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Thornton D, Gordon CM. Restrictive Eating Disorders and Skeletal Health in Adolescent Girls and Young Women. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:449-460. [PMID: 27339670 PMCID: PMC9767748 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the effects of restrictive eating disorders on bone health. The relationship between eating disorders and amenorrhea is discussed in detail. The pathologic impact of malnutrition on bone is explored by examining the results of studies using various available imaging techniques. The multiple hormonal alterations seen in adolescents and young women with anorexia nervosa are reviewed, as well as how these alterations may influence bone turnover, density, structure, and strength. The diagnostic clinical evaluation for adolescents and young women with these disorders is also outlined. Available treatment options, including those that hold promise for efficacy, as well as those we deemed to be ineffective, are considered from both the clinical and mechanistic standpoints. Finally, future research opportunities are offered, including intriguing work in the area of fat and bone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcey Thornton
- Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 4000, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Catherine M Gordon
- Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 4000, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Wang L, Roth T, Abbott M, Ho L, Wattanachanya L, Nissenson RA. Osteoblast-derived FGF9 regulates skeletal homeostasis. Bone 2017; 98:18-25. [PMID: 28189801 PMCID: PMC8474898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FGF9 has complex and important roles in skeletal development and repair. We have previously observed that Fgf9 expression in osteoblasts (OBs) is regulated by G protein signaling and therefore the present study was done to determine whether OB-derived FGF9 was important in skeletal homeostasis. To directly test this idea, we deleted functional expression of Fgf9 gene in OBs using a 2.3kb collagen type I promoter-driven Cre transgenic mouse line (Fgf9OB-/-). Both Fgf9 knockout (Fgf9OB-/-) and the Fgf9 floxed littermates (Fgf9fl/fl) mice were fully backcrossed and maintained in an FBV/N background. Three month old Fgf9OB-/- mice displayed a significant decrease in cancellous bone and bone formation in the distal femur and a significant decrease in cortical thickness at the TFJ. Strikingly, female Fgf9OB-/- mice did not display altered bone mass. Continuous treatment of mouse BMSCs with exogenous FGF9 inhibited mouse BMSC mineralization while acute treatment increased the proliferation of progenitors, an effect requiring the activation of Akt1. Our results suggest that mature OBs are an important source of FGF9, positively regulating skeletal homeostasis in male mice. Osteoblast-derived FGF9 may serve a paracrine role to maintain the osteogenic progenitor cell population through activation of Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Endocrine Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Roth
- Endocrine Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcia Abbott
- Endocrine Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linh Ho
- Endocrine Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lalita Wattanachanya
- Endocrine Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert A Nissenson
- Endocrine Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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103
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Blakemore J, Naftolin F. Aromatase: Contributions to Physiology and Disease in Women and Men. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:258-69. [PMID: 27252161 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00054.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase (estrogen synthetase; EC 1.14.14.1) catalyzes the demethylation of androgens' carbon 19, producing phenolic 18-carbon estrogens. Aromatase is most widely known for its roles in reproduction and reproductive system diseases, and as a target for inhibitor therapy in estrogen-sensitive diseases including cancer, endometriosis, and leiomyoma (141, 143). However, all tissues contain estrogen receptor-expressing cells, the majority of genes have a complete or partial estrogen response element that regulates their expression (61), and there are plentiful nonreceptor effects of estrogens (79); therefore, the effect of aromatase through the provision of estrogen is almost universal in terms of health and disease. This review will provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the enzyme, its role in steroidogenesis, the problems that arise with its functional mutations and mishaps, the roles in human physiology of aromatase and its product estrogens, its current clinical roles, and the effects of aromatase inhibitors. While much of the story is that of the consequences of the formation of its product estrogens, we also will address alternative enzymatic roles of aromatase as a demethylase or nonenzymatic actions of this versatile molecule. Although this short review is meant to be thorough, it is by no means exhaustive; rather, it is meant to reflect the cutting-edge, exciting properties and possibilities of this ancient enzyme and its products.
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104
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Majzoub A, Shoskes DA. A case series of the safety and efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in renal failure and kidney transplant patients. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 5:814-818. [PMID: 28078211 PMCID: PMC5182221 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.07.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypogonadism is common in patients with renal dysfunction and does not always correct following transplantation. Recent studies show increased mortality for dialysis and transplant patients with low testosterone (T). These patients are often not treated due to concerns over efficacy and complications (both real and imagined). There is surprisingly scant literature supporting the use of T therapy in these patients. We wished to examine the results of T therapy in our patients with renal failure or following transplant. Methods We identified 15 men in our Men’s Health Registry treated with T who either were on dialysis or had a functioning transplant at time of therapy. Demographic, laboratory and clinical outcome data were collected from the electronic medical record. Results There were 3 men on dialysis and 12 with a functioning transplant. Mean age was 53.7 years (range, 39–71 years) and mean total serum T was 207.9 ng/mL (range, 45–330 ng/mL). All had bothersome symptoms including fatigue (15/15) and erectile dysfunction (ED) (14/15). Mean hematocrit was 35.8% and 9/15 were anemic. Therapy included patches in 1, topical gels in 6 and testopel pellets in 8. With a mean follow-up of 22.7 months (range, 11–58 months), mean T post therapy was 528 (range, 226–869). Mean hematocrit improved to 42.6% and 7/9 anemic patients improved out of the anemic range. There were no cardiovascular or infectious complications. Conclusions Symptomatic hypogonadism is common in dialysis and transplant patients and T replacement therapy can be safely given with improvement in T values and symptoms in most patients. Anemia is usually improved. Testopel pellets can be used in immunosuppressed transplant recipients without infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Majzoub
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel A Shoskes
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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105
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Thu HE, Mohamed IN, Hussain Z, Shuid AN. Eurycoma longifolia as a potential alternative to testosterone for the treatment of osteoporosis: Exploring time-mannered proliferative, differentiative and morphogenic modulation in osteoblasts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:143-158. [PMID: 27818256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has been well-studied traditionally as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the management of male osteoporosis. It has also been well-recognised to protect against bone calcium loss in orchidectomised rats. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effects of EL on the time-mannered sequential proliferative, differentiative, and morphogenic modulation in osteoblasts compared with testosterone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell proliferation was analysed using MTS assay and phase contrast microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was assessed through a series of characteristic assays which include crystal violet staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Van Gieson staining. Taken together, the bone mineralization of extra cellular matrix (ECM) was estimated using alizarin red s (ARS) staining, von kossa staining, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. RESULTS The cell proliferation data clearly revealed the efficiency of EL particularly at a dose of 25µg/mL, in improving the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with the untreated cells. Data also showed the prominence of EL in significantly promoting ALP activity throughout the entire duration of treatment compared with the testosterone-treated cells. The osteogenic differentiation potential of EL was further explored by analysing mineralization data which revealed that the calcified nodule formation (calcium deposition) and phosphate deposition was more pronounced in cells treated with 25µg/mL concentration of EL at various time points compared with the untreated and testosterone treated cells. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis also revealed highest globular masses of mineral deposits (identified as white colour crystals) in the ECM of cultured cells treated with 25µg/mL concentration of EL. CONCLUSION Compared to testosterone, greater potential of EL in promoting the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells provides an in vitro basis for the prevention of male osteoporosis. Thus, we anticipate that EL can be considered as an alternative approach to testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for the treatment of male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnin Ei Thu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia.
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Loures MAR, Zerbini CAF, Danowski JS, Pereira RMR, Moreira C, Paula APD, Castro CHM, Szejnfeld VL, Mendonça LMC, Radominiski SC, Bezerra MC, Simões R, Bernardo WM. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia para diagnóstico e tratamento da osteoporose em homens. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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107
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Almeida M, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Claessens F, O'Brien CA, Bouillon R, Vanderschueren D, Manolagas SC. Estrogens and Androgens in Skeletal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:135-187. [PMID: 27807202 PMCID: PMC5539371 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause or loss of both estrogens and androgens in elderly men contribute to the development of osteoporosis, one of the most common and impactful metabolic diseases of old age. In the last 20 years, basic and clinical research advances, genetic insights from humans and rodents, and newer imaging technologies have changed considerably the landscape of our understanding of bone biology as well as the relationship between sex steroids and the physiology and pathophysiology of bone metabolism. Together with the appreciation of the side effects of estrogen-related therapies on breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases, these advances have also drastically altered the treatment of osteoporosis. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of estrogens and androgens on bone, their influences on skeletal homeostasis during growth and adulthood, the pathogenetic mechanisms of the adverse effects of their deficiency on the female and male skeleton, as well as the role of natural and synthetic estrogenic or androgenic compounds in the pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis. We highlight latest advances on the crosstalk between hormonal and mechanical signals, the relevance of the antioxidant properties of estrogens and androgens, the difference of their cellular targets in different bone envelopes, the role of estrogen deficiency in male osteoporosis, and the contribution of estrogen or androgen deficiency to the monomorphic effects of aging on skeletal involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Claessens
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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108
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Lewis RC, Johns LE, Meeker JD. Exploratory analysis of the potential relationship between urinary molybdenum and bone mineral density among adult men and women from NHANES 2007-2010. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:677-682. [PMID: 27639340 PMCID: PMC5048579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to molybdenum (Mo) may play a role in reducing bone mineral density (BMD) by interfering with steroid sex hormone levels. To begin to address gaps in the literature on this topic, the potential relationship between urinary Mo (U-Mo) and BMD at the femoral neck (FN-BMD) and lumbar spine (LS-BMD) was explored in a sample of 1496 adults participating in the 2007-2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Associations were assessed using multiple linear regression models stratified on sex and age. In adjusted models for 50-80+ year-old women, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between natural log-U-Mo and LS-BMD (p-value: 0.002), and a statistically significant dose-dependent decrease in LS-BMD with increasing U-Mo quartiles (trend p-value: 0.002). A suggestive (trend p-value: 0.08), dose-dependent decrease in FN-BMD with increasing U-Mo quartiles was noted in this group of women as well. All other adjusted models revealed no statistically significant or suggestive relationships between U-Mo and FN-BMD or LS-BMD. Bone health is important for overall human health and well-being and, given the exploratory nature of this work, additional studies are needed to confirm the results in other populations, and clarify the potential underlying mechanisms of Mo on BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Lewis
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Occupational & Environmental Health Risk Assessment, 475 14th Street, Suite 475, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Lauren E Johns
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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109
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Simard L, Côté N, Dagenais F, Mathieu P, Couture C, Trahan S, Bossé Y, Mohammadi S, Pagé S, Joubert P, Clavel MA. Sex-Related Discordance Between Aortic Valve Calcification and Hemodynamic Severity of Aortic Stenosis: Is Valvular Fibrosis the Explanation? Circ Res 2016; 120:681-691. [PMID: 27879282 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) is characterized by calcium deposition in valve leaflets. However, women present lower aortic valve calcification loads than men for the same AS hemodynamic severity. OBJECTIVE We, thus, aimed to assess sex differences in aortic valve fibrocalcific remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five patients underwent Doppler echocardiography and multidetector computed tomography within 3 months before aortic valve replacement. Explanted stenotic tricuspid aortic valves were weighed, and fibrosis degree was determined. Sixty-four men and 39 women were frequency matched for age, body mass index, hypertension, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, and AS severity. Mean age (75±9 years), mean gradient (41±18 mm Hg), and indexed aortic valve area (0.41±0.12 cm2/m2) were similar between men and women (all P≥0.18). Median aortic valve calcification (1973 [1124-3490] Agatston units) and mean valve weight (2.36±0.99 g) were lower in women compared with men (both P<0.0001). Aortic valve calcification density correlated better with valve weight in men (r2=0.57; P<0.0001) than in women (r2=0.26; P=0.0008). After adjustment for age, body mass index, aortic valve calcification density, and aortic annulus diameter, female sex was an independent risk factor for higher fibrosis score in AS valves (P=0.003). Picrosirius red staining of explanted valves showed greater amount of collagen fibers (P=0.01), and Masson trichrome staining revealed a greater proportion of dense connective tissue (P=0.02) in women compared with men. CONCLUSIONS In this series of patients with tricuspid aortic valve and similar AS severity, women have less valvular calcification but more fibrosis compared with men. These findings suggest that the pathophysiology of AS and thus potential targets for drug development may be different according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Simard
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nancy Côté
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - François Dagenais
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Trahan
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Siamak Mohammadi
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Pagé
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Joubert
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- From the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Cho WK, Ahn M, Jeon YJ, Jung IA, Han K, Kim SH, Cho KS, Park SH, Jung MH, Suh BK. Birth Weight Could Influence Bone Mineral Contents of 10- to 18-Year-Old Korean Adolescents: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 85:125-30. [PMID: 26756382 DOI: 10.1159/000443236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigate the relationship between birth weight (BW) and bone mineral content (BMC) in Korean adolescents. METHODS Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2010. Baseline characteristics were compared according to age- and sex-specific BMC quartiles of total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine (LS) and femur neck (FN) in 10- to 18-year-old adolescents (male = 474, female = 394). RESULTS BW showed a positive correlation with current weight-SDS (p = 0.006 in males, p = 0.008 in females). BW according to TBLH-BMC quartile groups (p for trend <0.003 in males, <0.0001 in females), LS-BMC quartile groups (p for trend <0.034 in males) and FN-BMC quartile groups (p for trend <0.008 in males, <0.020 in females) showed significant differences. The odds ratio (OR) of being in the highest BMC quartile, per 1-kg increase in BW, was significantly increased in TBLH-BMC (OR = 2.14 in males, OR = 3.26 in >16-year-old adolescents) and FN-BMC (OR = 2.62 in males, OR = 3.06 in >16-year-old adolescents) after adjusting for age, height, smoking, drinking, metabolic equivalent of task, and gestational age. CONCLUSION BW might be one of the determinant factors of BMC in Korean adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyoung Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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111
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a condition causing significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population worldwide. Age-related testosterone deficiency is the most important factor of bone loss in elderly men. Androgen can influence bone health by binding to androgen receptors directly or to estrogen receptors (ERs) indirectly via aromatization to estrogen. This review summarized the direct and indirect effects of androgens on bone derived from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies. Cellular studies showed that androgen stimulated the proliferation of preosteoblasts and differentiation of osteoblasts. The converted estrogen suppressed osteoclast formation and resorption activity by blocking the receptor activator of nuclear factor k-B ligand pathway. In animal studies, activation of androgen and ERα, but not ERβ, was shown to be important in acquisition and maintenance of bone mass. Human epidemiological studies demonstrated a significant relationship between estrogen and testosterone in bone mineral density and fracture risk, but the relative significance between the two remained debatable. Human experimental studies showed that estrogen was needed in suppressing bone resorption, but both androgen and estrogen were indispensable for bone formation. As a conclusion, maintaining optimal level of androgen is essential in preventing osteoporosis and its complications in elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
| | - Ima-Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
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112
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Kellesarian SV, Malmstrom H, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Kellesarian TV, Javed F, Romanos GE. "Low Testosterone Levels in Body Fluids Are Associated With Chronic Periodontitis". Am J Mens Health 2016; 11:443-453. [PMID: 27645514 PMCID: PMC5675296 DOI: 10.1177/1557988316667692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a debate over the association between low testosterone levels in body fluids and the occurrence of chronic periodontitis (CP). The aim of the present systematic review was to assess whether low testosterone levels in body fluids reflect CP. In order to identify studies relevant to the focus question: “Is there a relationship between low testosterone levels in body fluids and CP?” an electronic search without time or language restrictions was conducted up to June 2016 in indexed databases using different keywords: periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, periodontal diseases, testosterone, and gonadal steroid hormones. A total of eight studies were included in the present systematic review. The number of study participants ranged from 24 to 1,838 male individuals with ages ranging from 15 to 95 years. Seven studies measured testosterone levels in serum, two studies in saliva, and one study in gingiva. Four studies reported a negative association between serum testosterone levels and CP. Two studies reported a positive association between decreased testosterone levels in serum and CP. Increased levels of salivary testosterone among patients with CP were reported in one study; whereas one study reported no significant difference in the concentration of salivary testosterone between patients with and without CP. One study identified significant increase in the metabolism of testosterone in the gingiva of patients with CP. Within the limits of the evidence available, the relationship between low testosterone levels and CP remains debatable and further longitudinal studies and control trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fahim Vohra
- 2 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fawad Javed
- 1 University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- 4 University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,5 Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Kennedy CC, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 2:65-74. [DOI: 10.2217/17455057.2.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat several diseases; however, one of their major consequences is a deleterious effect on bone that may lead to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Fractures may begin to occur within 3 months of commencing oral glucocorticoid therapy, and may even occur in patients receiving low doses. The good news is that with effective management, bone loss and fractures can be prevented or greatly reduced in patients receiving glucocorticoids. Despite clear practice guidelines, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis often goes undiagnosed and untreated in many patients. In this article, a current overview of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is provided, including how to recognize, prevent and treat osteoporosis in pre- and postmenopausal women receiving glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Tel.: +1 416 907 4848
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Tel.: +1 416 907 4848
| | - Jonathan D Adachi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Tel.: +1 416 907 4848
- Department of Medicine, St. Joseph's Hospital, 25 Charlton Avenue East, Suite 50, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 1Y2, Tel.: +1 905 529 1317; Fax: +1 905 521 1297
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O’Rourke TK, Wosnitzer MS. Opioid-Induced Androgen Deficiency (OPIAD): Diagnosis, Management, and Literature Review. Curr Urol Rep 2016; 17:76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-016-0634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Farman HH, Windahl SH, Westberg L, Isaksson H, Egecioglu E, Schele E, Ryberg H, Jansson JO, Tuukkanen J, Koskela A, Xie SK, Hahner L, Zehr J, Clegg DJ, Lagerquist MK, Ohlsson C. Female Mice Lacking Estrogen Receptor-α in Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Neurons Display Enhanced Estrogenic Response on Cortical Bone Mass. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3242-52. [PMID: 27254004 PMCID: PMC4967117 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are important regulators of bone mass and their effects are mainly mediated via estrogen receptor (ER)α. Central ERα exerts an inhibitory role on bone mass. ERα is highly expressed in the arcuate (ARC) and the ventromedial (VMN) nuclei in the hypothalamus. To test whether ERα in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, located in ARC, is involved in the regulation of bone mass, we used mice lacking ERα expression specifically in POMC neurons (POMC-ERα(-/-)). Female POMC-ERα(-/-) and control mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with vehicle or estradiol (0.5 μg/d) for 6 weeks. As expected, estradiol treatment increased the cortical bone thickness in femur, the cortical bone mechanical strength in tibia and the trabecular bone volume fraction in both femur and vertebrae in OVX control mice. Importantly, the estrogenic responses were substantially increased in OVX POMC-ERα(-/-) mice compared with the estrogenic responses in OVX control mice for cortical bone thickness (+126 ± 34%, P < .01) and mechanical strength (+193 ± 38%, P < .01). To test whether ERα in VMN is involved in the regulation of bone mass, ERα was silenced using an adeno-associated viral vector. Silencing of ERα in hypothalamic VMN resulted in unchanged bone mass. In conclusion, mice lacking ERα in POMC neurons display enhanced estrogenic response on cortical bone mass and mechanical strength. We propose that the balance between inhibitory effects of central ERα activity in hypothalamic POMC neurons in ARC and stimulatory peripheral ERα-mediated effects in bone determines cortical bone mass in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Farman
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - S H Windahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - L Westberg
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - H Isaksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - E Egecioglu
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - E Schele
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - H Ryberg
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - J O Jansson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - J Tuukkanen
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - A Koskela
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - S K Xie
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - L Hahner
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - J Zehr
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - D J Clegg
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - M K Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - C Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (H.H.F., S.H.W., H.R., M.K.L., C.O.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology (L.W., E.E.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.I.), Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics (H.I.), Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology (E.S., J.O.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.T., A.K.), Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, FI900 14 Oulu, Finland; and Touchstone Diabetes Center (S.K.X., L.H., J.Z., D.J.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Delmonico MJ, Beck DT. The Current Understanding of Sarcopenia: Emerging Tools and Interventional Possibilities. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016; 11:167-181. [PMID: 30202329 DOI: 10.1177/1559827615594343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide health practitioners and physicians the most current state of the research on sarcopenia, its consequences, and to offer a summary of consensus guidelines for identification based on the most recent and compelling investigations and analyses. To accomplish this, the causes and consequences of sarcopenia will be described, and definitions and screening methods are updated. Importantly, interventional recommendations for sarcopenia will be discussed with a special emphasis on the effects of resistance training on sarcopenia-related outcomes. Furthermore, due to the increasing usage of hormone treatment as a strategy to combat sarcopenia, special consideration on the effects of hormone changes with aging and as interventions will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Delmonico
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Darren T Beck
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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117
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Ablation of the androgen receptor from vascular smooth muscle cells demonstrates a role for testosterone in vascular calcification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24807. [PMID: 27095121 PMCID: PMC4837411 DOI: 10.1038/srep24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification powerfully predicts mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease. Men have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, compared to women of a similar age. These gender disparities suggest an influence of sex hormones. Testosterone is the primary and most well-recognised androgen in men. Therefore, we addressed the hypothesis that exogenous androgen treatment induces vascular calcification. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of androgen receptor (AR) in the calcified media of human femoral artery tissue and calcified human valves. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed increased phosphate (Pi)-induced mouse vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification following either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment for 9 days. Testosterone and DHT treatment increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) mRNA expression. Testosterone-induced calcification was blunted in VSMC-specific AR-ablated (SM-ARKO) VSMCs compared to WT. Consistent with these data, SM-ARKO VSMCs showed a reduction in Osterix mRNA expression. However, intriguingly, a counter-intuitive increase in Alpl was observed. These novel data demonstrate that androgens play a role in inducing vascular calcification through the AR. Androgen signalling may represent a novel potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention.
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Low serum testosterone level was associated with extensive coronary artery calcification in elderly male patients with stable coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2016; 26:437-41. [PMID: 25968306 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a pandemic condition in elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and associated with a worse prognosis. Although available data have shown an association between testosterone levels in men and CAD, the association between testosterone and CAC in elderly male patients with CAD remains unknown. METHODS A total of 211 consecutive male patients (age ≥ 65 years) who underwent first multidetector computed tomography and following angiography were enrolled from our institution between March 2009 and September 2014. CAD was angiographically documented as significant stenoses (reduction ≥ 50% of the lumen diameter) on any major coronary vessel. The standard Agatston calcium score was calculated. The relationship of serum testosterone level with the CAC score measured by multidetector computed tomography in elderly male patients with stable CAD was evaluated. For data analyses, the CAC score was divided into four categories: ≤ 10, 11-99, 100-399, and ≥ 400, corresponding to minimal, moderate, increased, and extensive calcification. RESULTS Patients with higher CAC scores had significantly lower testosterone levels than patients with lower CAC scores (P = 0.048). In logistic regression analysis, testosterone level remained an independent predictor of extensive CAC (odds ratio 0.997, 95% confidence interval 0.994-0.999, P = 0.043). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate an inverse association between testosterone level and the susceptibility to extensive CAC in elderly men with stable CAD.
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Associations of anthropometric measures on breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal women--a case-control study. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:7. [PMID: 26951106 PMCID: PMC4782382 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The type of silhouette and quantity of fat tissue are correlated with hormonal imbalance which plays a substantial role in breast carcinogenesis. The goal of the study was to investigate the association between various anthropometric characteristics and breast cancer risk. Methods Detailed anthropometric assessment was conducted on 487 women of whom 193 had diagnosed breast cancer and were consecutive patients in the Oncology Center, Cracow, Poland between 2002 and 2004. Measurements were divided into four categories: overall body size (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], waist-hip ratio [WHR]), regional body sizes (skinfold thicknesses, circumferences), thickness of the skeleton (widths, chest diameters), and body proportions. Additionally, results were analyzed in regard to menopausal status. Differences between groups were assessed using Student’s t test and Mann-Whitney’s test. Models of logistic regression for selected data were built to estimate the odds ratio. Results were considered statistically significant when the P value was less than 0.05. Results The BMI in both groups was negatively associated with the risk of cancer. Among premenopausal women, WHR increased the risk of breast cancer (WHR > 0.83, OR, 2.72; 95 % CI, 1.01–7.27). Anthropometric indices of hip-to-shoulder ratio in postmenopausal (≥84.2 mm, OR, 0.02; 95 % CI, 0.01–0.11) and trunk-to-height ratio in both premenopausal women (≥32.76, OR, 0.09; 95 % CI, 0.03–0.28) and postmenopausal women (≥32.76, OR, 0.13; 95 % CI, 0.05–0.33) were strongly related to a decreased risk of breast cancer. Thicknesses of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds increased the risk of breast cancer. Conclusions Women with breast cancer present with an obese type of silhouette with a specific concentration of fat tissue in the central and upper parts of the body.
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Aydin D, Buk LJ, Partoft S, Bonde C, Thomsen MV, Tos T. Transgender Surgery in Denmark From 1994 to 2015: 20-Year Follow-Up Study. J Sex Med 2016; 13:720-5. [PMID: 26928773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender dysphoria is a mismatch between a person's biological sex and gender identity. The best treatment is believed to be hormonal therapy and gender-confirming surgery that will transition the individual toward the desired gender. Treatment in Denmark is covered by public health care, and gender-confirming surgery in Denmark is centralized at a single-center with few specialized plastic surgeons conducting top surgery (mastectomy or breast augmentation) and bottom surgery (vaginoplasty or phalloplasty and metoidioplasty). AIMS To report the first nationwide single-center review on transsexual patients in Denmark undergoing gender-confirming surgery performed by a single surgical team and to assess whether age at time of gender-confirming surgery decreased during a 20-year period. METHODS Electronic patient databases were used to identify patients diagnosed with gender identity disorders from January 1994 through March 2015. Patients were excluded from the study if they were pseudohermaphrodites or if their gender was not reported. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gender distribution, age trends, and surgeries performed for Danish patients who underwent gender-confirming surgery. RESULTS One hundred fifty-eight patients referred for gender-confirming surgery were included. Fifty-five cases (35%) were male-to-female (MtF) and 103 (65%) were female-to-male (FtM). In total, 126 gender-confirming surgeries were performed. For FtM cases, top surgery (mastectomy) was conducted in 62 patients and bottom surgery (phalloplasty and metoidioplasty) was conducted in 17 patients. For MtF cases, 45 underwent bottom surgery (vaginoplasty), 2 of whom received breast augmentation. The FtM:MtF ratio of the referred patients was 1.9:1. The median age at the time of surgery decreased from 40 to 27 years during the 20-year period. CONCLUSION Gender-confirming surgery was performed on 65 FtM and 40 MtF cases at our hospital, and 21 transsexuals underwent surgery abroad. Mastectomy was performed in 62 FtM and bottom surgery in 17 FtM cases. Vaginoplasty was performed in 45 MtF and breast augmentation in 2 MtF cases. There was a significant decrease in age at the time of gender-confirming surgery during the course of the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogu Aydin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Liv Johanne Buk
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Partoft
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Bonde
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Vestergaard Thomsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Tos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brasil SC, Santos RMM, Fernandes A, Alves FRF, Pires FR, Siqueira JF, Armada L. Influence of oestrogen deficiency on the development of apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2016; 50:161-166. [PMID: 26821330 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of a long period of oestrogen deficiency on the development of apical periodontitis in rats. METHODOLOGY Wistar rats (n = 24), 3 months old, evaluated by vaginal cytology, were included in the study. Twelve animals were ovariectomized (OVX group) and the other 12 were sham operated (control group). One hundred and twenty days after castration, the pulps of the left mandibular first molars were exposed to induce the development of apical periodontitis. Body mass was verified on a weekly basis. Following 21 and 40 days of lesion induction, the animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis, and mandibles were removed for radiographic analysis. Comparative analysis of the data was performed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple-comparisons tests. The t-test was applied to compare the oestrogen levels between control and OVX groups. RESULTS Radiographs revealed that apical periodontitis lesions were significantly larger in the 40-day OVX group when compared with both 40-day (P < 0.05) and 21-day (P < 0.001) control groups. Serum oestrogen levels were significantly lower in the OVX group (P < 0.01), confirming the efficacy of castration. Oestrogen deficiency resulted in significantly greater body mass gain (P < 0.01) in 40-day OVX group when compared with 40-day control group. Serum concentrations of calcium were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase levels, although higher in the OVX groups (21 and 40 days), were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomized rats had significantly larger apical periodontitis lesions after 40 days of pulp exposure when compared with controls. These findings suggest that bone alterations as a result of long periods of oestrogen deficiency can influence the progression of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Brasil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M M Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - A Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - F R F Alves
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F R Pires
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Armada
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hagberg Thulin M, Nilsson ME, Thulin P, Céraline J, Ohlsson C, Damber JE, Welén K. Osteoblasts promote castration-resistant prostate cancer by altering intratumoral steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:182-191. [PMID: 26586211 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton is the preferred site for prostate cancer (PC) metastasis leading to incurable castration-resistant disease. The increased expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes found in bone metastatic tissue from patients suggests that up-regulated steroidogenesis might contribute to tumor growth at the metastatic site. Because of the overall sclerotic phenotype, we hypothesize that osteoblasts regulate the intratumoral steroidogenesis of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in bone. We here show that osteoblasts alter the steroidogenic transcription program in CRPC cells, closely mimicking the gene expression pattern described in CRPC. Osteoblast-stimulated LNCaP-19 cells displayed an increased expression of genes encoding for steroidogenic enzymes (CYP11A1, HSD3B1, and AKR1C3), estrogen signaling-related genes (CYP19A1, and ESR2), and genes for DHT-inactivating enzymes (UGT2B7, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17). The observed osteoblast-induced effect was exclusive to osteogenic CRPC cells (LNCaP-19) in contrast to osteolytic PC-3 and androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. The altered steroid enzymatic pattern was specific for the intratibial tumors and verified by immunohistochemistry in tissue specimens from LNCaP-19 xenograft tumors. Additionally, the overall steroidogenic effect was reflected by corresponding levels of progesterone and testosterone in serum from castrated mice with intratibial xenografts. A bi-directional interplay was demonstrated since both proliferation and Esr2 expression of osteoblasts were induced by CRPC cells in steroid-depleted conditions. Together, our results demonstrate that osteoblasts are important mediators of the intratumoral steroidogenesis of CRPC and for castration-resistant growth in bone. Targeting osteoblasts may therefore be important in the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria E Nilsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pontus Thulin
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- INSERM UMR_S 1113, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Damber
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Welén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Samietz S, Holtfreter B, Friedrich N, Mundt T, Hoffmann W, Völzke H, Nauck M, Kocher T, Biffar R. Prospective association of sex steroid concentrations with periodontal progression and incident tooth loss. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:10-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Samietz
- Policlinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials; Center of Oral Health; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Unit of Periodontology; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontology Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry; Center of Oral Health; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Torsten Mundt
- Policlinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials; Center of Oral Health; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute of Community Medicine; Section Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontology Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry; Center of Oral Health; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Policlinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials; Center of Oral Health; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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Joseph JF, Parr MK. Synthetic androgens as designer supplements. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:89-100. [PMID: 26074745 PMCID: PMC4462045 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210224756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance
enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal
consequences, AAS are illicitly marketed and distributed in many countries. To circumvent existing
laws, the chemical structure of AAS is modified and these designer steroids are sold as nutritional
supplements mainly over the Internet. Several side effects are linked with AAS abuse. Only little is
known about the pharmacological effects and metabolism of unapproved steroids due to the absence
of clinical studies. The large number of designer steroid findings in dietary supplements and the
detection of new compounds combined with legal loopholes for their distribution in many countries
show that stricter regulations and better information policy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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125
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Wolff RB, Gomes RCT, do Amaral VC, da Silva PL, Simoncini T, Prosdocimi FC, Simoes RS, Simões MJS, Baracat EC, Soares JM. Effects of hyperprolactinemia on the tibial epiphyseal plate of mice treated with sex hormones. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:30-3. [PMID: 26193892 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1068753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia on the tibial epiphyseal plate of hormone-treated oophorectomized mice. For this purpose, 18 animals with intact ovaries were allocated to two groups, M (metoclopramide) and V (vehicle). One hundred and eight oophorectomized animals were allocated to 12 subgroups: Oophx/V (vehicle); Ooph/M (metoclopramide); Oophx/V + E (vehicle + estradiol); Oophx/M + E (metoclopramide + estradiol); Oophx/V + P (vehicle + progesterone); Oophx/M + P (metoclopramide + progesterone); Oophx/V + T (vehicle + testosterone); Oophx/M + T (metoclopramide + testosterone); Oophx/V + E + P (Vehicle + estradiol + progesterone); Oophx/M + E + P (metoclopramide + estradiol + progesterone); Oophx/V + E + P + T (vehicle + estradiol + progesterone + testosterone); Oophx/M + E + P + T (metoclopramide + estradiol + progesterone + testosterone). After a 50-day treatment was performed histomorphometric and immunohistochemical cell death analysis. In the epiphyseal plate of the hyperprolactinemic and/or oophorectomized animals, cell proliferation and bone formation decreased, inducing intensified cell death. In the sex steroid-treated animals, estrogen boosted cell proliferation; progesterone, bone formation and testosterone, both cell proliferation and bone formation. These findings suggest that oophorectomy and hyperprolactinemia changed epiphyseal plate morphology causing cartilage degeneration. Treatment with combined sex steroids may diminish such deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta B Wolff
- a Departamento de Morfologia e Genética , Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Regina Celia T Gomes
- a Departamento de Morfologia e Genética , Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Vinicius C do Amaral
- b Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia , Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
- c Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa (PI) , Italy , and
- d Instituto de Ciencias da Saude da Universidade Paulista, UNIP , Sao Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Priscilla L da Silva
- b Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia , Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- c Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa (PI) , Italy , and
| | - Fabio Cesar Prosdocimi
- d Instituto de Ciencias da Saude da Universidade Paulista, UNIP , Sao Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Simoes
- b Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia , Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Manuel Jesus S Simões
- a Departamento de Morfologia e Genética , Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Edmund C Baracat
- b Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia , Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - José Maria Soares
- b Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia , Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
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Aoki A, Fujitani K, Takagi K, Kimura T, Nagase H, Nakanishi T. Male Hypogonadism Causes Obesity Associated with Impairment of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:587-92. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Aoki
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kohei Fujitani
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kohei Takagi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Hisamitsu Nagase
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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Nguyen HTT, von Schoultz B, Nguyen TV, Thang TX, Chau TT, Duc PTM, Hirschberg AL. Sex hormone levels as determinants of bone mineral density and osteoporosis in Vietnamese women and men. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:658-65. [PMID: 25300746 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and the role of sex hormone levels in the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in a Vietnamese population of women and men. The cross-sectional study involved 269 women and 222 men aged 13-83 years, who were randomly selected from urban and rural areas in northern Vietnam. Serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone were analyzed, and BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was 18, 17, and 37 % for the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine, respectively. For men aged 50 years or older, the corresponding values were 8, 7, and 12 %. In men, the most important predictors of BMD for the femoral neck and total hip were age, body mass index, and serum levels of estradiol. For the BMD of the lumbar spine, testosterone also had a significant influence. Determinants of osteoporosis in men for the total hip and lumbar spine were age, weight, and serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. In postmenopausal women, age, weight, and residence (urban vs rural) were the most important predictors of BMD and osteoporosis. For all women (including those of reproductive age), serum levels of estradiol were also significant. These data suggest that the prevalence of osteoporosis in the Vietnamese population is high also in men, and that estradiol levels are essential for bone mass in both men and women. The results should have clinical implications and increase awareness of an important health issue within Vietnamese society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong T T Nguyen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171-76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Physiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Bo von Schoultz
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171-76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuan V Nguyen
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Trinh X Thang
- Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tran T Chau
- Department of Rheumatology, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham T M Duc
- Department of Physiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Angelica L Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171-76, Stockholm, Sweden
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128
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Shiau HJ, Aichelmann-Reidy ME, Reynolds MA. Influence of sex steroids on inflammation and bone metabolism. Periodontol 2000 2015; 64:81-94. [PMID: 24320957 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids are central to sexual development and reproduction, exerting pleiotropic effects on multiple tissues and organs throughout the lifespan of humans. Sex steroids are fundamental to skeletal development, bone homeostasis and immune function. The composite effect of sex-specific genetic architecture and circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones closely parallels differences in the immune response and may account for corresponding sex-related differences in risk for chronic periodontitis, with men exhibiting greater susceptibility than women. Age-associated reductions in sex steroids also provide insight into apparent temporal increases in susceptibility to periodontitis and alveolar bone loss, particularly among women. Chronic infection and inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal disease, provide a unique platform for exploring the interface of sex steroids, immunity and bone metabolism.
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129
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Iolascon G, Frizzi L, Bianco M, Gimigliano F, Palumbo V, Sinisi AM, Sinisi AA. Bone involvement in males with Kallmann disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015. [PMID: 26201943 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by congenital early-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. Male subjects are more frequently affected and present absent/delayed puberty, low testosterone levels with higher risk for osteoporosis. Therefore, to maintain normal levels of sex steroids and prevent bone loss, male KS needs life-long hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). AIMS The objective of our study is to assess bone involvement in subjects with KS currently treated with HRT. METHODS In our retrospective study, we analyzed data from medical records of patients with KS treated with HRT (either gonadotropins or testosterone preparations), including clinical history, biochemical parameters, and the following outcome measures: the bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total body less head (TBLH); and the Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Clinical and instrumental data of 32 patients with KS were evaluated; their mean age was 30.32 (± 10.09) years, their mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.71 (± 3.23) kg/m(2). Four patients (12.5%) had a LS BMD Z score below the expected range for age. Five patients had vertebral deformities observed at VFA. Duration of HRT was related to bone health parameters: BMD at all measured sites were higher in patients receiving adequate HRT for more than 2 years compared with the patients treated for less than 6 months. A deficient vitamin D status was found in 43% of cases and it was prevalent in patients with shorter HRT. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Early starting and adequate duration of HRT are related to bone health parameters in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to KS. Restoring vitamin D sufficiency might also be advisable in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Frizzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bianco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palumbo
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Maria Sinisi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology and Medical Andrology Section, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
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130
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Nieschlag E, Vorona E. Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): Adverse effects on non-reproductive organs and functions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2015; 16:199-211. [PMID: 26373946 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-015-9320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1970s anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been abused at ever increasing rates in competitive athletics, in recreational sports and in bodybuilding. Exceedingly high doses are often consumed over long periods, in particular by bodybuilders, causing acute or chronic adverse side effects frequently complicated by additional polypharmacy. This review summarizes side effects on non-reproductive organs and functions; effects on male and female reproduction have been recently reviewed in a parallel paper. Among the most striking AAS side effects are increases in haematocrit and coagulation causing thromboembolism, intracardiac thrombosis and stroke as well as other cardiac disturbances including arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and possibly sudden death. 17α-alkylated AAS are liver toxic leading to cholestasis, peliosis, adenomas and carcinomas. Hyperbilirubinaemia can cause cholemic nephrosis and kidney failure. AAS abuse may induce exaggerated self-confidence, reckless behavior, aggressiveness and psychotic symptoms. AAS withdrawal may be accompanied by depression and suicidal intentions. Since AAS abuse is not or only reluctantly admitted physicians should be aware of the multitude of serious side effects when confronted with unclear symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Nieschlag
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elena Vorona
- Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Dortmund, Germany
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131
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Wang Q, Kessler MJ, Kensler TB, Dechow PC. The mandibles of castrated male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): The effects of orchidectomy on bone and teeth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:31-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas TX
| | - Matthew J. Kessler
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources; Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center West Virginia University; Morgantown WV
| | - Terry B. Kensler
- Caribbean Primate Research Center; University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus; San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas TX
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Role of gender in burn-induced heterotopic ossification and mesenchymal cell osteogenic differentiation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135:1631-1641. [PMID: 26017598 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification most commonly occurs after burn injury, joint arthroplasty, and trauma. Male gender has been identified as a risk factor for the development of heterotopic ossification. It remains unclear why adult male patients are more predisposed to this pathologic condition than adult female patients. In this study, the authors use their validated tenotomy/burn model to explore differences in heterotopic ossification between male and female mice. METHODS The authors used their Achilles tenotomy and burn model to evaluate the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells of male and female injured and noninjured mice. Groups consisted of injured male (n = 3), injured female (n = 3), noninjured male (n = 3), and noninjured female (n = 3) mice. The osteogenic potential of cells harvested from each group was assessed through RNA and protein levels and quantified using micro-computed tomographic scan. Histomorphometry was used to verify micro-computed tomographic findings, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess osteogenic signaling at the site of heterotopic ossification. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells of male mice demonstrated greater osteogenic gene and protein expression than those of female mice (p < 0.05). Male mice in the burn group formed 35 percent more bone than female mice in the burn group. This bone formation correlated with increased pSmad and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling at the heterotopic ossification site in male mice. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrate that male mice form quantitatively more bone compared with female mice using their burn/tenotomy model. These findings can be explained at least in part by differences in bone morphogenetic protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling.
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Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:421746. [PMID: 26247020 PMCID: PMC4515490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/421746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, whereas osteocytes act as mechanosensors and orchestrators of the bone remodeling process. This process is under the control of local (e.g., growth factors and cytokines) and systemic (e.g., calcitonin and estrogens) factors that all together contribute for bone homeostasis. An imbalance between bone resorption and formation can result in bone diseases including osteoporosis. Recently, it has been recognized that, during bone remodeling, there are an intricate communication among bone cells. For instance, the coupling from bone resorption to bone formation is achieved by interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Moreover, osteocytes produce factors that influence osteoblast and osteoclast activities, whereas osteocyte apoptosis is followed by osteoclastic bone resorption. The increasing knowledge about the structure and functions of bone cells contributed to a better understanding of bone biology. It has been suggested that there is a complex communication between bone cells and other organs, indicating the dynamic nature of bone tissue. In this review, we discuss the current data about the structure and functions of bone cells and the factors that influence bone remodeling.
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134
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Wei J, Flaherty S, Karsenty G. Searching for additional endocrine functions of the skeleton: genetic approaches and implications for therapeutics. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:413-424. [PMID: 27588033 PMCID: PMC5004930 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1058152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of whole organism physiology has greatly advanced in the past decades through mouse genetics. In particular, genetic studies have revealed that most organs interact with one another through hormones in order to maintain normal physiological functions and the homeostasis of the entire organism. Remarkably, through these studies many unexpected novel endocrine means to regulate physiological functions have been uncovered. The skeletal system is one example. In this article, we review a series of studies that over the years have identified bone as an endocrine organ. The mechanism of action, pathological relevance, and therapeutic implications of the functions of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin are discussed. In the last part of this review we discuss the possibility that additional endocrine functions of the skeleton may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Wei
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen Flaherty
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Tousen Y, Ishiwata H, Ishimi Y, Ikegami S. Equol, a Metabolite of Daidzein, Is More Efficient than Daidzein for Bone Formation in Growing Female Rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1349-1354. [PMID: 26096577 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of isoflavones and particularly equol, a metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein, on bone formation during the growth period in animals. The present study investigated the effects of orally administered daidzein or equol on bone formation and bone mineral density in growing female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3 weeks, were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) as follows: rats were orally administered a corn oil, 8 mg/day of daidzein, 4 mg/day of equol or 8 mg/day of equol in corn oil for 4 weeks. Daidzein and equol increased the bone mineral density of growing female rats by stimulating bone formation without exhibiting a substantial effect on the weight of their reproductive organs. Bone growth caused by increased bone mineralizing surface and bone formation rate in rats administered with equol was approximately twice that of rats administered with daidzein. These results suggest that equol might be more efficient than daidzein for bone formation in growing female rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Hajimu Ishiwata
- Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Mastudo, Chiba, 271-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Sachie Ikegami
- Department of Home Economics, Otsuma Woman's University, 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
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136
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Cançado BL, Miranda LC, Madeira M, Farias MLF. Importance of bone assessment and prevention of osteoporotic fracture in patients with prostate cancer in the gonadotropic hormone analogues use. Rev Col Bras Cir 2015; 42:62-6. [PMID: 25992703 DOI: 10.1590/0100-69912015001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiandrogenic therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer represents an additional risk factor for the development of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Still, bone health of patients on ADT is often not evaluated. After literature research we found that simple preventive measures can prevent bone loss in these patients, resulting in more cost-effective solutions to the public health system and family when compared to the treatment of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Madeira
- Departament of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Fleiuss Farias
- Departament of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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137
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Limonard EJ, van Schoor NM, de Jongh RT, Lips P, Fliers E, Bisschop PH. Osteocalcin and the pituitary-gonadal axis in older men: a population-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:753-9. [PMID: 25376262 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteocalcin is a well-known marker of bone formation. Recently, mice lacking osteocalcin or its receptor were reported to be subfertile with low testosterone and high luteinizing hormone concentrations. In parallel, in humans, a loss-of-function mutation of the osteocalcin receptor was associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. This suggests that osteocalcin is necessary for normal pituitary-gonadal axis function. Our objective was to determine the association between physiological variations in osteocalcin and the pituitary-gonadal axis in older men. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Data were used from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing cohort study in a representative sample of the older Dutch population (65-88 years). MEASUREMENTS Serum levels of total (T), free (FT) and bioavailable (bioT) testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and osteocalcin were determined. Data were analysed using linear regression analyses and adjusted for age, BMI, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone and vitamin K antagonist use. RESULTS A total of 614 men participated in the study. The median age was 75·4 (69·8-81·2) years, and the median osteocalcin level was 1·8 (1·3-2·4) nmol/l. Serum osteocalcin was inversely associated with FT (adjusted B = -0·22 ± 0·09 ng/dl, P = 0·012) and bioT (adjusted B = -0·26 ± 0·08 nmol/l, P < 0·01), but not with total T. Furthermore, osteocalcin was positively associated with LH (adjusted B = 0·09 ± 0·03 U/l, P < 0·01). CONCLUSIONS Serum osteocalcin was negatively associated with free and bioavailable testosterone and positively with luteinizing hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Limonard
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Russell PK, Clarke MV, Cheong K, Anderson PH, Morris HA, Wiren KM, Zajac JD, Davey RA. Androgen receptor action in osteoblasts in male mice is dependent on their stage of maturation. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:809-23. [PMID: 25407961 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Androgen action via the androgen receptor (AR) is essential for normal skeletal growth and bone maintenance post-puberty in males; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which androgens exert their actions in osteoblasts remains relatively unexplored in vivo. To identify autonomous AR actions in osteoblasts independent of AR signaling in other tissues, we compared the extent to which the bone phenotype of the Global-ARKO mouse was restored by replacing the AR in osteoblasts commencing at either the (1) proliferative or (2) mineralization stage of their maturation. In trabecular bone, androgens stimulated trabecular bone accrual during growth via the AR in proliferating osteoblasts and maintained trabecular bone post-puberty via the AR in mineralizing osteoblasts, with its predominant action being to inhibit bone resorption by decreasing the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression. During growth, replacement of the AR in proliferating but not mineralizing osteoblasts of Global-ARKOs was able to partially restore periosteal circumference, supporting the concept that androgen action in cortical bone to increase bone size during growth is mediated via the AR in proliferating osteoblasts. This study provides further significant insight into the mechanism of androgen action via the AR in osteoblasts, demonstrating that it is dependent on the stage of osteoblast maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Russell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
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139
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Molina PE, Gardner JD, Souza-Smith FM, Whitaker AM. Alcohol abuse: critical pathophysiological processes and contribution to disease burden. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:203-15. [PMID: 24789985 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00055.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse; the most common and costly form of drug abuse, is a major contributing factor to many disease categories. The alcohol-attributable disease burden is closely related to the average volume of alcohol consumption, with dose-dependent relationships between amount and duration of alcohol consumption and the incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and pneumonia. The frequent occurrence of alcohol use disorders in the adult population and the significant and widespread detrimental organ system effects highlight the importance of recognizing and further investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced tissue and organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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140
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Camozzi V, Bonanni G, Frigo A, Piccolo M, Ferasin S, Zaninotto M, Boscaro M, Luisetto G. Effect of a single injection of testosterone enanthate on 17β estradiol and bone turnover markers in hypogonadal male patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:389-97. [PMID: 25319469 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several clinical studies testify the critical role played by estrogens in male bone metabolism. The aim of our study is to assess the effect of a single injection of testosterone enanthate in a group of hypogonadal men on 17β estradiol serum levels and some bone metabolic parameters. METHOD Twenty-one hypogonadal males were given one testosterone enanthate injection (250 mg). Blood samples were drawn before the injection and after 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The following variables were measured: Total testosterone (TT), 17β estradiol (17β E2), Sex hormone binding globulin, total alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx). RESULTS After testosterone injection, both TT and 17β E2 increased, peaking 1 week after the injection. Individual observation of the response of 17β E2 to testosterone showed that a subgroup (n = 9) failed to respond with any increase in 17β E2 at any of the weekly tests (group E2-), while the remainder (n = 12) showed a significant increase in 17β E2, which reached a mean value three times higher than at baseline (group E2+). The E2- patients reached a TT peak lower than that observed in the E+ group. CTx serum levels declined progressively in the E2+ group, reaching the significance (p = 0.03) at the end of the study, while it did not change in E- group. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a single injection of testosterone might have different effects on the production of endogenous estrogens, and a significant reduction of bone resorption parameters takes place only in the patients who show a significant increase of 17ß estradiol in response to testosterone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Camozzi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - G Bonanni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - A Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Padova, via Loredan 18, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - M Piccolo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - S Ferasin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - M Zaninotto
- Department of Medical Laboratory, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - M Boscaro
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - G Luisetto
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
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DeGuire JR, Mak IL, Lavery P, Agellon S, Wykes LJ, Weiler HA. Orchidectomy-induced alterations in volumetric bone density, cortical porosity and strength of femur are attenuated by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in aged guinea pigs. Bone 2015; 73:42-50. [PMID: 25524178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-related osteoporosis and sarcopenia are ascribed in part to reductions in anabolic hormones. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) improves lean and bone mass, but its impact during androgen deficiency is not known. This study tested if CLA would attenuate the effects of orchidectomy (ORX)-induced losses of bone and lean tissue. Male guinea pigs (n=40; 70-72 weeks), were randomized into four groups: (1) SHAM+Control diet, (2) SHAM+CLA diet, (3) ORX+Control diet, (4) ORX+CLA diet. Baseline blood sampling and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were conducted, followed by surgery 4 days later with the test diets started 7 days after baseline sampling. Serial blood sampling and DXA scans were repeated 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks on the test diets. Body composition and areal BMD (aBMD) of whole body, lumbar spine, femur and tibia were measured using DXA. At week 16, muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR), volumetric BMD (vBMD), microarchitecture and bone strength were assessed. Body weight declined after SHAM and ORX surgery, with slower recovery in the ORX group. Dietary CLA did not affect weight or lean mass, but attenuated gains in fat mass. Lean mass was stable in SHAM and reduced in ORX by 2 weeks with whole body and femur bone mineral content (BMC) reduced by 4 weeks; CLA did not alter BMC. By week 16 ORX groups had lower free testosterone and myofibrillar FSR, yet higher cortisol, osteocalcin and ionized calcium with no alterations due to CLA. ORX+Control had higher prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and total alkaline phosphatase compared to SHAM+Control whereas ORX+CLA were not different from SHAM groups. Femur metaphyseal vBMD was reduced in ORX+CTRL with the reduction attenuated by CLA. Femur cortical thickness (Ct.Th.) and biomechanical strength were reduced and cortical porosity (Ct.Po.) elevated by ORX and attenuated by CLA. This androgen deficient model with a sarcopenic-osteoporotic phenotype similar to aging men responded to dietary CLA with significant benefits to femur density and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R DeGuire
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ivy L Mak
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Paula Lavery
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Sherry Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Linda J Wykes
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Coluzzi F, Pergolizzi J, Raffa RB, Mattia C. The unsolved case of "bone-impairing analgesics": the endocrine effects of opioids on bone metabolism. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:515-23. [PMID: 25848298 PMCID: PMC4386765 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s79409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current literature describes the possible risks for bone fracture in chronic analgesics users. There are three main hypotheses that could explain the increased risk of fracture associated with central analgesics, such as opioids: 1) the increased risk of falls caused by central nervous system effects, including sedation and dizziness; 2) reduced bone mass density caused by the direct opioid effect on osteoblasts; and 3) chronic opioid-induced hypogonadism. The impact of opioids varies by sex and among the type of opioid used (less, for example, for tapentadol and buprenorphine). Opioid-associated androgen deficiency is correlated with an increased risk of osteoporosis; thus, despite that standards have not been established for monitoring and treating opioid-induced hypogonadism or hypoadrenalism, all patients chronically taking opioids (particularly at doses ≥100 mg morphine daily) should be monitored for the early detection of hormonal impairment and low bone mass density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Coluzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine - Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy ; SIAARTI Study Group on Acute and Chronic Pain, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph Pergolizzi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Naples Anesthesia and Pain Associates, Naples, FL, USA
| | - Robert B Raffa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Consalvo Mattia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine - Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy ; SIAARTI Study Group on Acute and Chronic Pain, Rome, Italy
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143
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Participation of sex hormones in multifactorial pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2015; 39:1227-36. [PMID: 25804208 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-015-2742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to verify the potential association between the aetiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and the process of sexual maturation, we determined the concentrations of oestrogens in pre- and postmenarcheal girls affected by this condition. AIS, occurring mostly in pubescent girls, is one of the most frequent forms of faulty posture. Therefore, it was assumed that the multifactorial pathomechanism of AIS involves significant deficiency of oestrogens. METHODS The diagnosis of AIS was established on the basis of physical examination and analyses of radiograms. Concentrations of FSH, LH, oestrogens, progesterone, osteocalcin and RANKL were determined by ELISA. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) was measured by kinetic method. The study included pre- and postmenarcheal girls with AIS and corresponding groups of scoliosis-free controls. RESULTS In premenarcheal scoliotic girls, the levels of FSH, LH and oestradiol were lower; the levels of progesterone, oestrone and oestriol were higher; and the concentrations of oestrone and oestriol were similar compared to premenarcheal controls. Higher levels of RANKL, osteocalcin and AP were observed in premenarcheal adolescents with AIS compared to controls. The concentrations of FSH, LH, oestradiol, and progesterone in postmenarcheal girls with scoliosis were lower, oestrone were slightly lower and oestriol did not differ compared with the control group. Significantly higher levels of RANKL, osteocalcin and AP were observed in postmenarcheal scoliotic adolescents compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS There is an interdependence between the concentration of oestradiol and development of scoliosis. Determination of estradiol may have diagnostic value in the screening of spinal pathologies associated with AIS.
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Abstract
Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism is a state of relative or absolute androgen excess originating from either the adrenals and/or the ovaries, clinically manifested as the appearance and/or increase in terminal hair growth or the development of symptoms/signs of virilization. In either settings, physicians need to evaluate such patients and exclude the presence of the relatively rare but potentially life-threatening underlying tumorous causes, particularly adrenal androgen-secreting tumors. It has been suggested that the rapidity of onset along with severity of symptom and the degree of androgen excess followed by relevant imaging studies may suffice to identify the source of excessive androgen secretion. However, up to date, there is no consensus regarding specific clinical and hormonal indices and/or imaging modalities required for diagnostic certainty. This is particularly relevant as the aging population is increasing and more cases of postmenopausal women with clinical/biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism may become apparent. Furthermore, the long-term sequels of nontumorous hyperandrogenism in postmenopausal women in respect to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality still remain unsettled. This review delineates the etiology and pathophysiology of relative and absolute androgen excess in postmenopausal women. Also, it attempts to unravel distinctive clinical features along with specific hormonal cut-off levels and/or appropriate imaging modalities for the facilitation of the differential diagnosis and the identification of potential long-term sequels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Markopoulos
- Endocrinology and Metabolism UnitAretaieion University Hospital, Vasilisis Sofias 76, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of BiochemistryDepartment of PathophysiologyLaikon Hospital, National University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia Kassi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism UnitAretaieion University Hospital, Vasilisis Sofias 76, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of BiochemistryDepartment of PathophysiologyLaikon Hospital, National University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Krystallenia I Alexandraki
- Endocrinology and Metabolism UnitAretaieion University Hospital, Vasilisis Sofias 76, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of BiochemistryDepartment of PathophysiologyLaikon Hospital, National University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrinology and Metabolism UnitAretaieion University Hospital, Vasilisis Sofias 76, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of BiochemistryDepartment of PathophysiologyLaikon Hospital, National University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrinology and Metabolism UnitAretaieion University Hospital, Vasilisis Sofias 76, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of BiochemistryDepartment of PathophysiologyLaikon Hospital, National University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Beggs LA, Beck DT, Otzel DM, Balaez A, Combs SM, Miller JR, Ye F, Aguirre JI, Neuville KG, Williams AA, Conrad BP, Gregory CM, Wronski TJ, Bose PK, Borst SE. Testosterone dose dependently prevents bone and muscle loss in rodents after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:834-45. [PMID: 24378197 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen administration protects against musculoskeletal deficits in models of sex-steroid deficiency and injury/disuse. It remains unknown, however, whether testosterone prevents bone loss accompanying spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition that results in a near universal occurrence of osteoporosis. Our primary purpose was to determine whether testosterone-enanthate (TE) attenuates hindlimb bone loss in a rodent moderate/severe contusion SCI model. Forty (n=10/group), 14 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive: (1) Sham surgery (T9 laminectomy), (2) moderate/severe (250 kdyne) SCI, (3) SCI+Low-dose TE (2.0 mg/week), or (4) SCI+High-dose TE (7.0 mg/week). Twenty-one days post-injury, SCI animals exhibited a 77-85% reduction in hindlimb cancellous bone volume at the distal femur (measured via μCT) and proximal tibia (measured via histomorphometry), characterized by a >70% reduction in trabecular number, 13-27% reduction in trabecular thickness, and increased trabecular separation. A 57% reduction in cancellous volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the distal femur and a 20% reduction in vBMD at the femoral neck were also observed. TE dose dependently prevented hindlimb bone loss after SCI, with high-dose TE fully preserving cancellous bone structural characteristics and vBMD at all skeletal sites examined. Animals receiving SCI also exhibited a 35% reduction in hindlimb weight bearing (triceps surae) muscle mass and a 22% reduction in sublesional non-weight bearing (levator ani/bulbocavernosus [LABC]) muscle mass, and reduced prostate mass. Both TE doses fully preserved LABC mass, while only high-dose TE ameliorated hindlimb muscle losses. TE also dose dependently increased prostate mass. Our findings provide the first evidence indicating that high-dose TE fully prevents hindlimb cancellous bone loss and concomitantly ameliorates muscle loss after SCI, while low-dose TE produces much less profound musculoskeletal benefit. Testosterone-induced prostate enlargement, however, represents a potential barrier to the clinical implementation of high-dose TE as a means of preserving musculoskeletal tissue after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- 1 VA Medical Center, Research Service, VA Medical Center , Gainesville, Florida
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146
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Abstract
One in three osteoporotic fractures occur in men and the consequences of a fracture in men tend to be more severe than in women. Still, only a small minority of men with high risk of fracture are detected and treated. Although there are gender differences in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, such as in the pattern of bone loss, similarities predominate, which is also the case for clinical risk factors. It seems appropriate to consider treatment for men and women with a similar 10 year fracture risk. Drugs now approved for treatment of osteoporosis in men include the anti-resorptive bisphosphonates alendronate, residronate and zoledronic acid, the anti-resorptive drug denosumab, the bone-forming agent teriparatide, and (not in the US) strontium ranelate with mild opposite effects on resorption and formation. Although the evidence level for efficacy and safety of these drugs in men is still relatively limited, available data indicate that treatment effects in men are very similar to what has been observed in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Denosumab is also approved for treatment in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for non-metastatic prostate cancer; bisphosphonates and teriparatide are also available to clinicians for treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in men. Testosterone treatment may be indicated in men with documented symptomatic hypogonadism, but osteoporosis is neither a sufficient nor a specific indication for testosterone treatment. New compounds with well advanced clinical development include odanacatib, a selective inhibitor of the cysteine protease cathepsin-K, and romosozumab, a monoclonal antibody against sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology and Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology and Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Goemaere
- Department of Endocrinology and Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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147
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Katulski K, Slawek S, Czyzyk A, Podfigurna-Stopa A, Paczkowska K, Ignaszak N, Podkowa N, Meczekalski B. Bone mineral density in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:1219-24. [PMID: 25245338 PMCID: PMC4245449 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PCOS is a complex disorder and various features of this disorder may have great importance for bone metabolism. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between existing hormonal disorders, and bone mineral density (BMD) in young women with PCOS. METHODS 69 reproductive-aged PCOS women and 30 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled to the study women. In each individual we assessed the body mass index (BMI). We evaluated the serum concentrations of: gonadotropins, prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone (T), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4). We used the Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) to diagnose insulin resistance. Bone mineral density in the lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS The PCOS women had lower BMD values as compared to the controls (1.057 ± 0.1260 vs. 1.210 ± 0.1805 g/cm(2), p < 0.0002). In the analysis of PCOS patients according to BMI, only in the subgroup of the normal weight PCOS we find significantly lower BMD in comparison to controls (p = 0.0049). In patients with PCOS, BMD was positively correlated with insulin concentration and HOMA-IR. In the controls Z-score values were positively correlated with insulin concentration and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS The deleterious effect of estrogen deficiency on bones in PCOS is not balanced by androgen overproduction. Women with PCOS had significantly lower BMD of the lumbar spine compared to controls. Insulin seems to be one of the most important positive bone growth stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Katulski
- The Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - S. Slawek
- Students Scientific Association of the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A. Czyzyk
- The Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - A. Podfigurna-Stopa
- The Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - K. Paczkowska
- Students Scientific Association of the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - N. Ignaszak
- Students Scientific Association of the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - N. Podkowa
- Students Scientific Association of the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - B. Meczekalski
- The Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
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148
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Vanderschueren D, Laurent MR, Claessens F, Gielen E, Lagerquist MK, Vandenput L, Börjesson AE, Ohlsson C. Sex steroid actions in male bone. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:906-60. [PMID: 25202834 PMCID: PMC4234776 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone strength relies mainly on greater cortical bone expansion during pubertal peak bone mass acquisition and superior skeletal maintenance during aging. During both these phases, estrogens acting via estrogen receptor-α in osteoblast lineage cells are crucial for male cortical and trabecular bone, as evident from conditional genetic mouse models, epidemiological studies, rare genetic conditions, genome-wide meta-analyses, and recent interventional trials. Genetic mouse models have also demonstrated a direct role for androgens independent of aromatization on trabecular bone via the androgen receptor in osteoblasts and osteocytes, although the target cell for their key effects on periosteal bone formation remains elusive. Low serum estradiol predicts incident fractures, but the highest risk occurs in men with additionally low T and high SHBG. Still, the possible clinical utility of serum sex steroids for fracture prediction is unknown. It is likely that sex steroid actions on male bone metabolism rely also on extraskeletal mechanisms and cross talk with other signaling pathways. We propose that estrogens influence fracture risk in aging men via direct effects on bone, whereas androgens exert an additional antifracture effect mainly via extraskeletal parameters such as muscle mass and propensity to fall. Given the demographic trends of increased longevity and consequent rise of osteoporosis, an increased understanding of how sex steroids influence male bone health remains a high research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (D.V.) and Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L., E.G.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (M.R.L., F.C.); and Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases (D.V., M.R.L., E.G.), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (M.K.L., L.V., A.E.B., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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149
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Laurent M, Antonio L, Sinnesael M, Dubois V, Gielen E, Classens F, Vanderschueren D. Androgens and estrogens in skeletal sexual dimorphism. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:213-22. [PMID: 24385015 PMCID: PMC3955330 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is an endocrine tissue expressing androgen and estrogen receptors as well as steroid metabolizing enzymes. The bioactivity of circulating sex steroids is modulated by sex hormone-binding globulin and local conversion in bone tissue, for example, from testosterone (T) to estradiol (E2) by aromatase, or to dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase enzymes. Our understanding of the structural basis for gender differences in bone strength has advanced considerably over recent years due to increasing use of (high resolution) peripheral computed tomography. These microarchitectural insights form the basis to understand sex steroid influences on male peak bone mass and turnover in cortical vs trabecular bone. Recent studies using Cre/LoxP technology have further refined our mechanistic insights from global knockout mice into the direct contributions of sex steroids and their respective nuclear receptors in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and other cells to male osteoporosis. At the same time, these studies have reinforced the notion that androgen and estrogen deficiency have both direct and pleiotropic effects via interaction with, for example, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammation, oxidative stress, central nervous system control of bone metabolism, adaptation to mechanical loading, etc., This review will summarize recent advances on these issues in the field of sex steroid actions in male bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Laurent
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven; Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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150
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Rana K, Davey RA, Zajac JD. Human androgen deficiency: insights gained from androgen receptor knockout mouse models. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:169-77. [PMID: 24480924 PMCID: PMC3955325 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of androgen action is complex. Recently, significant advances have been made into our understanding of how androgens act via the androgen receptor (AR) through the use of genetically modified mouse models. A number of global and tissue-specific AR knockout (ARKO) models have been generated using the Cre-loxP system which allows tissue- and/or cell-specific deletion. These ARKO models have examined a number of sites of androgen action including the cardiovascular system, the immune and hemopoetic system, bone, muscle, adipose tissue, the prostate and the brain. This review focuses on the insights that have been gained into human androgen deficiency through the use of ARKO mouse models at each of these sites of action, and highlights the strengths and limitations of these Cre-loxP mouse models that should be considered to ensure accurate interpretation of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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