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Abstract
Liver fibrosis arises because prolonged injury combined with excessive scar deposition within hepatic parenchyma arising from overactive wound healing response mediated by activated myofibroblasts. Fibrosis is the common end point for any type of chronic liver injury including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and cholestatic liver diseases. Although genetic influences are important, it is epigenetic mechanisms that have been shown to orchestrate many aspects of fibrogenesis in the liver. New discoveries in the field are leading toward the development of epigenetic biomarkers and targeted therapies. This review considers epigenetic mechanisms as well as recent advances in epigenetic programming in the context of hepatic fibrosis.
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Key Words
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- Chronic Liver Disease
- CpG, cytosine-phospho-guanine
- DNA Methylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- Epigenetics
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Histone Modifications
- Liver Fibrosis
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
- TET, Ten Eleven Translocation
- miRNA, microRNA
- ncRNA, non-coding RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Mann
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jelena Mann, PhD, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4th Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH United Kingdom. fax: +44-191-208-0723.Institute of Cellular MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences4th FloorWilliam Leech BuildingNewcastle UniversityFramlington PlaceNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HH United Kingdom
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102
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Liu XY, Fan YC, Gao S, Zhao J, Li F, Zhang J, Wang K. Hypermethylation of the N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 Promoter in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells is Associated with Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis B. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 241:155-163. [PMID: 28202850 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification to regulate gene expression. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) 2 is a cytoplasmic protein and participates in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. In this study, the mRNA expression and methylation status of NDRG2 was evaluated in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The study included 143 CHB patients and 65 normal controls (NC). The mRNA expression of NDRG2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The methylation status of the NDRG2 promoter in PBMCs was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The NDRG2 mRNA level was lower in the CHB group than in the NC group (p < 0.001). Methylation frequency of the NDRG2 promoter was significantly higher in CHB patients than in the NC group (52.44% vs. 26.15%, p < 0.001). Importantly, the relative expression levels of NDRG2 mRNA were significantly lower in the methylated group than in the unmethylated group in both CHB patients and NC (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a lower mRNA level and hypermethylation of NDRG2 were associated with liver fibrosis and inflammation grade in CHB. The aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) score is widely used to predict liver fibrosis. The mRNA expression levels and methylation status of NDRG2 showed a better score compared to APRI for discriminating the severity of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, hypermethylation of NDRG2 in PBMCs was correlated with decreased mRNA expression and with liver fibrosis. The methylation status of the NDRG2 promoter in PBMCs is a potential noninvasive biomarker to predict the severity of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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103
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de Mello VD, Matte A, Perfilyev A, Männistö V, Rönn T, Nilsson E, Käkelä P, Ling C, Pihlajamäki J. Human liver epigenetic alterations in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are related to insulin action. Epigenetics 2017; 12:287-295. [PMID: 28277977 PMCID: PMC5398766 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1294305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Additionally, epigenetic modifications may also play a key role in the pathogenesis of NASH. We therefore investigated liver DNA methylation, as a marker for epigenetic alterations, in individuals with simple steatosis and NASH, and further tested if these alterations were associated with clinical phenotypes. Liver biopsies obtained from 95 obese individuals (age: 49.5 ± 7.7 years, BMI: 43 ± 5.7 kg/m2, type 2 diabetes [T2D]: 35) as a wedge biopsy during a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operation were investigated. Thirty-four individuals had a normal liver phenotype, 35 had simple steatosis, and 26 had NASH. Genome-wide DNA methylation pattern was analyzed using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. mRNA expression was analyzed from 42 individuals using the HumanHT-12 Expression BeadChip. We identified 1,292 CpG sites representing 677 unique genes differentially methylated in liver of individuals with NASH (q < 0.001), independently of T2D, age, sex, and BMI. Focusing on the top-ranking 30 and another 37 CpG sites mapped to genes enriched in pathways of metabolism (q = 0.0036) and cancer (q = 0.0001) all together, 59 NASH-associated CpG sites correlated with fasting insulin levels independently of age, fasting glucose, or T2D. From these, we identified 30 correlations between DNA methylation and mRNA expression, for example LDHB (r = -0.45, P = 0.003). We demonstrated that NASH, more than simple steatosis, associates with differential DNA methylation in the human liver. These epigenetic alterations in NASH are linked with insulin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D. de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ashok Matte
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexander Perfilyev
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ville Männistö
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tina Rönn
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pirjo Käkelä
- Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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104
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Sookoian S, Puri P, Castaño GO, Scian R, Mirshahi F, Sanyal AJ, Pirola CJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with a state of betaine-insufficiency. Liver Int 2017; 37:611-619. [PMID: 27614103 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develops from a complex process, which includes changes in the liver methylome. Betaine plays a pivotal role in the regulation of methylogenesis. We performed a two-stage case-control study, which included patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD to explore circulating levels of betaine and its association with the histological spectrum. We also explored the association between a missense rs1805074, p.Ser646Pro variant in DMGDH (dimethylglycine dehydrogenase mitochondrial) and NAFLD severity (n=390). RESULTS In the discovery phase (n=48), betaine levels were associated with the disease severity (P=.0030), including liver inflammation (Spearman R:-0.51, P=.001), ballooning degeneration (R: -0.50, P=.01) and fibrosis (R: -0.54, P=.0008). Betaine levels were significantly decreased in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in comparison with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Further replication (n=51) showed that betaine levels were associated with advanced NAFLD (P=.0085), and patients with NASH had a 1.26-fold decrease in betaine levels compared with those with NAFL. The rs1805074 was significantly associated with the disease severity (P=.011). CONCLUSION NAFLD severity is associated with a state of betaine-insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Puneet Puri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gustavo O Castaño
- Liver Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Hospital Abel Zubizarreta, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Scian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Faridodin Mirshahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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105
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Genetic predisposition in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017; 23:1-12. [PMID: 28268262 PMCID: PMC5381829 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2016.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease whose prevalence has reached global epidemic proportions. Although the disease is relatively benign in the early stages, when severe clinical forms, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma, occur, they result in worsening the long-term prognosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that NAFLD develops from a complex process in which many factors, including genetic susceptibility and environmental insults, are involved. In this review, we focused on the genetic component of NAFLD, with special emphasis on the role of genetics in the disease pathogenesis and natural history. Insights into the topic of the genetic susceptibility in lean individuals with NAFLD and the potential use of genetic tests in identifying individuals at risk are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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106
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Lin CL, Kao JH. New perspectives of biomarkers for the management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol 2016; 22:423-431. [PMID: 28081591 PMCID: PMC5266347 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2016.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent advances in molecular and genomic investigations, the impact of hepatitis B viral and host factors on the progression of chronic HBV infection has been explored. For viral factors, hepatitis B viral load is a strong predictor for liver disease progression. Hepatitis B viral kinetics appear to be important for successful anti-viral therapy. Serum HBsAg level serves as a complementary marker to viral load for the prediction of HBV-related adverse outcomes in patients with low viral load. In those with low viral load, high serum HBsAg level is associated with higher risks of cirrhosis and HCC. Hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) induces host immune responses, and the reduction of the HBcrAg level as well as the increment of total anti-HBc level are significantly associated with favorable outcomes. HBV genotypes (genotype C/D) and mutants (basal core promoter and deletion mutation in pre-S genes) are well known viral genetic markers to predict disease progression. For host factors, serum inflammatory biomarkers have been developed to evaluate the HBV-associated hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis. Host single nucleotide polymorphism on sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP, an HBV entry receptor) may be associated with a decreased risk for cirrhosis and HCC. In conclusion, patients with chronic hepatitis B should be evaluated with relevant viral and host markers to identify those who are at a higher risk of liver disease progression and then receive timely antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renai branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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107
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Lee J, Kim Y, Friso S, Choi SW. Epigenetics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 54:78-88. [PMID: 27889327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common hepatic disorder ranging from simple steatosis through steatohepatitis to fibrosis and cirrhosis, is an emerging health concern. NAFLD is a pathologic condition characterized by the buildup of extra fat in liver cells that is not caused by alcohol consumption. Excess hepatic fat accumulation results from increased delivery of triglycerides (TG) to the liver or conversion of surplus carbohydrates to TG. Importantly, a subgroup of NAFLD results in hepatocellular injury and inflammation, which is referred to as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and may progress to irreversible cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD shares, in part, the common pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress response, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Epigenetics, an inheritable phenomenon that affects gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Reversible epigenetic changes take place at the transcriptional level and provide a phenotypic connection between the host and environment. An accumulating body of evidence suggests the importance of epigenetic roles in NAFLD, which in turn can be identified as potential therapeutic targets and non-invasive biomarkers of NAFLD. It is anticipated that the epigenetic modifiers in NAFLD may provide novel molecular indicators that can determine not only the initial risk but also the disease progression and prognosis. In the present review, we update the roles of epigenetics as pathologic mechanisms, therapeutic targets and biomarkers in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University of Medicine and Science, Seongnam, 13496, South Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Simonetta Friso
- University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University of Medicine and Science, Seoul, 06062, South Korea.
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108
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Hardy T, Mann DA. Epigenetics in liver disease: from biology to therapeutics. Gut 2016; 65:1895-1905. [PMID: 27624887 PMCID: PMC5099193 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the fundamental epigenetic mechanisms governing gene expression and cellular phenotype are sufficiently advanced that novel insights into the epigenetic control of chronic liver disease are now emerging. Hepatologists are in the process of shedding light on the roles played by DNA methylation, histone/chromatin modifications and non-coding RNAs in specific liver pathologies. Alongside these discoveries are advances in the technologies for the detection and quantification of epigenetic biomarkers, either directly from patient tissue or from body fluids. The premise for this review is to survey the recent advances in the field of liver epigenetics and to explore their potential for translation by industry and clinical hepatologists for the design of novel therapeutics and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. In particular, we present findings in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, where there is urgent unmet need for new clinical interventions and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hardy
- Fibrosis Laboratories, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Fibrosis Laboratories, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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109
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Li C, Kuemmerle JF. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of intestinal fibrosis. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4:496-505. [PMID: 27536359 DOI: 10.1177/2050640616659023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease affects those individuals with polygenic risk factors. The identified risk loci indicate that the genetic architecture of Crohn's disease involves both innate and adaptive immunity and the response to the intestinal environment including the microbiome. Genetic risk alone, however, predicts only 25% of disease, indicating that other factors, including the intestinal environment, can shape the epigenome and also confer heritable risk to patients. Patients with Crohn's disease can have purely inflammatory disease, penetrating disease or fibrostenosis. Analysis of the genetic risk combined with epigenetic marks of Crohn's disease and other disease associated with organ fibrosis reveals common events are affecting the genes and pathways key to development of fibrosis. This review will focus on what is known about the mechanisms by which genetic and epigenetic risk factors determine development of fibrosis in Crohn's disease and contrast that with other fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Medicine, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - John F Kuemmerle
- Department of Medicine, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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110
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Schiöth HB, Boström A, Murphy SK, Erhart W, Hampe J, Moylan C, Mwinyi J. A targeted analysis reveals relevant shifts in the methylation and transcription of genes responsible for bile acid homeostasis and drug metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:462. [PMID: 27301979 PMCID: PMC4908840 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a high risk for liver cirrhosis and cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that NAFLD significantly impacts on the genome wide methylation and expression reporting top hit genes to be associated with e.g. diabetes mellitus. In a targeted analysis we specifically investigate to what extent NAFLD is associated with methylation and transcriptional changes in gene networks responsible for drug metabolism (DM) and bile acid (BA) homeostasis, which may trigger liver and system toxic events. Methods We performed a systematic analysis of 73 genes responsible for BA homeostasis and DM based on liver derived methylation and expression data from three cohort studies including 103 NAFLD and 75 non-NAFLD patients. Using multiple linear regression models, we detected methylation differences in proximity to the transcriptional start site of these genes in two NAFLD cohorts and correlated the methylation of significantly changed CpG sites to transcriptional expression in a third cohort using robust multiple linear regression approaches. Results We detected 64 genes involved in BA homeostasis and DM to be significantly differentially methylated. In 26 of these genes, methylation significantly correlated with RNA expression, detecting i.e. genes such as CYP27A1, OSTɑ, and SLC27A5 (BA homeostasis), and SLCO2B1, SLC47A1, and several UGT and CYP genes (DM) to be NAFLD dependently modulated. Conclusions NAFLD is associated with significant shifts in the methylation of key genes responsible for BA and DM that are associated with transcriptional modulations. These findings have implications for BA composition, BA regulated metabolic pathways and for drug safety and efficacy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2814-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrian Boström
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wiebke Erhart
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cynthia Moylan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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111
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Anstee QM, Seth D, Day CP. Genetic Factors That Affect Risk of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1728-1744.e7. [PMID: 26873399 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies have informed our understanding of factors contributing to the well-recognized interindividual variation in the progression and outcomes of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We discuss the mounting evidence for shared modifiers and common pathophysiological processes that contribute to development of both diseases. We discuss the functions of proteins encoded by risk variants of genes including patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, as well as epigenetic factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We also discuss important areas of future genetic research and their potential to affect clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Christopher P Day
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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112
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Zeybel M, Vatansever S, Hardy T, Sarı AA, Cakalağaoğlu F, Avcı A, Zeybel GL, Karahüseyinoğlu S, Bashton M, Mathers JC, Ünsal B, Mann J. DNA methylation profiling identifies novel markers of progression in hepatitis B-related chronic liver disease. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:48. [PMID: 27152124 PMCID: PMC4857425 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis B infection is characterized by hepatic immune and inflammatory response with considerable variation in the rates of progression to cirrhosis. Genetic variants and environmental cues influence predisposition to the development of chronic liver disease; however, it remains unknown if aberrant DNA methylation is associated with fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis B. Results To identify epigenetic marks associated with inflammatory and fibrotic processes of the hepatitis B-induced chronic liver disease, we carried out hepatic genome-wide methylation profiling using Illumina Infinium BeadArrays comparing mild and severe fibrotic disease in a discovery cohort of 29 patients. We obtained 310 differentially methylated regions and selected four loci comprising three genes from the top differentially methylated regions: hypermethylation of HOXA2 and HDAC4 along with hypomethylation of PPP1R18 were significantly linked to severe fibrosis. We replicated the prominent methylation marks in an independent cohort of 102 patients by bisulfite modification and pyrosequencing. The timing and causal relationship of epigenetic modifications with disease severity was further investigated using a cohort of patients with serial biopsies. Conclusions Our findings suggest a linkage of widespread epigenetic dysregulation with disease progression in chronic hepatitis B infection. CpG methylation at novel genes sheds light on new molecular pathways, which can be potentially exploited as a biomarker or targeted to attenuate inflammation and fibrosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0218-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müjdat Zeybel
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,School of Medicine, Koç University Hospital, Koç University, 4th floor- M-4220. Davutpaşa Caddesi no: 4, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Vatansever
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Katip Çelebi University, Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Timothy Hardy
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ayşegül Akder Sarı
- Department of Pathology, Katip Çelebi University, Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fulya Cakalağaoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Katip Çelebi University, Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arzu Avcı
- Department of Pathology, Katip Çelebi University, Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gemma Louise Zeybel
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Serçin Karahüseyinoğlu
- School of Medicine, Koç University Hospital, Koç University, 4th floor- M-4220. Davutpaşa Caddesi no: 4, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Matthew Bashton
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Belkıs Ünsal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Katip Çelebi University, Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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113
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Tryndyak VP, Han T, Fuscoe JC, Ross SA, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Status of hepatic DNA methylome predetermines and modulates the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver injury in mice. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:298. [PMID: 27103143 PMCID: PMC4840954 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem and a leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and Western countries. In humans, genetic factors greatly influence individual susceptibility to NAFLD; nonetheless, the effect of inter-individual differences in the normal liver epigenome with regard to the susceptibility to NAFLD has not been determined. Results In the present study, we investigated the association between the DNA methylation status in the livers of A/J and WSB/EiJ mice and the severity of NAFLD-associated liver injury. We demonstrate that A/J and WSB/EiJ mice, which are characterized by significant differences in the severity of liver injury induced by a choline- and folate-deficient (CFD) diet exhibit substantial differences in cytosine DNA methylation in their normal livers. Furthermore, feeding A/J and WSB/EiJ mice a CFD diet for 12 weeks resulted in different trends and changes in hepatic cytosine DNA methylation. Conclusion Our findings indicate a primary role of hepatic DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and suggest that individual variations in DNA methylation across the genome may be a factor determining and influencing the vulnerability to NAFLD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2617-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr P Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - James C Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Sharon A Ross
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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114
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Sadler T, Bhasin JM, Xu Y, Barnholz-Sloan J, Chen Y, Ting AH, Stylianou E. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression defines molecular characteristics of Crohn's disease-associated fibrosis. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:30. [PMID: 26973718 PMCID: PMC4789277 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis of the intestine is a common and poorly understood complication of Crohn's disease (CD) characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and accompanied by narrowing and obstruction of the gut lumen. Defining the molecular characteristics of this fibrotic disorder is a vital step in the development of specific prediction, prevention, and treatment strategies. Previous epigenetic studies indicate that alterations in DNA methylation could explain the mechanism by which mesenchymal cells adopt the requisite pro-fibrotic phenotype that promotes fibrosis progression. However, to date, genome-wide analysis of the DNA methylome of any type of human fibrosis is lacking. We employed an unbiased approach using deep sequencing to define the DNA methylome and transcriptome of purified fibrotic human intestinal fibroblasts (HIF) from the colons of patients with fibrostenotic CD. RESULTS When compared with normal fibroblasts, we found that the majority of differential DNA methylation was within introns and intergenic regions and not associated with CpG islands. Only a low percentage occurred in the promoters and exons of genes. Integration of the DNA methylome and transcriptome identified regions in three genes that inversely correlated with gene expression: wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family, member 2B (WNT2B) and two eicosanoid synthesis pathway enzymes (prostacyclin synthase and prostaglandin D2 synthase). These findings were independently validated by RT-PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Network analysis of the data also identified candidate molecular interactions relevant to fibrosis pathology. CONCLUSIONS Our definition of a genome-wide fibrosis-specific DNA methylome provides new gene networks and epigenetic states by which to understand mechanisms of pathological gene expression that lead to fibrosis. Our data also provide a basis for development of new fibrosis-specific therapies, as genes dysregulated in fibrotic Crohn's disease, following functional validation, can serve as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Sadler
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC-22, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bhasin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC-22, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Yaomin Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Jill Barnholz-Sloan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Yanwen Chen
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Angela H Ting
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC-22, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Eleni Stylianou
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC-22, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
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115
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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116
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Page A, Paoli P, Salvador EM, White S, French J, Mann J. Hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation involves genome-wide remodeling of the DNA methylation landscape. J Hepatol 2016; 64:661-73. [PMID: 26632634 PMCID: PMC4904781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS DNA methylation (5-mC) is an epigenetic mark that is an established regulator of transcriptional repression with an important role in liver fibrosis. Currently, there is very little knowledge available as to how DNA methylation controls the phenotype of hepatic stellate cell (HSC), the key cell type responsible for onset and progression of liver fibrosis. Moreover, recently discovered DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) is involved in transcriptional activation and its patterns are often altered in human diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation in liver fibrosis. METHODS Levels of 5-mC and 5-hmC were assessed by slot blot in a range of animal liver fibrosis models and human liver diseases. Expression levels of TET and DNMT enzymes were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) method was used to examine 5-mC and 5-hmC patterns in quiescent and in vivo activated rat HSC. RESULTS We demonstrate global alteration in 5-mC and 5-hmC and their regulatory enzymes that accompany liver fibrosis and HSC transdifferentiation. Using RRBS, we show exact genomic positions of changed methylation patterns in quiescent and in vivo activated rat HSC. In addition, we demonstrate that reduction in DNMT3a expression leads to attenuation of pro-fibrogenic phenotype in activated HSC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that DNA 5-mC/5-hmC is a crucial step in HSC activation and therefore fibrogenesis. Changes in DNA methylation during HSC activation may bring new insights into the molecular events underpinning fibrogenesis and may provide biomarkers for disease progression as well as potential new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Page
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4 Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Pier Paoli
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4 Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Eva Moran Salvador
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4 Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Steve White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4 Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jeremy French
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4 Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4 Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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117
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Involvement of MicroRNA-210 Demethylation in Steroid-associated Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20046. [PMID: 26805628 PMCID: PMC4726266 DOI: 10.1038/srep20046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important event in steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH). Here we performed miRNA microarray with SONFH tissues (ONs) and the adjacent normal tissues (NLs) to select the angiogenic miRNA. The results showed that miR-210 was differentially expressed in SONFH versus normal tissues. Unexpectedly, its specific transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, was shown of no significant changes in ONs compared with NLs. Further Bisulfite sequencing revealed that miR-210 is embedded in a CpG island and miR-210 gene has 2 CpG sites with lower methylation percentage in ONs compared with NLs. Additionally, ONs with lower miR-210 gene methylation exhibited higher miR-210 expression. Next, we found that the endothelial cells treated with demethylating agents could significantly increase the expression of miR-210, along with promoted cell viability and differentiation. Some angiogenic genes (VEGF, bFGF, TNF-α and PCNA) were up-regulated as well. In addition, the supernatant of the cells after demethylation treatment displayed an enhanced ability of recruiting new microvessels in vivo. Taken together, our study not only provides novel insights into the regulation of angiogenesis in this disease, but also reveals a therapeutic opportunity for treatment of SONFH patients with demethylating agents.
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McKillop IH, Schrum LW, Thompson KJ. Role of alcohol in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2016; 3:29-43. [PMID: 30191025 PMCID: PMC6095421 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Chronic, heavy ethanol consumption is a major risk for developing the worsening liver pathologies that culminate in hepatic cirrhosis, the leading risk factor for developing HCC. A significant body of work reports the biochemical and pathological consequences of ethanol consumption and metabolism during hepatocarcinogeneis. The systemic effects of ethanol means organ system interactions are equally important in understanding the initiation and progression of HCC within the alcoholic liver. This review aims to summarize the effects of ethanol-ethanol metabolism during the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, the progression toward HCC and the importance of ethanol as a comorbid factor for HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain H McKillop
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
| | - Laura W Schrum
- Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
| | - Kyle J Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
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Abstract
Along with the obesity epidemic, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased exponentially. The histological disease spectrum of NAFLD ranges from bland fatty liver (hepatic steatosis), to the concomitant presence of inflammation and ballooning which defines nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The latter can progress in a subset to fibrosis, leading ultimately to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic bases of NAFLD, mainly through the application of high end technology platforms including genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These have helped to define common gene variants (minor allele frequency >5 %) that contribute to the NAFLD phenotype. Looking to the future, these discoveries are expected to lead to improved diagnostics, the personalization of medicine, and a better understanding of the pathophysiological underpinnings that drive the transition from NAFLD to steatohepatitis and fibrosis, leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize data on the current state of knowledge with regard to the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for the development of NASH.
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120
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder characterized by excess accumulation of fat in hepatocytes (nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)); in up to 40% of individuals, there are additional findings of portal and lobular inflammation and hepatocyte injury (which characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). A subset of patients will develop progressive fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cardiovascular complications are life-threatening co-morbidities of both NAFL and NASH. NAFLD is closely associated with insulin resistance; obesity and metabolic syndrome are common underlying factors. As a consequence, the prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 10-40% in adults worldwide, and it is the most common liver disease in children and adolescents in developed countries. Mechanistic insights into fat accumulation, subsequent hepatocyte injury, the role of the immune system and fibrosis as well as the role of the gut microbiota are unfolding. Furthermore, genetic and epigenetic factors might explain the considerable interindividual variation in disease phenotype, severity and progression. To date, no effective medical interventions exist that completely reverse the disease other than lifestyle changes, dietary alterations and, possibly, bariatric surgery. However, several strategies that target pathophysiological processes such as an oversupply of fatty acids to the liver, cell injury and inflammation are currently under investigation. Diagnosis of NAFLD can be established by imaging, but detection of the lesions of NASH still depend on the gold-standard but invasive liver biopsy. Several non-invasive strategies are being evaluated to replace or complement biopsies, especially for follow-up monitoring.
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Nishida N, Iwanishi M, Minami T, Chishina H, Arizumi T, Takita M, Kitai S, Yada N, Ida H, Hagiwara S, Minami Y, Ueshima K, Sakurai T, Kitano M, Kudo M. Hepatic DNA Methylation Is Affected by Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Patients with and without Hepatitis Virus. Dig Dis 2015; 33:745-50. [PMID: 26489010 DOI: 10.1159/000439098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies revealed that the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without hepatitis virus infection (NBNC-HCC) is increasing. On the other hand, epigenetic alterations are reportedly responsible for HCC development. Here, we identified HCC risk factors that are associated with DNA methylation in the background liver tissue of NBNC-HCC patients. METHODS We performed methylation analysis in 37 pairs of virus-positive and 22 pairs of NBNC-HCC and non-cancerous livers using a HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. After the selection of differentially methylated CpGs (DM-CpGs) in cancerous and non-cancerous livers, we analyzed DNA methylation of DM-CpGs within the adjacent non-cancerous liver tissue that is affected by specific HCC risk factors. RESULTS A total of 38,331 CpGs were selected as DM-CpGs using the following criteria: difference of β-value between HCC and non-cancerous liver ≥0.15 and false discovery rate (FDR) q < 1.0E-12. We subsequently selected the DM-CpGs that had methylation differences with the background liver tissue (that has FDR q < 0.35). Among the virus-positive patients, the type of hepatitis virus was mostly associated with differences in methylation within the background liver tissues. However, we found that background methylation patterns were most significantly associated with aging in NBNC patients. Interestingly, age-related methylation differences in DM-CpGs were also observed in NBNC-HCC tissues. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis viruses affect the methylation profiles within background liver tissues. However, difference in background methylation was mostly associated with age in NCBC-HCC patients; some age-related methylation events could contribute to emergence of NBNC-HCC in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Page A, Mann DA. Epigenetic regulation of liver fibrosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S64-8. [PMID: 26189981 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common and important pathology associated with progressive chronic liver diseases and underlies the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research into the molecular regulation of fibrosis has discovered that it is under the control of a number of epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications and the activities of non-coding RNAs. A deeper understanding of how epigenetic regulators such as DNA methyltranserases, methyl-DNA binding proteins, histone modifying enzymes and regulatory RNA molecules impact on the fibrogenic process is expected to result in new biomarkers for disease progression as well as novel therapeutic targets. The aim of this mini-review is to briefly introduce the reader to the major epigenetic regulators so far identified as being implicated in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Page
- Fibrosis Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Fibrosis Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Pirola CJ, Scian R, Gianotti TF, Dopazo H, Rohr C, Martino JS, Castaño GO, Sookoian S. Epigenetic Modifications in the Biology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of DNA Hydroxymethylation and TET Proteins. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1480. [PMID: 26356709 PMCID: PMC4616643 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is an epigenetic modification whose role in the pathogenesis of metabolic-related complex diseases remains unexplored; 5-hmC appears to be prevalent in the mitochondrial genome. The Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) family of proteins is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hmC. We hypothesized that epigenetic editing by 5-hmC might be a novel mechanism through which nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated molecular traits could be explained.Hence, we performed an observational study to explore global levels of 5-hmC in fresh liver samples of patients with NAFLD and controls (n = 90) using an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay and immunohistochemistry. We also screened for genetic variation in TET 1-3 loci by next generation sequencing to explore its contribution to the disease biology. The study was conducted in 2 stages (discovery and replication) and included 476 participants.We observed that the amount of 5-hmC in the liver of both NAFLD patients and controls was relatively low (up to 0.1%); a significant association was found with liver mitochondrial DNA copy number (R = 0.50, P = 0.000382) and PPARGC1A-mRNA levels (R = -0.57, P = 0.04).We did not observe any significant difference in the 5-hmC nuclear immunostaining score between NAFLD patients and controls; nevertheless, we found that patients with NAFLD (0.4 ± 0.5) had significantly lower nonnuclear-5-hmC staining compared with controls (1.8 ± 0.8), means ± standard deviation, P = 0.028. The missense p.Ile1123Met variant (TET1-rs3998860) was significantly associated with serum levels of caspase-generated CK-18 fragment-cell death biomarker in the discovery and replication stage, and the disease severity (odds ratio: 1.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-1.97; P = 0.005). The p.Ile1762Val substitution (TET2-rs2454206) was associated with liver PPARGC1A-methylation and transcriptional levels, and Type 2 diabetes.Our results suggest that 5-hmC might be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD by regulating liver mitochondrial biogenesis and PPARGC1A expression. Genetic diversity at TET loci suggests an "epigenetic" regulation of programmed liver-cell death and a TET-mediated fine-tuning of the liver PPARGC1A-transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pirola
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (CJP, RS, TFG); Biomedical Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Department, Faculty of Science, IEGEBA, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (HD, CR); Department of Pathology, Hospital Diego Thompson, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina (JSM); Liver Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Hospital Abel Zubizarreta, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (GOC); and Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (RS, SS)
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Sugar sweetened beverages and fatty liver disease: Rising concern and call to action. J Hepatol 2015; 63:306-8. [PMID: 26036988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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