101
|
Effect of Regulatory Element DNA Methylation on Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167588. [PMID: 27973546 PMCID: PMC5156355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene (t-PA; gene name PLAT) is regulated, in part, by epigenetic mechanisms. We investigated the relationship between PLAT methylation and PLAT expression in five primary human cell types and six transformed cell lines. CpG methylation was analyzed in the proximal PLAT gene promoter and near the multihormone responsive enhancer (MHRE) -7.3 kilobase pairs upstream of the PLAT transcriptional start site (TSS, -7.3 kb). In Bowes melanoma cells, the PLAT promoter and the MHRE were fully unmethylated and t-PA secretion was extremely high. In other cell types the region from -647 to -366 was fully methylated, whereas an unmethylated stretch of DNA from -121 to +94 was required but not sufficient for detectable t-PA mRNA and t-PA secretion. DNA methylation near the MHRE was not correlated with t-PA secretion. Specific methylation of the PLAT promoter region -151 to +151, inserted into a firefly luciferase reporter gene, abolished reporter gene activity. The region -121 to + 94 contains two well-described regulatory elements, a PMA-responsive element (CRE) near -106 and a GC-rich region containing an Sp1 binding site near +59. Methylation of double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides containing the CRE or the GC-rich region had little or no effect on transcription factor binding. Methylated CpGs may attract co-repressor complexes that contain histone deacetylases (HDAC). However, reporter gene activity of methylated plasmids was not restored by the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin. In conclusion, efficient PLAT gene expression requires a short stretch of unmethylated CpG sites in the proximal promoter.
Collapse
|
102
|
Würtzen PA, Gupta S, Brand S, Andersen PS. Grass pollen immunotherapy: where are we now. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:399-411. [PMID: 26973122 DOI: 10.2217/imt.16.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During allergen immunotherapy (AIT), the allergic patient is exposed to the disease-inducing antigens (allergens) in order to induce clinical and immunological tolerance and obtain disease modification. Large trials of grass AIT with highly standardized subcutaneous and sublingual tablet vaccines have been conducted to document the clinical effect. Induction of blocking antibodies as well as changes in the balance between T-cell phenotypes, including induction of regulatory T-cell subtypes, have been demonstrated for both treatment types. These observations increase the understanding of the immunological mechanism behind the clinical effect and may make it possible to use the immunological changes as biomarkers of clinical effect. The current review describes the recent mechanistic findings for subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy/tablet treatment and discusses how the observed immunological changes translate into a scientific foundation for the observed clinical effects of grass pollen immunotherapy and lead to new treatment strategies for grass AIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Würtzen
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Brand
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Peter S Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Lu CH, Wu CJ, Chan CC, Nguyen DT, Lin KR, Lin SJ, Chen LC, Yen JJY, Kuo ML. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor Promotes Human CD4 +CD25 hFOXP3 + Regulatory T Lymphocyte Induction under Suboptimal TCR Stimulation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:488. [PMID: 27877174 PMCID: PMC5099256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The “master transcription factor” FOXP3 regulates the differentiation, homeostasis, and suppressor function of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are critical in maintaining immune tolerance. Epigenetic regulation of FOXP3 expression has been demonstrated to be important to Treg cell development, but the induction of human Treg cells through epigenetic modification has not been clearly described. We report that the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) and suboptimal T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation promoted CD4+CD25hFOXP3+ T cell induction from human CD4+CD25− T cells. 5-Aza treatment enhanced the expression of Treg cell signature genes, such as CD25, FOXP3, CTLA-4, and GITR, in CD4+CD25h cells. Moreover, 5-Aza-treated CD4+CD25h T cells showed potent suppressive activity in a cell contact-dependent manner and reduced methylation in the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) in the FOXP3 gene. The analysis of cytokine production revealed that CD4+CD25− T cells with 5-Aza treatment produced comparable levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, but less IL-10 and more IL-2, when compared to cells without 5-Aza treatment. The increased IL-2 was indispensible to the enhanced FOXP3 expression in 5-Aza-treated CD4+CD25h cells. Finally, 5-Aza-treated CD4+CD25h T cells could be expanded with IL-2 supplementation alone and maintained FOXP3 expression and suppressor function through the expansion. Our findings demonstrate that DNA demethylation can enhance the induction of human Treg cells and promise to solve one of the challenges with using Treg cells in therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Chi Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Duc T Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Kuo-Ray Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Syh-Jae Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Wu B, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang GG, Wu J, Wan YY. BPTF Is Essential for T Cell Homeostasis and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4325-4333. [PMID: 27799308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF), a ubiquitously expressed ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor, is critical for epigenetically regulating DNA accessibility and gene expression. Although BPTF is important for the development of thymocytes, its function in mature T cells remains largely unknown. By specifically deleting BPTF from late double-negative 3/double-negative 4 stage of developing T cells, we found that BPTF was critical for the homeostasis of T cells via a cell-intrinsic manner. In addition, BPTF was essential for the maintenance and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cell-specific BPTF deletion led to reduced Foxp3 expression, increased lymphocyte infiltration in the nonlymphoid organs, and a systemic autoimmune syndrome. These findings therefore reveal a vital role for BPTF in T and Treg cell function and immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Chaojun Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; and
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; and
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Dousdampanis P, Trigka K, Mouzaki A. Tregs and kidney: From diabetic nephropathy to renal transplantation. World J Transplant 2016; 6:556-63. [PMID: 27683634 PMCID: PMC5036125 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is recognised as the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation continues to face several challenges including long-term graft and patient survival, and the side effects of immunosuppressive therapy. The tendency in kidney transplantation is to avoid the side effects of immunosuppresants and induce immune tolerance. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) contribute to self-tolerance, tolerance to alloantigen and transplant tolerance, mainly by suppressing the activation and function of reactive effector T-cells. Additionally, Tregs are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes, which is the leading cause of ESRD, suggesting that these cells play a role both in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and the induction of transplant tolerance. Several strategies to achieve immunological tolerance to grafts have been tested experimentally, and include combinations of co-stimulatory blockade pathways, T-cell depletion, in vivo Treg-induction and/or infusion of ex-vivo expanded Tregs. However, a successful regimen that induces transplant tolerance is not yet available for clinical application. This review brings together certain key studies on the role of Tregs in ESRD, diabetes and kidney transplantation, only to emphasize that many more studies are needed to elucidate the clinical significance and the therapeutic applications of Tregs.
Collapse
|
106
|
Baroja-Mazo A, Revilla-Nuin B, Parrilla P, Martínez-Alarcón L, Ramírez P, Pons JA. Tolerance in liver transplantation: Biomarkers and clinical relevance. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7676-91. [PMID: 27678350 PMCID: PMC5016367 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage organ failure, and modern immunosuppression has allowed important progress in short-term outcomes. However, immunosuppression poorly influences chronic rejection and elicits chronic toxicity in current clinical practice. Thus, a major goal in transplantation is to understand and induce tolerance. It is well established that human regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor FoxP3 play important roles in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. The major regulatory T cell subsets and mechanisms of expansion that are critical for induction and long-term maintenance of graft tolerance and survival are being actively investigated. Likewise, other immune cells, such as dendritic cells, monocyte/macrophages or natural killer cells, have been described as part of the process known as "operational tolerance". However, translation of these results towards clinical practice needs solid tools to identify accurately and reliably patients who are going to be tolerant. In this way, a plethora of genetic and cellular biomarkers is raising and being validated worldwide in large multi-center clinical trials. Few of the studies performed so far have provided a detailed analysis of the impact of immunosuppression withdrawal on pre-existing complications derived from the long-term administration of immunosuppressive drugs and the side effects associated with them. The future of liver transplantation is aimed to develop new therapies which increase the actual low tolerant vs non-tolerant recipients ratio.
Collapse
|
107
|
Wang Y. Advances in the Study on the Relationship between Regulatory T cells and Human Papilloma Viral Infection. INFECTION INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ii-2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRegulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a group of negative regulatory cells that include non-specific immune regulation CD4+T cells. Treg cells inhibit the function of other immune cells. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+is a Treg cell that is co-expressed by CD25and FOXP3. The expression of Treg cells is up-regulated in the focal microenvironment and peripheral blood of patients infected with human papilloma virus (HPV). Further studies on Treg cells indicate that their potential clinical applications in the treatment of HPV infection.
Collapse
|
108
|
Roschupkina T, Juliusson G. Subpopulations of T Regulatory Cells in Blood Stem Cell Harvests Influence Development of Acute Graft Versus Host Disease in Allogeneic Transplant Recipients. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 94:264-269. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teona Roschupkina
- Hematology/Transplantation Group, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Hematology/Transplantation Group, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Department of Hematology; Skåne University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Paparo L, Nocerino R, Cosenza L, Aitoro R, D'Argenio V, Del Monaco V, Di Scala C, Amoroso A, Di Costanzo M, Salvatore F, Berni Canani R. Epigenetic features of FoxP3 in children with cow's milk allergy. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:86. [PMID: 27525046 PMCID: PMC4981981 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation of the Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes is altered during cow's milk allergy (CMA). Forkhead box transcription factor 3 (FoxP3) is essential for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is involved in oral tolerance acquisition. We assessed whether tolerance acquisition in children with IgE-mediated CMA is associated with DNA demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) of FoxP3. RESULTS Forty children (aged 3-18 months) were enrolled: 10 children with active IgE-mediated CMA (group 1), 10 children who outgrew CMA after dietary treatment with an extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (group 2), 10 children who outgrew CMA after treatment with other formulas (group 3), and 10 healthy controls (group 4). FoxP3 TSDR demethylation and expression were measured in mononuclear cells purified from peripheral blood of the four groups of children. FoxP3 TSDR demethylation was significantly lower in children with active IgE-mediated CMA than in either children who outgrew CMA or in healthy children. Formula selection influenced the FoxP3 TSDR demethylation profile. The FoxP3 TSDR demethylation rate and expression level were correlated. CONCLUSIONS Tolerance acquisition in children with IgE-mediated CMA involves epigenetic regulation of the FoxP3 gene. This feature could be a new target for preventive and therapeutic strategies against CMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosita Aitoro
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Monaco
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Di Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Amoroso
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ; IRCCS-Fondazione SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy ; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy ; European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Clinical potential of DNA methylation in organ transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:843-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
111
|
Prelog M, Hilligardt D, Schmidt CA, Przybylski GK, Leierer J, Almanzar G, El Hajj N, Lesch KP, Arolt V, Zwanzger P, Haaf T, Domschke K. Hypermethylation of FOXP3 Promoter and Premature Aging of the Immune System in Female Patients with Panic Disorder? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157930. [PMID: 27362416 PMCID: PMC4928917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological abnormalities associated with pathological conditions, such as higher infection rates, inflammatory diseases, cancer or cardiovascular events are common in patients with panic disorder. In the present study, T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), Forkhead-Box-Protein P3 gene (FOXP3) methylation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and relative telomere lengths (RTLs) were investigated in a total and subsamples of 131 patients with panic disorder as compared to 131 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in order to test for a potential dysfunction and premature aging of the immune system in anxiety disorders. Significantly lower TRECs (p = 0.004) as well as significant hypermethylation of the FOXP3 promoter region (p = 0.005) were observed in female (but not in male) patients with panic disorder as compared to healthy controls. No difference in relative telomere length was discerned between patients and controls, but significantly shorter telomeres in females, smokers and older persons within the patient group. The presently observed reduced TRECs in panic disorder patients and FOXP3 hypermethylation in female patients with panic disorder potentially reflect impaired thymus and immunosuppressive Treg function, which might partly account for the known increased morbidity and mortality of anxiety disorders conferred by e.g. cancer and cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hilligardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Grzegorz K. Przybylski
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Johannes Leierer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtät Munich, Munich, Germany
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
The Costimulatory Receptor OX40 Inhibits Interleukin-17 Expression through Activation of Repressive Chromatin Remodeling Pathways. Immunity 2016; 44:1271-83. [PMID: 27317259 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells are prominently featured in multiple autoimmune diseases, but the regulatory mechanisms that control Th17 cell responses are poorly defined. Here we found that stimulation of OX40 triggered a robust chromatin remodeling response and produced a "closed" chromatin structure at interleukin-17 (IL-17) locus to inhibit Th17 cell function. OX40 activated the NF-κB family member RelB, and RelB recruited the histone methyltransferases G9a and SETDB1 to the Il17 locus to deposit "repressive" chromatin marks at H3K9 sites, and consequently repressing IL-17 expression. Unlike its transcriptional activities, RelB acted independently of both p52 and p50 in the suppression of IL-17. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease model, we found that OX40 stimulation inhibited IL-17 and reduced EAE. Conversely, RelB-deficient CD4(+) T cells showed enhanced IL-17 induction and exacerbated the disease. Our data uncover a mechanism in the control of Th17 cells that might have important clinic implications.
Collapse
|
113
|
Pagel J, Hartz A, Figge J, Gille C, Eschweiler S, Petersen K, Schreiter L, Hammer J, Karsten CM, Friedrich D, Herting E, Göpel W, Rupp J, Härtel C. Regulatory T cell frequencies are increased in preterm infants with clinical early-onset sepsis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:219-27. [PMID: 27163159 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The predisposition of preterm neonates to invasive infection is, as yet, incompletely understood. Regulatory T cells (Tregs ) are potential candidates for the ontogenetic control of immune activation and tissue damage in preterm infants. It was the aim of our study to characterize lymphocyte subsets and in particular CD4(+) CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) Tregs in peripheral blood of well-phenotyped preterm infants (n = 117; 23 + 0 - 36 + 6 weeks of gestational age) in the first 3 days of life in comparison to term infants and adults. We demonstrated a negative correlation of Treg frequencies and gestational age. Tregs were increased in blood samples of preterm infants compared to term infants and adults. Notably, we found an increased Treg frequency in preterm infants with clinical early-onset sepsis while cause of preterm delivery, e.g. chorioamnionitis, did not affect Treg frequencies. Our data suggest that Tregs apparently play an important role in maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance, which turns into an increased sepsis risk after preterm delivery. Functional analyses are needed in order to elucidate whether Tregs have potential as future target for diagnostics and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pagel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck
| | - A Hartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
| | - J Figge
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
| | - C Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Eschweiler
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
| | - K Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck
| | - L Schreiter
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
| | - J Hammer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck
| | - C M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck
| | - D Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck
| | - E Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck
| | - W Göpel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck
| | - J Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck
| | - C Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Prevention and Mitigation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Murine β-Defensins via Induction of Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:173-81. [PMID: 26763437 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide murine β-defensin-14 (mBD14) was found to exert, in addition to its antimicrobial activity, the capacity to induce regulatory T cells as demonstrated in the model of contact hypersensitivity. Because it is induced by ultraviolet radiation, mBD14 may contribute to the antigen-specific immunosuppression by ultraviolet radiation. To prove whether this applies also for other immunologic models and because ultraviolet radiation appears to have beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis, we utilized the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Injection of mBD14 into mice before immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein caused amelioration of the disease with less central nervous system inflammation and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic T cells. The beneficial effect was due to Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells because it was lost on in vivo depletion of regulatory T cells. mBD14, however, also acts in a therapeutic setting, because injection of mBD14 into mice with clinical features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduced the clinical score significantly. Human β-defensin-3, the human orthologue of mBD14, induced in vitro regulatory T cell-specific markers in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells, shifting these nonregulatory cells into a regulatory phenotype with suppressive features. Thus, defensins may represent candidates worth being further pursued for the therapy of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
115
|
Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Schmitz G. Milk: a postnatal imprinting system stabilizing FoxP3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:18. [PMID: 27175277 PMCID: PMC4864898 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding has protective effects for the development of allergies and atopy. Recent evidence underlines that consumption of unboiled farm milk in early life is a key factor preventing the development of atopic diseases. Farm milk intake has been associated with increased demethylation of FOXP3 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, the questions arose which components of farm milk control the differentiation and function of Tregs, critical T cell subsets that promote tolerance induction and inhibit the development of allergy and autoimmunity. FINDINGS Based on translational research we identified at least six major signalling pathways that could explain milk's biological role controlling stable FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation: (1) via maintaining appropriate magnitudes of Akt-mTORC1 signalling, (2) via transfer of milk fat-derived long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, (3) via transfer of milk-derived exosomal microRNAs that apparently decrease FOXP3 promoter methylation, (4) via transfer of exosomal transforming growth factor-β, which induces SMAD2/SMAD3-dependent FoxP3 expression, (5) via milk-derived Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species that induce interleukin-10 (IL-10)-mediated differentiation of Tregs, and (6) via milk-derived oligosaccharides that serve as selected nutrients for the growth of bifidobacteria in the intestine of the new born infant. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence underlines that milk is a complex signalling and epigenetic imprinting network that promotes stable FoxP3 expression and long-lasting Treg differentiation, crucial postnatal events preventing atopic and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Chau A, Markley J, Juang J, Tsen L. Cytokines in the perinatal period – Part I. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 26:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
117
|
Ke X, Zhang S, Xu J, Liu G, Zhang L, Xie E, Gao L, Li D, Sun R, Wang F, Pan S. Non-small-cell lung cancer-induced immunosuppression by increased human regulatory T cells via Foxp3 promoter demethylation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:587-99. [PMID: 27000869 PMCID: PMC11028464 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have immune defects that are poorly understood. Forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) is crucial for immunosuppression by CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). It is not well known how NSCLC induces Foxp3 expression and causes immunosuppression in tumor-bearing patients. Our study found a higher percentage of CD4(+) Tregs in the peripheral blood of NSCLC compared with healthy donors. NSCLC patients showed demethylation of eight CpG sites within the Foxp3 promoter with methylation ratios negatively correlated with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T levels. Foxp3 expression in CD4(+) Tregs was directly regulated by Foxp3 promoter demethylation and was involved in immunosuppression by NSCLC. To verify the effect of tumor cells on the phenotype and function of CD4(+) Tregs, we established a coculture system using NSCLC cell line and healthy CD4(+) T cells and showed that SPC-A1 induced IL-10 and TGF-β1 secretion by affecting the function of CD4(+) Tregs. The activity of DNA methyltransferases from CD4(+) T was decreased during this process. Furthermore, eight CpG sites within the Foxp3 promoter also appeared to have undergone demethylation. Foxp3 is highly expressed in CD4(+) T cells, and this may be caused by gene promoter demethylation. These induced Tregs are highly immunosuppressive and dramatically inhibit the proliferative activity of naïve CD4(+) T cells. Our study provides one possible mechanism describing Foxp3 promoter demethylation changes by which NSCLC down-regulates immune responses and contributes to tumor progression. Foxp3 represents an important target for NSCLC anti-tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- CpG Islands/genetics
- CpG Islands/immunology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/immunology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- DNA Methylation/immunology
- DNA Methyltransferase 3A
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfu Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Daqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Epigenetics in Kidney Transplantation: Current Evidence, Predictions, and Future Research Directions. Transplantation 2016; 100:23-38. [PMID: 26356174 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are changes to the genome that occur without any alteration in DNA sequence. These changes include cytosine methylation of DNA at cytosine-phosphate diester-guanine dinucleotides, histone modifications, microRNA interactions, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Epigenetic modifications may exert their effect independently or complementary to genetic variants and have the potential to modify gene expression. These modifications are dynamic, potentially heritable, and can be induced by environmental stimuli or drugs. There is emerging evidence that epigenetics play an important role in health and disease. However, the impact of epigenetic modifications on the outcomes of kidney transplantation is currently poorly understood and deserves further exploration. Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease, but allograft loss remains a significant challenge that leads to increased morbidity and return to dialysis. Epigenetic modifications may influence the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the immune cells, and therefore may have a critical role in the host immune response to the allograft and its outcome. The epigenome of the donor may also impact kidney graft survival, especially those epigenetic modifications associated with early transplant stressors (e.g., cold ischemia time) and donor aging. In the present review, we discuss evidence supporting the role of epigenetic modifications in ischemia-reperfusion injury, host immune response to the graft, and graft response to injury as potential new tools for the diagnosis and prediction of graft function, and new therapeutic targets for improving outcomes of kidney transplantation.
Collapse
|
119
|
Paul S, Lal G. Regulatory and effector functions of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells and their therapeutic potential in adoptive cellular therapy for cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:976-85. [PMID: 27012367 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are an important innate immune component of the tumor microenvironment and are known to affect the immune response in a wide variety of tumors. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells are capable of spontaneous secretion of IL-17A and IFN-γ without undergoing clonal expansion. Although γδ T cells do not require self-MHC-restricted priming, they can distinguish "foreign" or transformed cells from healthy self-cells by using activating and inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors. γδ T cells were used in several clinical trials to treat cancer patient due to their MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity, ability to distinguish transformed cells from normal cells, the capacity to secrete inflammatory cytokines and also their ability to enhance the generation of antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell response. In this review, we discuss the effector and regulatory function of γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment with special emphasis on the potential for their use in adoptive cellular immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- Infection and Immunity Section, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Infection and Immunity Section, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Rojas J, Teran-Angel G, Barbosa L, Peterson DL, Berrueta L, Salmen S. Activation-dependent mitochondrial translocation of Foxp3 in human hepatocytes. Exp Cell Res 2016; 343:159-167. [PMID: 27068374 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3 is considered to be the master regulator for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg). Recently Foxp3, has been detected in extra lymphoid tissue, and in hepatocytes and has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although its role has not been defined. Since it is expected that there is a relationship between protein localization, activity and cellular function, the aim of this study was to explore the subcellular localization of Foxp3 in resting and stimulated human hepatocytes. Foxp3 expression was measured by flow cytometry, subcellular fractioning, and immunofluorescence, and this data was used to track the shuttling of Foxp3 in different subcellular compartments in hepatocytes (HepG2 cell line), stimulated by using the PKC activators (PMA), core and preS1/2 antigen from hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our data shows that besides the nuclear location, mitochondrial translocation was detected after stimulation with PMA and at to a lesser extent, with preS1/2. In addition, Foxp3 is localizes at outer mitochondrial membrane. These results suggest a non-canonical role of Foxp3 in the mitochondrial compartment in human hepatocytes, and opens a new field about their role in liver damages during HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Guillermo Teran-Angel
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Luisa Barbosa
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - Darrell L Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lisbeth Berrueta
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Siham Salmen
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Chiappinelli KB, Zahnow CA, Ahuja N, Baylin SB. Combining Epigenetic and Immunotherapy to Combat Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1683-9. [PMID: 26988985 PMCID: PMC4873370 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most exciting recent advance for achieving durable management of advanced human cancers is immunotherapy, especially the concept of immune checkpoint blockade. However, with the exception of melanoma, most patients do not respond to immunotherapy alone. A growing body of work has shown that epigenetic drugs, specifically DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, can upregulate immune signaling in epithelial cancer cells through demethylation of endogenous retroviruses and cancer testis antigens. These demethylating agents may induce T-cell attraction and enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in mouse models. Current clinical trials are testing this combination therapy as a potent new cancer management strategy. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1683-9. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Chiappinelli
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cynthia A Zahnow
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Heylen L, Thienpont B, Naesens M, Lambrechts D, Sprangers B. The Emerging Role of DNA Methylation in Kidney Transplantation: A Perspective. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1070-8. [PMID: 26780242 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allograft outcome depends on a range of factors, including donor age, the allo-immune response, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and interstitial fibrosis of the allograft. Changes in the epigenome, and in DNA methylation in particular, have been implicated in each of these processes, in either the kidney or other organ systems. This review provides a primer for DNA methylation analyses and a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of current studies, but it is also a perspective for future DNA methylation research in kidney transplantation. We present exciting prospects for leveraging DNA methylation analyses as a tool in kidney biology research, and as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for predicting allograft quality and success. Topics discussed include DNA methylation changes in aging and in response to hypoxia and oxidative stress upon ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that DNA methylation contributes to organ fibrosis and that systemic DNA methylation alterations correlate with the rate of kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. Monitoring or targeting the epigenome could therefore reveal novel therapeutic approaches in transplantation and open up paths to biomarker discovery and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Heylen
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Thienpont
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Naesens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Sprangers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
|
124
|
Bacchetta R, Barzaghi F, Roncarolo MG. From IPEX syndrome to FOXP3
mutation: a lesson on immune dysregulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1417:5-22. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Stem Cells, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University Medical School; Stanford California
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Stem Cells, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University Medical School; Stanford California
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Pacheco-Gonzalez RM, Avila C, Dávila I, García-Sánchez A, Hernández-Hernández L, Benito-Pescador D, Torres R, Prieto-Matos P, Isidoro-Garcia M, Lorente F, Sanz C. Analysis of FOXP3 gene in children with allergy and autoimmune diseases. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:32-40. [PMID: 25982578 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy and autoimmunity are important immunological entities underlying chronic diseases in children. In some cases both entities develop simultaneously in the same patient. FOXP3 gene codes for a transcription factor involved in regulation of the immune system. Considering that regulatory T cells are involved in controlling immunological disease development, and the relevant role of FOXP3 in this kind of T cells, the objective of this study was to analyse the FOXP3 gene in the most prevalent autoimmune diseases and/or allergies in childhood in a European population. METHODS A total of 255 Caucasian individuals, 95 controls and 160 patients diagnosed with allergic, autoimmune or both diseases were included in this study. The molecular analysis of FOXP3 was performed by DNA sequencing following the recommendations for quality of the European Molecular Genetics Quality Network. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of all participants and was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. After the visualisation of the amplified fragments by agarose gel-electrophoresis, they were sequenced. RESULTS Thirteen different polymorphisms in FOXP3 gene were found, seven of which had not been previously described. The mutated allele of SNP 7340C>T was observed more frequently in the group of male children suffering from both allergic and autoimmune diseases simultaneously (p=0.004, OR=16.2 [1.34-195.15]). CONCLUSIONS In this study we identified for first time genetic variants of FOXP3 that are significantly more frequent in children who share allergic and autoimmune diseases. These variants mainly affect regulatory sequences that could alter the expression levels of FOXP3 modifying its function including its role in Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Avila
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biosanitary Institute of Salamanca IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - I Dávila
- Biosanitary Institute of Salamanca IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Allergy, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - R Torres
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - P Prieto-Matos
- Biosanitary Institute of Salamanca IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Isidoro-Garcia
- Biosanitary Institute of Salamanca IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - F Lorente
- Biosanitary Institute of Salamanca IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - C Sanz
- Biosanitary Institute of Salamanca IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Specific HDAC6 inhibition by ACY-738 reduces SLE pathogenesis in NZB/W mice. Clin Immunol 2015; 162:58-73. [PMID: 26604012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine if a selective HDAC6 inhibitor (ACY-738) decreases disease in NZB/W mice. From 22 to 38weeks-of-age, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 or 20mg/kg of ACY-738, or vehicle control. Body weight and proteinuria were measured every 2weeks, while sera anti-dsDNA, Ig isotypes, and cytokine levels were measured every 4weeks. Kidney disease was determined by evaluation of sera, urine, immune complex deposition, and renal pathology. Flow cytometric analysis assessed thymic, splenic, bone marrow, and peripheral lymphocyte differentiation patterns. Our results showed HDAC6 inhibition decreased SLE disease by inhibiting immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, sera anti-dsDNA levels, and inflammatory cytokine production and increasing splenic Treg cells. Inhibition of HDAC6 increased the percentage of cells in the early-stage developmental fractions of both pro- and pre-B cells. These results suggest that specific HDAC6 inhibition may be able to decrease SLE disease by altering aberrant T and B cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
127
|
Zhang D, Tu E, Kasagi S, Zanvit P, Chen Q, Chen W. Manipulating regulatory T cells: a promising strategy to treat autoimmunity. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1201-11. [PMID: 26568117 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are extremely important in maintaining immune tolerance. Manipulation of Treg cells, especially autoantigen-specific Treg cells is a promising approach for treatments of autoimmune disease since Treg cells may provide the advantage of antigen specificity without overall immune suppression. However, the clinical application of Treg cells has long been limited due to low numbers of Treg cells and the difficulty in identifying their antigen specificity. In this review, we summarize studies that demonstrate regression of autoimmune diseases using Treg cells as therapeutics. We also discuss approaches to generate polyclonal and autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vitro and in vivo. We also discuss our recent study that describes a novel approach of generating autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vivo and restoring immune tolerance by two steps apoptosis-antigen therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shimpei Kasagi
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Rodriguez RM, Lopez-Larrea C, Suarez-Alvarez B. Epigenetic dynamics during CD4+ T cells lineage commitment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
129
|
Understanding the Role of the Immune System in the Development of Cancer: New Opportunities for Population-Based Research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1811-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
130
|
Ovcinnikovs V, Walker LSK. Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Diabetes: Mechanisms of Action and Translational Potential. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:245-77. [PMID: 26615100 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of specialized T cells with regulatory function, harnessing the power of these cells to ameliorate autoimmunity has been a major goal. Here we collate the evidence that regulatory T cells (Treg) can inhibit Type 1 diabetes in animal models and humans. We discuss the anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms of Treg suppressive function in the Type 1 diabetes setting, citing evidence that Treg can function in both the pancreatic lymph nodes and within the pancreatic lesion. Involvement of the CTLA-4 pathway, as well as TGF-β and IL-2 deprivation will be considered. Finally, we summarize current efforts to manipulate Treg therapeutically in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. The translation of this research area from bench to bedside is still in its infancy, but the remarkable therapeutic potential of successfully manipulating Treg populations is clear to see.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Bergougnoux A, Claustres M, De Sario A. Nasal epithelial cells: a tool to study DNA methylation in airway diseases. Epigenomics 2015; 7:119-26. [PMID: 25687471 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of chronic airway diseases are characterized by high inflammation and unbalanced activation of the immune response, which lead to tissue damage and progressive reduction of the pulmonary function. Because they are exposed to various environmental stimuli, lung cells are prone to epigenomic changes. Many genes responsible for the immune response and inflammation are tightly regulated by DNA methylation, which suggests that alteration of the epigenome in lung cells may have a considerable impact on the penetrance and/or the severity of airway diseases. A major hurdle in clinical epigenomic studies is to gather appropriate biospecimens. Herein, we show that nasal epithelial cells are suitable to analyze DNA methylation in human diseases primarily affecting the lower airway tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bergougnoux
- Laboratory Genetics of Rare Diseases, INSERM U827, Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
de Almeida Nagata DE, Ting HA, Cavassani KA, Schaller MA, Mukherjee S, Ptaschinski C, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW. Epigenetic control of Foxp3 by SMYD3 H3K4 histone methyltransferase controls iTreg development and regulates pathogenic T-cell responses during pulmonary viral infection. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1131-43. [PMID: 25669152 PMCID: PMC4532649 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells is driven by Foxp3 and is responsible for dampening inflammation and reducing autoimmunity. In this study, the epigenetic regulation of inducible Treg (iTreg) cells was examined and an H3K4 histone methyltransferase, SMYD3 (SET and MYND Domain 3), which regulates the expression of Foxp3 by a TGFβ1/Smad3 (transforming growth factor-β1/Smad3)-dependent mechanism, was identified. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, SMYD3 depletion led to a reduction in H3K4me3 in the promoter region and CNS1 (conserved noncoding DNA sequence) of the foxp3 locus. SMYD3 abrogation affected iTreg cell formation while allowing dysregulated interleukin-17 production. In a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, a model in which iTreg cells have a critical role in regulating lung pathogenesis, SMYD3(-/-) mice demonstrated exacerbation of RSV-induced disease related to enhanced proinflammatory responses and worsened pathogenesis within the lung. Our data highlight a novel activation role for the TGFβ-inducible SMYD3 in regulating iTreg cell formation leading to increased severity of virus-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hung-An Ting
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Karen A. Cavassani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew A. Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sumanta Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Chowdhury BP, Das S, Majumder S, Halder K, Ghosh S, Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Majumdar S. Immunomodulation of host-protective immune response by regulating Foxp3 expression and Treg function in Leishmania-infected BALB/c mice: critical role of IRF1. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv063. [PMID: 26297915 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is still a threat to mankind due to treatment failure, drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The limitations of first-line drugs have led to the development of new strategies to combat this dreaded disease. Recently, we have shown the immunomodulatory property of Ara-LAM, a TLR2 ligand, against leishmanial pathogenesis. In this study, we have extended our study to the effect of Ara-LAM on regulatory T cells in a murine model of VL. We observed that Ara-LAM-treated infected BALB/c mice showed a strong host-protective Th1 immune response due to reduced IL-10 and TGF-β production, along with marked decrease in CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) GITR(+) CTLA4(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) generation and activation. The reduction in Foxp3 expression was due to effective modulation of TGF-β-induced SMAD signaling in Treg cells by Ara-LAM. Moreover, we demonstrated that Ara-LAM-induced IRF1 expression in the Treg cells, which negatively regulated foxp3 gene transcription, resulting in the reduced immunosuppressive activity of Treg cells. Interestingly, irf1 gene knockdown completely abrogated the effect of Ara-LAM on Treg cells. Thus, these findings provide detailed mechanistic insight into Ara-LAM-mediated modulation of Treg cells, which might be helpful in combating VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Shibali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Kuntal Halder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Satabdi Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Syamdas Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Walecki M, Eisel F, Klug J, Baal N, Paradowska-Dogan A, Wahle E, Hackstein H, Meinhardt A, Fijak M. Androgen receptor modulates Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2845-57. [PMID: 26063731 PMCID: PMC4571343 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are able to inhibit proliferation and cytokine production in effector T-cells and play a major role in immune responses and prevention of autoimmune disease. A master regulator of Treg cell development and function is the transcription factor Foxp3. Several cytokines, such as TGF-β and IL-2, are known to regulate Foxp3 expression as well as methylation of the Foxp3 locus. We demonstrated previously that testosterone treatment induces a strong increase in the Treg cell population both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore we sought to investigate the direct effect of androgens on expression and regulation of Foxp3. We show a significant androgen-dependent increase of Foxp3 expression in human T-cells from women in the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle but not from men and identify a functional androgen response element within the Foxp3 locus. Binding of androgen receptor leads to changes in the acetylation status of histone H4, whereas methylation of defined CpG regions in the Foxp3 gene is unaffected. Our results provide novel evidence for a modulatory role of androgens in the differentiation of Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Walecki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Eisel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Klug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Dogan
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva Wahle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
In Vivo Induction of Functionally Suppressive Induced Regulatory T Cells from CD4+CD25- T Cells Using an Hsp70 Peptide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128373. [PMID: 26107957 PMCID: PMC4481099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides that target antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress experimental autoimmune diseases. The heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, with its expression elevated in inflamed tissue, is a suitable candidate antigen because administration of both bacterial and mouse Hsp70 peptides has been shown to induce strong immune responses and to reduce inflammation via the activation or induction of Hsp specific Tregs. Although two subsets of Tregs exist, little is known about which subset of Tregs are activated by Hsp70 epitopes. Therefore, we set out to determine whether natural nTregs (derived from the thymus), or induced iTregs (formed in the periphery from CD4+CD25- naïve T cells) were targeted after Hsp70-peptide immunization. We immunized mice with the previously identified Hsp70 T cell epitope B29 and investigated the formation of functional iTregs by using an in vitro suppression assay and adoptive transfer therapy in mice with experimental arthritis. To study the in vivo induction of Tregs after peptide immunization, we depleted CD25+ cells prior to immunization, allowing the in vivo formation of Tregs from CD4+CD25- precursors. This approach allowed us to study in vivo B29-induced Tregs and to compare these cells with Tregs from non-depleted immunized mice. Our results show that using this approach, immunization induced CD4+CD25+ T cells in the periphery, and that these cells were suppressive in vitro. Additionally, adoptive transfer of B29-specific iTregs suppressed disease in a mouse model of arthritis. This study shows that immunization of mice with Hsp70 epitope B29 induces functionally suppressive iTregs from CD4+CD25- T cells.
Collapse
|
136
|
Pusic I, Choi J, Fiala MA, Gao F, Holt M, Cashen AF, Vij R, Abboud CN, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Jacoby MA, Uy GL, Westervelt P, DiPersio JF. Maintenance Therapy with Decitabine after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:1761-9. [PMID: 26055299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Decitabine is a hypomethylating agent that irreversibly inhibits DNA methyltransferase I, inducing leukemic differentiation and re-expression of epigenetically silenced putative tumor antigens. We assessed safety and efficacy of decitabine maintenance after allogeneic transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Decitabine maintenance may help eradicate minimal residual disease, decrease the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and facilitate a graft-versus-leukemia effect by enhancing the effect of T regulatory lymphocytes. Patients with AML/MDS in complete remission (CR) after allotransplantation started decitabine between day +50 and +100. We investigated 4 decitabine doses in cohorts of 4 patients: 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 mg/m(2)/day × 5 days every 6 weeks, for a maximum 8 cycles. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as the maximum dose at which ≤ 25% of people experience dose-limiting toxicities during the first cycle of treatment. Twenty-four patients were enrolled and 22 were evaluable. All 4 dose levels were completed and no MTD was reached. Overall, decitabine maintenance was well tolerated. Grade 3 and 4 hematological toxicities were experienced by 75% of patients, including all patients treated at the highest dose level. Nine patients completed all 8 cycles and 8 of them remain in CR. Nine patients died from relapse (n = 4), infectious complications (n = 3), and GVHD (n = 2). Most occurrences of acute GVHD were mild and resolved without interruption of treatment; 1 patient died of acute gut GVHD. Decitabine maintenance did not clearly impact the rate of chronic GVHD. Although there was a trend of increased FOXP3 expression, results were not statistically significant. In conclusion, decitabine maintenance is associated with acceptable toxicities when given in the post-allotransplantation setting. Although the MTD was not reached, the dose of 10 mg/m(2) for 5 days every 6 weeks appeared to be the optimal dose rather than 15 mg/m(2), where most hematological toxicities occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Jaebok Choi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark A Fiala
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Holt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda F Cashen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ravi Vij
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Camille N Abboud
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith E Stockerl-Goldstein
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Meghan A Jacoby
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Geoffrey L Uy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Westervelt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Yang WY, Shao Y, Lopez-Pastrana J, Mai J, Wang H, Yang XF. Pathological conditions re-shape physiological Tregs into pathological Tregs. BURNS & TRAUMA 2015; 3. [PMID: 26623425 PMCID: PMC4662545 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-015-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4 T cells that play an essential role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, controlling acute and chronic inflammation, allergy, autoimmune diseases, and anti-cancer immune responses. Over the past 20 years, significant progress has been made since Tregs were first characterized in 1995. Many concepts and principles regarding Tregs generation, phenotypic features, subsets (tTregs, pTregs, iTregs, and iTreg35), tissue specificity (central Tregs, effector Tregs, and tissue resident Tregs), homeostasis (highly dynamic and apoptotic), regulation of Tregs by receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs, Treg plasticity (re-differentiation to other CD4 T helper cell subsets, Th1, Th2, Tfh and Th17), and epigenetic regulation of Tregs phenotypes and functions have been innovated. In this concise review, we want to briefly analyze these eight new progresses in the study of Tregs. We have also proposed for the first time a novel concept that "physiological Tregs" have been re-shaped into "pathological Tregs" in various pathological environments. Continuing of the improvement in our understanding on this important cellular component about the immune tolerance and immune suppression, would lead to the future development of novel therapeutics approaches for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, allergy, allogeneic transplantation-related immunity, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Jahaira Lopez-Pastrana
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Jietang Mai
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Dege C, Hagman J. Mi-2/NuRD chromatin remodeling complexes regulate B and T-lymphocyte development and function. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:126-40. [PMID: 25123281 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mi-2/nucleosomal remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complexes are important epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression. Mi-2/NuRD complexes are an assemblage of proteins that combine key epigenetic regulators necessary for (i) histone deacetylation and demethylation, (ii) binding to methylated DNA, (iii) mobilization of nucleosomes, and (iv) recruitment of additional regulatory proteins. Depending on their context in chromatin, Mi-2/NuRD complexes either activate or repress gene transcription. In this regard, they are important regulators of hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Mi-2/NuRD complexes maintain pools of hematopoietic stem cells. Specifically, components of these complexes control multiple stages of B-cell development by regulating B-cell specific transcription. With one set of components, they inhibit terminal differentiation of germinal center B cells into plasma B cells. They also mediate gene repression together with Blimp-1 during plasma cell differentiation. In cooperation with Ikaros, Mi-2/NuRD complexes also play important roles in T-cell development, including CD4 versus CD8 fate decisions and peripheral T-cell responses. Dysregulation of NuRD during lymphopoiesis promotes leukemogenesis. Here, we review general properties of Mi-2/NuRD complexes and focus on their functions in gene regulation and development of lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Dege
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Singer BD, Mock JR, Aggarwal NR, Garibaldi BT, Sidhaye VK, Florez MA, Chau E, Gibbs KW, Mandke P, Tripathi A, Yegnasubramanian S, King LS, D’Alessio FR. Regulatory T cell DNA methyltransferase inhibition accelerates resolution of lung inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:641-52. [PMID: 25295995 PMCID: PMC4491142 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0327oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and often fatal inflammatory lung condition without effective targeted therapies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) resolve lung inflammation, but mechanisms that enhance Tregs to promote resolution of established damage remain unknown. DNA demethylation at the forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) locus and other key Treg loci typify the Treg lineage. To test how dynamic DNA demethylation affects lung injury resolution, we administered the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) to wild-type (WT) mice beginning 24 hours after intratracheal LPS-induced lung injury. Mice that received DAC exhibited accelerated resolution of their injury. Lung CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) Tregs from DAC-treated WT mice increased in number and displayed enhanced Foxp3 expression, activation state, suppressive phenotype, and proliferative capacity. Lymphocyte-deficient recombinase activating gene-1-null mice and Treg-depleted (diphtheria toxin-treated Foxp3(DTR)) mice did not resolve their injury in response to DAC. Adoptive transfer of 2 × 10(5) DAC-treated, but not vehicle-treated, exogenous Tregs rescued Treg-deficient mice from ongoing lung inflammation. In addition, in WT mice with influenza-induced lung inflammation, DAC rescue treatment facilitated recovery of their injury and promoted an increase in lung Treg number. Thus, DNA methyltransferase inhibition, at least in part, augments Treg number and function to accelerate repair of experimental lung injury. Epigenetic pathways represent novel manipulable targets for the treatment of ARDS.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Lung Injury/chemically induced
- Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy
- Acute Lung Injury/enzymology
- Acute Lung Injury/immunology
- Acute Lung Injury/virology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- DNA Modification Methylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA Modification Methylases/metabolism
- Decitabine
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/drug therapy
- Pneumonia/enzymology
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Singer
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Jason R. Mock
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Neil R. Aggarwal
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Brian T. Garibaldi
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | | | - Marcus A. Florez
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Eric Chau
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Kevin W. Gibbs
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Pooja Mandke
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | | | - Landon S. King
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| | - Franco R. D’Alessio
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; and
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Wong CP, Rinaldi NA, Ho E. Zinc deficiency enhanced inflammatory response by increasing immune cell activation and inducing IL6 promoter demethylation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:991-9. [PMID: 25656040 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Zinc deficiency results in immune dysfunction and promotes systemic inflammation. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of zinc deficiency on cellular immune activation and epigenetic mechanisms that promote inflammation. This work is potentially relevant to the aging population given that age-related immune defects, including chronic inflammation, coincide with declining zinc status. METHODS AND RESULTS An in vitro cell culture system and the aged mouse model were used to characterize immune activation and DNA methylation profiles that may contribute to the enhanced proinflammatory response mediated by zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency upregulated cell activation markers ICAM1, MHC class II, and CD86 in THP1 cells, which coincided with increased IL1β and IL6 responses following LPS stimulation. A decreased zinc status in aged mice was similarly associated with increased ICAM1 and IL6 gene expression. Reduced IL6 promoter methylation was observed in zinc-deficient THP1 cells, as well as in aged mice and human lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from aged individuals. CONCLUSION Zinc deficiency induced inflammatory response in part by eliciting aberrant immune cell activation and altered promoter methylation. Our results suggested potential interactions between zinc status, epigenetics, and immune function, and how their dysregulation could contribute to chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Abstract
Immunologic memory is the adaptive immune system's powerful ability to remember a previous antigen encounter and react with accelerated vigor upon antigen re-exposure. It provides durable protection against reinfection with pathogens and is the foundation for vaccine-induced immunity. Unlike the relatively restricted immunologic purview of memory B cells and CD8 T cells, the field of CD4 T-cell memory must account for multiple distinct lineages with diverse effector functions, the issue of lineage commitment and plasticity, and the variable distribution of memory cells within each lineage. Here, we discuss the evidence for lineage-specific CD4 T-cell memory and summarize the known factors contributing to memory-cell generation, plasticity, and long-term maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melba Marie Tejera
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Hsiao HW, Hsu TS, Liu WH, Hsieh WC, Chou TF, Wu YJ, Jiang ST, Lai MZ. Deltex1 antagonizes HIF-1α and sustains the stability of regulatory T cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6353. [PMID: 25695215 PMCID: PMC4346631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in transplantation, autoimmunity and allergy has been extensively explored, but how Foxp3 and Treg stability is regulated in vivo is incompletely understood. Here, we identify a requirement for Deltex1 (DTX1), a contributor to T-cell anergy and Foxp3 protein level maintenance in vivo. Dtx1(-/-) Tregs are as effective as WT Tregs in the inhibition of CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cell activation in vitro. However, the suppressive ability of Dtx1(-/-) Tregs is greatly impaired in vivo. We find that Foxp3 expression is diminished when Dtx1(-/-) Tregs are co-transferred with effector T cells in vivo. DTX1 promotes the degradation of HIF-1α. Knockout of HIF-1α restores the Foxp3 stability and rescues the defective suppressive activity in Dtx1(-/-) Treg cells in vivo. Our results suggest that DTX1 exerts another level of control on Treg stability in vivo by sustaining the expression of Foxp3 protein in Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Wen Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Sheng Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10057, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Fang Chou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jung Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10057, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Si-Tse Jiang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Tainan 74147, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Zong Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10057, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Arva NC, Russo PA, Erlichman J, Hancock WW, Haber BA, Bhatti TR. The inflammatory phenotype of the fibrous plate is distinct from the liver and correlates with clinical outcome in biliary atresia. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:252-60. [PMID: 25624184 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia is an inflammatory cholangiopathy of still undetermined etiology. Correlations between histologic findings and clinical outcome in this disease have largely been based on evaluation of liver parenchyma. This study aimed to characterize the pattern of inflammation within the biliary remnant and identify associations between the type and degree of inflammation and clinical outcome as reflected by the transplant-free interval. The inflammation within the fibrous plates and livers of 41 patients with biliary atresia was characterized using immunohistochemical markers and the cell populations were digitally quantified. The type and quantity of cells within the infiltrate were then correlated with length of time from Kasai portoenterostomy until transplant. Histologic and immunohistochemical features of the biliary remnant allowed stratification of patients into "inflammatory plate" and "fibrotic plate" groups. Overall there was no significant difference in transplant-free interval between the two cohorts; however, there was a trend towards a longer time to transplant among patients in the "fibrotic plate" group. In addition, the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in the fibrous plate was distinctly different from that present in the liver and only the characteristics of the inflammation in the fibrous plate, in particular the number of Foxp3+ T regulatory lymphocytes correlated with clinical outcome. The results of this study support the view of the extra-hepatic biliary tree as the primary site of injury in BA with the changes seen in the liver as secondary manifestations of outflow obstruction. The association between specific inflammatory cell subtypes within the fibrous plate and the length of transplant-free interval also supports the role of the immune system in the initial process of bile duct damage in biliary atresia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta C Arva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierre A Russo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessi Erlichman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Tricia R Bhatti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Rueda CM, Wells CB, Gisslen T, Jobe AH, Kallapur SG, Chougnet CA. Effect of chorioamnionitis on regulatory T cells in moderate/late preterm neonates. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:65-73. [PMID: 25451985 PMCID: PMC4282957 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) have a protective role for the control of immune activation and tissue damage. The effects of chorioamnionitis (chorio) on Treg in moderate/late preterm newborns are not known. We hypothesized that infants exposed to chorio would have decreased Treg frequency and/or function. We isolated mononuclear cells from adult peripheral blood and cord blood from term and moderate/late preterm infants who were classified for severity of chorio exposure. Mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for Treg frequency and phenotype. Treg suppression of activation of conventional T-cells (Tcon) was also quantified. Treg frequencies were similar in all groups of neonates, but lower than that found in adults. Newborn Treg had a naïve phenotype, with decreased levels of CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD39 and TIGIT compared to adult Treg and chorio did not affect the phenotype. Treg from preterm newborns exposed to severe chorio had higher expression of Ki67 compared to the other groups. Treg from preterm newborns were less suppressive than Treg from adults or term, and the level of suppression was reduced with severe chorio. Relative to term, Treg frequency and phenotype were not affected by prematurity and chorio but their functionality was decreased. Lower Treg activity may contribute to inflammation in newborns that is often associated with chorioamnionitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar M Rueda
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Casey B Wells
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tate Gisslen
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alan H Jobe
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Lopez-Pastrana J, Shao Y, Chernaya V, Wang H, Yang XF. Epigenetic enzymes are the therapeutic targets for CD4(+)CD25(+/high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Transl Res 2015; 165:221-40. [PMID: 25193380 PMCID: PMC4259825 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+/high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that play an essential role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. Several transcriptional cofactors have been recently identified, which form complexes with transcription factor Foxp3 of Treg cells and contribute in the suppressive function of Treg cells. However, Foxp3 is still defined as a "master" (multiple pathway) regulator gene that controls the development and stability of Treg cells. Because of its importance, the regulatory mechanisms underlying Foxp3 expression have been a focus of intensive investigation. Recent progress suggests that the epigenetic mechanisms responsible for regulating the Foxp3 gene expression are key components of suppressive activity of Treg cells. This review not only discusses the basic concepts of biology and epigenetic modifications of Treg cells, but also analyzes the translational clinical aspect of epigenetic modifications of Treg cells, focusing on several ongoing clinical trials and the Food and Drugs administration (FDA) approved epigenetic-based drugs. The new progress in identifying epigenetic enzymes functional in Treg cells is a new target for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, graft-vs-host disease and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahaira Lopez-Pastrana
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Valeria Chernaya
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Ohl K, Tenbrock K. Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:344-55. [PMID: 25378177 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease, develops when immunologic self-tolerance fails. Treg cells are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that maintain self-tolerance by suppressing autoreactive lymphocytes. Defects in Treg cells are therefore considered to be an aspect of SLE pathogenesis. Nevertheless, reports on the numbers and function of Treg cells in SLE are contradictory and the definitive role of Treg cells in SLE remains unclear. In this review, we summarize findings from murine models and ex vivo experiments, which provide insights into the mechanisms that result in the breakdown of tolerance. We also include recent findings about Treg-cell subsets and their markers in human SLE. The identification of unique markers to identify bona fide Treg cells, as well as therapies to reconstitute the balance between Treg cells and autoreactive T cells in SLE, are the future challenges for SLE research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; IZKF Aachen, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Ni FF, Li CR, Li Q, Xia Y, Wang GB, Yang J. Regulatory T cell microRNA expression changes in children with acute Kawasaki disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:384-93. [PMID: 25039241 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a type of systemic vasculitis syndrome related to immune dysfunction. Previous studies have implicated that dysfunctional regulatory T cells (Treg ) may be associated with the immune dysfunction in KD. In the absence of microRNAs (miRNAs), forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) Treg develop but fail to maintain immune homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate the effects of miR-155, miR-21 and miR-31 on Treg in children with KD. The proportions of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Treg and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)-5 and pSTAT-3 protein in CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg were analysed by flow cytometry. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in plasma was measured by cytometric bead array. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the levels of microRNAs and associated factors in CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg . The proportion of Treg and the mRNA levels of the associated factors [FoxP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor-receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4)] were significantly lower in KD patients (P < 0·05). MiR-155 and miR-21 levels were significantly down-regulated and miR-31 expression was higher in KD patients (P < 0·05). Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations, pSTAT-3 protein levels and suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-1 mRNA expression were remarkably elevated in acute KD (P < 0·05), while pSTAT-5 protein levels were remarkably decreased in acute KD (P < 0·05). These findings were reversed after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (P < 0·05). Our results demonstrate that FoxP3 mRNA levels were primarily affected by the miR-155/SOCS1 and the miR-31 signalling pathways. These results suggest that the decrease in FoxP3(+) Treg might be associated with decreased expression of miR-155, leading to aberrant SOCS1/STAT-5 signalling and overexpression of miR-31 in patients with acute KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F-F Ni
- Shenzhen Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Treg functional stability and its responsiveness to the microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:115-39. [PMID: 24712463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and tissue damage resulting from excessive or unnecessary immune activation through their suppressive function. While their importance for proper immune control is undeniable, the stability of the Treg lineage has recently become a controversial topic. Many reports have shown dramatic loss of the signature Treg transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and Treg function under various inflammatory conditions. Other recent studies demonstrate that most Tregs are extremely resilient in their expression of Foxp3 and the retention of suppressive function. While this debate is unlikely to be settled in the immediate future, improved understanding of the considerable heterogeneity within the Foxp3(+) Treg population and how Treg subsets respond to ranging environmental cues may be keys to reconciliation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms responsible for the observed stability or instability of Foxp3(+) Treg identity and function. These include transcriptional and epigenetic programs, transcript targeting, and posttranslational modifications that appear responsive to numerous elements of the microenvironment. These mechanisms for Treg functional modulation add to the discussion of Treg stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barbi
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Abstract
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a well-established allergen-specific immunotherapy and a safe and effective strategy to reorient inappropriate immune responses in allergic patients. SLIT takes advantage of the tolerogenic environment of the oral mucosa to promote tolerance to the allergen. Several clinical studies have investigated the complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses that SLIT exploits. The oral immune system is composed of tolerogenic dendritic cells that, following uptake of allergen during SLIT, support the differentiation of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and the induction of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. Following SLIT, allergic disease-promoting T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses shift to a Th1 inflammatory response, and IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production by regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells suppress allergen-specific T cell responses. These immune changes occur both in the sublingual mucosa and in the periphery of a patient following SLIT. SLIT also promotes the synthesis of allergen-specific IgG and IgA antibodies that block allergen-IgE complex formation and binding to inflammatory cells, thus encouraging an anti-inflammatory environment. Several of these revealing findings have also paved the way for the identification of biomarkers of the clinical efficacy of SLIT. This review presents the emerging elucidation of the immune mechanisms mediated by SLIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Jay
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Building, Room 3215, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Kim KH, Ryu HM, Oh SH, Oh EJ, Ahn JS, Lee JH, Choi JY, Cho JH, Kim CD, Kim YL, Park SH. Effect of DNA demethylation in experimental encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Ther Apher Dial 2014; 18:628-36. [PMID: 25256793 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) involves excessive peritoneal fibrosis in patients on peritoneal dialysis, eventually leading to visceral constriction and bowel obstruction. Few studies have investigated epigenetic mechanisms relating to EPS. Here we evaluated the therapeutic effects of DNA demethylation in experimental EPS. Experimental EPS was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) and 15% ethanol in non-uremic male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were divided into three groups: group C (N=5) with saline injection only, group CG (N=7) with EPS induction for 4 weeks, and chlorhexidine gluconate and azacytidine (CGA) treated group (N=7) with EPS induction for 4 weeks and 5'-azacytidine injection for the last 2 weeks. Morphometric analysis of peritoneum and immunohistochemical staining for type 1 collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were performed. Expressions of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) were analyzed by Western blot. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ras GTPase activating-like protein 1 (RASAL1) was performed with measurement of RASAL1 protein expression. Parietal peritoneal thickness and the number of vessels in omental tissue were significantly decreased in group CGA compared to group CG, as were the expressions of type 1 collagen, α-SMA, TGF-β, and FSP1. DNMT1 was significantly increased in group CG, and reduced in group CGA. RASAL1 hypermethylation was associated with decreased RASAL1 protein expression in group CG, which was reversed in group CGA. DNA demethylation by 5'-azacytidine treatment improved pathologic changes of the peritoneum in experimental EPS, and was associated with reversal of increased DNMT1 expression and RASAL1 hypermethylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|