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Lin W, Jiang W, Hu X, Gao L, Ai D, Pan H, Niu C, Yuan K, Zhou X, Xu C, Huang Z. Ecological Shifts of Supragingival Microbiota in Association with Pregnancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:24. [PMID: 29497601 PMCID: PMC5819318 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological process with pronounced hormonal fluctuations in females, and relatively little is known regarding how pregnancy influences the ecological shifts of supragingival microbiota. In this study, supragingival plaques and salivary hormones were collected from 11 pregnant women during pregnancy (P1, ≤14 weeks; P2, 20-25 weeks; P3, 33-37 weeks) and the postpartum period (P4, 6 weeks after childbirth). Seven non-pregnant volunteers were sampled at the same time intervals. The microbial genetic repertoire was obtained by 16S rDNA sequencing. Our results indicated that the Shannon diversity in P3 was significantly higher than in the non-pregnant group. The principal coordinates analysis showed distinct clustering according to gestational status, and the partial least squares discriminant analysis identified 33 genera that may contribute to this difference. There were differentially distributed genera, among which Neisseria, Porphyromonas, and Treponema were over-represented in the pregnant group, while Streptococcus and Veillonella were more abundant in the non-pregnant group. In addition, 53 operational taxonomic units were observed to have positive correlations with sex hormones in a redundancy analysis, with Prevotella spp. and Treponema spp. being most abundant. The ecological events suggest that pregnancy has a role in shaping an at-risk-for-harm microbiota and provide a basis for etiological studies of pregnancy-associated oral dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuchen Hu
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Ai
- Department of Information and Computational Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfei Pan
- Department of Information and Computational Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyong Yuan
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changen Xu
- Obstetrics Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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102
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Yue W, Chen M, Cheng Z, Xie L, Li M. Bioaugmentation of strain Methylobacterium sp. C1 towards p-nitrophenol removal with broad spectrum coaggregating bacteria in sequencing batch biofilm reactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:431-440. [PMID: 29096256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work was conducted in order to evaluate an instance of bioaugmentation, namely, the addition of a novel p-nitrophenol (PNP)-degrading bacterium Methylobacterium sp. C1 coaggregated with two other broad-spectrum coaggregating strains (Bacillus megaterium T1 and Bacillus cereus G5) within sequence batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs). Results showed that biofilms consisting of C1 and coaggregating bacteria were resistant to shock loads and were more efficient at PNP removal. High-throughput sequencing data revealed that biofilms formed in the presence of the coaggregating bacteria demonstrated greater microbial diversity. These results suggest that broad-spectrum coaggregating bacteria may be capable of mediating the immobilization of exogenous degrading bacteria into biofilms, rendering them more resistant to toxic compounds and environmental stresses. This represents the first attempt to assess the bioaugmentation of PNP-contaminated wastewater treatment through the utilization of broad-spectrum coaggregating bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Mei Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Zhongqin Cheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Liqun Xie
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Mengying Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
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103
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Florez Salamanca EJ, Klein MI. Extracellular matrix influence in Streptococcus mutans gene expression in a cariogenic biofilm. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:181-193. [PMID: 29284195 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caries etiology is biofilm-diet-dependent. Biofilms are highly dynamic and structured microbial communities enmeshed in a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. The study evaluated the expression dynamics of Streptococcus mutans genes associated with exopolysaccharides (EPS) (gtfBCD, gbpB, dexA), lipoteichoic acids (LTA) (dltABCD, SMU_775c) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) (lytST, lrgAB, ccpA) during matrix development within a mixed-species biofilm of S. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus gordonii. Mixed-species biofilms using S. mutans strains UA159 or ΔgtfB formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs were submitted to a nutritional challenge (providing an abundance of sucrose and starch). Biofilms were removed at eight developmental stages for gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The pH of spent culture media remained acidic throughout the experimental periods, being lower after sucrose and starch exposure. All genes were expressed at all biofilm developmental phases. EPS- and LTA-associated genes had a similar expression profile for both biofilms, presenting lower levels of expression at 67, 91 and 115 hours and a peak of expression at 55 hours, but having distinct expression magnitudes, with lower values for ΔgtfB (eg, fold-difference of ~382 for gtfC and ~16 for dltB at 43 hours). The eDNA-associated genes presented different dynamics of expression between both strains. In UA159 biofilms lrgA and lrgB genes were highly expressed at 29 hours (which were ~13 and ~5.4 times vs ΔgtfB, respectively), whereas in ΔgtfB biofilms an inverse relationship between lytS and lrgA and lrgB expression was detected. Therefore, the deletion of gtfB influences dynamics and magnitude of expression of genes associated with matrix main components.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Florez Salamanca
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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104
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Pandit S, Jung JE, Choi HM, Jeon JG. Effect of brief periodic fluoride treatments on the virulence and composition of a cariogenic biofilm. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:53-61. [PMID: 29199458 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1404583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of periodic 1-min fluoride treatments on Streptococcus mutans biofilms and then determined the relationship between anti-biofilm activity, treatment frequency, and fluoride concentration using a linear-fitting procedure. S. mutans biofilms were periodically treated (1-min/treatment) with fluoride during biofilm formation and analyzed using microbiological methods, confocal microscopy, and real-time PCR. The results indicated that reductions in the dry weight and acidogenicity of biofilms due to periodic fluoride treatment occurred in a concentration dependent manner. The reduction in dry weight without affecting bacterial cell viability was observed mainly due to the inhibitory effect of fluoride on gtfB and gtfC gene expression, which suppresses EPS production and avoids reduction of the pH below the critical point on the tooth surface. This study suggests that brief periodic exposure to appropriate fluoride concentrations through mouthwashes and toothpastes may affect the virulence and composition of cariogenic biofilms and subsequently prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Pandit
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Mi Choi
- b Department of Dentistry , Presbyterian Medical Center , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
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105
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Huang X, Browngardt CM, Jiang M, Ahn SJ, Burne RA, Nascimento MM. Diversity in Antagonistic Interactions between Commensal Oral Streptococci and Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 2017; 52:88-101. [PMID: 29258070 PMCID: PMC5828942 DOI: 10.1159/000479091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine metabolism via the arginine deiminase system (ADS) of oral bacteria generates ammonia, which can increase the pH of oral biofilms and decrease the risk for dental caries. Antagonistic interactions between ADS-positive and cariogenic bacteria in oral biofilms may be an important ecological determinant of caries. This study investigated the antagonistic potential and mechanisms of clinical isolates of arginolytic streptococci on and by Streptococcus mutans UA159, a well-characterized cariogenic human isolate. Low-passage isolates of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus australis, and Streptococcus cristatus inhibited the growth of S. mutans to various degrees when they were inoculated on growth media first or simultaneously with S. mutans. The antagonistic effects of arginolytic strains against S. mutans and the production of H2O2 by these strains were enhanced during growth in a less-rich medium or when galactose was substituted for glucose as the primary carbohydrate source. Pyruvate oxidase was the dominant pathway for H2O2 production by arginolytic strains, but lactate oxidase activity was also detected in some strains of S. gordonii and S. cristatus. UA159 inhibited the growth of all tested arginolytic strains when inoculated first, especially in aerobic conditions. However, the antagonistic effects of S. mutans on certain strains of S. gordonii and S. australis were not observed during anaerobic growth in the presence of arginine. Thus, arginolytic commensal streptococci may have a synergistically positive impact on the ecology of oral biofilms by moderating biofilm pH while antagonizing the growth and virulence of caries pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Huang
- Division of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Min Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sang-Joon Ahn
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A. Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelle M. Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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106
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Xu X, Wang L, Luo Z, Ni Y, Sun H, Gao X, Li Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Wei S. Facile and Versatile Strategy for Construction of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Surfaces with Polydopamine-Mediated Liposomes Releasing Dexamethasone and Minocycline for Potential Implant Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43300-43314. [PMID: 29140074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reducing early nonbacterial inflammation induced by implanted materials and infection resulting from bacterial contamination around the implant-abutment interface could greatly decrease implant failure rates, which would be of clinical significance. In this work, we presented a facile and versatile strategy for the construction of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial surfaces. Briefly, the surfaces of polystyrene culture plates were first coated with polydopamine and then decorated with dexamethasone plus minocycline-loaded liposomes (Dex/Mino liposomes), which was validated by contact angle goniometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and fluorescence microscopy. Dex/Mino liposomes were dispersed on functional surfaces and the drug release kinetics exhibited the sustained release of dexamethasone and minocycline. Our results demonstrated that the Dex/Mino liposome-modified surfaces had good biocompatibility. Additionally, liposomal dexamethasone reduced proinflammatory mediator expression (particularly IL-6 and TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, liposomal minocycline prevented the adhesion and proliferation of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Gram-negative bacteria) and Streptococcus mutans (Gram-positive bacteria). These findings demonstrate that an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial surface was developed, using dopamine as a medium and combining a liposomal delivery device, which has potential for use to reduce implant failure rates. Accordingly, the surface modification strategy presented could be useful in biofunctionalization of implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Central Laboratory/Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100038, P. R. China
| | - Zuyuan Luo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Ni
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100038, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100038, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Li
- Central Laboratory/Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Central Laboratory/Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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107
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Abstract
Inflammatory reaction in the periapical tissues is induced by microbial infection in the root canal system. The aim of root canal treatment is to preserve healthy periapical tissues or to provide healing of them in restorable teeth, which have sufficient periodontal support. The amount of microbial cells in the root canal system and their virulence as well as host responses influence on the degree of periapical inflammation and symptoms. Microbial biofilm formation is typically seen on root canal walls but some microbial species are able to invade the dentine tubules to varying depth. In prolonged and complicated infections, or in case of risk of systemic spread of infection, root canal sampling for microbiological diagnostics is recommended. Anaerobic gram-negative rods are commonly isolated organisms in primary infections. In post-treatment disease, the microflora is dominated by facultatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci and rods such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Peptostreptococcus and Actinomyces species. Instrumentation, disinfection and interappointment medication in strict aseptic conditions are essential steps for eradication of microbial species from the infected root canal system. During past decades, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans have been commonly associated organisms in treatment-resistant infections. Novel microbial detection methods are giving increasing knowledge about microbial species associated with endodontic infections and their roles in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Sakko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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108
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Dutra DAM, Pereira GKR, Kantorski KZ, Exterkate RAM, Kleverlaan CJ, Valandro LF, Zanatta FB. Grinding With Diamond Burs and Hydrothermal Aging of a Y-TZP Material: Effect on the Material Surface Characteristics and Bacterial Adhesion. Oper Dent 2017; 42:669-678. [DOI: 10.2341/16-108-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grinding with diamond burs and low-temperature aging on the material surface characteristics and bacteria adhesion on a yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) surface. Y-TZP specimens were made from presintered blocks, sintered as recommended by the manufacturer, and assigned into six groups according to two factors—grinding (three levels: as sintered, grinding with extra-fine diamond bur [25-μm grit], and grinding with coarse diamond bur [181-μm grit]) and hydrothermal aging—to promote low-temperature degradation (two levels: presence/absence). Phase transformation (X-ray diffractometer), surface roughness, micromorphological patterns (atomic force microscopy), and contact angle (goniometer) were analyzed. Bacterial adhesion (colony-forming units [CFU]/biofilm) was quantified using an in vitro polymicrobial biofilm model. Both the surface treatment and hydrothermal aging promoted an increase in m-phase content. Roughness values increased as a function of increasing bur grit sizes. Grinding with a coarse diamond bur resulted in significantly lower values of contact angle (p<0.05) when compared with the extra-fine and control groups, while there were no differences (p<0.05) after hydrothermal aging simulation. The CFU/biofilm results showed that neither the surface treatment nor hydrothermal aging simulation significantly affected the bacteria adherence (p>0.05). Grinding with diamond burs and hydrothermal aging modified the Y-TZP surface properties; however, these properties had no effect on the amount of bacteria adhesion on the material surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAM Dutra
- Danilo Antonio Milbradt Dutra, DDS, MSc, Post-graduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - GKR Pereira
- Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira, DDS, MSc, PhD, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Meridional Faculty – IMED, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - KZ Kantorski
- Karla Zanini Kantorski, DDS, MSc, PhD, Post-graduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - RAM Exterkate
- Rob A. M. Exterkate, BSc, PhD, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - CJ Kleverlaan
- Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan, BCh, PhD, Department of Dental Material Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - LF Valandro
- Luiz Felipe Valandro, DDS, MSc, PhD, Post-graduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - FB Zanatta
- Fabrício Batistin Zanatta, DDS, MSc, PhD, Post-graduate Program in Oral Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
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109
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Abstract
Cirrhosis is a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, especially for those at an advanced decompensated stage. Cirrhosis development and progression involves several important interorgan communications, and recently, the gut microbiome has been implicated in pathophysiology of the disease. Dysbiosis, defined as a pathological change in the microbiome, has a variable effect on the compensated versus decompensated stage of cirrhosis. Adverse microbial changes, both in composition and function, can act at several levels within the gut (stool and mucosal) and have also been described in the blood and oral cavity. While dysbiosis in the oral cavity could be a source of systemic inflammation, current cirrhosis treatment modalities are targeted toward the gut-liver axis and do not address the oral microbiome. As interventions designed to modulate oral dysbiosis may delay progression of cirrhosis, a better understanding of this process is of the utmost importance. The concept of oral microbiota dysbiosis in cirrhosis is relatively new; therefore, this review will highlight the emerging role of the oral-gut-liver axis and introduce perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathur Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sinem Esra Sahingur
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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110
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Hickok NJ, Shapiro IM, Chen AF. The Impact of Incorporating Antimicrobials into Implant Surfaces. J Dent Res 2017; 97:14-22. [PMID: 28922615 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517731768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in numbers of joint replacements, spinal surgeries, and dental implantations, there is an urgent need to combat implant-associated infection. In addition to stringent sterile techniques, an efficacious way to prevent this destructive complication is to create new implants with antimicrobial properties. Specifically, these implants must be active in the dental implant environment where the implant is bathed in the glycoprotein-rich salivary fluids that enhance bacterial adhesion, and propagation, and biofilm formation. However, in designing an antimicrobial surface, a balance must be struck between antimicrobial activity and the need for the implant to interact with the bone environment. Three types of surfaces have been designed to combat biofilm formation, while attempting to maintain osseous interactions: 1) structured surfaces where topography, usually at the nanoscale, decreases bacterial adhesion sufficiently to retard establishment of infection; 2) surfaces that actively elute antimicrobials to avert bacterial adhesion and promote killing; and 3) surfaces containing permanently bonded agents that generate antimicrobial surfaces that prevent long-term bacterial adhesion. Both topographical and elution surfaces exhibit varying, albeit limited, antimicrobial activity in vitro. With respect to covalent coupling, we present studies on the ability of the permanent antimicrobial surfaces to kill organisms while fostering osseointegration. All approaches have significant drawbacks with respect to stability and efficacy, but the permanent surfaces may have an edge in creating a long-term antibacterial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Hickok
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I M Shapiro
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A F Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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111
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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112
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A novel antimicrobial peptide against dental-caries-associated bacteria. Anaerobe 2017; 47:165-172. [PMID: 28571698 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries, a highly prevalent oral disease, is primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria infection, and most of them are anaerobic. Herein, we investigated the activity of a designed antimicrobial peptide ZXR-2, and found it showed broad-spectrum activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral bacteria, particularly the caries-related taxa Streptococcus mutans. Time-course killing assays indicated that ZXR-2 killed most bacterial cells within 5 min at 4 × MIC. The mechanism of ZXR-2 involved disruption of cell membranes, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, ZXR-2 inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilm, but showed limited hemolytic effect. Based on its potent antimicrobial activity, rapid killing, and inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation, ZXR-2 represents a potential therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
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113
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Distinctive microbiomes and metabolites linked with weight loss after gastric bypass, but not gastric banding. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2047-2058. [PMID: 28548658 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) are anatomically different bariatric operations. RYGB achieves greater weight loss compared with LAGB. Changes in the gut microbiome have been documented after RYGB, but not LAGB, and the microbial contribution to sustainable surgical weight loss warrants further evaluation. We hypothesized that RYGB imposes greater changes on the microbiota and its metabolism than LAGB, and that the altered microbiota may contribute to greater weight loss. Using multi-omic approaches, we analyzed fecal microbial community structure and metabolites of pre-bariatric surgery morbidly obese (PreB-Ob), normal weight (NW), post-RYGB, and post-LAGB participants. RYGB microbiomes were significantly different from those from NW, LAGB and PreB-Ob. Microbiome differences between RYGB and PreB-Ob populations were mirrored in their metabolomes. Diversity was higher in RYGB compared with LAGB, possibly because of an increase in the abundance of facultative anaerobic, bile-tolerant and acid-sensible microorganisms in the former. Possibly because of lower gastric acid exposure, phylotypes from the oral cavity, such as Escherichia, Veillonella and Streptococcus, were in greater abundance in the RYGB group, and their abundances positively correlated with percent excess weight loss. Many of these post-RYGB microorganisms are capable of amino-acid fermentation. Amino-acid and carbohydrate fermentation products-isovalerate, isobutyrate, butyrate and propionate-were prevalent in RYGB participants, but not in LAGB participants. RYGB resulted in greater alteration of the gut microbiome and metabolome than LAGB, and RYGB group exhibited unique microbiome composed of many amino-acid fermenters, compared with nonsurgical controls.
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114
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Park JS, Ryu EJ, Li L, Choi BK, Kim BM. New bicyclic brominated furanones as potent autoinducer-2 quorum-sensing inhibitors against bacterial biofilm formation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:76-87. [PMID: 28554093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial behaviors such as virulence factor secretion and biofilm formation are critical for survival, and are effectively regulated through quorum sensing, a mechanism of intra- and interspecies communication in response to changes in cell density and species complexity. Many bacterial species colonize host tissues and form a defensive structure called a biofilm, which can be the basis of inflammatory diseases. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium, is caused by subgingival biofilms related to periodontopathogens. In particular, Fusobacterium nucleatum is a major co-aggregation bridge organism in the formation and growth of subgingival biofilms, linking the early and late colonizers in periodontal biofilms. According to our previous study, the intergeneric quorum-sensing signal molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) of F. nucleatum plays a key role in intra- and interspecies interactions of periodontopathogens, and may be a good target for periodontal biofilm inhibition. Recently, brominated furanones produced by the macroalga Delisea pulchra were shown to inhibit biofilm formation via AI-2, and have been investigated toward the goal of increasing the inhibition effect. In this study, we describe the synthesis of new bromofuranone analogs, i.e., 3-(dibromomethylene)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one derivatives, and demonstrate their inhibitory activities against biofilm formation by periodontopathogens, including F. nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ryu
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Linzi Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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115
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Wang X, Li X, Ling J. Streptococcus gordonii LuxS/autoinducer-2 quorum-sensing system modulates the dual-species biofilm formation with Streptococcus mutans. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:605-616. [PMID: 28485524 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dental plaques are mixed-species biofilms that are related to the development of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is an important cariogenic bacterium that forms mixed-species biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), an early colonizer of the tooth surface. The LuxS/autoinducer-2(AI-2) quorum sensing system is involved in the regulation of mixed-species biofilms, and AI-2 is proposed as a universal signal for the interaction between bacterial species. In this work, a S. gordonii luxS deficient strain was constructed to investigate the effect of the S. gordonii luxS gene on dual-species biofilm formed by S. mutans and S. gordonii. In addition, AI-2 was synthesized in vitro by incubating recombinant LuxS and Pfs enzymes of S. gordonii together. The effect of AI-2 on S. mutans single-species biofilm formation and cariogenic virulence gene expression were also assessed. The results showed that luxS disruption in S. gordonii altered dual-species biofilm formation, architecture, and composition, as well as the susceptibility to chlorhexidine. And the in vitro synthesized AI-2 had a concentration-dependent effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. These findings indicate that LuxS/AI-2 quorum-sensing system of S. gordonii plays a role in regulating the dual-species biofilm formation with S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yamada R, Nozaki K, Horiuchi N, Yamashita K, Nemoto R, Miura H, Nagai A. Ag nanoparticle-coated zirconia for antibacterial prosthesis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:1054-1060. [PMID: 28575940 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to dental materials is a major cause of caries and periodontitis, necessitating the development of compounds such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are widely employed in medicine due to their high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity. The main goal of this study is the synthesis of the broad antimicrobial activity of AgNP-coated YSZ with facile methods. The bactericidal AgNPs were immobilized on the surface of YSZ and tested for bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans based on ISO 22196:2007. The loading of AgNPs was optimized by culturing mouse fibroblast cells on AgNP-coated YSZ with cell viability test based on ISO 10993-5. In addition, the silver release profile of AgNP-coated YSZ in artificial saliva was determined using an accelerated aging test. Antibacterial activity, and cell viability test revealed optimum performance with no cytotoxicity at a level of 32 μg/cm2. Accelerated aging test showed that the AgNP-coated surface was extremely stable, exhibiting a total silver leaching level of only 1% and confirming the effectiveness of this coating method for retaining AgNPs while exerting an antibacterial effect against oral pathogens. This finding also implies that the bactericidal action of AgNP-coated YSZ is not mediated by the released Ag ions, but rather corresponds to contact killing. ABBREVIATIONS Yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ; silver nanoparticles, AgNPs; field emission scanning electron microscopy, FE-SEM; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS; grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, GIXRD; ultraviolet-visible, UV-vis; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ICP-AES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yamada
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 135-0044, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nozaki
- Department of Material Biofunctions, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Horiuchi
- Department of Inorganic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yamashita
- Department of Inorganic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Reina Nemoto
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 135-0044, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miura
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 135-0044, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagai
- Department of Material Biofunctions, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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117
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Fernández C, Aspiras M, Dodds M, González-Cabezas C, Rickard A. The effect of inoculum source and fluid shear force on the development ofin vitrooral multispecies biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:796-808. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Fernández
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Cariology; Restorative Sciences and Endodontics; School of Dentistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - M.B. Aspiras
- Scientific Discovery; Global Innovation Center (GIC); Wrigley; Chicago IL USA
| | - M.W. Dodds
- Scientific Discovery; Global Innovation Center (GIC); Wrigley; Chicago IL USA
| | - C. González-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology; Restorative Sciences and Endodontics; School of Dentistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - A.H. Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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118
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Kato I, Vasquez A, Moyerbrailean G, Land S, Djuric Z, Sun J, Lin HS, Ram JL. Nutritional Correlates of Human Oral Microbiome. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:88-98. [PMID: 27797671 PMCID: PMC5477991 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1185386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite many potential effects of the oral microbiome on oral and systemic health, scant information is available regarding the associations between diet and the oral microbiome. METHODS Oral rinse DNA samples from 182 participants in a population-based case-control study for colorectal cancer were used to amplify a V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The amplicons were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq paired end chemistry on 2 runs, yielding approximately 33 million filtered reads that were assigned to bacterial classes. Relative abundances of each class and family as well microbial diversity/richness indices were correlated with selected dietary intakes from a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and vitamin C intakes were consistently correlated with alpha (within-subjects) diversity indexes in both richness and diversity. SFA intake was positively correlated with relative abundance of betaproteobacteria and fusobacteria. Vitamin C and other vitamins with correlated intakes-for example, the B vitamins and vitamin E-exhibited positive correlations with fusobacteria class, its family Leptotrichiaceae and a clostridia family Lachnospiraceae. In addition, glycemic load was positively correlated with Lactobacillaceae abundance. CONCLUSION The observed associations in this study were modest. However, the results suggest that the effects of diets are likely to be habitat specific, and observations from the gut microbiome are not transferrable to the oral microbiome. Further studies are warranted, incorporating a range of host biomarkers, such as cytohistological, molecular, or biochemical measurements, in order to address biological consequences of these dietary intakes in human oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kato
- a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
- b Department of Pathology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Adrian Vasquez
- c Department of Physiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Gregory Moyerbrailean
- d Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Susan Land
- a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Zora Djuric
- f Department of Family Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Jun Sun
- g Department of Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois
| | - Ho-Sheng Lin
- e Department of Otolaryngology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
| | - Jeffrey L Ram
- c Department of Physiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan
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119
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Szafrański SP, Winkel A, Stiesch M. The use of bacteriophages to biocontrol oral biofilms. J Biotechnol 2017; 250:29-44. [PMID: 28108235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections induced by oral biofilms include caries, as well as periodontal, and peri-implant disease, and may influence quality of life, systemic health, and expenditure. As bacterial biofilms are highly resistant and resilient to conventional antibacterial therapy, it has been difficult to combat these infections. An innovative alternative to the biocontrol of oral biofilms could be to use bacteriophages or phages, the viruses of bacteria, which are specific, non-toxic, self-proliferating, and can penetrate into biofilms. Phages for Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. have been isolated and characterised. Recombinant phage enzymes (lysins) have been shown to lyse A. naeslundii and Streptococcus spp. However, only a tiny fraction of available phages and their lysins have been explored so far. The unique properties of phages and their lysins make them promising but challenging antimicrobials. The genetics and biology of phages have to be further explored in order to determine the most effective way of applying them. Studying the effect of phages and lysins on multispecies biofilms should pave the way for microbiota engineering and microbiota-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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120
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Liu J, Stone VN, Ge X, Tang M, Elrami F, Xu P. TetR Family Regulator brpT Modulates Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus sanguinis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169301. [PMID: 28046010 PMCID: PMC5207742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a key component in bacterial communities providing protection and contributing to infectious diseases. However, mechanisms involved in S. sanguinis biofilm formation have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we report the identification of a novel S. sanguinis TetR repressor, brpT (Biofilm Regulatory Protein TetR), involved in biofilm formation. Deletion of brpT resulted in a significant increase in biofilm formation. Interestingly, the mutant accumulated more water soluble and water insoluble glucans in its biofilm compared to the wild-type and the complemented mutant. The brpT mutation led to an altered biofilm morphology and structure exhibiting a rougher appearance, uneven distribution with more filaments bound to the chains. RNA-sequencing revealed that gtfP, the only glucosyltransferase present in S. sanguinis, was significantly up-regulated. In agreement with these findings, we independently observed that deletion of gtfP in S. sanguinis led to reduced biofilm and low levels of water soluble and insoluble glucans. These results suggest that brpT is involved in the regulation of the gtfP-mediated exopolysaccharide synthesis and controls S. sanguinis biofilm formation. The deletion of brpT may have a potential therapeutic application in regulating S. sanguinis colonization in the oral cavity and the prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Liu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Victoria N. Stone
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xiuchun Ge
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Madison Tang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fadi Elrami
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Iviglia G, Cassinelli C, Bollati D, Baino F, Torre E, Morra M, Vitale-Brovarone C. Engineered porous scaffolds for periprosthetic infection prevention. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:701-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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122
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Nakamura K, Shirato M, Kanno T, Örtengren U, Lingström P, Niwano Y. Antimicrobial activity of hydroxyl radicals generated by hydrogen peroxide photolysis against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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123
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Ren L, Memarzadeh K, Zhang S, Sun Z, Yang C, Ren G, Allaker RP, Yang K. A novel coping metal material CoCrCu alloy fabricated by selective laser melting with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:461-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu W, Røder HL, Madsen JS, Bjarnsholt T, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. Interspecific Bacterial Interactions are Reflected in Multispecies Biofilm Spatial Organization. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1366. [PMID: 27630624 PMCID: PMC5005372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies interactions are essential for the persistence and development of any kind of complex community, and microbial biofilms are no exception. Multispecies biofilms are structured and spatially defined communities that have received much attention due to their omnipresence in natural environments. Species residing in these complex bacterial communities usually interact both intra- and interspecifically. Such interactions are considered to not only be fundamental in shaping overall biomass and the spatial distribution of cells residing in multispecies biofilms, but also to result in coordinated regulation of gene expression in the different species present. These communal interactions often lead to emergent properties in biofilms, such as enhanced tolerance against antibiotics, host immune responses, and other stresses, which have been shown to provide benefits to all biofilm members not only the enabling sub-populations. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of cellular processes affecting spatial organization, and vice versa, are poorly understood and very complex to unravel. Therefore, detailed description of the spatial organization of individual bacterial cells in multispecies communities can be an alternative strategy to reveal the nature of interspecies interactions of constituent species. Closing the gap between visual observation and biological processes may become crucial for resolving biofilm related problems, which is of utmost importance to environmental, industrial, and clinical implications. This review briefly presents the state of the art of studying interspecies interactions and spatial organization of multispecies communities, aiming to support theoretical and practical arguments for further advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Liu
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette L Røder
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas S Madsen
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Esteban Florez FL, Hiers RD, Smart K, Kreth J, Qi F, Merritt J, Khajotia SS. Real-time assessment of Streptococcus mutans biofilm metabolism on resin composite. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1263-1269. [PMID: 27515531 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The release of unpolymerized monomers and by-products of resin composites influences biofilm growth and confounds the measurement of metabolic activity. Current assays to measure biofilm viability have critical limitations and are typically not performed on relevant substrates. The objective of the present study was to determine the utility of firefly luciferase assay for quantification of the viability of intact biofilms on a resin composite substrate, and correlate the results with a standard method (viable colony counts). METHODS Disk-shaped specimens of a dental resin composite were fabricated, wet-polished, UV-sterilized, and stored in water. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159 modified by insertion of constitutively expressed firefly luc gene) were grown (1:500 dilution; anaerobic conditions, 24h, 37°C) in two media concentrations (0.35x and 0.65x THY medium supplemented with 0.1% sucrose; n=15/group). An additional group of specimens with biofilms grown in 0.65x+sucrose media was treated with chlorhexidine gluconate solution to serve as the control group. Bioluminescence measurements of non-disrupted biofilms were obtained after addition of d-Luciferin substrate. The adherent biofilms were removed by sonication, and bioluminescence of sonicated bacteria was then measured. Viable colony counts were performed after plating sonicated bacteria on THY agar plates supplemented with spectinomycin. Bioluminescence values and cell counts were correlated using Spearman correlation tests (α=0.05). RESULTS Strong positive correlations between viable colony counts and bioluminescence values, both before- and after-sonication, validated the utility of this assay. SIGNIFICANCE A novel non-disruptive, real-time bioluminescence assay is presented for quantification of intact S. mutans biofilms grown on a resin composite, and potentially on antibacterial materials and other types of dental biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Luis Esteban Florez
- Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1201 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States.
| | - Rochelle Denise Hiers
- Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1201 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States.
| | - Kristin Smart
- Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1201 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States.
| | - Jens Kreth
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 1053, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, MRB424, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Fengxia Qi
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 1053, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
| | - Justin Merritt
- Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, MRB424, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Sharukh Soli Khajotia
- Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1201 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States.
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Díaz-Garrido N, Lozano C, Giacaman RA. Frequency of sucrose exposure on the cariogenicity of a biofilm-caries model. Eur J Dent 2016; 10:345-350. [PMID: 27403051 PMCID: PMC4926586 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.184163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although sucrose is considered the most cariogenic carbohydrate in the human diet, the question of how many exposures are needed to induce damage on the hard dental tissues remains unclear. To approach this question, different frequencies of daily sucrose exposure were tested on a relevant biological caries model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biofilms of the Streptococcus mutans were formed on enamel slabs and exposed to cariogenic challenges with 10% sucrose for 5 min at 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, or 10 times per day. After 5 days, biofilms were retrieved to analyze biomass, protein content, viable bacteria, and polysaccharide formation. Enamel demineralization was evaluated by percentage of microhardness loss (percentage surface hardness loss [%SHL]). RESULTS Biomass, protein content, polysaccharide production, acidogenicity of the biofilm, and %SHL proportionally increased with the number of daily exposures to sucrose (P < 0.05). One daily sucrose exposure was enough to induce 20% more demineralization than the negative unexposed control. Higher frequencies induced greater demineralization and more virulent biofilms, but eight and ten exposures were not different between them in most of the analyzed variables (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher sucrose exposure seems to increase cariogenicity, in a frequency-dependent manner, by the modification of bacterial virulent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz-Garrido
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Cariology Unit, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Carla Lozano
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Cariology Unit, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
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Orrego S, Melo MA, Lee S, Xu HHK, Arola DD. Fatigue of human dentin by cyclic loading and during oral biofilm challenge. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:1978-1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Orrego
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore Maryland
| | - Mary Anne Melo
- Department of EndodonticsProsthodontics, and Operative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimore Maryland
| | - Se‐Han Lee
- Division of Mechanical EngineeringKyungnam UniversityChangwon631‐701 Korea
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Department of EndodonticsProsthodontics, and Operative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimore Maryland
| | - Dwayne D. Arola
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington, DC
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry, University of WashingtonSeattle Washington, DC
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128
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Oral biofilm and caries-infiltrant interactions on enamel. J Dent 2016; 48:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bastard A, Coelho C, Briandet R, Canette A, Gougeon R, Alexandre H, Guzzo J, Weidmann S. Effect of Biofilm Formation by Oenococcus oeni on Malolactic Fermentation and the Release of Aromatic Compounds in Wine. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:613. [PMID: 27199942 PMCID: PMC4846790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The winemaking process involves the alcoholic fermentation of must, often followed by malolactic fermentation (MLF). The latter, mainly carried out by the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni, is used to improve wine quality when acidity reduction is required. Moreover, it prevents microbial spoilage and improves the wine’s organoleptic profile. Prior observations showed that O. oeni is able to resist several months in harsh wine conditions when adhered on oak barrels. Since biofilm is a prevailing microbial lifestyle in natural environments, the capacity of O. oeni to form biofilms was investigated on winemaking material such as stainless steel and oak chips. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy showed that O. oeni was able to adhere to these surfaces and form spatially organized microcolonies embedded in extracellular substances. To assess the competitive advantage of this mode of life in wine, the properties of biofilm and planktonic cells were compared after inoculation in a fermented must (pH 3.5 or 3.2 and 12% ethanol) The results indicated that the biofilm culture of O. oeni conferred (i) increased tolerance to wine stress, and (ii) functional performance with effective malolactic activities. Relative gene expression focusing on stress genes and genes involved in EPS synthesis was investigated in a mature biofilm and emphasized the role of the matrix in increased biofilm resistance. As oak is commonly used in wine aging, we focused on the O. oeni biofilm on this material and its contribution to the development of wine color and the release of aromatic compounds. Analytical chromatography was used to target the main oak aging compounds such as vanillin, gaiacol, eugenol, whisky-lactones, and furfural. The results reveal that O. oeni biofilm developed on oak can modulate the wood-wine transfer of volatile aromatic compounds during MLF and aging by decreasing furfural, gaiacol, and eugenol in particular. This work showed that O. oeni forms biofilms consisting of stress-tolerant cells capable of efficient MLF under winemaking conditions. Therefore surface-associated behaviors should be considered in the development of improved strategies for the control of MLF in wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bastard
- UMR A PAM Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie Dijon, France
| | - Christian Coelho
- UMR A PAM Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Procédés Alimentaires et Physico-Chimie Dijon, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexis Canette
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Régis Gougeon
- UMR A PAM Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Procédés Alimentaires et Physico-Chimie Dijon, France
| | - Hervé Alexandre
- UMR A PAM Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie Dijon, France
| | - Jean Guzzo
- UMR A PAM Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Weidmann
- UMR A PAM Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie Dijon, France
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130
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Aguayo S, Donos N, Spratt D, Bozec L. Probing the nanoadhesion of Streptococcus sanguinis to titanium implant surfaces by atomic force microscopy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1443-50. [PMID: 27103802 PMCID: PMC4827898 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As titanium (Ti) continues to be utilized in great extent for the fabrication of artificial implants, it is important to understand the crucial bacterium–Ti interaction occurring during the initial phases of biofilm formation. By employing a single-cell force spectroscopy technique, the nanoadhesive interactions between the early-colonizing Streptococcus sanguinis and a clinically analogous smooth Ti substrate were explored. Mean adhesion forces between S. sanguinis and Ti were found to be 0.32±0.00, 1.07±0.06, and 4.85±0.56 nN for 0, 1, and 60 seconds contact times, respectively; while adhesion work values were reported at 19.28±2.38, 104.60±7.02, and 1,317.26±197.69 aJ for 0, 1, and 60 seconds, respectively. At 60 seconds surface delays, minor-rupture events were modeled with the worm-like chain model yielding an average contour length of 668±12 nm. The mean force for S. sanguinis minor-detachment events was 1.84±0.64 nN, and Poisson analysis decoupled this value into a short-range force component of −1.60±0.34 nN and a long-range force component of −0.55±0.47 nN. Furthermore, a solution of 2 mg/mL chlorhexidine was found to increase adhesion between the bacterial probe and substrate. Overall, single-cell force spectroscopy of living S. sanguinis cells proved to be a reliable way to characterize early-bacterial adhesion onto machined Ti implant surfaces at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Aguayo
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Periodontology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dave Spratt
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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131
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Nicu EA, Loos BG. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis and their possible modulation as a therapeutic approach. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:140-63. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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132
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133
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Jafer M, Patil S, Hosmani J, Bhandi SH, Chalisserry EP, Anil S. Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Biofilm-associated Oral Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17:337-343. [PMID: 27340170 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms naturally on the surfaces of exposed teeth and other areas of the oral cavity. It is the primary etiological factor for the most frequently occurring oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Specific, nonspecific, and ecologic plaque hypothesis explains the causation of dental and associated diseases. Adequate control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of prevention of periodontitis and dental caries. Mechanical plaque control is the mainstay for prevention of oral diseases, but it requires patient cooperation and motivation; therefore, chemical plaque control agents act as useful adjuvants for achieving the desired results. Hence, it is imperative for the clinicians to update their knowledge in chemical antiplaque agents and other developments for the effective management of plaque biofilm-associated diseases. This article explores the critical analysis of various chemical plaque control strategies and the current trends in the control and prevention of dental plaque biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jafer
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
| | - Jagadish Hosmani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa H Bhandi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Elna P Chalisserry
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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134
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Shi W, Qin M, Chen F, Xia B. Supragingival Microbial Profiles of Permanent and Deciduous Teeth in Children with Mixed Dentition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146938. [PMID: 26752284 PMCID: PMC4709228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study was designed to investigate the microbial profiles of teeth in different locations in mixed-dentition-stage children, and to compare the microbiomes of permanent and deciduous teeth in the same healthy oral cavity. Methods Supragingival plaque samples of teeth in various locations—the first permanent molars, deciduous molars, deciduous canines and incisors and permanent incisors—were collected from 20 healthy mixed-dentition-stage children with 10–12 permanent teeth erupted. Plaque DNA was extracted, and the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and subjected to sequencing. Results On average, 18,051 high-quality sequences per sample were generated. Permanent tooth sites tended to host more diverse bacterial communities than those of deciduous tooth sites. A total of 12 phyla, 21 classes, 38 orders, 66 families, 74 genera were detected ultimately. Five predominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria) were highly variable among sites. Of 26 genera with a mean relative abundance of >0.1%, 16 showed significant differences in relative abundance among the groups. More than 20% of the total operational taxonomical units were detected only in permanent or deciduous teeth. The variation in the microbial community composition was due mainly to permanent teeth being enriched in Actinomyces and deciduous teeth in Treponema. The core microbiome of supragingival plaque in mixed dentition comprised 19 genera with complex correlationships. Conclusion Our results suggest differences in microbial diversity and composition between permanent and deciduous teeth sites in mixed dentition. Moreover, the core microbiome of these sites was determined. These findings enhance our understanding of the development of the native oral microbiota with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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135
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Biofilm formation mechanisms and targets for developing antibiofilm agents. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:493-512. [PMID: 25875875 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that are attached to a surface and play a significant role in the persistence of bacterial infections. Bacteria within a biofilm are several orders of magnitude more resistant to antibiotics, compared with planktonic bacteria. Thus far, no drugs are in clinical use that specifically target bacterial biofilms. This is probably because until recently the molecular details of biofilm formation were poorly understood. Bacteria integrate information from the environment, such as quorum-sensing autoinducers and nutrients, into appropriate biofilm-related gene expression, and the identity of the key players, such as cyclic dinucleotide second messengers and regulatory RNAs are beginning to be uncovered. Herein, we highlight the current understanding of the processes that lead to biofilm formation in many bacteria.
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136
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Shen Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Chen H, Wu C, Haapasalo M. Bifunctional bioceramics stimulating osteogenic differentiation of a gingival fibroblast and inhibiting plaque biofilm formation. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:639-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00534e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional Ca–Mg–Si bioceramic induces osteogenic differentiation of gingival fibroblasts and inhibits plaque biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics
- Oral Biological & Medical Sciences
- School of Dentistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver BC
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics
- Oral Biological & Medical Sciences
- School of Dentistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver BC
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology
- Medical College
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- People's Republic of China
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics
- Oral Biological & Medical Sciences
- School of Dentistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver BC
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137
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Backlund CJ, Worley BV, Schoenfisch MH. Anti-biofilm action of nitric oxide-releasing alkyl-modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimers against Streptococcus mutans. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:198-205. [PMID: 26478472 PMCID: PMC4695967 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing dendrimer hydrophobicity on Streptococcus mutans killing and biofilm disruption was examined at pH 7.4 and 6.4, the latter relevant to dental caries. Generation 1 (G1) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were modified with alkyl epoxides to generate propyl-, butyl-, hexyl-, octyl-, and dodecyl-functionalized dendrimers. The resulting secondary amines were reacted with NO to form N-diazeniumdiolate NO donor-modified dendrimer scaffolds (total NO ∼1μmol/mg). The bactericidal action of the NO-releasing dendrimers against both planktonic and biofilm-based S. mutans proved greatest with increasing alkyl chain length and at lower pH. Improved bactericidal efficacy at pH 6.4 was attributed to increased scaffold surface charge that enhanced dendrimer-bacteria association and ensuing membrane damage. For shorter alkyl chain (i.e., propyl and butyl) dendrimer modifications, increased antibacterial action at pH 6.4 was due to faster NO-release kinetics from proton-labile N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors. Octyl- and dodecyl-modified PAMAM dendrimers proved most effective for eradicating S. mutans biofilms with NO release mitigating dendrimer scaffold cytotoxicity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We report the antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of dual-action nitric oxide (NO)-releasing dendrimers against S. mutans, an etiological agent in dental caries. This work was undertaken to enhance the anti-biofilm action of these scaffolds by employing various alkyl chain modifications. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of NO to eradicate cariogenic biofilms. We found that at the lower pH associated with dental caries (pH ∼6.4), NO has a more pronounced antibacterial effect for alkyl modifications less capable of biofilm penetration and membrane disruption. Of greatest significance, we introduce dendrimers as a new macromolecular antibacterial agent against the cariogenic bacteria S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany V. Worley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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138
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Kang J, He Y, Hetzl D, Jiang HQ, Jun MK, Jun MS, Khng M, Cirillo N, McCullough MJ. A Candid Assessment of the Link between Oral <i>Candida</i> Containing Biofilms and Oral Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.62012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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139
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Sands KM, Twigg JA, Lewis MAO, Wise MP, Marchesi JR, Smith A, Wilson MJ, Williams DW. Microbial profiling of dental plaque from mechanically ventilated patients. J Med Microbiol 2015; 65:147-159. [PMID: 26690690 PMCID: PMC5115166 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms isolated from the oral cavity may translocate to the lower airways during mechanical ventilation (MV) leading to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Changes within the dental plaque microbiome during MV have been documented previously, primarily using culture-based techniques. The aim of this study was to use community profiling by high throughput sequencing to comprehensively analyse suggested microbial changes within dental plaque during MV. Bacterial 16S rDNA gene sequences were obtained from 38 samples of dental plaque sampled from 13 mechanically ventilated patients and sequenced using the Illumina platform. Sequences were processed using Mothur, applying a 97 % gene similarity cut-off for bacterial species level identifications. A significant ‘microbial shift’ occurred in the microbial community of dental plaque during MV for nine out of 13 patients. Following extubation, or removal of the endotracheal tube that facilitates ventilation, sampling revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of potential respiratory pathogens and a compositional change towards a more predominantly (in terms of abundance) oral microbiota including Prevotella spp., and streptococci. The results highlight the need to better understand microbial shifts in the oral microbiome in the development of strategies to reduce VAP, and may have implications for the development of other forms of pneumonia such as community-acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Sands
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Joshua A Twigg
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael A O Lewis
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matt P Wise
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.,Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ann Smith
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Melanie J Wilson
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - David W Williams
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
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140
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Abdel Rahim KAA, Ali Mohamed AM. Bactericidal and Antibiotic Synergistic Effect of Nanosilver Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e25867. [PMID: 26862383 PMCID: PMC4740956 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.25867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are bacteria responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. These strains have developed, through the process of natural selection. Infections by MRSA are more difficult to treat with standard types of antibiotics and thus more dangerous to human health. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal and antibiotic synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) against MRSA. Materials and Methods: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from clinical samples and identified, and their susceptibility was tested using the MicroScan® WalkAway-96® SI System. minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a microdilution method. Time kill assay was performed by exposing the MRSA isolates to different concentrations of Ag-NPs and monitoring bacterial growth, by measuring optical density at 600 nm. Tissue culture plate was used for determination of the efficacy of Ag-NPs and their combination with antibiotics in the elimination of formed biofilm. Results: The MIC value of Ag-NPs against MRSA was 100 μg/mL. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus cells were treated with 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL of Ag-NPs and inhibited bacterial growth so that after four hours, almost all treated MRSA cells were dead. All combinations showed effectiveness against MRSA. It was observed that MRSA did not show inhibition zones with ampicillin alone. Conclusions: Silver Nanoparticles have high therapeutic activity against MRSA, thus can be suggested as an alternative or adjuvant with antibiotics for MRSA treatment. Further studies are required to understand the synergistic effect of Ag-NPs combinations and to assess the safety and efficacy of new antibiotic-Ag-NPs combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Ali Abdel Rahim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Central Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- Corresponding author: Khalid A. Ali Abdel Rahim, Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +96-6114675818, Fax: +96-6114675833, E-mail:
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ali Mohamed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Hafr Al Batin-319 91, Saudi Arabia
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141
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Cueno ME, Saito Y, Ochiai K. Periodontal disease level-butyric acid amounts locally administered in the rat gingival mucosa induce ER stress in the systemic blood. Microb Pathog 2015; 94:70-5. [PMID: 26541671 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases have long been postulated to contribute to systemic diseases and, likewise, it has been proposed that periodontal disease treatment may ameliorate certain systemic diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are major secondary metabolites produced by oral anaerobic bacteria and, among the SCFAs, butyric acid (BA) in high amounts contribute to periodontal disease development. Periodontal disease level-butyric acid (PDL-BA) is found among patients suffering from periodontal disease and has previously shown to induce oxidative stress, whereas, oxidative stress is correlated to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This would imply that PDL-BA may likewise stimulate ER stress, however, this was never elucidated. A better understanding of the correlation between PDL-BA and systemic ER stress stimulation could shed light on the possible systemic effects of PDL-BA-related periodontal diseases. Here, PDL-BA was injected into the gingival mucosa and the systemic blood obtained from the rat jugular was collected at 0, 15, 60, and 180 min post-injection. Collected blood samples were purified and only the blood cytosol was used throughout this study. Subsequently, we measured blood cytosolic GADD153, Ca(2+), representative apoptotic and inflammatory caspases, and NF-κB amounts. We found that PDL-BA presence increased blood cytosolic GADD153 and Ca(2+) amounts. Moreover, we observed that blood cytosolic caspases and NF-κB were activated only at 60 and 180 min post-injection in the rat gingival mucosa. This suggests that PDL-BA administered through the gingival mucosa may influence the systemic blood via ER stress stimulation and, moreover, prolonged PDL-BA retention in the gingival mucosa may play a significant role in ER stress-related caspase and NF-κB activation. In a periodontal disease scenario, we propose that PDL-BA-related ER stress stimulation leading to the simultaneous activation of apoptosis and inflammation may contribute to periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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142
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Vo DT, Arola D, Romberg E, Driscoll CF, Jabra-Rizk MA, Masri R. Adherence of Streptococcus mutans on lithium disilicate porcelain specimens. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 114:696-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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143
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Jordán F, Lauria M, Scotti M, Nguyen TP, Praveen P, Morine M, Priami C. Diversity of key players in the microbial ecosystems of the human body. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15920. [PMID: 26514870 PMCID: PMC4626846 DOI: 10.1038/srep15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coexisting bacteria form various microbial communities in human body parts. In these ecosystems they interact in various ways and the properties of the interaction network can be related to the stability and functional diversity of the local bacterial community. In this study, we analyze the interaction network among bacterial OTUs in 11 locations of the human body. These belong to two major groups. One is the digestive system and the other is the female genital tract. In each local ecosystem we determine the key species, both the ones being in key positions in the interaction network and the ones that dominate by frequency. Beyond identifying the key players and discussing their biological relevance, we also quantify and compare the properties of the 11 networks. The interaction networks of the female genital system and the digestive system show totally different architecture. Both the topological properties and the identity of the key groups differ. Key groups represent four phyla of prokaryotes. Some groups appear in key positions in several locations, while others are assigned only to a single body part. The key groups of the digestive and the genital tracts are totally different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Jordán
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy.,MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, 1113, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mario Lauria
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy
| | - Marco Scotti
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy.,GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thanh-Phuong Nguyen
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy.,Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A, avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg
| | - Paurush Praveen
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy
| | - Melissa Morine
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo, TN, 38123, Italy
| | - Corrado Priami
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Piazza Manifattura 1, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo, TN, 38123, Italy
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144
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Cueno ME, Ochiai K. Re-discovering periodontal butyric acid: New insights on an old metabolite. Microb Pathog 2015; 94:48-53. [PMID: 26466516 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is composed of detrimental and beneficial microbial communities producing several microbial factors that could contribute to the development of the oral microbiome and, likewise, may lead to the development of host diseases. Metabolites, like short-chain fatty acids, are commonly produced by the oral microbiome and serve various functions. Among the periodontal short-chain fatty acids, butyric acid is mainly produced by periodontopathic bacteria and, attributable to the butyrate paradox, is postulated to exhibit a dual function depending on butyric acid concentration. A better understanding of the interconnecting networks that would influence butyric acid function in the oral cavity may shed a new light on the current existing knowledge and view regarding butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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145
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Anti-biofilm activity of zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as dental implant coating materials. J Dent 2015; 43:1462-9. [PMID: 26497232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental implants are prone to failure as a result of bacterial biofilm accumulation. Such biofilms are often resistant to traditional antimicrobials and the use of nanoparticles as implant coatings may offer a means to control infection over a prolonged period. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiofilm activity of nanoparticulate coated titanium (Ti) discs using a film fermenter based system. METHODS Metal oxide nanoparticles of zinc oxide (nZnO), hydroxyapatite (nHA) and a combination (nZnO+nHA) were coated using electrohydrodynamic deposition onto Ti discs. Using human saliva as an inoculum, biofilms were grown on coated discs for 96 h in a constant depth film fermenter under aerobic conditions with artificial saliva and peri-implant sulcular fluid. Viability assays and biofilm thickness measurements were used to assess antimicrobial activity. RESULTS Following 96 h, reduced numbers of facultatively anaerobic and Streptococcus spp. on all three nano-coated surfaces were demonstrated. The proportion of non-viable microorganisms was shown to be higher on nZnO and composite (nZnO+nHA) coated surfaces at 96 h compared with nHA coated and uncoated titanium. Biofilm thickness comparison also demonstrated that nZnO and composite coatings to be the most effective. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the use of coating Ti dental implant surfaces with nZnO to provide an antimicrobial function. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Current forms of treatment for implant associated infection are often inadequate and may result in chronic infection requiring implant removal and resective/regenerative procedures to restore and reshape supporting tissue. The use of metal oxide nanoparticles to coat implants could provide osteoconductive and antimicrobial functionalities to prevent failure.
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146
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Stevens MRE, Luo TL, Vornhagen J, Jakubovics NS, Gilsdorf JR, Marrs CF, Møretrø T, Rickard AH. Coaggregation occurs between microorganisms isolated from different environments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv123. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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147
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Abou Neel EA, Bozec L, Perez RA, Kim HW, Knowles JC. Nanotechnology in dentistry: prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6371-94. [PMID: 26504385 PMCID: PMC4605240 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s86033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has rapidly expanded into all areas of science; it offers significant alternative ways to solve scientific and medical questions and problems. In dentistry, nanotechnology has been exploited in the development of restorative materials with some significant success. This review discusses nanointerfaces that could compromise the longevity of dental restorations, and how nanotechnolgy has been employed to modify them for providing long-term successful restorations. It also focuses on some challenging areas in dentistry, eg, oral biofilm and cancers, and how nanotechnology overcomes these challenges. The recent advances in nanodentistry and innovations in oral health-related diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic methods required to maintain and obtain perfect oral health, have been discussed. The recent advances in nanotechnology could hold promise in bringing a paradigm shift in dental field. Although there are numerous complex therapies being developed to treat many diseases, their clinical use requires careful consideration of the expense of synthesis and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensanya Ali Abou Neel
- Division of Biomaterials, Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, London, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, London, UK
| | - Roman A Perez
- Institute of Tissue Regenerative Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regenerative Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, London, UK
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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148
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Taurine Haloamines and Biofilm: II. Efficacy of Taurine Bromamine and Chlorhexidine Against Selected Microorganisms of Oral Biofilm. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:133-43. [PMID: 25833494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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149
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
This paper considers whether multispecies biofilms are evolutionary individuals. Numerous multispecies biofilms have characteristics associated with individuality, such as internal integrity, division of labor, coordination among parts, and heritable adaptive traits. However, such multispecies biofilms often fail standard reproductive criteria for individuality: they lack reproductive bottlenecks, are comprised of multiple species, do not form unified reproductive lineages, and fail to have a significant division of reproductive labor among their parts. If such biofilms are good candidates for evolutionary individuals, then evolutionary individuality is achieved through other means than frequently cited reproductive processes. The case of multispecies biofilms suggests that standard reproductive requirements placed on individuality should be reconsidered. More generally, the case of multispecies biofilms indicates that accounts of individuality that focus on single-species eukaryotes are too restrictive and that a pluralistic and open-ended account of evolutionary individuality is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ereshefsky
- Department of Philosophy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4;
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