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Chu Y, Wilson K, Gu H, Wegman-Points L, Dooley SA, Pierce GL, Cheng G, Pena Silva RA, Heistad DD, Hasan D. Myeloperoxidase is increased in human cerebral aneurysms and increases formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms in mice. Stroke 2015; 46:1651-6. [PMID: 25922506 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral aneurysm (CA) affects 3% of the population and is associated with hemodynamic stress and inflammation. Myeloperoxidase, a major oxidative enzyme associated with inflammation, is increased in patients with CA, but whether myeloperoxidase contributes to CA is not known. We tested the hypotheses that myeloperoxidase is increased within human CA and is critical for formation and rupture of CA in mice. METHODS Blood was drawn from the lumen of CAs and femoral arteries of 25 patients who underwent endovascular coiling of CA, and plasma myeloperoxidase concentrations were measured with ELISA. Effects of endogenous myeloperoxidase on CA formation and rupture were studied in myeloperoxidase knockout mice and wild-type (WT) mice using an angiotensin II-elastase induction model of CA. In addition, effects of myeloperoxidase on inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells were analyzed. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of myeloperoxidase were 2.7-fold higher within CA than in femoral arterial blood in patients with CA. myeloperoxidase-positive cells were increased in aneurysm tissue compared with superficial temporal artery of patients with CA. Incidence of aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage was significantly lower in myeloperoxidase knockout than in WT mice. In cerebral arteries, proinflammatory molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 8, cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), and matrix metalloproteinase 13, and leukocytes were increased, and α-smooth muscle actin was decreased, in WT but not in myeloperoxidase knockout mice after induction of CA. Myeloperoxidase per se increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that myeloperoxidase may contribute importantly to formation and rupture of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Katina Wilson
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - He Gu
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Lauren Wegman-Points
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Sarah A Dooley
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Gary L Pierce
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Ricardo A Pena Silva
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.)
| | - David Hasan
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.C., K.W., H.G., S.A.D., D.H.), Internal Medicine (Y.C., K.W., D.D.H.), Anesthesiology (H.G.), and Health and Human Physiology (L.W.-P., G.L.P.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham (G.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia (R.A.P.S.).
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Wang Y, Xie J, Li Y, Dong S, Liu H, Chen J, Wang Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and hepatic inflammation in a rat model of acute liver failure. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:821-831. [PMID: 25893720 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we sought to find the effects and mechanisms of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) on the pro-inflammatory cytokine production and hepatic inflammatory response in a rat model of acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (GalN). METHODS Male Wistar rats were orally administrated with or without L. casei Zhang for 30 days prior to challenge with LPS and GalN. Dexamethasone administrated group serving as a positive anti-inflammation control. Serum, intestinal and liver samples were collected 8 h after LPS/GalN challenge for histological, molecular and biochemical analysis. RESULTS LPS/GalN challenge alone resulted in significantly increased production of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and nitric oxide as compared to the normal control rats. Pretreatment with L. casei Zhang not only reduced these changes, but also attenuated hepatic inflammation as shown by improved histological assessment, decreased myeloperoxidase activity and reduced expression of IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver. L. casei Zhang supplementation significantly inhibited LPS/GalN-triggered phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p-38 MAPK, but increased the expression of TLR2, TLR9 and PPAR-γ. Moreover, L. casei Zhang treatment prevented intestinal injury and modulated the intestinal ecology by increasing the fecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium levels. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic L. casei Zhang reduces LPS/GalN-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and hepatic inflammation through modulating the TLR-MAPK-PPAR-γ signaling pathways and intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiming Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Junna Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan district, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Educational Ministry of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Educational Ministry of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
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Levosimendan displays anti-inflammatory effects and decreases MPO bioavailability in patients with severe heart failure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9704. [PMID: 25867530 PMCID: PMC4394753 DOI: 10.1038/srep09704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of decompensated heart failure often includes administration of levosimendan. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released during polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) degranulation, and mediates dysregulation of vascular tone in heart failure. We evaluated the effects of levosimendan-treatment on MPO in patients with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure over a one week course. Plasma MPO levels were significantly decreased after levosimendan treatment (from 252.1 ± 31.1 pmol/l at baseline to 215.02 ± 27.96 pmol/l at 6 h, p < 0.05). Ex vivo incubation of whole blood with levosimendan decreased MPO release after PMN-stimulation (8.2 ± 1.4-fold increase at baseline vs. 6.0 ± 1.1-fold increase with levosimendan). MPO levels also significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure over the time course. In a multivariate linear model, the main contributor to systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure was level of PMN elastase. MPO contributed only in heparin-treated patients, suggesting a more significant role for endothelial-bound MPO than for circulating MPO or elastase with respect to blood pressure regulation. We here provide the first evidence that levosimendan treatment inhibits MPO release by PMNs in decompensated heart failure patients. This mechanism may regulate endothelial function and vascular tone in heart failure patients.
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104
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Nussbaum C, Bannenberg S, Keul P, Gräler MH, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Korhonen H, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Heusch G, de Castro Faria Neto HC, Rohwedder I, Göthert JR, Prasad VP, Haufe G, Lange-Sperandio B, Offermanns S, Sperandio M, Levkau B. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 promotes leukocyte rolling by mobilizing endothelial P-selectin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6416. [PMID: 25832730 PMCID: PMC4396399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) participates in inflammation; however, its role in leukocyte rolling is still unclear. Here we use intravital microscopy in inflamed mouse cremaster muscle venules and human endothelial cells to show that S1P contributes to P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling through endothelial S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) and Gαq, PLCβ and Ca2+. Intra-arterial S1P administration increases leukocyte rolling, while S1P3 deficiency or inhibition dramatically reduces it. Mast cells involved in triggering rolling also release S1P that mobilizes P-selectin through S1P3. Histamine and epinephrine require S1P3 for full-scale effect accomplishing it by stimulating sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1). In a counter-regulatory manner, S1P1 inhibits cAMP-stimulated Sphk1 and blocks rolling as observed in endothelial-specific S1P1−/− mice. In agreement with a dominant pro-rolling effect of S1P3, FTY720 inhibits rolling in control and S1P1−/− but not in S1P3−/− mice. Our findings identify S1P as a direct and indirect contributor to leukocyte rolling and characterize the receptors mediating its action. The lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is known to mediate leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. Here, Nussbaum et al. show that S1P, via its receptor S1P3, also regulates leukocyte rolling on endothelium by promoting the presentation of the adhesion molecule P-selectin on the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- 1] Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany [2] Dr v. Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University München, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Sarah Bannenberg
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Keul
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cassiano F Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- 1] Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany [2] Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Hanna Korhonen
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karin von Wnuck Lipinski
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ina Rohwedder
- Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Vysakh Pushpa Prasad
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Baerbel Lange-Sperandio
- Dr v. Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University München, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Forghani R, Kim HJ, Wojtkiewicz GR, Bure L, Wu Y, Hayase M, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Moskowitz MA, Chen JW. Myeloperoxidase propagates damage and is a potential therapeutic target for subacute stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:485-93. [PMID: 25515211 PMCID: PMC4348390 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Few effective treatment options exist for stroke beyond the hyperacute period. Radical generation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) have been implicated in stroke. We investigated whether pharmacologic reduction or gene deletion of this highly oxidative enzyme reduces infarct propagation and improves outcome in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model (MCAO). Mice were treated with 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), a specific irreversible MPO inhibitor. Three treatment regimens were used: (1) daily throughout the 21-day observational period, (2) during the acute stage (first 24 hours), or (3) during the subacute stage (daily starting on day 2). We found elevated MPO activity in ipsilateral brain 3 to 21 days after ischemia. 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide reduced enzyme activity by 30% to 40% and final lesion volume by 60% (P<0.01). The MPO-knockout (KO) mice subjected to MCAO also showed a similar reduction in the final lesion volume (P<0.01). The ABAH treatment or MPO-KO mice also improved neurobehavioral outcome (P<0.001) and survival (P=0.01), but ABAH had no additional beneficial effects in MPO-KO mice, confirming specificity of ABAH. Interestingly, inhibiting MPO activity during the subacute stage recapitulated most of the therapeutic benefit of continuous MPO inhibition, suggesting that MPO-targeted therapies could be useful when given after 24 hours of stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Forghani
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyeon Ju Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lionel Bure
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Wei
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- 1] Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W Chen
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zheng W, Warner R, Ruggeri R, Su C, Cortes C, Skoura A, Ward J, Ahn K, Kalgutkar A, Sun D, Maurer TS, Bonin PD, Okerberg C, Bobrowski W, Kawabe T, Zhang Y, Coskran T, Bell S, Kapoor B, Johnson K, Buckbinder L. PF-1355, a Mechanism-Based Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor, Prevents Immune Complex Vasculitis and Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:288-98. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Donaghy L, Hong HK, Jauzein C, Choi KS. The known and unknown sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in haemocytes of marine bivalve molluscs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:91-97. [PMID: 25449373 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are naturally produced in all cells and organisms. Modifications of standard conditions alter reactive species generation and may result in oxidative stress. Because of the degradation of marine ecosystems, massive aquaculture productions, global change and pathogenic infections, oxidative stress is highly prevalent in marine bivalve molluscs. Haemocytes of bivalve molluscs produce ROS and RNS as part of their basal metabolism as well as in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. However, sources and pathways of reactive species production are currently poorly deciphered in marine bivalves, potentially leading to misinterpretations. Although sources and pathways of ROS and RNS productions are highly conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates, some uncommon pathways seem to only exist in marine bivalves. To understand the biology and pathobiology of ROS and RNS in haemocytes of marine bivalves, it is necessary to characterise their sources and pathways of production. The aims of the present review are to discuss the currently known and unknown intracellular sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in marine bivalve molluscs, in light of terrestrial vertebrates, and to expose principal pitfalls usually encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Donaghy
- Shellfish Research and Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ki Hong
- Shellfish Research and Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- CNRS UMR 7093, Biodiversity & Biogeochemistry, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- Shellfish Research and Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Pulli B, Bure L, Wojtkiewicz GR, Iwamoto Y, Ali M, Li D, Schob S, Hsieh KLC, Jacobs AH, Chen JW. Multiple sclerosis: myeloperoxidase immunoradiology improves detection of acute and chronic disease in experimental model. Radiology 2014; 275:480-9. [PMID: 25494298 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14141495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test if MPO-Gd, a gadolinium-based magnetic resonance (MR) imaging probe that is sensitive and specific for the proinflammatory and oxidative enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is secreted by certain inflammatory cells, is more sensitive than diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Gd in revealing early subclinical and chronic disease activity in the brain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protocol for animal experiments was approved by the institutional animal care committee. A total of 61 female SJL mice were induced with EAE. Mice underwent MPO-Gd- or DTPA-Gd-enhanced MR imaging on days 6, 8, and 10 after induction, before clinical disease develops, and during chronic disease at remission and the first relapse. Brains were harvested at these time points for flow cytometric evaluation of immune cell subtypes and immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed, and P < .05 was considered to indicate a significant difference. RESULTS MPO-Gd helps detect earlier (5.2 vs 2.3 days before symptom onset, P = .004) and more (3.1 vs 0.3, P = .008) subclinical inflammatory lesions compared with DTPA-Gd, including in cases in which there was no evidence of overt blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown detected with DTPA-Gd enhancement. The number of MPO-Gd-enhancing lesions correlated with early infiltration of MPO-secreting monocytes and neutrophils into the brain (r = 0.91). MPO-Gd also helped detect more lesions during subclinical disease at remission (5.5 vs 1.3, P = .006) and at the first relapse (9.0 vs 2.7, P = .03) than DTPA-Gd, which also correlated well with the presence and accumulation of MPO-secreting inflammatory cells in the brain (r = 0.93). CONCLUSION MPO-Gd specifically reveals lesions with inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, which actively secrete MPO. These results demonstrate the feasibility of detection of subclinical inflammatory disease activity in vivo, which is different from overt BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pulli
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114 (B.P., L.B., G.R.W., Y.I., M.A., D.L., S.S., K.L.C.H., J.W.C.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (B.P., J.W.C.); and European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.H.J.)
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109
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Gauberti M, Montagne A, Quenault A, Vivien D. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of brain-immune interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:389. [PMID: 25505871 PMCID: PMC4245913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was thought to protect the brain from the effects of the immune system, immune cells can nevertheless migrate from the blood to the brain, either as a cause or as a consequence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, thus contributing to their evolution and outcome. Accordingly, as the interface between the CNS and the peripheral immune system, the BBB is critical during neuroinflammatory processes. In particular, endothelial cells are involved in the brain response to systemic or local inflammatory stimuli by regulating the cellular movement between the circulation and the brain parenchyma. While neuropathological conditions differ in etiology and in the way in which the inflammatory response is mounted and resolved, cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation are probably similar. Accordingly, neuroinflammation is a hallmark and a decisive player of many CNS diseases. Thus, molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of inflammatory processes is a central theme of research in several neurological disorders focusing on a set of molecules expressed by endothelial cells, such as adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, …), which emerge as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for neurological diseases. In this review, we will present the most recent advances in the field of preclinical molecular MRI. Moreover, we will discuss the possible translation of molecular MRI to the clinical setting with a particular emphasis on myeloperoxidase imaging, autologous cell tracking, and targeted iron oxide particles (USPIO, MPIO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Axel Montagne
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
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Wang W, Jian Z, Guo J, Ning X. Increased levels of serum myeloperoxidase in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2014; 117:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lehners A, Lange S, Niemann G, Rosendahl A, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Oh J, Stahl R, Ehmke H, Benndorf R, Klinke A, Baldus S, Wenzel UO. Myeloperoxidase deficiency ameliorates progression of chronic kidney disease in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F407-17. [PMID: 24990898 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00262.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme expressed in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. Beside its well-defined role in innate immune defence, it may also be responsible for tissue damage. To identify the role of MPO in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), we investigated CKD in a model of renal ablation in MPO knockout and wild-type mice. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. Mice were followed for 10 wk to evaluate the impact of MPO deficiency on renal morbidity. Renal ablation induced CKD in wild-type mice with increased plasma levels of MPO compared with controls. No difference was found between MPO-deficient and wild-type mice regarding albuminuria 1 wk after renal ablation, indicating similar acute responses to renal ablation. Over the next 10 wk, however, MPO-deficient mice developed significantly less albuminuria and glomerular injury than wild-type mice. This was accompanied by a significantly lower renal mRNA expression of the fibrosis marker genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-I, collagen type III, and collagen type IV as well as matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. MPO-deficient mice also developed less renal inflammation after renal ablation, as indicated by a lower infiltration of CD3-positive T cells and F4/80-positive monocytes/macrophages compared with wild-type mice. In vitro chemotaxis of monocyte/macrophages isolated from MPO-deficient mice was impaired compared with wild-type mice. No significant differences were observed for mortality and blood pressure after renal ablation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that MPO deficiency ameliorates renal injury in the renal ablation model of CKD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lehners
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Lange
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gianina Niemann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alva Rosendahl
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jun Oh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Stahl
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heimo Ehmke
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Benndorf
- Clinical Pharmacology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; and
| | - Anna Klinke
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Otto Wenzel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
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112
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Adam M, Gajdova S, Kolarova H, Kubala L, Lau D, Geisler A, Ravekes T, Rudolph V, Tsao PS, Blankenberg S, Baldus S, Klinke A. Red blood cells serve as intravascular carriers of myeloperoxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:353-63. [PMID: 24976018 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme enzyme abundantly expressed in polymorphonuclear neutrophils. MPO is enzymatically capable of catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the consumption of nitric oxide (NO). Thus MPO has both potent microbicidal and, upon binding to the vessel wall, pro-inflammatory properties. Interestingly, MPO - a highly cationic protein - has been shown to bind to both endothelial cells and leukocyte membranes. Given the anionic surface charge of red blood cells, we investigated binding of MPO to erythrocytes. Red blood cells (RBCs) derived from patients with elevated MPO plasma levels showed significantly higher amounts of MPO by flow cytometry and ELISA than healthy controls. Heparin-induced MPO-release from patient-derived RBCs was significantly increased compared to controls. Ex vivo experiments revealed dose and time dependency for MPO-RBC binding, and immunofluorescence staining as well as confocal microscopy localized MPO-RBC interaction to the erythrocyte plasma membrane. NO-consumption by RBC-membrane fragments (erythrocyte "ghosts") increased with incrementally greater concentrations of MPO during incubation, indicating preserved catalytic MPO activity. In vivo infusion of MPO-loaded RBCs into C57BL/6J mice increased local MPO tissue concentrations in liver, spleen, lung, and heart tissue as well as within the cardiac vasculature. Further, NO-dependent relaxation of aortic rings was altered by RBC bound-MPO and systemic vascular resistance significantly increased after infusion of MPO-loaded RBCs into mice. In summary, we find that MPO binds to RBC membranes in vitro and in vivo, is transported by RBCs to remote sites in mice, and affects endothelial function as well as systemic vascular resistance. RBCs may avidly bind circulating MPO, and act as carriers of this leukocyte-derived enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Adam
- Stanford University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Silvie Gajdova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center-CBCE, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denise Lau
- University of Hamburg, Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Geisler
- University of Hamburg, Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorben Ravekes
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Rudolph
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Stanford University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- University of Hamburg, Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Klinke
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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113
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Myeloperoxidase upregulates endothelin receptor type B expression. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 69:76-82. [PMID: 24417960 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment and activation are principal events in inflammation. Upon activation neutrophils release myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme, which binds to and transcytoses endothelial cells. Whereas the significance of the subendothelial deposition of MPO has evolved as a critical prerequisite for the enzyme's suppression of nitric oxide (NO⋅) bioavailability, the functional consequences of MPO binding to and interaction with endothelial and smooth muscle cells remain poorly understood. Cultured human endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to MPO. Gene expression of the endothelin receptor type B (ETRB), which is critically involved not only in endothelin-1 clearance, but also in endothelin-mediated vasoconstriction, was significantly increased. Real time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence confirmed up-regulation of ETRB in MPO-treated endothelial cells. Inhibition of MPO's enzymatic activity blunted the increase in ETRB protein expression. Treatment of the cells with the MAP kinase inhibitors PD98059 or SB203580 indicates that MPO activates ETRB expression via MAP kinase pathways. On human smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs), which not only express the endothelin receptor type B (ETRB) but also express the endothelin receptor type A (ETRA), MPO also stimulated ETRB expression as opposed to ETRA expression, which remained unchanged. Functional ex vivo organ bath chamber studies with MPO-incubated rat femoral artery sections revealed increased ETRB agonist dependent constriction. Binding of MPO to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells increases expression of the endothelin receptor type B (ETRB) via classical MAP kinase pathways. This suggests that MPO not only affects vasomotion by reducing the bioavailability of vasodilating molecules but also by increasing responsiveness to vasoconstrictors, further advocating for MPO as a central, leukocyte-derived regulator of vascular tone.
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114
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by innate and adaptive immune system involvement. A key component of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation is the persistence of different innate immune cell types including mast cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Several endogenous signals such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and exogenous signals such as lipopolysaccharides, trigger the activation of these cells. In particular, these signals orchestrate the early and late inflammatory responses through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to plaque evolution through the formation of foam cells, among other events. In this review we discuss how innate immune system cells affect atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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115
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) frequently colonizes the human nasopharynx and is an important cause of pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. The outer cell surface of pneumococcus may assume various degrees of negative charge depending on the polysaccharide capsule, of which more than 90 serotypes have been identified. The negative charge of capsular polysaccharides has been proposed to electrostatically repel pneumococci from phagocytic cells, and avoidance of phagocytosis correlates with higher carriage prevalence. We hypothesized that the surface charge of pneumococcus contributes to its success in nasopharyngeal carriage by modulating resistance to phagocyte-mediated killing. Here, we measured the surface charge (zeta potential) of laboratory-constructed strains that share a genetic background but differ in serotype and of clinical strains that differ in serotype and genetic background. A more negative surface charge correlated with higher resistance to nonopsonic killing by human neutrophils in vitro. In addition, a more negative zeta potential was associated with higher carriage prevalence in human populations before and after the widespread use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV7. We also confirmed that capsule is the major determinant of net surface charge in clinical isolates with diverse backgrounds. We noted that exceptions exist to the idea that a higher magnitude of negative charge predicts higher prevalence. The results indicated that zeta potential is strongly influenced by pneumococcal capsule type but is unlikely to be the only important mechanism by which capsule interacts with host.
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116
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Steinbach K, Piedavent M, Bauer S, Neumann JT, Friese MA. Neutrophils amplify autoimmune central nervous system infiltrates by maturing local APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4531-9. [PMID: 24062488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is considered to be initiated by a deregulated, myelin-specific T cell response. However, the formation of inflammatory CNS lesions and the contribution of different leukocyte subsets in setting up these lesions are still incompletely understood. In this study, we show that, in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, neutrophil granulocytes are important contributors in preparing CNS inflammation. Preclinical single-dose Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils delayed the onset and continuous depletion attenuated the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas the generation of a myelin-specific T cell response remained unaffected. Neutrophil-related enzymes such as myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase did not contribute in mounting CNS inflammation, as analyzed by using respective knockout mice and inhibitors. CNS-infiltrating neutrophils secreted proinflammatory molecules and matured bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro, which in turn enhanced their ability to restimulate myelin-specific T cells. This was mirrored in vivo, in which depletion of neutrophils specifically impaired maturation of microglia and macrophages into professional APCs, resulting in a diminished amplification of early CNS inflammation. Therefore, inside the CNS neutrophils provide local cofactors that are required for the maturation of myeloid cells into professional APCs representing an essential step for the local restimulation of myelin-specific T cells and the development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Steinbach
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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117
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Alipour A, Ribalta J, Njo TL, Janssen HW, Birnie E, van Miltenburg AJM, Elte JWF, Castro Cabezas M. Trans-vessel gradient of myeloperoxidase in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:920-5. [PMID: 23869443 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) may reflect generalized inflammation. We evaluated leucocyte activation in subjects with and without CAD in different vascular compartments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were divided in two groups; subjects without CAD (controls; n = 25) and with stable CAD (n = 52) based on coronary angiography. After blood sampling from vessels, cardiovascular risk factors and leucocyte activation markers CD11b, CD66b and cytoplasmatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was higher in patients with CAD at all sites compared with controls (188 ± 7 vs. 210 ± 12 au for venous (P < 0.05), 178 ± 7 vs. 212 ± 12 au for femoral artery (P = 0.08), 166 ± 7 vs. 195 ± 12 au for abdominal artery (P < 0.05), 166 ± 6 vs. 189 ± 14 au for left coronary (P = 0.08) and 163 ± 6 vs. 193 ± 12 au for the right coronary artery (P < 0.05)). Other markers did not differ between the groups. A gradient of inflammation from peripheral vessels to the coronaries was found by differences in MPO in both groups; from 210 ± 12 au in the venous compartments towards 189 ± 14 and 193 ± 12 au, in the left and right coronaries, respectively, for the controls (P = 0.001), and from 188 ± 7 au in the venous compartment towards 166 ± 6 and 163 ± 6 au in the left and right coronaries, respectively, for the patients (P = 0.007). Other leucocyte activation markers did not show such a gradient. CONCLUSIONS There is a generalized inflammatory neutrophil gradient for MPO from peripheral vessels towards the coronaries in both patients with CAD and controls. However, patients with CAD show a higher degree of inflammation, mostly in the coronaries. These data strengthen the role of activated neutrophils in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Alipour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, St. Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kolarova H, Klinke A, Kremserova S, Adam M, Pekarova M, Baldus S, Eiserich JP, Kubala L. Myeloperoxidase induces the priming of platelets. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:357-69. [PMID: 23603662 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from polymorphonuclear neutrophils is a hallmark of vascular inflammation and contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular inflammatory processes. However, the effects of MPO on platelets as a contributory mechanism in vascular inflammatory diseases remain unknown. Thus, MPO interaction with platelets and its effects on platelet function were examined. First, dose-dependent binding of MPO (between 1.7 and 13.8nM) to both human and mouse platelets was observed. This was in direct contrast to the absence of MPO in megakaryocytes. MPO was localized both on the surface of and inside platelets. Cytoskeleton inhibition did not prevent MPO localization inside the three-dimensional platelet structure. MPO peroxidase activity was preserved upon the MPO binding to platelets. MPO sequestered in platelets catabolized NO, documented by the decreased production of NO (on average, an approximately 2-fold decrease). MPO treatment did not affect the viability of platelets during short incubations; however, it decreased platelet viability after long-term storage for 7 days (an approximately 2-fold decrease). The activation of platelets by MPO was documented by an MPO-mediated increase in the expression of surface platelet receptors P-selectin and PECAM-1 (of about 5 to 20%) and the increased formation of reactive oxygen species (of about 15 to 200%). However, the activation was only partial, as MPO did not induce the aggregation of platelets nor potentiate platelet response to classical activators. Nor did MPO induce a significant release of the content of granules. The activation of platelets by MPO was connected with increased MPO-treated platelet interaction with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (an approximately 1.2-fold increase) in vitro. In conclusion, it can be suggested that MPO can interact with and activate platelets, which can induce priming of platelets, rather than the classical robust activation of platelets. This can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory processes in vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kolarova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Klinke
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Kremserova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Adam
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Pekarova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S Baldus
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J P Eiserich
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center-Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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119
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Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Redox signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:473-501. [PMID: 23583330 PMCID: PMC3883979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of the activity of a vast array of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) governs normal cardiovascular function. However, data from experimental and animal studies strongly support that dysregulated redox signaling, resulting from hyperactivation of various cellular oxidases or mitochondrial dysfunction, is integral to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we address how redox signaling modulates the protein function, the various sources of increased oxidative stress in CVD, and the labyrinth of redox-sensitive molecular mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Advances in redox biology and pharmacology for inhibiting ROS production in specific cell types and subcellular organelles combined with the development of nanotechnology-based new in vivo imaging systems and targeted drug delivery mechanisms may enable fine-tuning of redox signaling for the treatment and prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Madamanchi
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Marschall S Runge
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Gorudko IV, Sokolov AV, Shamova EV, Grudinina NA, Drozd ES, Shishlo LM, Grigorieva DV, Bushuk SB, Bushuk BA, Chizhik SA, Cherenkevich SN, Vasilyev VB, Panasenko OM. Myeloperoxidase modulates human platelet aggregation via actin cytoskeleton reorganization and store-operated calcium entry. Biol Open 2013; 2:916-23. [PMID: 24143278 PMCID: PMC3773338 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing enzyme released from activated leukocytes into the extracellular space during inflammation. Its main function is the production of hypohalous acids that are potent oxidants. MPO can also modulate cell signaling and inflammatory responses independently of its enzymatic activity. Because MPO is regarded as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases associated with increased platelet activity, we studied the effects of MPO on human platelet functional properties. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to reveal carbohydrate-independent MPO binding to human platelet membrane. Adding MPO to platelets did not activate their aggregation under basal conditions (without agonist). In contrast, MPO augmented agonist-induced platelet aggregation, which was not prevented by MPO enzymatic activity inhibitors. It was found that exposure of platelets to MPO leads to actin cytoskeleton reorganization and an increase in their elasticity. Furthermore, MPO evoked a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ through enhancement of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Together, these findings indicate that MPO is not a direct agonist but rather a mediator that binds to human platelets, induces actin cytoskeleton reorganization and affects the mechanical stiffness of human platelets, resulting in potentiating SOCE and agonist-induced human platelet aggregation. Therefore, an increased activity of platelets in vascular disease can, at least partly, be provided by MPO elevated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Gorudko
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University , 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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121
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Kubala L, Kolářová H, Víteček J, Kremserová S, Klinke A, Lau D, Chapman ALP, Baldus S, Eiserich JP. The potentiation of myeloperoxidase activity by the glycosaminoglycan-dependent binding of myeloperoxidase to proteins of the extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4524-36. [PMID: 23707661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an abundant hemoprotein expressed by neutrophil granulocytes that is recognized to play an important role in the development of vascular diseases. Upon degranulation from circulating neutrophil granulocytes, MPO binds to the surface of endothelial cells in an electrostatic-dependent manner and undergoes transcytotic migration to the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the mechanisms governing the binding of MPO to subendothelial ECM proteins, and whether this binding modulates its enzymatic functions are not well understood. METHODS We investigated MPO binding to ECM derived from aortic endothelial cells, aortic smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, and to purified ECM proteins, and the modulation of these associations by glycosaminoglycans. The oxidizing and chlorinating potential of MPO upon binding to ECM proteins was tested. RESULTS MPO binds to the ECM proteins collagen IV and fibronectin, and this association is enhanced by the pre-incubation of these proteins with glycosaminoglycans. Correspondingly, an excess of glycosaminoglycans in solution during incubation inhibits the binding of MPO to collagen IV and fibronectin. These observations were confirmed with cell-derived ECM. The oxidizing and chlorinating potential of MPO was preserved upon binding to collagen IV and fibronectin; even the potentiation of MPO activity in the presence of collagen IV and fibronectin was observed. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data reveal that MPO binds to ECM proteins on the basis of electrostatic interactions, and MPO chlorinating and oxidizing activity is potentiated upon association with these proteins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of MPO with ECM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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122
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Üllen A, Singewald E, Konya V, Fauler G, Reicher H, Nusshold C, Hammer A, Kratky D, Heinemann A, Holzer P, Malle E, Sattler W. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants induce blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64034. [PMID: 23691142 PMCID: PMC3653856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes can exacerbate brain damage by release of cytotoxic mediators that disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. One of the oxidants released by activated leukocytes is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) formed via the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl(-) system. In the present study we examined the role of leukocyte activation, leukocyte-derived MPO and MPO-generated oxidants on BBB function in vitro and in vivo. In a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation, neutrophils that had become adherent released MPO into the cerebrovasculature. In vivo, LPS-induced BBB dysfunction was significantly lower in MPO-deficient mice as compared to wild-type littermates. Both, fMLP-activated leukocytes and the MPO-H2O2-Cl(-) system inflicted barrier dysfunction of primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that was partially rescued with the MPO inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide. BMVEC treatment with the MPO-H2O2-Cl(-) system or activated neutrophils resulted in the formation of plasmalogen-derived chlorinated fatty aldehydes. 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) severely compromised BMVEC barrier function and induced morphological alterations in tight and adherens junctions. In situ perfusion of rat brain with 2-ClHDA increased BBB permeability in vivo. 2-ClHDA potently activated the MAPK cascade at physiological concentrations. An ERK1/2 and JNK antagonist (PD098059 and SP600125, respectively) protected against 2-ClHDA-induced barrier dysfunction in vitro. The current data provide evidence that interference with the MPO pathway could protect against BBB dysfunction under (neuro)inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Evelin Singewald
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Jerke U, Rolle S, Purfürst B, Luft FC, Nauseef WM, Kettritz R. β2 integrin-mediated cell-cell contact transfers active myeloperoxidase from neutrophils to endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12910-9. [PMID: 23532856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and vasculitis both feature inflammation mediated by neutrophil-endothelial cell (EC) contact. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) can disrupt normal EC function, although the mechanism(s) by which MPO is transferred to ECs are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that close, β2 integrin-dependent neutrophil-EC contact mediates MPO transfer from neutrophils to ECs. We used sensitive MPO assays and flow cytometry to detect MPO in ECs and demonstrate that ECs acquired MPO when contacted by neutrophils directly but not when ECs and neutrophils were separated in Transwells. The transfer was dependent on neutrophil number, exposure time, and incubation temperature. Transfer occurred in several EC types, increased with endotoxin, was not accompanied by MPO release into the medium, and was not abrogated by inhibiting degranulation to secretagogues. Confocal microscopy showed MPO internalization by ECs with cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Neutrophils and ECs formed intimate contact sites demonstrated by electron microscopy. Blocking CD11b or CD18 β2 integrin chains, or using neutrophils from CD11b gene-deleted mice, reduced MPO transfer. EC-acquired MPO was enzymatically active, as demonstrated by its ability to oxidize the fluorescent probe aminophenyl fluorescein in the presence of a hydrogen peroxide source. The data suggest an alternative to EC uptake of soluble MPO, namely the cell contact-dependent, β2 integrin-mediated transfer from neutrophils. The findings could be of therapeutic relevance in atherosclerosis and vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Jerke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany
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Enzmann G, Mysiorek C, Gorina R, Cheng YJ, Ghavampour S, Hannocks MJ, Prinz V, Dirnagl U, Endres M, Prinz M, Beschorner R, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Engelhardt B, Sorokin L. The neurovascular unit as a selective barrier to polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) infiltration into the brain after ischemic injury. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:395-412. [PMID: 23269317 PMCID: PMC3578720 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The migration of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) into the brain parenchyma and release of their abundant proteases are considered the main causes of neuronal cell death and reperfusion injury following ischemia. Yet, therapies targeting PMN egress have been largely ineffective. To address this discrepancy we investigated the temporo-spatial localization of PMNs early after transient ischemia in a murine transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model and human stroke specimens. Using specific markers that distinguish PMN (Ly6G) from monocytes/macrophages (Ly6C) and that define the cellular and basement membrane boundaries of the neurovascular unit (NVU), histology and confocal microscopy revealed that virtually no PMNs entered the infarcted CNS parenchyma. Regardless of tMCAO duration, PMNs were mainly restricted to luminal surfaces or perivascular spaces of cerebral vessels. Vascular PMN accumulation showed no spatial correlation with increased vessel permeability, enhanced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, platelet aggregation or release of neutrophil extracellular traps. Live cell imaging studies confirmed that oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation fail to induce PMN migration across a brain endothelial monolayer under flow conditions in vitro. The absence of PMN infiltration in infarcted brain tissues was corroborated in 25 human stroke specimens collected at early time points after infarction. Our observations identify the NVU rather than the brain parenchyma as the site of PMN action after CNS ischemia and suggest reappraisal of targets for therapies to reduce reperfusion injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Mysiorek
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roser Gorina
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sharang Ghavampour
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie-Jane Hannocks
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudi Beschorner
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick N. Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Pase L, Layton JE, Wittmann C, Ellett F, Nowell CJ, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Varma S, Rogers KL, Hall CJ, Keightley MC, Crosier PS, Grabher C, Heath JK, Renshaw SA, Lieschke GJ. Neutrophil-delivered myeloperoxidase dampens the hydrogen peroxide burst after tissue wounding in zebrafish. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1818-24. [PMID: 22940471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prompt neutrophil arrival is critical for host defense immediately after injury [1-3]. Following wounding, a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) burst generated in injured tissues is the earliest known leukocyte chemoattractant [4]. Generating this tissue-scale H(2)O(2) gradient uses dual oxidase [4] and neutrophils sense H(2)O(2) by a mechanism involving the LYN Src-family kinase [5], but the molecular mechanisms responsible for H(2)O(2) clearance are unknown [6]. Neutrophils carry abundant amounts of myeloperoxidase, an enzyme catalyzing an H(2)O(2)-consuming reaction [7, 8]. We hypothesized that this neutrophil-delivered myeloperoxidase downregulates the high tissue H(2)O(2) concentrations that follow wounding. This was tested in zebrafish using simultaneous fluorophore-based imaging of H(2)O(2) concentrations and leukocytes [4, 9-11] and a new neutrophil-replete but myeloperoxidase-deficient mutant (durif). Leukocyte-depleted zebrafish had an abnormally sustained wound H(2)O(2) burst, indicating that leukocytes themselves were required for H(2)O(2) downregulation. Myeloperoxidase-deficient zebrafish also had abnormally sustained high wound H(2)O(2) concentrations despite similar numbers of arriving neutrophils. A local H(2)O(2)/myeloperoxidase interaction within wound-recruited neutrophils was demonstrated. These data demonstrate that leukocyte-delivered myeloperoxidase cell-autonomously downregulates tissue-generated wound H(2)O(2) gradients in vivo, defining a new requirement for myeloperoxidase during inflammation. Durif provides a new animal model of myeloperoxidase deficiency closely phenocopying the prevalent human disorder [7, 12, 13], offering unique possibilities for investigating its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Pase
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Myeloperoxidase exacerbates secondary injury by generating highly reactive oxygen species and mediating neutrophil recruitment in experimental spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:1363-9. [PMID: 22322369 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31824b9e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An animal study using myeloperoxidase-knockout (MPO-KO) mice to examine the in vivo role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE To clarify the influence of MPO on inflammatory cell infiltration, tissue damage, and functional recovery after SCI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA MPO is considered to be important in spreading tissue damage after SCI because it generates strong neurotoxic oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). However, the direct involvement of MPO in the pathophysiology of SCI remains to be elucidated. METHODS To compare the inflammatory reaction, tissue damage, and neurological recovery after SCI, a moderate contusion injury was created at the ninth thoracic level in MPO-KO mice and wild-type mice. A HOCl-specific probe solution was injected into the lesion epicenter to assess the spatiotemporal production of MPO-derived HOCl. Inflammatory reactions were quantified by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and tissue damage was evaluated by an immunohistochemical analysis. The motor function recovery was assessed by the open-field locomotor score. RESULTS Prominent production of HOCl was observed during the hyperacute phase of SCI at the lesion site in the wild-type mice; however, little expression was observed in the MPO-KO mice. In this phase, the number of infiltrated neutrophils was significantly reduced in the MPO-KO mice compared with the wild-type mice. In addition, significant differences were observed in the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related genes between 2 groups. In the histological sections, fewer terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive apoptotic cells and more spared myelin were observed at the lesion site in MPO-KO mice. Consistent with these results, better functional recovery was observed in the MPO-KO mice than in the wild-type mice after SCI. CONCLUSION These results clearly indicated that MPO exacerbated secondary injury and impaired the functional recovery not only by generating strong oxidant HOCl, but also by enhancing neutrophil infiltration after SCI.
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Loke WM, Lam KMJ, Chong WL, Chew SE, Quek AML, Lim ECH, Seet RCS. Products of 5-lipoxygenase and myeloperoxidase activities are increased in young male cigarette smokers. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1230-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.701291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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129
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Maugeri N, Rovere-Querini P, Evangelista V, Godino C, Demetrio M, Baldini M, Figini F, Coppi G, Slavich M, Camera M, Bartorelli A, Marenzi G, Campana L, Baldissera E, Sabbadini MG, Cianflone D, Tremoli E, D'Angelo A, Manfredi AA, Maseri A. An intense and short-lasting burst of neutrophil activation differentiates early acute myocardial infarction from systemic inflammatory syndromes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39484. [PMID: 22761804 PMCID: PMC3382567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are involved in thrombus formation. We investigated whether specific features of neutrophil activation characterize patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) compared to stable angina and to systemic inflammatory diseases. Methods and Findings The myeloperoxidase (MPO) content of circulating neutrophils was determined by flow cytometry in 330 subjects: 69 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), 69 with chronic stable angina (CSA), 50 with inflammation due to either non-infectious (acute bone fracture), infectious (sepsis) or autoimmune diseases (small and large vessel systemic vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis). Four patients have also been studied before and after sterile acute injury of the myocardium (septal alcoholization). One hundred thirty-eight healthy donors were studied in parallel. Neutrophils with normal MPO content were 96% in controls, >92% in patients undergoing septal alcoholization, 91% in CSA patients, but only 35 and 30% in unstable angina and AMI (STEMI and NSTEMI) patients, compared to 80%, 75% and 2% of patients with giant cell arteritis, acute bone fracture and severe sepsis. In addition, in 32/33 STEMI and 9/21 NSTEMI patients respectively, 20% and 12% of neutrophils had complete MPO depletion during the first 4 hours after the onset of symptoms, a feature not observed in any other group of patients. MPO depletion was associated with platelet activation, indicated by P-selectin expression, activation and transactivation of leukocyte β2-integrins and formation of platelet neutrophil and -monocyte aggregates. The injection of activated platelets in mice produced transient, P-selectin dependent, complete MPO depletion in about 50% of neutrophils. Conclusions ACS are characterized by intense neutrophil activation, like other systemic inflammatory syndromes. In the very early phase of acute myocardial infarction only a subpopulation of neutrophils is massively activated, possibly via platelet-P selectin interactions. This paroxysmal activation could contribute to occlusive thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Maugeri
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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Friedrichs K, Baldus S, Klinke A. Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation - Role of Reactive Species and MPO. Front Physiol 2012; 3:214. [PMID: 22723783 PMCID: PMC3379725 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis with enhanced turnover and deposition of matrix proteins leads to inhomogeneous atrial electrical conduction and gives rise to electrical reentry circuits resulting in atrial fibrillation. The multifactorial pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis involves resident cardiac cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes, both generating and sequestering matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a key enzyme family involved in fibrosis. A growing body of evidence points toward an important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the release and activation of pro-MMPs and the stimulation of pro-fibrotic cascades. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a bactericidal enzyme released from activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is not only associated with a variety of cardiovascular diseases, but has also been shown to be mechanistically linked to atrial fibrosis and fibrillation. MPO catalyzes the generation of reactive species like hypochlorous acid, which affect intracellular signaling cascades in various cells and advance activation of pro-MMPs and deposition of atrial collagen resulting in atrial arrhythmias. Thus, inflammatory mechanisms effectively promote atrial structural remodeling and importantly contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Friedrichs
- Department of Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Heart Center Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
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131
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Scheeline A, Behrens RL. Potential of levitated drops to serve as microreactors for biophysical measurements. Biophys Chem 2012; 165-166:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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132
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Forghani R, Wojtkiewicz GR, Zhang Y, Seeburg D, Bautz BRM, Pulli B, Milewski AR, Atkinson WL, Iwamoto Y, Zhang ER, Etzrodt M, Rodriguez E, Robbins CS, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Chen JW. Demyelinating diseases: myeloperoxidase as an imaging biomarker and therapeutic target. Radiology 2012; 263:451-60. [PMID: 22438365 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a newer therapeutic target and bis-5-hydroxytryptamide-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-gadolinium (Gd) (MPO-Gd) as an imaging biomarker for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) by using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal experiments were approved by the institutional animal care committee. EAE was induced in SJL mice by using proteolipid protein (PLP), and mice were treated with either 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), 40 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally, an irreversible inhibitor of MPO, or saline as control, and followed up to day 40 after induction. In another group of SJL mice, induction was performed without PLP as shams. The mice were imaged by using MPO-Gd to track changes in MPO activity noninvasively. Imaging results were corroborated by enzymatic assays, flow cytometry, and histopathologic analyses. Significance was computed by using the t test or Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS There was a 2.5-fold increase in myeloid cell infiltration in the brain (P = .026), with a concomitant increase in brain MPO level (P = .0087). Inhibiting MPO activity with ABAH resulted in decrease in MPO-Gd-positive lesion volume (P = .012), number (P = .009), and enhancement intensity (P = .03) at MR imaging, reflecting lower local MPO activity (P = .03), compared with controls. MPO inhibition was accompanied by decreased demyelination (P = .01) and lower inflammatory cell recruitment in the brain (P < .0001), suggesting a central MPO role in inflammatory demyelination. Clinically, MPO inhibition significantly reduced the severity of clinical symptoms (P = .0001) and improved survival (P = .0051) in mice with EAE. CONCLUSION MPO may be a key mediator of myeloid inflammation and tissue damage in EAE. Therefore, MPO could represent a promising therapeutic target, as well as an imaging biomarker, for demyelinating diseases and potentially for other diseases in which MPO is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Forghani
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kvietys PR, Granger DN. Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the vascular responses to inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:556-592. [PMID: 22154653 PMCID: PMC3348846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex and potentially life-threatening condition that involves the participation of a variety of chemical mediators, signaling pathways, and cell types. The microcirculation, which is critical for the initiation and perpetuation of an inflammatory response, exhibits several characteristic functional and structural changes in response to inflammation. These include vasomotor dysfunction (impaired vessel dilation and constriction), the adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes, endothelial barrier dysfunction (increased vascular permeability), blood vessel proliferation (angiogenesis), and enhanced thrombus formation. These diverse responses of the microvasculature largely reflect the endothelial cell dysfunction that accompanies inflammation and the central role of these cells in modulating processes as varied as blood flow regulation, angiogenesis, and thrombogenesis. The importance of endothelial cells in inflammation-induced vascular dysfunction is also predicated on the ability of these cells to produce and respond to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Inflammation seems to upset the balance between nitric oxide and superoxide within (and surrounding) endothelial cells, which is necessary for normal vessel function. This review is focused on defining the molecular targets in the vessel wall that interact with reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide to produce the characteristic functional and structural changes that occur in response to inflammation. This analysis of the literature is consistent with the view that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species contribute significantly to the diverse vascular responses in inflammation and supports efforts that are directed at targeting these highly reactive species to maintain normal vascular health in pathological conditions that are associated with acute or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Kvietys
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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Greig FH, Kennedy S, Spickett CM. Physiological effects of oxidized phospholipids and their cellular signaling mechanisms in inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:266-80. [PMID: 22080084 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids, such as the products of the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by nonenzymatic radical attack, are known to be formed in a number of inflammatory diseases. Interest in the bioactivity and signaling functions of these compounds has increased enormously, with many studies using cultured immortalized and primary cells, tissues, and animals to understand their roles in disease pathology. Initially, oxidized phospholipids were viewed largely as culprits, in line with observations that they have proinflammatory effects, enhancing inflammatory cytokine production, cell adhesion and migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis, especially in vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. However, evidence has emerged that these compounds also have protective effects in some situations and cell types; a notable example is their ability to interfere with signaling by certain Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced by microbial products that normally leads to inflammation. They also have protective effects via the stimulation of small GTPases and induce up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and cytoskeletal rearrangements that improve endothelial barrier function. Oxidized phospholipids interact with several cellular receptors, including scavenger receptors, platelet-activating factor receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and TLRs. The various and sometimes contradictory effects that have been observed for oxidized phospholipids depend on their concentration, their specific structure, and the cell type investigated. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which oxidized phospholipids exert their effects in various pathologies are similar. Although our understanding of the actions and mechanisms of these mediators has advanced substantially, many questions do remain about their precise interactions with components of cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Greig
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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135
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Neutrophil myeloperoxidase: soldier and statesman. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 60:43-54. [PMID: 22143159 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major protein constituent of the primary granules of vertebrate neutrophils. It catalyses the hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation of halide ions to hypohalous acids, especially HOCl. These reactive oxygen species can participate in a variety of secondary reactions, leading to modifications of amino acids and many types of biological macromolecules. The classic paradigm views MPO as a component of the phagocyte oxygen-dependent intracellular microbicidal system, and thus an important arm of the effector phase of innate immune responses. However, the limited immunodeficiency associated with lack of MPO in mouse and human models has challenged this paradigm. In this review we examine more recent information on the interaction between MPO, its bioreactive reaction products, and targets within the inflammatory microenvironment. We propose that two assumptions of the current model may require revisiting. First, many important targets of MPO modification are extracellular, rather than present only within the phagolysosome, such as various components of neutrophil extracellular traps. Second, we suggest that the pro-inflammatory pathological role of MPO may be a particular feature of chronic inflammation. In the physiological setting of acute neutrophil-mediated inflammation MPO may also form part of a negative feedback loop which down-regulates inflammation, limits tissue damage, and facilitates the switch from innate to adaptive immunity. This different perspective on this well-studied enzyme may usefully inform further research into its function in health and disease.
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136
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Friedrichs K, Klinke A, Baldus S. Inflammatory pathways underlying atrial fibrillation. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:556-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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137
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Williams MR, Azcutia V, Newton G, Alcaide P, Luscinskas FW. Emerging mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment across endothelium. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:461-9. [PMID: 21839681 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the all-terrain vehicle of the innate immune system because of their ability to gain entry into tissues and organs, and thus, play an essential role in host defense. Exactly how this marvel of nature works is still incompletely understood. In the past 2-3 years, new players and processes have been identified in the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion cascade. Novel signaling pathways have been discovered in both the endothelium and the neutrophils that regulate various steps in the recruitment process. This review focuses on these emerging pathways and the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil recruitment across endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie R Williams
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-752P, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Klinke et al demonstrate the ability of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to attract neutrophils to the vascular wall, a process that might contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory vascular disorders.
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