneic stem cell transplant and donor lymphocyte infusions, it is only recently that this field has faced a real revolution. In this review we discuss the current results obtained with immune approaches in patients with multiple myeloma that have placed this disease under the scope of immuno-oncology, bringing new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of multiple myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodríguez-Otero
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Monika Engelhardt
- Department of Medicine I, Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús F San Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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104
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Zhu J, Wu J, Li G, Li J, Lin Y, He Z, Su C, Zhao W, Wu Q, Chen Z, Qiu K. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the incidence and risk of fatal adverse events in cancer patients treated with ipilimumab. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:423-428. [PMID: 28276859 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1297420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ipilimumab is a fully human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that increases antitumor T-cell responses. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the risk of FAEs associated with ipilimumab. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and ASCO meeting abstract up to September 2016 for RCT comparing ipilimumab with no ipilimumab on cancer patients. Incidence rates, relative risk ratios (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed- or random effects models. The primary end point was the association of ipilimumab with FAEs. Subgroup analyses were performed according to tumor type, concurrent therapy, and dose of ipilimumab. RESULTS A total of 5,466 patients from 10 RCTs were included. For patients receiving ipilimumab, the overall incidences of FAEs was 0.99% (95% CI: 0.48%-1.69%). Allocation to ipilimumab therapy increased the risk of FAEs (RR = 2.16, 95% CI, 1.03-4.54) significantly. Subgroup analyses reached statistical significance for prostate cancer, high dose of ipilimumab, and placebo as a control group. No evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS Compared with control or placebo, ipilimumab was associated with an increased risk of FAEs in cancer patients. As ipilimumab gains greater clinical use, practitioners must be aware of the risks associated with its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junyan Wu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guocheng Li
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianfang Li
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yin Lin
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhichao He
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chen Su
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zepeng Chen
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaifeng Qiu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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105
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Human T Cell Memory: A Dynamic View. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010005. [PMID: 28165397 PMCID: PMC5371741 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term T cell-mediated protection depends upon the formation of a pool of memory cells to protect against future pathogen challenge. In this review we argue that looking at T cell memory from a dynamic viewpoint can help in understanding how memory populations are maintained following pathogen exposure or vaccination. For example, a dynamic view resolves the apparent paradox between the relatively short lifespans of individual memory cells and very long-lived immunological memory by focussing on the persistence of clonal populations, rather than individual cells. Clonal survival is achieved by balancing proliferation, death and differentiation rates within and between identifiable phenotypic pools; such pools correspond broadly to sequential stages in the linear differentiation pathway. Each pool has its own characteristic kinetics, but only when considered as a population; single cells exhibit considerable heterogeneity. In humans, we tend to concentrate on circulating cells, but memory T cells in non-lymphoid tissues and bone marrow are increasingly recognised as critical for immune defence; their kinetics, however, remain largely unexplored. Considering vaccination from this viewpoint shifts the focus from the size of the primary response to the survival of the clone and enables identification of critical system pinch-points and opportunities to improve vaccine efficacy.
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106
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Zhang Q, Zhu B, Li Y. Resolution of Cancer-Promoting Inflammation: A New Approach for Anticancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:71. [PMID: 28210259 PMCID: PMC5288347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response that eliminates harmful stimuli and restores tissue homeostasis, whereas the failure to resolve inflammation leads to the development of malignancies. Immune cells in the tumor inflammatory microenvironment endow cancer cells with their specific hallmarks, including mutations, metabolic reprograming, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Targeting the inflammatory microenvironment with anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin) or by enhancing antitumor immunity (e.g., chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy) has been extensively investigated and has achieved promising results in many cancers. Recently, a novel approach promoting antitumor immunity via a dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving strategy was proposed based on the discovery of potent, endogenous, specialized pro-resolving mediators, including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. In this review, we describe the updated principal cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation resolution and cancer immunity and discuss the pro-resolution strategy in cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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107
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Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to eradicate malignant cells is becoming a most powerful new approach to cancer therapy. FDA approval of the immunotherapy-based drugs, sipuleucel-T (Provenge), ipilimumab (Yervoy, anti-CTLA-4), and more recently, the programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibody (pembrolizumab, Keytruda), for the treatment of multiple types of cancer has greatly advanced research and clinical studies in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, recent clinical trials, using NY-ESO-1-specific T cell receptor (TCR) or CD19-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), have shown promising clinical results for patients with metastatic cancer. Current success of cancer immunotherapy is built upon the work of cancer antigens and co-inhibitory signaling molecules identified 20 years ago. Among the large numbers of target antigens, CD19 is the best target for CAR T cell therapy for blood cancer, but CAR-engineered T cell immunotherapy does not yet work in solid cancer. NY-ESO-1 is one of the best targets for TCR-based immunotherapy in solid cancer. Despite the great success of checkpoint blockade therapy, more than 50% of cancer patients fail to respond to blockade therapy. The advent of new technologies such as next-generation sequencing has enhanced our ability to search for new immune targets in onco-immunology and accelerated the development of immunotherapy with potentially broader coverage of cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the recent progresses of cancer immunotherapy and novel strategies in the identification of new immune targets and mutation-derived antigens (neoantigens) for cancer immunotherapy and immunoprecision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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108
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CiRen B, Wang X, Long Z. The evaluation of immunotherapy and chemotherapy treatment on melanoma: a network meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:81493-81511. [PMID: 27845904 PMCID: PMC5348408 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a highly malignant tumor that develops from a neural crest derivative called melanocytes. Chemotherapy is recommended for patients with stage III/IV melanoma. Immunomodulation has also been shown to effectively improve the survival rate of such patients. In the current study, we aimed to perform a network meta-analysis on the therapeutic value of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on melanoma. RESULTS Twenty randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were enrolled in the study. Our Results indicated that ipilimumab + nivolumab had the highest response rate among all therapies, pembrolizumab also had a good efficacy with an excellent tolerance. Chemotherapy had a low response rate, high adverse effects and progressive diseases qualities, therefore it is not recommended as a preferred treatment for patients with advanced melanoma. METHODS The Cochrane library, PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant articles. Results of the pair-wise meta-analysis were illustrated by odd ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Network meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model under Bayesian framework. Results were illustrated by cumulative ORs and corresponding 95% credible interval (CrIs). The probabilities and outcomes of each treatment were ranked and summarized using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). CONCLUSIONS We recommend pembrolizumab as the preferred treatment due to its high efficacy and low adverse effects, combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab could be used in severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaSang CiRen
- Department of Medicine, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, Tibet, 85700, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, Tibet, 85700, China
| | - Ziwen Long
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Sugery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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109
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Dany M, Nganga R, Chidiac A, Hanna E, Matar S, Elston D. Advances in immunotherapy for melanoma management. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2501-2511. [PMID: 27454404 PMCID: PMC5085014 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1190889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains a leading cause of death among young adults. Evidence that melanoma tumor cells are highly immunogenic and a better understanding of T-cell immune checkpoints have changed the therapeutic approach to advanced melanoma. Instead of targeting the tumor directly, immunotherapy targets and activates the immune response using checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and adoptive T cell therapy. This review focuses on the immune signaling and biological mechanisms of action of recent immune-based melanoma therapies as well as their clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dany
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rose Nganga
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alissar Chidiac
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Edith Hanna
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sara Matar
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dirk Elston
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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110
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Redeker A, Arens R. Improving Adoptive T Cell Therapy: The Particular Role of T Cell Costimulation, Cytokines, and Post-Transfer Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27656185 PMCID: PMC5011476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy whereby antigen-specific T cells are isolated or engineered, expanded ex vivo, and transferred back to patients. Clinical benefit after ACT has been obtained in treatment of infection, various hematological malignancies, and some solid tumors; however, due to poor functionality and persistence of the transferred T cells, the efficacy of ACT in the treatment of most solid tumors is often marginal. Hence, much effort is undertaken to improve T cell function and persistence in ACT and significant progress is being made. Herein, we will review strategies to improve ACT success rates in the treatment of cancer and infection. We will deliberate on the most favorable phenotype for the tumor-specific T cells that are infused into patients and on how to obtain T cells bearing this phenotype by applying novel ex vivo culture methods. Moreover, we will discuss T cell function and persistence after transfer into patients and how these factors can be manipulated by means of providing costimulatory signals, cytokines, blocking antibodies to inhibitory molecules, and vaccination. Incorporation of these T cell stimulation strategies and combinations of the different treatment modalities are likely to improve clinical response rates further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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111
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Papaioannou NE, Beniata OV, Vitsos P, Tsitsilonis O, Samara P. Harnessing the immune system to improve cancer therapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:261. [PMID: 27563648 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy uses the immune system and its components to mount an anti-tumor response. During the last decade, it has evolved from a promising therapy option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic modalities are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating cancer patients and many others are in the pipeline for approval as standalone or combinatorial therapeutic interventions, several also combined with standard treatments in clinical studies. The two main axes of cancer immunotherapeutics refer to passive and active treatments. Prominent examples of passive immunotherapy include administration of monoclonal antibodies and cytokines and adoptive cell transfer of ex vivo "educated" immune cells. Active immunotherapy refers, among others, to anti-cancer vaccines [peptide, dendritic cell (DC)-based and allogeneic whole cell vaccines], immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses, whereas new approaches that can further enhance anti-cancer immune responses are also widely explored. Herein, we present the most popular cancer immunotherapy approaches and discuss their clinical relevance referring to data acquired from clinical trials. To date, clinical experience and efficacy suggest that combining more than one immunotherapy interventions, in conjunction with other treatment options like chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted or epigenetic therapy, should guide the way to cancer cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos E Papaioannou
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania V Beniata
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Vitsos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Tsitsilonis
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Samara
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, 15784, Athens, Greece
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112
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Ehlerding EB, England CG, McNeel DG, Cai W. Molecular Imaging of Immunotherapy Targets in Cancer. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1487-1492. [PMID: 27469363 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.177493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative in the arsenal against cancer by harnessing the power of the immune system to specifically target malignant tissues. As the field of immunotherapy continues to expand, researchers will require newer methods for studying the interactions between the immune system, tumor cells, and immunotherapy agents. Recently, several noninvasive imaging strategies have been used to map the biodistribution of immune checkpoint molecules, monitor the efficacy and potential toxicities of the treatments, and identify patients who are likely to benefit from immunotherapies. In this review, we outline the current applications of noninvasive techniques for the preclinical imaging of immunotherapy targets and suggest future pathways for molecular imaging to contribute to this developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin; and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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113
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Jensen CE, Loaiza-Bonilla A, Bonilla-Reyes PA. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2016; 3:201-211. [PMID: 30191042 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and advanced HCC generally caries a poor prognosis. The treatment of advanced disease is limited to sorafenib, which provides only a limited improvement in survival, and novel therapies are, thus, sorely needed. Among emerging alternative approaches, immune checkpoint inhibitors are a particularly promising treatment modality. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms for the two primary targets of immune checkpoint inhibitors and discuss the relevance of these pathways to the immunology of HCC. We also review the state of ongoing and forthcoming trials of immune checkpoint blockade in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Jensen
- Department of Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arturo Loaiza-Bonilla
- Departments of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 6th Floor South Pavilion, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 6th Floor South Pavilion, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paula A Bonilla-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 No. 40-62, Hospital Universitario, San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 No. 40-62, Hospital Universitario, San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia
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Ren Z, Guo J, Liao J, Luan Y, Liu Z, Sun Z, Liu X, Liang Y, Peng H, Fu YX. CTLA-4 Limits Anti-CD20-Mediated Tumor Regression. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:193-203. [PMID: 27354469 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The inhibition of tumor growth by anti-CD20 antibody (Ab) treatment is mediated by Ab- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in xenograft tumor models. In addition, anti-CD20 therapy for B-cell lymphoma can result in intrinsic and extrinsic tumor resistance to further Ab treatment. However, adaptive immune response-related resistance has not been well studied in anti-CD20-mediated tumor control, and adaptive immunity has long been underestimated. The purpose of this study was to explore whether T cells are involved in mediating the effects of anti-CD20 therapy and what factors contribute to adaptive immune response-related resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a syngeneic mouse B-cell lymphoma model, we investigated the role of CD8+ T cells in anti-CD20-mediated tumor regression. Furthermore, we revealed how the tumor-specific T-cell response was initiated by anti-CD20. Finally, we studied adaptive immune response-related resistance in advanced B-cell lymphoma. RESULTS CD8+ T cells played an essential role in anti-CD20-mediated tumor regression. Mechanistically, anti-CD20 therapy promoted dendritic cell (DC)-mediated cross-presentation. Importantly, macrophages were also necessary for the increase in the tumor-specific CTL response after anti-CD20 treatment, via the production of type I IFN to activate DC function. Furthermore, adaptive resistance is gradually developed through the CTLA-4 pathway in Treg cells in larger lymphomas. Further blockade of CTLA-4 can synergize with anti-CD20 treatment in antitumor activities. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic function of anti-CD20 depends on tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses initiated by anti-CD20 through macrophages and DCs. CTLA-4 blockade can synergize with anti-CD20 to overcome adaptive immune response-related resistance in advanced B-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 193-203. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhichen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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115
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Roth P, Preusser M, Weller M. Immunotherapy of Brain Cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2016; 39:326-34. [PMID: 27260656 DOI: 10.1159/000446338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain has long been considered an immune-privileged site precluding potent immune responses. Nevertheless, because of the failure of conventional anti-cancer treatments to achieve sustained control of intracranial neoplasms, immunotherapy has been considered as a promising strategy for decades. However, several efforts aimed at exploiting the immune system as a therapeutic weapon were largely unsuccessful. The situation only changed with the introduction of the checkpoint inhibitors, which target immune cell receptors that interfere with the activation of immune effector cells. Following the observation of striking effects of drugs that target CTLA-4 or PD-1 against melanoma and other tumor entities, it was recognized that these drugs may also be active against metastatic tumor lesions in the brain. Their therapeutic activity against primary brain tumors is currently being investigated within clinical trials. In parallel, other immunotherapeutics such as peptide vaccines are at an advanced stage of clinical development. Further immunotherapeutic strategies currently under investigation comprise adoptive immune cell transfer as well as inhibitors of metabolic pathways involved in the local immunosuppression frequently found in brain tumors. Thus, the ongoing implementation of immunotherapeutic concepts into clinical routine may represent a powerful addition to the therapeutic arsenal against various brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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116
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Molecular alterations in the TCR signaling pathway in patients with aplastic anemia. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:32. [PMID: 27036622 PMCID: PMC4818392 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A previous study has demonstrated a significantly increased CD3ζ gene expression level in aplastic anemia (AA). However, the mechanism underlying the upregulated CD3ζ mRNA expression level and that of T cell activation signaling molecules in AA patients remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the expression levels of the CD3ζ, CD28, CTLA-4, and Cbl-b genes, the SNP rs231775 in the CTLA-4 gene, and the distribution of the CD3ζ 3′-UTR splice variant in AA patients. Methods CD3ζ 3′-UTR splice variants were identified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 48 healthy individuals and 67 patients with AA [37 cases of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) and 30 cases of non-sever aplastic anemia (NSAA)] by RT-PCR. CD3ζ, CD28, CTLA-4, and Cbl-b gene expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. The SNP rs231775 in CTLA-4 gene was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results CD3ζ and CD28 expression was significantly higher, while CTLA-4 and Cbl-b expression was significantly lower in AA patients compared with healthy individuals. Significantly higher CD3ζ expression was found in the NSAA subgroup compared with the SAA subgroup. 64 % of the AA samples had the same genotype (WT+AS+CD3ζ 3′-UTR); 22 % of the AA patients had a WT+AS−CD3ζ 3′-UTR genotype, and 14 % of the AA patients had a WT−AS+CD3ζ 3′-UTR genotype. The CD3ζ expression level of WT−AS+ subgroup was the highest in the SAA patients. A significantly higher frequency of the GG genotype (mutant type, homozygous) of SNP rs231775 in CTLA-4 gene was found in the AA patients. Positive correlation between the CTLA-4 and Cbl-b gene expression levels was found in healthy individuals with the AA and AG genotypes, but not in the AA patients. Conclusions This is the first study analyzing the expression characteristics of the CD28, CTLA-4, and Cbl-b genes in AA. Our results suggest that aberrant T cell activation may be related to the first and second signals of T cell activation in AA. The GG genotype of SNP rs231775 in CTLA-4 gene might be associated with AA risk in the Chinese population. The characteristics of CD3ζ 3′-UTR alternative splicing may be an index for evaluating the T cell activation status in AA patients, particularly in SAA patients.
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117
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Yu GT, Bu LL, Zhao YY, Mao L, Deng WW, Wu TF, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. CTLA4 blockade reduces immature myeloid cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1151594. [PMID: 27471622 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1151594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immature myeloid cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2 macrophages play a vital role in the tumor immune escape and tumor progression. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), as a negative immune checkpoint, is highly expressed in numerous solid tumors. However, precise functions of CTLA4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the ratio of CD8(+)/CTLA4 can be used as a potential index with a clinical prognostic value for HNSCC. Using immunocompetent transgenic mouse model with spontaneous HNSCC, we directly observed that targeting CTLA4 decreases MDSCs and M2 macrophages and promotes T cell activation in both tumor microenvironment and macro-environment. In all, our study provides direct evidence in vivo and proposes a rationale for CTLA4 inhibition as a future therapeutic strategy in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education , Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education , Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Yue Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education , Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education , Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education , Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Fu Wu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Hurst JH. Cancer immunotherapy innovator James Allison receives the 2015 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3732-6. [PMID: 26345422 DOI: 10.1172/jci84236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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119
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Abstract
The recent clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies represent a turning point in cancer immunotherapy. These successes also underscore the importance of understanding basic tumor immunology for successful clinical translation in treating patients with cancer. The Reviews in this Review Series focus on current developments in cancer immunotherapy, highlight recent advances in our understanding of basic aspects of tumor immunology, and suggest how these insights can lead to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies.
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