101
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Reader JC, Leng Q, Rassool FV, Ning Y. Regulation of differentiation by a PHD domain in the NUP98-PHF23 fusion protein. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1094-7. [PMID: 20219246 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is frequently associated with chromosomal translocations. These translocations produce specific fusion genes that play crucial roles in leukemogenesis. We recently identified a novel NUP98-PHF23 fusion in AML. In this study, we attempt to determine the role of NUP98-PHF23 protein and its plant homeodomain (PHD) and coiled-coil domain in regulation of cellular differentiation and protein distribution. We provide evidence that NUP98-PHF23, through its PHD domain, impairs TPA-induced differentiation of K562 cells. While the fusion protein localizes to the nucleus, its deletion mutant without the PHD domain resides exclusively in the nucleolus, suggesting a potential link between chromatin-binding PHD domain and nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn C Reader
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., MSTF-717, Baltimore, MD, USA
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102
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Losson R, Nielsen AL. The NIZP1 KRAB and C2HR domains cross-talk for transcriptional regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:463-8. [PMID: 20176155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The NSD1 histone methyltransferase is involved in the outgrowth disorders Sotos and Weaver syndromes and childhood acute myeloid leukemia. NSD1 is a bona fida transcriptional co-repressor for Nizp1 which is a protein including SCAN, KRAB, C2HR and zinc-finger domains. In this study the Nizp1 KRAB-domain was identified to possess an intrinsic transcriptional activation capacity suppressed in cis by the presence of the C2HR domain. Oppositely, the KRAB-domain supported C2HR domain mediated transcriptional repression. The presence of the KRAB-domain resulted in increased NSD1 co-repressor association with the C2HR domain. This study shows a new function of the KRAB-domain, C2HR-domain, and the associated factors to confer Nizp1 mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Losson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Functional Genomics, Illkirch, France
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103
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Epigenetic inactivation of the Sotos overgrowth syndrome gene histone methyltransferase NSD1 in human neuroblastoma and glioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21830-5. [PMID: 20018718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906831106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by overgrowth resulting in tall stature and macrocephaly, together with an increased risk of tumorigenesis. The disease is caused by loss-of-function mutations and deletions of the nuclear receptor SET domain containing protein-1 (NSD1) gene, which encodes a histone methyltransferase involved in chromatin regulation. However, despite its causal role in Sotos syndrome and the typical accelerated growth of these patients, little is known about the putative contribution of NSD1 to human sporadic malignancies. Here, we report that NSD1 function is abrogated in human neuroblastoma and glioma cells by transcriptional silencing associated with CpG island-promoter hypermethylation. We also demonstrate that the epigenetic inactivation of NSD1 in transformed cells leads to the specifically diminished methylation of the histone lysine residues H4-K20 and H3-K36. The described phenotype is also observed in Sotos syndrome patients with NSD1 genetic disruption. Expression microarray data from NSD1-depleted cells, followed by ChIP analysis, revealed that the oncogene MEIS1 is one of the main NSD1 targets in neuroblastoma. Furthermore, we show that the restoration of NSD1 expression induces tumor suppressor-like features, such as reduced colony formation density and inhibition of cellular growth. Screening a large collection of different tumor types revealed that NSD1 CpG island hypermethylation was a common event in neuroblastomas and gliomas. Most importantly, NSD1 hypermethylation was a predictor of poor outcome in high-risk neuroblastoma. These findings highlight the importance of NSD1 epigenetic inactivation in neuroblastoma and glioma that leads to a disrupted histone methylation landscape and might have a translational value as a prognostic marker.
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104
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Li Y, Trojer P, Xu CF, Cheung P, Kuo A, Drury WJ, Qiao Q, Neubert TA, Xu RM, Gozani O, Reinberg D. The target of the NSD family of histone lysine methyltransferases depends on the nature of the substrate. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34283-95. [PMID: 19808676 PMCID: PMC2797197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.034462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NSD (nuclear receptor SET domain-containing) family of histone lysine methyltransferases is a critical participant in chromatin integrity as evidenced by the number of human diseases associated with the aberrant expression of its family members. Yet, the specific targets of these enzymes are not clear, with marked discrepancies being reported in the literature. We demonstrate that NSD2 can exhibit disparate target preferences based on the nature of the substrate provided. The NSD2 complex purified from human cells and recombinant NSD2 both exhibit specific targeting of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) when provided with nucleosome substrates, but histone H4 lysine 44 is the primary target in the case of octamer substrates, irrespective of the histones being native or recombinant. This disparity is negated when NSD2 is presented with octamer targets in conjunction with short single- or double-stranded DNA. Although the octamers cannot form nucleosomes, the target is nonetheless nucleosome-specific as is the product, dimethylated H3K36. This study clarifies in part the previous discrepancies reported with respect to NSD targets. We propose that DNA acts as an allosteric effector of NSD2 such that H3K36 becomes the preferred target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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105
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Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations occur with great frequency and some specificity in leukemia and other hematologic malignancies. The most common outcome of these rearrangements is the formation of a fusion gene, comprising portions of 2 genes normally present in the cell. These fusion proteins are presumed to be oncogenic; in many cases, animal models have proven them to be oncogenic. One of the most promiscuous fusion partner genes is the newly identified NUP98 gene, located on chromosome 11p15.5, which to date has been observed fused to 15 different fusion partners. NUP98 encodes a 98 kD protein that is an important component of the nuclear pore complex, which mediates nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of protein and RNA. The fusion partners of NUP98 form 2 distinct groups: homeobox genes and non-homeobox genes. All NUP98 fusions join the N-terminal GLFG repeats of NUP98 to the C-terminal portion of the partner gene, which, in the case of the homeobox gene partners, includes the homeodomain. Clinical findings are reviewed here, along with the findings of several in vivo and in vitro models have been employed to investigate the mechanisms by which NUP98 fusion genes contribute to the pathogenesis of leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Genes, Homeobox
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Nuclear Pore/physiology
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Slape
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Navy 8, Room 5101, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20889-5105, USA
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106
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Taketani T, Taki T, Nakamura H, Taniwaki M, Masuda J, Hayashi Y. NUP98-NSD3 fusion gene in radiation-associated myelodysplastic syndrome with t(8;11)(p11;p15) and expression pattern of NSD family genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 190:108-12. [PMID: 19380029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal 11p15 abnormality of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS)-acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rare. NUP98-NSD3 fusion transcripts have been detected previously in one patient with AML and one patient with t-MDS having t(8;11)(p11;p15). Here we present the case of a 60-year-old man with radiation-associated MDS (r-MDS) carrying chromosome abnormalities, including t(8;11)(p11;p15) and del(1)(p22p32). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the NUP98 gene at 11p15 was split by the translocation. Southern blot analysis of bone marrow cells showed both rearrangements of NUP98 and NSD3 genes. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequence analysis revealed the presence of both NUP98-NSD3 and NSD3-NUP98 fusion transcripts. Expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that NSD3 as well as NSD1 and NSD2 was ubiquitously expressed in leukemic cell lines and Epstein-Barr virus transformed B lymphocyte cell lines derived from the normal adult lymphocytes examined. Two isoforms of NSD3, NSD3S and NSD3L (but not NSD3L2), were expressed in leukemic cell lines and were fused to NUP98 in our patient, suggesting that qualitative change of these two isoforms of NSD3 by fusion with NUP98 might be related to leukemogenesis, although the function of each isoform of the NSD3 gene remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Taketani
- Division of Blood Transfusion, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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107
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Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. Epigenetic changes in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:229-49. [PMID: 18840073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.3.121806.151442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is as much an epigenetic disease as it is a genetic disease, and epigenetic alterations in cancer often serve as potent surrogates for genetic mutations. Normal epigenetic modifications of DNA encompass three types of changes: chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, and genomic imprinting, each of which is altered in cancer cells. This review addresses the various epigenetic modifications that are pervasive among human tumors and traces the history of cancer epigenetics from the first observations of altered global methylation content to the recently proposed epigenetic progenitor model, which provides a common unifying mechanism for cancer development.
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108
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A clinical study of Sotos syndrome patients with review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 40:357-64. [PMID: 19380072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is characterized by tall stature, advanced bone age, typical facial abnormalities, and developmental delay. The associated gene is NSD1. The study involved 22 patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria. Phenotypic characteristics, central nervous system findings, and cardiovascular and urinary tract abnormalities were evaluated. Meta-analysis on the incidence of cardinal clinical manifestations from the literature was also performed. Macrocephaly was present in all patients. Advanced bone age was noted in 14 of 22 patients (63%), and its incidence presented significant statistical difference in the meta-analysis of previous studies. Some patients had serious clinical manifestations, such as congenital heart defects, dysplastic kidneys, psychosis, and leukemia. Clinical and laboratory examinations should be performed to prevent and manage any unusual medical aspect of the syndrome. Facial gestalt and macrocephaly, rather than advanced bone age, are the strongest indications for clinical diagnosis.
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109
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Xu S, Powers MA. Nuclear pore proteins and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:620-30. [PMID: 19577736 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules, a highly specific and tightly regulated process, occurs exclusively through the nuclear pore complex. This immense structure is assembled from approximately 30 proteins, termed nucleoporins. Here we discuss the four nucleoporins that have been linked to cancers, either through elevated expression in tumors (Nup88) or through involvement in chromosomal translocations that encode chimeric fusion proteins (Tpr, Nup98, Nup214). In each case we consider the normal function of the nucleoporin and its translocation partners, as well as what is known about their mechanistic contributions to carcinogenesis, particularly in leukemias. Studies of nucleoporin-linked cancers have revealed novel mechanisms of oncogenesis and in the future, should continue to expand our understanding of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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110
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Abstract
Post-translational modification of chromatin is emerging as an increasingly important regulator of chromosomal processes. In particular, histone lysine and arginine methylation play important roles in regulating transcription, maintaining genomic integrity, and contributing to epigenetic memory. Recently, the use of new approaches to analyse histone methylation, the generation of genetic model systems, and the ability to interrogate genome wide histone modification profiles has aided in defining how histone methylation contributes to these processes. Here we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the histone methylation system and examine how dynamic histone methylation contributes to normal cellular function in mammals.
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111
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Hirst M, Marra MA. Epigenetics and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:136-46. [PMID: 18852064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Changes to covalent modifications of DNA and histones can be induced via environmental stimuli such as nutrients, hormones and drugs. These changes can be both transient and heritable in nature and provide a framework in which to investigate how environment and lifestyle choices impact disease susceptibility and progression. Furthermore, these modifications are central to chromatin dynamics and, as such, play key roles in many biological processes involving chromatin, such as DNA replication and repair, transcription and development. In this review we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the roles that DNA and histone modification play in the onset and progression of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hirst
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
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112
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Abstract
Abstract
There has been a remarkable explosion of knowledge into the molecular defects that underlie the acute and chronic leukemias, leading to the introduction of targeted therapies that can block key cellular events essential for the viability of the leukemic cell. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) has lagged behind, at least in part, because they represent a more heterogeneous group of disorders. The significant immunologic abnormalities described in this disease, coupled with the admixture of MDS stem or progenitor cells within the myriad types of dysplastic and normal cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood, have made it difficult to molecularly characterize and model MDS. The recent availability of several, effective (ie, FDA-approved) therapies for MDS and newly described mouse models that mimic aspects of the human disease provide an opportune moment to try to leverage this new knowledge into a better understanding of and better therapies for MDS.
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113
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Petit A, Radford I, Waill MC, Romana S, Berger R. NUP98-NSD1 fusion by insertion in acute myeloblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:43-6. [PMID: 18068532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A case of NUP98-NSD1 gene fusion resulting from the insertion of a subtelomeric part of chromosome 11p15.4 within the subtelomeric part of 5q35 was detected in a child with acute myeloblastic leukemia. This new case illustrates the importance of using fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques to detect abnormalities involving subtelomeric chromosomal regions.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Gene Fusion
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Petit
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), EMI 0210, Necker Pediatric Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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114
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A novel subtelomeric translocation t(5;9) and a deletion of the RB1 gene in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 181:36-9. [PMID: 18262051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No chromosomal rearrangements have been identified as specifically associated with minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0). Several research groups studied the cytogenetic features of AML-M0 and found that as much as 81% of patients with AML-M0 had chromosomal rearrangements; primarily -5/5q- and/or -7/7q- deletions or translocations involving 12p. A patient, who was diagnosed with AML-M0 eighteen months ago, was referred for cytogenetic evaluation for possible AML relapse. A subtle, cryptic t(5;9)(q35.3;q34.3), plus a deletion of the RB1 gene were detected in 18 out of 20 cells analyzed by FISH utilizing the TelVysion assay kit. To rule out the possibility that these chromosomal changes were related to the relapse of AML in this case, we repeated the same FISH test on the specimen at initial diagnosis before any treatment. The same abnormalities were found. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported with subtelomeric t(5;9)(q35.3;q34.3) and the deletion of the RB1 gene in a patient with AML-M0. Whether the t(5;9) combined with the deletion of the RB1 gene plays an important role in the development of AML-M0 warrants further investigation.
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115
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Abstract
Chromatin-modifying proteins mold the genome into areas that are accessible for transcriptional activity and areas that are transcriptionally silent. This epigenetic gene regulation allows for different transcriptional programs to be conducted in different cell types at different timepoints-despite the fact that all cells in the organism contain the same genetic information. A large amount of data gathered over the last decades has demonstrated that deregulation of chromatin-modifying proteins is etiologically involved in the development and progression of cancer. Here we discuss how epigenetic alterations influence cancer development and review known cancer-associated alterations in chromatin-modifying proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine K Fog
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK- 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
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116
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Ishikawa M, Yagasaki F, Okamura D, Maeda T, Sugahara Y, Jinnai I, Bessho M. A novel gene, ANKRD28 on 3p25, is fused with NUP98 on 11p15 in a cryptic 3-way translocation of t(3;5;11)(p25;q35;p15) in an adult patient with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia. Int J Hematol 2007; 86:238-45. [PMID: 17988990 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.07054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We identified a novel gene fusion of ANKRD28 (ankyrin repeat domain 28) on 3p25 to NUP98 on 11p15 in a patient with adult myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia. A partially cryptic 3-way translocation, t(3;5;11)(p25;q35;p15), that had initially been supposed to be t(3;5)(p25;q35) was revealed by precise breakpoint mapping via fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with bacterial artificial chromosome clones. This translocation produces the expression of 2 in-frame fusion transcripts, the novel ANKRD28-NUP98 and NUP98-NSD1, and 1 out-of-frame NSD1-ANKRD28 transcript. Transient overexpression of ANKRD28-NUP98 in NIH/3T3 cells, but not the C-terminal deletion mutant of ANKRD28 (DeltaC-ANKRD28), caused significantly increased focus formation compared with mock-transfectant controls. ANKRD28-NUP98 was localized in the nucleolus and cytoplasm, whereas ANKRD28 and DeltaC-ANKRD28 were found exclusively in the cytoplasm. Alteration of the subcellular localization of ANKRD28 might have contributed to the leukemogenesis in this case. This report is the first of ANKRD28 as an NUP98 fusion partner, and this case implies that this fusion may be responsible for hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Ishikawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
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117
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118
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Rice KL, Hormaeche I, Licht JD. Epigenetic regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Oncogene 2007; 26:6697-714. [PMID: 17934479 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular processes governing hematopoiesis involve the interplay between lineage-specific transcription factors and a series of epigenetic tags, including DNA methylation and covalent histone tail modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitylation. These post-translational modifications, which collectively constitute the 'histone code', are capable of affecting chromatin structure and gene transcription and are catalysed by opposing families of enzymes, allowing the developmental potential of hematopoietic stem cells to be dynamically regulated. The essential role of these enzymes in regulating normal blood development is highlighted by the finding that members from all families of chromatin regulators are targets for dysregulation in many hematological malignancies, and that patterns of histone modification are globally affected in cancer as well as the regulatory regions of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The discovery that these epigenetic marks can be reversed by compounds targeting aberrant transcription factor/co-activator/co-repressor interactions and histone-modifying activities, provides the basis for an exciting field in which the epigenome of cancer cells may be manipulated with potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Rice
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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119
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Bell O, Wirbelauer C, Hild M, Scharf AND, Schwaiger M, MacAlpine DM, Zilbermann F, van Leeuwen F, Bell SP, Imhof A, Garza D, Peters AHFM, Schübeler D. Localized H3K36 methylation states define histone H4K16 acetylation during transcriptional elongation in Drosophila. EMBO J 2007; 26:4974-84. [PMID: 18007591 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones are involved in transcript initiation and elongation. Methylation of lysine 36 of histone H3 (H3K36me) resides promoter distal at transcribed regions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is thought to prevent spurious initiation through recruitment of histone-deacetylase activity. Here, we report surprising complexity in distribution, regulation and readout of H3K36me in Drosophila involving two histone methyltransferases (HMTases). Dimethylation of H3K36 peaks adjacent to promoters and requires dMes-4, whereas trimethylation accumulates toward the 3' end of genes and relies on dHypb. Reduction of H3K36me3 is lethal in Drosophila larvae and leads to elevated levels of acetylation, specifically at lysine 16 of histone H4 (H4K16ac). In contrast, reduction of both di- and trimethylation decreases lysine 16 acetylation. Thus di- and trimethylation of H3K36 have opposite effects on H4K16 acetylation, which we propose enable dynamic changes in chromatin compaction during transcript elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bell
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
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120
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Zhang L, Alsabeh R, Mecucci C, La Starza R, Gorello P, Lee S, Lill M, Schreck R. Rare t(1;11)(q23;p15) in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome evolving into acute myelomonocytic leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:42-8. [PMID: 17889707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Balanced chromosome rearrangements are the hallmark of therapy-related leukemia that develops in patients treated with topoisomerase II inhibitors. Many of these rearrangements involve recurrent chromosomal sites and associated genes (11q23/MLL, 21q22.3/AML1, and 11p15/NUP98), which can interact with a variety of partner genes. One such rearrangement is the rare t(1;11)(q23;p15), which involves juxtaposition of the homeobox gene PMX1 (PRRX1) and NUP98. We report on an additional patient with t(1;11) who presented with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) subsequent to treatment for a pleomorphic liposarcoma. With time, the patient's disorder progressed to acute myelomonocytic leukemia with cytogenetic evidence of clonal evolution. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient presenting with a myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated t(1;11) (q23;p15), which evolved into therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML). This patient is the third reported with this cytogenetic rearrangement and t-AML, and is compared with the other two reports of t(1;11)(q23;p15).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Room 4711, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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121
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Covalent modifications of histones during development and disease pathogenesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007; 14:1008-16. [PMID: 17984963 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modifications of histones are central to the regulation of chromatin dynamics, and, therefore, many biological processes involving chromatin, such as replication, repair, transcription and genome stability, are regulated by chromatin and its modifications. In this review, we discuss the biochemical, molecular and genetic properties of the enzymatic machinery involved in four different types of histone modification: acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation and methylation. We also discuss how perturbation of the activity of this enzymatic machinery can cause developmental defects and disease.
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122
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Ishikawa M, Yagasaki F, Okamura D, Maeda T, Sugahara Y, Jinnai I, Bessho M. A novel gene, ANKRD28 on 3p25, is fused with NUP98 on 11p15 in a cryptic 3-way translocation of t(3;5;11)(p25;q35;p15) in an adult patient with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia. Int J Hematol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03006927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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123
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Miremadi A, Oestergaard MZ, Pharoah PDP, Caldas C. Cancer genetics of epigenetic genes. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16 Spec No 1:R28-49. [PMID: 17613546 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer epigenome is characterised by specific DNA methylation and chromatin modification patterns. The proteins that mediate these changes are encoded by the epigenetics genes here defined as: DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins, histone acetyltransferases (HAT), histone deacetylases (HDAC), histone methyltransferases (HMT) and histone demethylases. We review the evidence that these genes can be targeted by mutations and expression changes in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Miremadi
- Cancer Genomics Program, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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124
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Abstract
Irreversible changes in the DNA sequence, including chromosomal deletions or amplification, activating or inactivating mutations in genes, have been implicated in the development and progression of melanoma. However, increasing attention is being turned towards the participation of 'epigenetic' events in melanoma progression that do not affect DNA sequence, but which nevertheless may lead to stable inherited changes in gene expression. Epigenetic events including histone modifications and DNA methylation play a key role in normal development and are crucial to establishing the correct program of gene expression. In contrast, mistargeting of such epigenetic modifications can lead to aberrant patterns of gene expression and loss of anti-cancer checkpoints. Thus, to date at least 50 genes have been reported to be dysregulated in melanoma by aberrant DNA methylation and accumulating evidence also suggests that mistargetting of histone modifications and altered chromatin remodeling activities will play a key role in melanoma. This review gives an overview of the many different types of epigenetic modifications and their involvement in cancer and especially in melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Rothhammer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg Medical School, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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125
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Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that histone methylation is not static but is dynamically regulated by histone methyltransferases and the newly discovered histone demethylases. This review discusses the chemical mechanisms for the known and potentially new classes of demethylases, the roles of these demethylases in chromatin and transcription, and their potential biological functions and connections to human diseases.
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126
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Reader JC, Meekins JS, Gojo I, Ning Y. A novel NUP98-PHF23 fusion resulting from a cryptic translocation t(11;17)(p15;p13) in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2007; 21:842-4. [PMID: 17287853 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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127
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Abstract
The posttranslational modification of histones plays an important role in chromatin regulation. Histone methylation influences constitutive heterochromatin, genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation and gene transcription. Histone demethylase catalyzes the removal of methyl groups on lysine or arginine residues of histones. Two kinds of histone lysine demethylases have been identified, including lysine specific demethylase 1 and Jumonji C (JmjC) domain family proteins. These histone demethylases are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Histone modification is a dynamic process, and the imbalance of histone methylation has been linked to cancers. Therefore, histone demethylases may represent a new target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Tian
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
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128
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Morerio C, Acquila M, Rapella A, Tassano E, Rosanda C, Panarello C. Inversion (11)(p15q22) with NUP98–DDX10 fusion gene in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 171:122-5. [PMID: 17116492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inv(11)(p15q22), a rare but recurrent chromosome abnormality that creates a NUP98-DDX10 fusion gene, is associated with de novo or secondary myeloid malignancies. We report a case of acute monocytic leukemia presenting this rearrangement, studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). We also review the cases of inv(11) associated with NUP98-DDX10 reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morerio
- Dipartimento di Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Largo G Gaslini 5, Genoa, Italy
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129
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Gotlib J, Cross NCP, Gilliland DG. Eosinophilic disorders: molecular pathogenesis, new classification, and modern therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006; 19:535-69. [PMID: 16781488 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Before the 1990s, lack of evidence for a reactive cause of hypereosinophilia or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (e.g. presence of a clonal cytogenetic abnormality or increased blood or bone marrow blasts) resulted in diagnosticians characterizing such nebulous cases as 'idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)'. However, over the last decade, significant advances in our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of eosinophilic disorders have shifted an increasing proportion of cases from this idiopathic HES 'pool' to genetically defined eosinophilic diseases with recurrent molecular abnormalities. The majority of these genetic lesions result in constitutively activated fusion tyrosine kinases, the phenotypic consequence of which is an eosinophilia-associated myeloid disorder. Most notable among these is the recent discovery of the cryptic FIP1L1-PDGFRA gene fusion in karyotypically normal patients with systemic mast cell disease with eosinophilia or idiopathic HES, redefining these diseases as clonal eosinophilias. Rearrangements involving PDGFRA and PDGFRB in eosinophilic chronic myeloproliferative disorders, and of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in the 8p11 stem cell myeloproliferative syndrome constitute additional examples of specific genetic alterations linked to clonal eosinophilia. The identification of populations of aberrant T-lymphocytes secreting eosinophilopoietic cytokines such as interleukin-5 establish a pathophysiologic basis for cases of lymphocyte-mediated hypereosinophilia. This recent revival in understanding the biologic basis of eosinophilic disorders has permitted more genetic specificity in the classification of these diseases, and has translated into successful therapeutic approaches with targeted agents such as imatinib mesylate and recombinant anti-IL-5 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Center, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Room 2327B, Stanford, CA 94305-5821, USA.
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130
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Tonon G, Brennan C, Protopopov A, Maulik G, Feng B, Zhang Y, Khatry DB, You MJ, Aguirre AJ, Martin ES, Yang Z, Ji H, Chin L, Wong KK, Depinho RA. Common and contrasting genomic profiles among the major human lung cancer subtypes. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 70:11-24. [PMID: 16869734 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. With the recent success of molecularly targeted therapies in this disease, a detailed knowledge of the spectrum of genetic lesions in lung cancer represents a critical step in the development of additional effective agents. An integrated high-resolution survey of regional amplifications and deletions and gene expression profiling of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) identified 93 focal high-confidence copy number alterations (CNAs), with 21 spanning less than 0.5 Mb with a median of five genes. Most CNAs were novel and included high-amplitude amplification and homozygous deletion events. Pathogenic relevance of these genomic alterations was further reinforced by their recurrence and overlap with focal alterations of other tumor types. Additionally, the comparison of the genomic profiles of the two major subtypes of NSCLC, adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), showed an almost complete overlap with the exception of one amplified region on chromosome 3, specific for SCC. Among the few genes overexpressed within this amplicon was p63, a known regulator of squamous cell differentiation. These findings suggest that the AC and SCC subtypes may arise from a common cell of origin and they are driven to their distinct phenotypic end points by altered expression of a limited number of key genes such as p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tonon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 , USA
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131
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Romana SP, Radford-Weiss I, Ben Abdelali R, Schluth C, Petit A, Dastugue N, Talmant P, Bilhou-Nabera C, Mugneret F, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Mozziconacci MJ, Andrieu J, Lai JL, Terre C, Rack K, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Luquet I, Nadal N, Nguyen-Khac F, Perot C, Van den Akker J, Fert-Ferrer S, Cabrol C, Charrin C, Tigaud I, Poirel H, Vekemans M, Bernard OA, Berger R. NUP98 rearrangements in hematopoietic malignancies: a study of the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique. Leukemia 2006; 20:696-706. [PMID: 16467868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NUP98 gene is fused with 19 different partner genes in various human hematopoietic malignancies. In order to gain additional clinico-hematological data and to identify new partners of NUP98, the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH) collected cases of hematological malignancies where a 11p15 rearrangement was detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that 35% of these patients (23/66) carried a rearrangement of the NUP98 locus. Genes of the HOXA cluster and the nuclear-receptor set domain (NSD) genes were frequently fused to NUP98, mainly in de novo myeloid malignancies whereas the DDX10 and TOP1 genes were equally rearranged in de novo and in therapy-related myeloid proliferations. Involvement of ADD3 and C6ORF80 genes were detected, respectively, in myeloid disorders and in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), whereas the RAP1GDS1 gene was fused to NUP98 in T-ALL. Three new chromosomal breakpoints: 3q22.1, 7p15 (in a localization distinct from the HOXA locus) and Xq28 were detected in rearrangements with the NUP98 gene locus. The present study as well as a review of the 73 cases previously reported in the literature allowed us to delineate some chromosomal, clinical and molecular features of patients carrying a NUP98 gene rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Romana
- Service de cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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132
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Wang TF, Horsley SW, Lee KF, Chu SC, Li CC, Kao RH. Translocation between chromosome 5q35 and chromosome 11q13 - an unusual cytogenetic finding in a primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:160-3. [PMID: 16706931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities are observed in approximately two-thirds of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chromosome rearrangements are associated with specific subtypes of AML and associated prognosis. We report a patient with AML, M2, who was primarily refractory to standard induction chemotherapy with idarubicin and cytarabine. Flow cytometry of a bone marrow aspirate showed aberrant expression of B-cell markers including CD19. Cytogenetic studies disclosed a translocation between 5q35 and 11q13. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that neither the NSD1 nor MLL genes were involved in this case. Further study is required to define conclusively the genes involved and their contribution to pathogenesis in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-F Wang
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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133
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Whetstine JR, Nottke A, Lan F, Huarte M, Smolikov S, Chen Z, Spooner E, Li E, Zhang G, Colaiacovo M, Shi Y. Reversal of histone lysine trimethylation by the JMJD2 family of histone demethylases. Cell 2006; 125:467-81. [PMID: 16603238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation regulates chromatin structure, transcription, and epigenetic state of the cell. Histone methylation is dynamically regulated by histone methylases and demethylases such as LSD1 and JHDM1, which mediate demethylation of di- and monomethylated histones. It has been unclear whether demethylases exist that reverse lysine trimethylation. We show the JmjC domain-containing protein JMJD2A reversed trimethylated H3-K9/K36 to di- but not mono- or unmethylated products. Overexpression of JMJD2A but not a catalytically inactive mutant reduced H3-K9/K36 trimethylation levels in cultured cells. In contrast, RNAi depletion of the C. elegans JMJD2A homolog resulted in an increase in general H3-K9Me3 and localized H3-K36Me3 levels on meiotic chromosomes and triggered p53-dependent germline apoptosis. Additionally, other human JMJD2 subfamily members also functioned as trimethylation-specific demethylases, converting H3-K9Me3 to H3-K9Me2 and H3-K9Me1, respectively. Our finding that this family of demethylases generates different methylated states at the same lysine residue provides a mechanism for fine-tuning histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan R Whetstine
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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134
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Paulsson K, Békássy AN, Olofsson T, Mitelman F, Johansson B, Panagopoulos I. A novel and cytogenetically cryptic t(7;21)(p22;q22) in acute myeloid leukemia results in fusion of RUNX1 with the ubiquitin-specific protease gene USP42. Leukemia 2006; 20:224-9. [PMID: 16357831 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although many of the chromosomal abnormalities in hematologic malignancies are identifiable cytogenetically, some are only detectable using molecular methods. We describe a novel cryptic t(7;21)(p22;q22) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FISH, 3'RACE, and RT-PCR revealed a fusion involving RUNX1 and the ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) gene USP42. The genomic breakpoint was in intron 7 of RUNX1 and intron 1 of USP42. The reciprocal chimera was not detected - neither on the transcriptional nor on the genomic level - and FISH showed that the 5' part of USP42 was deleted. USP42 maps to a 7p22 region characterized by segmental duplications. Notably, 17 kb duplicons are present 1 Mb proximal to USP42 and 3 Mb proximal to RUNX1; these may be important in the genesis of t(7;21). This is the second cryptic RUNX1 translocation in hematologic malignancies and the first in AML. The USPs have not previously been reported to be rearranged in leukemias. The cellular context in which USP42 is active is unknown, but we here show that it is expressed in normal bone marrow, in primary AMLs, and in cancer cell lines. Its involvement in the t(7;21) suggests that deregulation of ubiquitin-associated pathways may be pathogenetically important in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Cytogenetic Analysis/methods
- Endopeptidases/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Male
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Thiolester Hydrolases
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
- Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases
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Affiliation(s)
- K Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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135
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Perry J. The Epc-N domain: a predicted protein-protein interaction domain found in select chromatin associated proteins. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:6. [PMID: 16412250 PMCID: PMC1388200 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An underlying tenet of the epigenetic code hypothesis is the existence of protein domains that can recognize various chromatin structures. To date, two major candidates have emerged: (i) the bromodomain, which can recognize certain acetylation marks and (ii) the chromodomain, which can recognize certain methylation marks. Results The Epc-N (Enhancer of Polycomb-N-terminus) domain is formally defined herein. This domain is conserved across eukaryotes and is predicted to form a right-handed orthogonal four-helix bundle with extended strands at both termini. The types of amino acid residues that define the Epc-N domain suggest a role in mediating protein-protein interactions, possibly specifically in the context of chromatin binding, and the types of proteins in which it is found (known components of histone acetyltransferase complexes) strongly suggest a role in epigenetic structure formation and/or recognition. There appear to be two major Epc-N protein families that can be divided into four unique protein subfamilies. Two of these subfamilies (I and II) may be related to one another in that subfamily I can be viewed as a plant-specific expansion of subfamily II. The other two subfamilies (III and IV) appear to be related to one another by duplication events in a primordial fungal-metazoan-mycetozoan ancestor. Subfamilies III and IV are further defined by the presence of an evolutionarily conserved five-center-zinc-binding motif in the loop connecting the second and third helices of the four-helix bundle. This motif appears to consist of a PHD followed by a mononuclear Zn knuckle, followed by a PHD-like derivative, and will thus be referred to as the PZPM. All non-Epc-N proteins studied thus far that contain the PZPM have been implicated in histone methylation and/or gene silencing. In addition, an unusual phyletic distribution of Epc-N-containing proteins is observed. Conclusion The data suggest that the Epc-N domain is a protein-protein interaction module found in chromatin associated proteins. It is possible that the Epc-N domain serves as a direct link between histone acetylation and methylation statuses. The unusual phyletic distribution of Epc-N-containing proteins may provide a conduit for future insight into how different organisms form, perceive and respond to epigenetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Perry
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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136
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van Zutven LJCM, Onen E, Velthuizen SCJM, van Drunen E, von Bergh ARM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Veronese A, Mecucci C, Negrini M, de Greef GE, Beverloo HB. Identification ofNUP98 abnormalities in acute leukemia:JARID1A (12p13) as a new partner gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:437-46. [PMID: 16419055 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangements are found in many acute leukemias. As a result, genes at the breakpoints can be disrupted, forming fusion genes. One of the genes involved in several chromosome aberrations in hematological malignancies is NUP98 (11p15). As NUP98 is close to the 11p telomere, small translocations might easily be missed. Using a NUP98-specific split-signal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe combination, we analyzed 84 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome with either normal karyotypes or 11p abnormalities to investigate whether there are unidentified 11p15 rearrangements. Neither NUP98 translocations nor deletions were identified in cases with normal karyotypes, indicating these aberrations may be very rare in this group. However, NUP98 deletions were observed in four cases with unbalanced 11p aberrations, indicating that the breakpoint is centromeric of NUP98. Rearrangements of NUP98 were identified in two patients, both showing 11p abnormalities in the diagnostic karyotype: a t(4;11)(q1?3;p15) with expression of the NUP98-RAP1GDS1 fusion product detected in a 60-year-old woman with AML-M0, and an add(11)(p15) with a der(21)t(11;21)(p15;p13) observed cytogenetically in a 1-year-old boy with AML-M7. JARID1A was identified as the fusion partner of NUP98 using 3' RACE, RT-PCR, and FISH. JARID1A, at 12p13, codes for retinoblastoma binding protein 2, a protein implicated in transcriptional regulation. This is the first report of JARID1A as a partner gene in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J C M van Zutven
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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137
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Rahman N. Mechanisms predisposing to childhood overgrowth and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15:227-33. [PMID: 15917196 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several overgrowth conditions are believed to be associated with elevated risks of cancer, particularly in childhood. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Sotos syndrome are the most common overgrowth conditions, and both carry increased risks of certain tumors. In recent years, the identification of both the gene causing Sotos syndrome and the epigenetic subgroups underlying Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have enabled clarification of the cancer types and risks associated with these conditions. This has revealed striking differences in the cancer phenotypes associated with different molecular abnormalities. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying cancer in overgrowth syndromes might yield important insights into the molecular basis of childhood tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen Rahman
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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138
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Hudlebusch HR, Theilgaard-Mönch K, Lodahl M, Johnsen HE, Rasmussen T. Identification of ID-1 as a potential target gene of MMSET in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:700-8. [PMID: 16115125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The frequently detected t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) translocation in multiple myeloma (MM) results in a dysregulation of two potential oncogenes: multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). As the expression of FGFR3 is undetectable in 30% of the t(4;14)+ MM patients, MMSET has been suggested to play an important role in the malignant transformation associated with the t(4;14) translocation. Screening with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) found complex expression patterns of the MMSET transcripts in fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS)-purified plasma cells (PCs) from 15 t(4;14)+ MM patients. In addition, potential target genes of MMSET type I and II were identified, using microarray analyses of MMSET transfected cell lines. Subsequently, the expression of potential target genes was verified by real-time PCR in FACS-purified PCs from 15 t(4;14)+ and 22 t(4;14)- MM patients. We suggest that the inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID-1) is a target gene of MMSET, based on its upregulation in MMSET transfected cell lines and a significant association between the t(4;14) translocation and ID-1 expression in MM patients (P = 0.002). As high levels of ID-1 are associated with cancer, our findings indicate that MMSET promotes oncogenic transformation in t(4;14)+ MM patients by transcriptional activation of ID-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Rye Hudlebusch
- The Department of Haematology L, Herlev University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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139
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Faravelli F. NSD1 mutations in Sotos syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 137C:24-31. [PMID: 16010675 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a typical facial appearance, macrocephaly, accelerated growth, developmental delay, and a variable range of associated abnormalities. The NSD1 gene was recently found to be responsible for Sotos syndrome, and more than 150 patients with NSD1 alterations have been identified. A significant ethnic difference is found in the prevalence of different types of mutation, with a high percentage of microdeletions identified in Japanese Sotos syndrome patients and with intragenic mutations in most non-Japanese patients. NSD1 aberrations are rather specific for Sotos syndrome, but have also been detected in patients lacking one or more major criteria of the disorder, namely overgrowth, macrocephaly, and advanced bone age. Thus, new diagnostic criteria should be considered. Studies have reported different frequencies of mutations versus non-mutations in Sotos syndrome, thus indicating allelic or locus hetereogeneity. Although some authors have suggested genotype/phenotype correlations, further studies are needed.
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140
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Sun XJ, Wei J, Wu XY, Hu M, Wang L, Wang HH, Zhang QH, Chen SJ, Huang QH, Chen Z. Identification and characterization of a novel human histone H3 lysine 36-specific methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35261-71. [PMID: 16118227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504012200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays an important role in eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. A number of histone methyltransferases (HMTases) with distinct functions have been identified. The HSPC069/HYPB gene was originally isolated from the human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and it was also identified as a huntingtin interacting protein, implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington disease (HD). However, its biochemical function is poorly understood. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of the huntingtin interacting protein B (HYPB). 1) The triplicate AWS-SET-PostSET domains mediate a histone H3 lysine 36 specific HMTase activity. 2) A low charged region that is rich in glutamine and proline has been characterized as a novel transcriptional activation domain. The structural features of this region are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. 3) Coimmunoprecipitation assays indicate that HYPB protein associates with hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) but not the unphosphorylated form. Furthermore, the RNAPII-association region of HYPB protein has been identified to encompass the C-terminal 142 amino acids. Thus, our results suggest that HYPB HMTase may coordinate histone methylation and transcriptional regulation in mammals and open perspective for the further study of the potential roles of HYPB protein in hematopoiesis and pathogenesis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Sun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025, China
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141
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Darakhshan F, Badie C, Moody J, Coster M, Finnon R, Finnon P, Edwards AA, Szluinska M, Skidmore CJ, Yoshida K, Ullrich R, Cox R, Bouffler SD. Evidence for complex multigenic inheritance of radiation AML susceptibility in mice revealed using a surrogate phenotypic assay. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:311-8. [PMID: 16093251 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mapping of genes which affect individual cancer risk is an important but complex challenge. A surrogate assay of susceptibility to radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in the mouse based on chromosomal radiosensitivity has been developed and validated. This assay was applied to the mapping of radiation-induced AML risk modifier loci by association with microsatellite markers. A region on chromosome (chr) 18 with strong association is identified and confirmed by backcross analysis. Additional loci on chrs 8 and 13 show significant association. A key candidate gene Rbbp8 on chr18 is identified. Rbbp8 is shown to be upregulated in response to X-irradiation in the AML sensitive CBA strain but not AML resistant C57BL/6 strain. This study demonstrates the strength of utilizing surrogate endpoints of cancer susceptibility in the mapping of mouse loci and identifies additional loci that may affect radiation cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Darakhshan
- Radiation Effects Department, Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, UK
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142
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La Starza R, Gorello P, Rosati R, Riezzo A, Veronese A, Ferrazzi E, Martelli MF, Negrini M, Mecucci C. Cryptic insertion producing two NUP98/NSD1 chimeric transcripts in adult refractory anemia with an excess of blasts. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 41:395-9. [PMID: 15382262 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed cytogenetic and molecular studies on an adult patient with refractory anemia with an excess of blasts with an add(11)(p15). Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified the extra material on 11p as belonging to chromosome 15. Metaphase FISH with probes for chromosomes 5, 11, and 15 revealed a complex four-break rearrangement. Clone RP5-1173K1, containing exons 10-20 of the NUP98 gene, gave three fluorescence signals on the normal 11, the der(5), and the der(15). 3'-RACE-PCR identified an in-frame fusion between NUP98 and NSD1, which was confirmed by RT-PCR. Two different spliced forms, that is, NUP98 exon 11/NSD1 exon 6 and NUP98 exon 12/NSD1 exon 6, were detected. The reciprocal NSD1/NUP98 was not found. A dual-color experiment with RP5-1173K1 and CTC-549A4, spanning the entire NSD1 gene, indicated an insertion of NUP98 into the NSD1 locus. This is the first report of an adult with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) harboring an NUP98/NSD1 fusion resulting from insertion of 5'-NUP98 into the NSD1/5q35 locus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anemia, Refractory/genetics
- Anemia, Refractory/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Exons
- Histone Methyltransferases
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta La Starza
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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143
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Tatton-Brown K, Douglas J, Coleman K, Baujat G, Cole TRP, Das S, Horn D, Hughes HE, Temple IK, Faravelli F, Waggoner D, Türkmen S, Cormier-Daire V, Irrthum A, Rahman N. Genotype-phenotype associations in Sotos syndrome: an analysis of 266 individuals with NSD1 aberrations. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:193-204. [PMID: 15942875 PMCID: PMC1224542 DOI: 10.1086/432082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified 266 individuals with intragenic NSD1 mutations or 5q35 microdeletions encompassing NSD1 (referred to as "NSD1-positive individuals"), through analyses of 530 subjects with diverse phenotypes. Truncating NSD1 mutations occurred throughout the gene, but pathogenic missense mutations occurred only in functional domains (P < 2 x 10(-16)). Sotos syndrome was clinically diagnosed in 99% of NSD1-positive individuals, independent of the molecular analyses, indicating that NSD1 aberrations are essentially specific to this condition. Furthermore, our data suggest that 93% of patients who have been clinically diagnosed with Sotos syndrome have identifiable NSD1 abnormalities, of which 83% are intragenic mutations and 10% are 5q35 microdeletions. We reviewed the clinical phenotypes of 239 NSD1-positive individuals. Facial dysmorphism, learning disability, and childhood overgrowth were present in 90% of the individuals. However, both the height and head circumference of 10% of the individuals were within the normal range, indicating that overgrowth is not obligatory for the diagnosis of Sotos syndrome. A broad spectrum of associated clinical features was also present, the occurrence of which was largely independent of genotype, since individuals with identical mutations had different phenotypes. We compared the phenotypes of patients with intragenic NSD1 mutations with those of patients with 5q35 microdeletions. Patients with microdeletions had less-prominent overgrowth (P = .0003) and more-severe learning disability (P = 3 x 10(-9)) than patients with mutations. However, all features present in patients with microdeletions were also observed in patients with mutations, and there was no correlation between deletion size and the clinical phenotype, suggesting that the deletion of additional genes in patients with 5q35 microdeletions has little specific effect on phenotype. We identified only 13 familial cases. The reasons for the low vertical transmission rate are unclear, although familial cases were more likely than nonfamilial cases (P = .005) to carry missense mutations, suggesting that the underlying NSD1 mutational mechanism in Sotos syndrome may influence reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Tatton-Brown
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Jenny Douglas
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Kim Coleman
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Trevor R. P. Cole
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Soma Das
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Denise Horn
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Helen E. Hughes
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - I. Karen Temple
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Faravelli
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Darrel Waggoner
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Seval Türkmen
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alexandre Irrthum
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Humboldt-Universität, Charité, Berlin; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Human Genetics, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera de Genova, Genova, Italy
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144
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Gibbons RJ. Histone modifying and chromatin remodelling enzymes in cancer and dysplastic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14 Spec No 1:R85-92. [PMID: 15809277 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes is central to the development of cancer. Although this inactivation was once considered to be secondary to intragenic mutations, it is now clear that silencing of these genes often occurs by epigenetic means. Hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with the tumour suppressor genes was the first manifestation of this phenomenon to be described. It is apparent, however, that this is one of a host of chromatin modifications which characterize gene silencing. Although we know little about what determines which loci are affected, our understanding of the nature of the epigenetic marks and how they are established has blossomed. There is no compelling evidence that cancer ever develops by purely epigenetic means, but it is apparent that perturbations in the apparatus which establish the epigenome may contribute to the development of cancer. This review will focus on the role of two classes of chromatin remodelling enzymes, those that alter histones by the addition or removal of acetyl and methyl groups and those of the SWI/SNF family of proteins that change the topology of the nucleosome and its DNA strand via the hydrolysis of ATP, and we shall examine the consequence of mutations in, or mis-expression of, these factors. In some cases, mutations in these factors appear to play a direct role in cancer development. However, their general role as important intermediaries involved in regulating gene expression makes them attractive therapeutic targets. In exciting developments, it has been shown that inhibition of these factors leads to the reversal of tumour suppressor gene silencing and the inhibition of cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gibbons
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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145
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Nakamura T. NUP98 Fusion in Human Leukemia: Dysregulation of the Nuclear Pore and Homeodomain Proteins. Int J Hematol 2005; 82:21-7. [PMID: 16105755 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NUP98 is fused to a variety of partner genes, including abdominal B-like HOX, in human myeloid and T-cell malignancies via chromosomal translocation involving 11p15. NUP98 encodes a 98-kd nucleoporin that is a component of the nuclear pore complex and functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport, with its N-terminal GLFG repeats used as a docking site for karyopherins. Disruption of NUP98 may affect the nuclear pore function, and the abnormal expression and altered function of fusion partners may also be critical for leukemia development. Recent studies using mouse models expressing NUP98-HOX have confirmed its leukemogenic potential, and cooperative genes for NUP98-HOXA9 in leukemogenesis have been identified in these studies.Thus, the NUP98 chimera is a unique molecule that provides valuable information regarding nuclear pore function and the role of the homeobox protein in leukemogenesis/carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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146
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Moore MAS. Converging pathways in leukemogenesis and stem cell self-renewal. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:719-37. [PMID: 15963848 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the last 40 years have led to an understanding of the hierarchical organization of the hematopoietic system and the role of the pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell. Earlier recognition of the importance of bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironments has evolved into the recognition of specific niches that regulate stem cell pool size, proliferative status, mobilization, and differentiation. The discovery of the role of multiple hematopoietic growth factors and their receptors in the orchestration of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation has been followed by recognition of the importance of the Notch and Wnt pathways. The homeobox family of transcription factors serve as master regulators of development and are increasingly found to be critical regulators of hematopoiesis. In parallel with this understanding of normal hematopoiesis has come a recognition that stem cell dysregulation at various levels is involved in leukemogenesis. Furthermore, the progression from chronic leukemia or myelodysplasia to acute leukemia involves accumulation of at least two mutational events that lead to enhancement of stem cell proliferation, or acquisition of stem cell behavior by a progenitor cell, coupled with maturation inhibition. Translocations resulting in development of oncogenic fusion genes are found in AML and the transforming potential of two of these, AML1-ETO and NUP98-HOXA9, will be discussed. Secondary, constitutively activating mutations of the Flt3 and c-kit receptors and of K- and N-ras are found with high frequency in AML, and the transforming potential of mutated FLT3 and the role of STAT5A activation in human stem cell transformation will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A S Moore
- James Ewing Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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147
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Abstract
This paper describes the isolation of a novel human gene, NSD1, from the 5q35 breakpoint of t(5;8)(q35; q24.1) in a patient with Sotos syndrome, and NSD1 mutation analysis. Of 112 (95 Japanese and 17 non-Japanese) patients analyzed, 16 (14%) had a heterozygous NSD1 point mutation (10 protein truncation types and six missense types) and 50 (45%) a approximately 0.7-Mb microdeletion involving NSD1. The results indicated that haploinsufficiency of NSD1 is the major cause of Sotos syndrome, and NSD1 plays a role in growth and brain development in humans. Detailed clinical examinations provided a genotype-phenotype correlation in Sotos syndrome, i.e. in patients with deletions, overgrowth is less obvious and mental retardation is more severe than in those with point mutations, and major anomalies were exclusively seen in the former. The results also indicated that Sotos syndrome due to a deletion falls into a contiguous gene syndrome, while Sotos syndrome due to an NSD1 point mutation is a single gene defect, occasionally with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The genomic structure around the deleted and flanking regions revealed the presence of two sets of low copy repeats through which the microdeletion in Sotos syndrome is mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Niikawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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148
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Tonon G, Wong KK, Maulik G, Brennan C, Feng B, Zhang Y, Khatry DB, Protopopov A, You MJ, Aguirre AJ, Martin ES, Yang Z, Ji H, Chin L, Depinho RA. High-resolution genomic profiles of human lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9625-30. [PMID: 15983384 PMCID: PMC1160520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504126102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, yet there exists a limited view of the genetic lesions driving this disease. In this study, an integrated high-resolution survey of regional amplifications and deletions, coupled with gene-expression profiling of non-small-cell lung cancer subtypes, adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), identified 93 focal copy-number alterations, of which 21 span <0.5 megabases and contain a median of five genes. Whereas all known lung cancer genes/loci are contained in the dataset, most of these recurrent copy-number alterations are previously uncharacterized and include high-amplitude amplifications and homozygous deletions. Notably, despite their distinct histopathological phenotypes, adenocarcinoma and SCC genomic profiles showed a nearly complete overlap, with only one clear SCC-specific amplicon. Among the few genes residing within this amplicon and showing consistent overexpression in SCC is p63, a known regulator of squamous-cell differentiation. Furthermore, intersection with the published pancreatic cancer comparative genomic hybridization dataset yielded, among others, two focal amplicons on 8p12 and 20q11 common to both cancer types. Integrated DNA-RNA analyses identified WHSC1L1 and TPX2 as two candidates likely targeted for amplification in both pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tonon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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149
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Di Croce L. Chromatin modifying activity of leukaemia associated fusion proteins. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14 Spec No 1:R77-84. [PMID: 15809276 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukaemias, which are divided into chronic and acute forms, are malignant diseases of haematopoietic cells in which the proper balance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis is no longer operative. Genes, such as those of mixed-lineage leukaemia, AML1 and retinoic acid receptor alpha, have been found to be aberrantly fused to different partners, which often encode transcription factors or other chromatin modifying enzymes, in numerous types of acute lymphoid and myeloid leukaemias. These chimeric fusion oncoproteins, generated by reciprocal chromosomal translocations, are responsible for chromatin alterations on target genes whose expression is critical to stem cell development or lineage specification in haematopoiesis. Alterations in the 'histone code' or in the DNA methylation content occur as consequence of aberrant targeting of the corresponding enzymatic activities. Here, the author will review the most recent progress in the field, focusing on how fusion proteins generated by chromosomal translocation are responsible for chromatin alterations, gene deregulation and haematopoietic differentiation block and their implication for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Di Croce
- ICREA and Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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150
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Lin YW, Slape C, Zhang Z, Aplan PD. NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice develop a highly penetrant, severe myelodysplastic syndrome that progresses to acute leukemia. Blood 2005; 106:287-95. [PMID: 15755899 PMCID: PMC1201424 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem-cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplasia. A wide spectrum of genetic aberrations has been associated with MDS, including chromosomal translocations involving the NUP98 gene. Using a NUP98-HOXD13 fusion gene, we have developed a mouse model that faithfully recapitulates all of the key features of MDS, including peripheral blood cytopenias, bone marrow dysplasia, and apoptosis, and transformation to acute leukemia. The MDS that develops in NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice is uniformly fatal. Within 14 months, all of the mice died of either leukemic transformation or severe anemia and leucopenia as a result of progressive MDS. The NUP98-HOXD13 fusion gene inhibits megakaryocytic differentiation and increases apoptosis in the bone marrow, suggesting a mechanism leading to ineffective hematopoiesis in the presence of a hypercellular bone marrow. These mice provide an accurate preclinical model that can be used for the evaluation of MDS therapy and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Lin
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
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