101
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Wang YH, Scadden DT. Harnessing the apoptotic programs in cancer stem-like cells. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1084-98. [PMID: 26253117 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of malignant cells is an unmet challenge for most human cancer types even with therapies targeting specific driver mutations. Therefore, a multi-pronged strategy to alter cancer cell biology on multiple levels is increasingly recognized as essential for cancer cure. One such aspect of cancer cell biology is the relative apoptosis resistance of tumor-initiating cells. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms affecting the apoptotic process in tumor cells emphasizing the differences in the tumor-initiating or stem-like cells of cancer. Further, we summarize efforts to exploit these differences to design therapies targeting that important cancer cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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102
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Carrasco-Garcia E, Arrizabalaga O, Serrano M, Lovell-Badge R, Matheu A. Increased gene dosage of Ink4/Arf and p53 delays age-associated central nervous system functional decline. Aging Cell 2015; 14:710-4. [PMID: 25990896 PMCID: PMC4531087 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of the activity of the brain is a major feature of aging, which coincides with a decrease in the function of neural stem cells. We have previously shown that an extra copy of regulated Ink4/Arf and p53 activity, in s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice, elongates lifespan and delays aging. In this work, we examined the physiology of the s-Ink4/Arf/p53 brain with aging, focusing on the neural stem cell (NSC) population. We show that cells derived from old s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice display enhanced neurosphere formation and self-renewal activity compared with wt controls. This correlates with augmented expression of Sox2, Sox9, Glast, Ascl1, and Ars2 NSC markers in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) niches. Furthermore, aged s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice express higher levels of Doublecortin and PSA-NCAM (neuroblasts) and NeuN (neurons) in the olfactory bulbs (OB) and DG, indicating increased neurogenesis in vivo. Finally, aged s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice present enhanced behavioral and neuromuscular coordination activity. Together, these findings demonstrate that increased but regulated Ink4/Arf and p53 activity ameliorates age-related deterioration of the central nervous system activity required to maintain the stem cell pool, providing a mechanism not only for the extended lifespan but also for the health span of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olatz Arrizabalaga
- Neuro-Oncology Group; Biodonostia Institute; Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n San Sebastian 20014 Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO); 3 Melchor Fernandez Almagro st Madrid 28029 Spain
| | | | - Ander Matheu
- Neuro-Oncology Group; Biodonostia Institute; Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n San Sebastian 20014 Spain
- Francis Crick Institute; Mill Hill London NW7 1AA UK
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103
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Ren F, Wang K, Zhang T, Jiang J, Nice EC, Huang C. New insights into redox regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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104
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Shahriyari L, Komarova NL. The role of the bi-compartmental stem cell niche in delaying cancer. Phys Biol 2015; 12:055001. [PMID: 26228740 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/5/055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, by using modern imaging techniques, scientists have found evidence of collaboration between different types of stem cells (SCs), and proposed a bi-compartmental organization of the SC niche. Here we create a class of stochastic models to simulate the dynamics of such a heterogeneous SC niche. We consider two SC groups: the border compartment, S1, is in direct contact with transit-amplifying (TA) cells, and the central compartment, S2, is hierarchically upstream from S1. The S1 SCs differentiate or divide asymmetrically when the tissue needs TA cells. Both groups proliferate when the tissue requires SCs (thus maintaining homeostasis). There is an influx of S2 cells into the border compartment, either by migration, or by proliferation. We examine this model in the context of double-hit mutant generation, which is a rate-limiting step in the development of many cancers. We discover that this type of a cooperative pattern in the stem niche with two compartments leads to a significantly smaller rate of double-hit mutant production compared with a homogeneous, one-compartmental SC niche. Furthermore, the minimum probability of double-hit mutant generation corresponds to purely symmetric division of SCs, consistent with the literature. Finally, the optimal architecture (which minimizes the rate of double-hit mutant production) requires a large proliferation rate of S1 cells along with a small, but non-zero, proliferation rate of S2 cells. This result is remarkably similar to the niche structure described recently by several authors, where one of the two SC compartments was found more actively engaged in tissue homeostasis and turnover, while the other was characterized by higher levels of quiescence (but contributed strongly to injury recovery). Both numerical and analytical results are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Shahriyari
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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105
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Abstract
In stratified epithelial and glandular tissues, homeostasis relies on the self-renewing capacity of stem cells, which are within the basal layer. The p53 family member p63 is an indispensable transcription factor for epithelial morphogenesis and stemness. A splice variant of the transcription factor p63 that lacks an amino-terminal domain, ΔNp63, is selectively found in the basal compartments of several ectoderm-derived tissues such as stratified and glandular epithelia, in which it is required for the replenishment of stem cells. Thus far, the transcriptional programs downstream of p63 in stemness regulation remain incompletely defined. Unveiling the molecular basis of stem cell self-renewal may be relevant in understanding how this process may contribute to cancer development. In this review, we specifically highlight experimental investigations, which suggest that p63 is a marker of normal epithelial stem cells and describe p63 transcriptional targets that may be involved in stemness regulation. Finally, we discuss relevant findings implicating p63 in epithelial cancer stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Melino
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy. Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Elisa Maria Memmi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy. Department of Health Sciences, Milan University, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy. Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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106
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Expanding the p53 regulatory network: LncRNAs take up the challenge. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015. [PMID: 26196323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are rapidly emerging as important regulators of gene expression in a wide variety of physiological and pathological cellular processes. In particular, a number of studies revealed that some lncRNAs participate in the p53 pathway, the unquestioned protagonist of tumor suppressor response. Indeed, several lncRNAs are not only part of the large pool of genes coordinated by p53 transcription factor, but are also required by p53 to fine-tune its response and to fully accomplish its tumor suppressor program. In this review we will discuss the current and fast growing knowledge about the contribution of lncRNAs to the complexity of the p53 network, the different mechanisms by which they affect gene regulation in this context, and their involvement in cancer. The incipient impact of lncRNAs in the p53 biological response may encourage the development of therapies and diagnostic methods focused on these noncoding molecules. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Clues to long noncoding RNA taxonomy1, edited by Dr. Tetsuro Hirose and Dr. Shinichi Nakagawa.
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107
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Druwe I, Freudenrich TM, Wallace K, Shafer TJ, Mundy WR. Sensitivity of neuroprogenitor cells to chemical-induced apoptosis using a multiplexed assay suitable for high-throughput screening. Toxicology 2015; 333:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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108
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Microglia-derived IL-1β triggers p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in neural precursor cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1779. [PMID: 26043079 PMCID: PMC4669832 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain and can contribute to learning and memory processes and potentially to regeneration and repair of the affected nervous system. Deregulated neurogenesis has been observed in neuropathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, trauma and stroke. However, the survival of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and newly born neurons is adversely affected by the inflammatory environment that arises as a result of microglial activation associated with injury or disease processes. In the present study, we have investigated the mechanisms by which microglia affect NPC proliferation and survival. Importantly, we demonstrate that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) produced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-activated microglia is necessary to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NPCs in vitro. Mechanistically, we show that IL-1β activates the tumor suppressor p53 through an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism resulting in p53-mediated induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family members Puma (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and Noxa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by recombinant IL-1β or activated microglia is attenuated in p53-deficient NPCs. Finally, we have determined that IL-1β induces NPC death via the p53-dependent induction of Puma leading to the activation of a Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein)-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In summary, we have elucidated a novel role for p53 in the regulation of NPC proliferation and survival during neuroinflammatory conditions that could be targeted to promote neurogenesis and repair in a number of neurological conditions.
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109
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Crespo I, Vital AL, Gonzalez-Tablas M, Patino MDC, Otero A, Lopes MC, de Oliveira C, Domingues P, Orfao A, Tabernero MD. Molecular and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1820-33. [PMID: 25976245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, important advances have been achieved in the understanding of the molecular biology of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); thus, complex genetic alterations and genomic profiles, which recurrently involve multiple signaling pathways, have been defined, leading to the first molecular/genetic classification of the disease. In this regard, different genetic alterations and genetic pathways appear to distinguish primary (eg, EGFR amplification) versus secondary (eg, IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation) GBM. Such genetic alterations target distinct combinations of the growth factor receptor-ras signaling pathways, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT, retinoblastoma/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) N2A-p16(INK4A), and TP53/mouse double minute (MDM) 2/MDM4/CDKN2A-p14(ARF) pathways, in cells that present features associated with key stages of normal neurogenesis and (normal) central nervous system cell types. This translates into well-defined genomic profiles that have been recently classified by The Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium into four subtypes: classic, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural GBM. Herein, we review the most relevant genetic alterations of primary versus secondary GBM, the specific signaling pathways involved, and the overall genomic profile of this genetically heterogeneous group of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Crespo
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Louisa Vital
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - María Gonzalez-Tablas
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Otero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Celeste Lopes
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina de Oliveira
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Domingues
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Tabernero
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Health Science Studies of Castilla and León Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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110
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Wang S, Xia P, Rehm M, Fan Z. Autophagy and cell reprogramming. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1699-713. [PMID: 25572296 PMCID: PMC11113636 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that degrades cytoplasmic components, thus contributing to cell survival and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy maintains stem cells in relatively undifferentiated states (stemness) and also contributes to differentiation processes. Autophagy likewise plays a crucial role in somatic cell reprogramming, a finely regulated process that resets differentiated cells to a pluripotent state and that requires comprehensive alterations in transcriptional activities and epigenetic signatures. Autophagy assists in manifesting the functional consequences that arise from these alterations by modifying cellular protein expression profiles. The role of autophagy appears to be particularly relevant for early phases of cell reprogramming during the generation of induced pluripotent stems cells (iPSCs). In this review, we provide an overview of the core molecular machinery that constitutes the autophagic degradation system, describe the roles of autophagy in maintenance, self-renewal, and differentiation of stem cells, and discuss the autophagic process and its regulation during cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Pengyan Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zusen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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111
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Cheyuo C, Aziz M, Yang WL, Jacob A, Zhou M, Wang P. Milk fat globule-EGF factor VIII attenuates CNS injury by promoting neural stem cell proliferation and migration after cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122833. [PMID: 25867181 PMCID: PMC4394995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediators in activating neural stem cells during the regenerative process of neurogenesis following stroke have not been fully identified. Milk fat globule-EGF Factor VIII (MFG-E8), a secreted glycoprotein serves several cellular functions by binding to its receptor, αv β3-integrin. However, its role in regulating neural stem cells after stroke has not been determined yet. We therefore, aim to reveal whether MFG-E8 promotes neural stem cell proliferation and migration during stroke. Stroke was induced in wild-type (Wt) and MFG-E8-deficinet (Mfge8-/-) mice by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Commercially available recombinant mouse MFG-E8 (rmMFG-E8) was used for mechanistic assays in neural stem cell line, while the in house prepared recombinant human MFG-E8 (rhMFG-E8) was used for in vivo administration into rats with tMCAO. The in vitro effects of recombinant rmMFG-E8 for the neural stem cell proliferation and migration were determined by BrdU and transwell migration assay, respectively. The expression of cyclin D2, p53 and netrin-1, was analyzed by qPCR. We report that the treatment of rhMFG-E8 significantly improved the neurological deficit score, body weight lost and neural stem cell proliferation in a rat model of tMCAO. Conversely, decreased neural stem cell proliferation was observed in Mfge8-/- mice in comparison with the Wt counterparts underwent tMCAO. rmMFG-E8 stimulated the proliferation of mouse embryonic neural stem cells via upregulation of cyclin D2 and downregulation of p53, which is mediated by αv β3-integrin. rmMFG-E8 also promoted mouse embryonic neural stem cell migration via αv β3-integrin dependent manner in upregulating netrin-1. Our findings suggest MFG-E8 to promote neural stem cell proliferation and migration, which therefore establishes a promising therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus Cheyuo
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Asha Jacob
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mian Zhou
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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112
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Abstract
During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), neurons and glia are derived from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) undergoing self-renewal. NSC commitment and differentiation are tightly controlled by intrinsic and external regulatory mechanisms in space- and time-related fashions. SIRT1, a silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) ortholog, is expressed in several areas of the brain and has been reported to be involved in the self-renewal, multipotency, and fate determination of NSCs. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the deacetylase activity of SIRT1 in the determination of the final fate of NSCs. This review summarizes the roles of SIRT1 in the expansion and differentiation of NSCs, specification of neuronal subtypes and glial cells, and reprogramming of functional neurons from embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts. This review also discusses potential signaling pathways through which SIRT1 can exhibit versatile functions in NSCs to regulate the cell fate decisions of neurons and glia.
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113
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Daniel G, Schmidt-Edelkraut U, Spengler D, Hoffmann A. Imprinted Zac1 in neural stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:300-314. [PMID: 25815116 PMCID: PMC4369488 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) and imprinted genes play an important role in brain development. On historical grounds, these two determinants have been largely studied independently of each other. Recent evidence suggests, however, that NSCs can reset select genomic imprints to prevent precocious depletion of the stem cell reservoir. Moreover, imprinted genes like the transcriptional regulator Zac1 can fine tune neuronal vs astroglial differentiation of NSCs. Zac1 binds in a sequence-specific manner to pro-neuronal and imprinted genes to confer transcriptional regulation and furthermore coregulates members of the p53-family in NSCs. At the genome scale, Zac1 is a central hub of an imprinted gene network comprising genes with an important role for NSC quiescence, proliferation and differentiation. Overall, transcriptional, epigenomic, and genomic mechanisms seem to coordinate the functional relationships of NSCs and imprinted genes from development to maturation, and possibly aging.
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114
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Zhang TG, Li XD, Yu GY, Xie P, Wang YG, Liu ZY, Hong Q, Liu DZ, Du SX. All-trans-retinoic acid inhibits chondrogenesis of rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells by downregulating p53 expression. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:210-8. [PMID: 25738595 PMCID: PMC4438916 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-established role of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in congenital clubfoot (CCF)-like deformities in in vivo models, the essential cellular and molecular targets and the signaling mechanisms for ATRA-induced CCF-like deformities remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that p53 and p21, expressed in the hindlimb bud mesenchyme, regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, contributing to a significant proportion of embryonic CCF-like abnormalities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms for ATRA-induced CCF, by assessing ATRA-regulated chondrogenesis in rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells (rEHBMCs) in vitro. The experimental study was based on varying concentrations of ATRA exposure on embryonic day 12.5 rEHBMCs in vitro. The present study demonstrated that ATRA inhibited the proliferation of cells by stimulating apoptotic cell death of rEHBMCs. It was also observed that ATRA induced a dose-dependent reduction of cartilage nodules compared with the control group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of cartilage-specific molecules, including aggrecan, Sox9 and collagen, type II, α 1 (Col2a1), were downregulated by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner; the mRNA levels of p53 and p21 were dose-dependently upregulated from 16 to 20 h of incubation with ATRA, but dose-dependently downregulated from 24 to 48 h. Of note, p53 and p21 were regulated at the translational level in parallel with the transcription with rEHBMCs treated with ATRA. Furthermore, the immunofluorescent microscopy assays indicated that proteins of p53 and p21 were predominantly expressed in the cartilage nodules. The present study demonstrated that ATRA decreases the chondrogenesis of rEHBMCs by inhibiting cartilage-specific molecules, including aggrecan, Sox9 and Col2al, via regulating the expression of p53 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Gen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Guo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - De-Zhong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xin Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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115
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Balboni AL, Cherukuri P, Ung M, DeCastro AJ, Cheng C, DiRenzo J. p53 and ΔNp63α Coregulate the Transcriptional and Cellular Response to TGFβ and BMP Signals. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:732-42. [PMID: 25700283 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0152-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The TGFβ superfamily regulates a broad range of cellular processes, including proliferation, cell-fate specification, differentiation, and migration. Molecular mechanisms underlying this high degree of pleiotropy and cell-type specificity are not well understood. The TGFβ family is composed of two branches: (i) TGFβs, activins, and nodals, which signal through SMAD2/3, and (ii) bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), which signal through SMAD1/5/8. SMADs have weak DNA-binding affinity and rely on coactivators and corepressors to specify their transcriptional outputs. This report reveals that p53 and ΔNp63α act as transcriptional partners for SMAD proteins and thereby influence cellular responses to TGFβ and BMPs. Suppression of p53 or overexpression of ΔNp63α synergistically enhance BMP-induced transcription. Mechanistically, p53 and ΔNp63α physically interact with SMAD1/5/8 proteins and co-occupy the promoter region of inhibitor of differentiation (ID2), a prosurvival BMP target gene. Demonstrating further convergence of these pathways, TGFβ-induced canonical BMP regulated transcription in a ΔNp63α- and p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses revealed that SMAD2/3 and ΔNp63α coregulate a significant number of transcripts involved in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Thus, p53 and ΔNp63α are transcriptional partners for a subset of TGFβ- and BMP-regulated SMAD target genes in the mammary epithelium. Collectively, these results establish an integrated gene network of SMADs, p53, and ΔNp63α that contribute to EMT and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS This study identifies aberrant BMP activation as a result of p53 mutation or ΔNp63α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Balboni
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Pratima Cherukuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew Ung
- Department of Genetics, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Andrew J DeCastro
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Genetics, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - James DiRenzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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116
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Sarlak G, Vincent B. The Roles of the Stem Cell-Controlling Sox2 Transcription Factor: from Neuroectoderm Development to Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1679-1698. [PMID: 25691455 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a component of the core transcriptional regulatory network which maintains the totipotency of the cells during embryonic preimplantation period, the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and the multipotency of neural stem cells. This maintenance is controlled by internal loops between Sox2 and other transcription factors of the core such as Oct4, Nanog, Dax1, and Klf4, downstream proteins of extracellular ligands, epigenetic modifiers, and miRNAs. As Sox2 plays an important role in the balance between stem cells maintenance and commitment to differentiated lineages throughout the lifetime, it is supposed that Sox2 could regulate stem cells aging processes. In this review, we provide an update concerning the involvement of Sox2 in neurogenesis during normal aging and discuss its possible role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golmaryam Sarlak
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
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117
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Pant V, Lozano G. Dissecting the p53-Mdm2 feedback loop in vivo: uncoupling the role in p53 stability and activity. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1149-56. [PMID: 24658419 PMCID: PMC4012731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-Mdm2 feedback loop is thought to be the main mechanism by which p53 autoregulates its levels and activity after DNA damage. We tested this paradigm in a genetically engineered mouse model in which the feedback loop was disrupted by point mutations in the p53 binding site of the Mdm2 promoter. We noted that while the p53-Mdm2 feedback loop is required to regulate p53 activity especially in the hematopoietic system in response to DNA damage, its role in development and in regulating the stability of p53 is dispensable. In the present study we have extended our characterization of this mouse model and show that the kinetics of p53 degradation is also unchanged in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Additionally, MG132 experiments indicate that other E3-ligases regulate p53 stability. Also, Mdm4 cooperates in inhibition of p53 activity and levels in these mice. Finally, we show in this system that enhanced acute p53 response does not promote aging or protect against late term tumorigenesis. We also discuss future perspectives for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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118
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Ma CY, Yao MJ, Zhai QW, Jiao JW, Yuan XB, Poo MM. SIRT1 suppresses self-renewal of adult hippocampal neural stem cells. Development 2014; 141:4697-709. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.117937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) is essential for the maintenance of the aNSC reservoir and the continuous supply of new neurons, but how this balance is fine-tuned in the adult brain is not fully understood. Here, we investigate the role of SIRT1, an important metabolic sensor and epigenetic repressor, in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. We found that there was an increase in SIRT1 expression during aNSC differentiation. In Sirt1 knockout (KO) mice, as well as in brain-specific and inducible stem cell-specific conditional KO mice, the proliferation and self-renewal rates of aNSCs in vivo were elevated. Proliferation and self-renewal rates of aNSCs and adult neural progenitor cells (aNPCs) were also elevated in neurospheres derived from Sirt1 KO mice and were suppressed by the SIRT1 agonist resveratrol in neurospheres from wild-type mice. In cultured neurospheres, 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced metabolic stress suppressed aNSC/aNPC proliferation, and this effect was mediated in part by elevating SIRT1 activity. Microarray and biochemical analysis of neurospheres suggested an inhibitory effect of SIRT1 on Notch signaling in aNSCs/aNPCs. Inhibition of Notch signaling by a γ-secretase inhibitor also largely abolished the increased aNSC/aNPC proliferation caused by Sirt1 deletion. Together, these findings indicate that SIRT1 is an important regulator of aNSC/aNPC self-renewal and a potential mediator of the effect of metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-yan Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mao-jin Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi-wei Zhai
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian-wei Jiao
- Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-bing Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mu-ming Poo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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119
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3D culture of murine neural stem cells on decellularized mouse brain sections. Biomaterials 2014; 41:122-31. [PMID: 25522971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) in diseased or injured brain tissue is widely studied as a potential treatment for various neurological pathologies. However, effective cell replacement therapy relies on the intrinsic capacity of cellular grafts to overcome hypoxic and/or immunological barriers after transplantation. In this context, it is hypothesized that structural support for grafted NSC will be of utmost importance. With this study, we present a novel decellularization protocol for 1.5 mm thick mouse brain sections, resulting in the generation of acellular three-dimensional (3D) brain sections. Next, the obtained 3D brain sections were seeded with murine NSC expressing both the eGFP and luciferase reporter proteins (NSC-eGFP/Luc). Using real-time bioluminescence imaging, the survival and growth of seeded NSC-eGFP/Luc cells was longitudinally monitored for 1-7 weeks in culture, indicating the ability of the acellular brain sections to support sustained ex vivo growth of NSC. Next, the organization of a 3D maze-like cellular structure was examined using confocal microscopy. Moreover, under mitogenic stimuli (EGF and hFGF-2), most cells in this 3D culture retained their NSC phenotype. Concluding, we here present a novel protocol for decellularization of mouse brain sections, which subsequently support long-term 3D culture of undifferentiated NSC.
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120
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Gene Expression Profile of NF-κB, Nrf2, Glycolytic, and p53 Pathways During the SH-SY5Y Neuronal Differentiation Mediated by Retinoic Acid. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:423-435. [PMID: 25465239 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SH-SY5Y cells, a neuroblastoma cell line that is a well-established model system to study the initial phases of neuronal differentiation, have been used in studies to elucidate the mechanisms of neuronal differentiation. In the present study, we investigated alterations of gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells during neuronal differentiation mediated by retinoic acid (RA) treatment. We evaluated important pathways involving nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glycolytic, and p53 during neuronal differentiation. We also investigated the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in modulating the gene expression profile of those pathways by antioxidant co-treatment with Trolox®, a hydrophilic analogue of α-tocopherol. We found that RA treatment increases levels of gene expression of NF-κB, glycolytic, and antioxidant pathway genes during neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. We also found that ROS production induced by RA treatment in SH-SY5Y cells is involved in gene expression profile alterations, chiefly in NF-κB, and glycolytic pathways. Antioxidant co-treatment with Trolox® reversed the effects mediated by RA NF-κB, and glycolytic pathways gene expression. Interestingly, co-treatment with Trolox® did not reverse the effects in antioxidant gene expression mediated by RA in SH-SY5Y. To confirm neuronal differentiation, we quantified endogenous levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, a recognized marker of neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that during neuronal differentiation mediated by RA, changes in profile gene expression of important pathways occur. These alterations are in part mediated by ROS production. Therefore, our results reinforce the importance in understanding the mechanism by which RA induces neuronal differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells, principally due this model being commonly used as a neuronal cell model in studies of neuronal pathologies.
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121
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p53 Suppression partially rescues the mutant phenotype in mouse models of DiGeorge syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13385-90. [PMID: 25197075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401923111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-box 1 (Tbx1), a gene encoding a T-box transcription factor, is required for embryonic development in humans and mice. Half dosage of this gene in humans causes most of the features of the DiGeorge or Velocardiofacial syndrome phenotypes, including aortic arch and cardiac outflow tract abnormalities. Here we found a strong genetic interaction between Tbx1 and transformation related protein 53 (Trp53). Indeed, genetic ablation of Trp53, or pharmacological inhibition of its protein product p53, rescues significantly the cardiovascular defects of Tbx1 heterozygous and hypomorphic mutants. We found that the Tbx1 and p53 proteins do not interact directly but both occupy a genetic element of Gbx2, which is required for aortic arch and cardiac outflow tract development, and is a known genetic interactor of Tbx1. We found that Gbx2 expression is down-regulated in Tbx1(+/-) embryos and is restored to normal levels in Tbx1(+/-);Trp53(+/-) embryos. In addition, we found that the genetic element that binds both Tbx1 and p53 is highly enriched in H3K27 trimethylation, and upon p53 suppression H3K27me3 levels are reduced, along with Ezh2 enrichment. This finding suggests that the rescue of Gbx2 expression in Tbx1(+/-);Trp53(+/-) embryos is due to reduction of repressive chromatin marks. Overall our data identify unexpected genetic interactions between Tbx1 and Trp53 and provide a proof of principle that developmental defects associated with reduced dosage of Tbx1 can be rescued pharmacologically.
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122
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Huang PY, Balmain A. Modeling cutaneous squamous carcinoma development in the mouse. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013623. [PMID: 25183851 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common cancers in Caucasian populations and is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. The classic mouse model for studying SCC involves two-stage chemical carcinogenesis, which has been instrumental in the evolution of the concept of multistage carcinogenesis, as widely applied to both human and mouse cancers. Much is now known about the sequence of biological and genetic events that occur in this skin carcinogenesis model and the factors that can influence the course of tumor development, such as perturbations in the oncogene/tumor-suppressor signaling pathways involved, the nature of the target cell that acquires the first genetic hit, and the role of inflammation. Increasingly, studies of tumor-initiating cells, malignant progression, and metastasis in mouse skin cancer models will have the potential to inform future approaches to treatment and chemoprevention of human squamous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Y Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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123
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Das A, Chai JC, Jung KH, Das ND, Kang SC, Lee YS, Seo H, Chai YG. JMJD2A attenuation affects cell cycle and tumourigenic inflammatory gene regulation in lipopolysaccharide stimulated neuroectodermal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:361-78. [PMID: 25193078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
JMJD2A is a lysine trimethyl-specific histone demethylase that is highly expressed in a variety of tumours. The role of JMJD2A in tumour progression remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to identify JMJD2A-regulated genes and understand the function of JMJD2A in p53-null neuroectodermal stem cells (p53(-/-) NE-4Cs). We determined the effect of LPS as a model of inflammation in p53(-/-) NE-4Cs and investigated whether the epigenetic modifier JMJD2A alter the expression of tumourigenic inflammatory genes. Global gene expression was measured in JMJD2A knockdown (kd) p53(-/-) NE-4Cs and in LPS-stimulated JMJD2A-kd p53(-/-) NE-4C cells. JMJD2A attenuation significantly down-regulated genes were Cdca2, Ccnd2, Ccnd1, Crebbp, IL6rα, and Stat3 related with cell cycle, proliferation, and inflammatory-disease responses. Importantly, some tumour-suppressor genes including Dapk3, Timp2 and TFPI were significantly up-regulated but were not affected by silencing of the JMJD2B. Furthermore, we confirmed the attenuation of JMJD2A also down-regulated Cdca2, Ccnd2, Crebbp, and Rest in primary NSCs isolated from the forebrains of E15 embryos of C57/BL6J mice with effective p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α). Transcription factor (TF) motif analysis revealed known binding patterns for CDC5, MYC, and CREB, as well as three novel motifs in JMJD2A-regulated genes. IPA established molecular networks. The molecular network signatures and functional gene-expression profiling data from this study warrants further investigation as an effective therapeutic target, and studies to elucidate the molecular mechanism of JMJD2A-kd-dependent effects in neuroectodermal stem cells should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Das
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nando Dulal Das
- Clinical Research Centre, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Kang
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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124
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Zander MA, Cancino GI, Gridley T, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. The Snail transcription factor regulates the numbers of neural precursor cells and newborn neurons throughout mammalian life. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104767. [PMID: 25136812 PMCID: PMC4138084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snail transcription factor regulates diverse aspects of stem cell biology in organisms ranging from Drosophila to mammals. Here we have asked whether it regulates the biology of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the forebrain of postnatal and adult mice, taking advantage of a mouse containing a floxed Snail allele (Snailfl/fl mice). We show that when Snail is inducibly ablated in the embryonic cortex, this has long-term consequences for cortical organization. In particular, when Snailfl/fl mice are crossed to Nestin-cre mice that express Cre recombinase in embryonic neural precursors, this causes inducible ablation of Snail expression throughout the postnatal cortex. This loss of Snail causes a decrease in proliferation of neonatal cortical neural precursors and mislocalization and misspecification of cortical neurons. Moreover, these precursor phenotypes persist into adulthood. Adult neural precursor cell proliferation is decreased in the forebrain subventricular zone and in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and this is coincident with a decrease in the number of adult-born olfactory and hippocampal neurons. Thus, Snail is a key regulator of the numbers of neural precursors and newborn neurons throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Zander
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gonzalo I. Cancino
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, University of Maine, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - David R. Kaplan
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Freda D. Miller
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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125
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Senturk S, Yao Z, Camiolo M, Stiles B, Rathod T, Walsh AM, Nemajerova A, Lazzara MJ, Altorki NK, Krainer A, Moll UM, Lowe SW, Cartegni L, Sordella R. p53Ψ is a transcriptionally inactive p53 isoform able to reprogram cells toward a metastatic-like state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3287-96. [PMID: 25074920 PMCID: PMC4136628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321640111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about the underlying mechanisms of p53 activity and regulation, the factors that influence the diversity and duration of p53 responses are not well understood. Here we describe a unique mode of p53 regulation involving alternative splicing of the TP53 gene. We found that the use of an alternative 3' splice site in intron 6 generates a unique p53 isoform, dubbed p53Ψ. At the molecular level, p53Ψ is unable to bind to DNA and does not transactivate canonical p53 target genes. However, like certain p53 gain-of-function mutants, p53Ψ attenuates the expression of E-cadherin, induces expression of markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and enhances the motility and invasive capacity of cells through a unique mechanism involving the regulation of cyclophilin D activity, a component of the mitochondrial inner pore permeability. Hence, we propose that p53Ψ encodes a separation-of-function isoform that, although lacking canonical p53 tumor suppressor/transcriptional activities, is able to induce a prometastatic program in a transcriptionally independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serif Senturk
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Zhan Yao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Matthew Camiolo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Brendon Stiles
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Trushar Rathod
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alice M Walsh
- Bioengineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Alice Nemajerova
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Bioengineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Adrian Krainer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Luca Cartegni
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Raffaella Sordella
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724;
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126
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Kim DY, Rhee I, Paik J. Metabolic circuits in neural stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4221-41. [PMID: 25037158 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activity indicative of cellular demand is emerging as a key player in cell fate decision. Numerous studies have demonstrated that diverse metabolic pathways have a critical role in the control of the proliferation, differentiation and quiescence of stem cells. The identification of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and the characterization of their development and fate decision process have provided insight into the regenerative potential of the adult brain. As a result, the potential of NSPCs in cell replacement therapies for neurological diseases is rapidly growing. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent findings on the crosstalk among key regulators of NSPC development and the metabolic regulation crucial for the function and cell fate decisions of NSPCs. Fundamental understanding of the metabolic circuits in NSPCs may help to provide novel approaches for reactivating neurogenesis to treat degenerative brain conditions and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, 10065, USA
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127
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Lim YC, Roberts TL, Day BW, Stringer BW, Kozlov S, Fazry S, Bruce ZC, Ensbey KS, Walker DG, Boyd AW, Lavin MF. Increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation by targeting the homologous recombination pathway in glioma initiating cells. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1603-15. [PMID: 25017126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is deemed the most malignant form of brain tumour, particularly due to its resistance to conventional treatments. A small surviving group of aberrant stem cells termed glioma initiation cells (GICs) that escape surgical debulking are suggested to be the cause of this resistance. Relatively quiescent in nature, GICs are capable of driving tumour recurrence and undergo lineage differentiation. Most importantly, these GICs are resistant to radiotherapy, suggesting that radioresistance contribute to their survival. In a previous study, we demonstrated that GICs had a restricted double strand break (DSB) repair pathway involving predominantly homologous recombination (HR) associated with a lack of functional G1/S checkpoint arrest. This unusual behaviour led to less efficient non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair and overall slower DNA DSB repair kinetics. To determine whether specific targeting of the HR pathway with small molecule inhibitors could increase GIC radiosensitivity, we used the Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated inhibitor (ATMi) to ablate HR and the DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (DNA-PKi) to inhibit NHEJ. Pre-treatment with ATMi prior to ionizing radiation (IR) exposure prevented HR-mediated DNA DSB repair as measured by Rad51 foci accumulation. Increased cell death in vitro and improved in vivo animal survival could be observed with combined ATMi and IR treatment. Conversely, DNA-PKi treatment had minimal impact on GICs ability to resolve DNA DSB after IR with only partial reduction in cell survival, confirming the major role of HR. These results provide a mechanistic insight into the predominant form of DNA DSB repair in GICs, which when targeted may be a potential translational approach to increase patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tara L Roberts
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Brett W Stringer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Shazrul Fazry
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Zara C Bruce
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Kathleen S Ensbey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - David G Walker
- BrizBrain and Spine, The Wesley Hospital, Evan Thomson Building, Level 10, Auchenflower, Queensland 4066, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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128
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Spontaneous Running Wheel Improves Cognitive Functions of Mouse Associated with miRNA Expressional Alteration in Hippocampus Following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:622-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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129
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Akers KG, Martinez-Canabal A, Restivo L, Yiu AP, De Cristofaro A, Hsiang HLL, Wheeler AL, Guskjolen A, Niibori Y, Shoji H, Ohira K, Richards BA, Miyakawa T, Josselyn SA, Frankland PW. Hippocampal neurogenesis regulates forgetting during adulthood and infancy. Science 2014; 344:598-602. [PMID: 24812394 DOI: 10.1126/science.1248903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, new neurons are continuously added to the dentate gyrus. As this continuous addition remodels hippocampal circuits, computational models predict that neurogenesis leads to degradation or forgetting of established memories. Consistent with this, increasing neurogenesis after the formation of a memory was sufficient to induce forgetting in adult mice. By contrast, during infancy, when hippocampal neurogenesis levels are high and freshly generated memories tend to be rapidly forgotten (infantile amnesia), decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation mitigated forgetting. In precocial species, including guinea pigs and degus, most granule cells are generated prenatally. Consistent with reduced levels of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, infant guinea pigs and degus did not exhibit forgetting. However, increasing neurogenesis after memory formation induced infantile amnesia in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Akers
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
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130
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Huang YF, Wee S, Gunaratne J, Lane DP, Bulavin DV. Isg15 controls p53 stability and functions. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2200-10. [PMID: 24844324 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of p53 is a cornerstone in the control of its functions as a tumor suppressor. This process is attributed to ubiquitin-dependent modification of p53. In addition to polyubiquitination, we found that p53 is targeted for degradation through ISGylation. Isg15, a ubiquitin-like protein, covalently modifies p53 at 2 sites in the N and C terminus, and ISGylated p53 can be degraded by the 20S proteasome. ISGylation primarily targets a misfolded, dominant-negative p53, and Isg15 deletion in normal cells results in suppression of p53 activity and functions. We propose that Isg15-dependent degradation of p53 represents an alternative mechanism of controlling p53 protein levels, and, thus, it is an attractive pathway for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fu Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; A*STAR; Singapore
| | - Sheena Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; A*STAR; Singapore
| | | | | | - Dmitry V Bulavin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; A*STAR; Singapore; Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN); INSERM; U1081-UMR CNRS 7284; University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis; Centre Antoine Lacassagne; Nice, France
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131
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p63 and p73 coordinate p53 function to determine the balance between survival, cell death, and senescence in adult neural precursor cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1546-59. [PMID: 24809925 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family members p73 and p63 have been implicated in various aspects of stem cell regulation. Here, we have asked whether they work together to regulate stem cell biology, focusing upon neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the adult murine brain. By studying mice that are haploinsufficient for p63 and/or p73, we show that these two proteins cooperate to ensure appropriate NPC self-renewal and long-term maintenance in the hippocampus and forebrain, and that when both are haploinsufficient, the NPC deficits are significantly greater than haploinsufficiency for either alone. We show that, in the case of p63(+/-) mice, this decrease in adult NPCs is caused by enhanced apoptosis. However, when p73 is coincidently haploinsufficient, this rescues the enhanced apoptosis of p63(+/-) NPCs under both basal conditions and following genotoxic stress, instead causing increased cellular senescence. This increase in cellular senescence is likely due, at least in part, to increased levels of basal DNA damage and p53 activation, as genetic ablation of p53 completely rescues the senescence phenotype observed in p63(+/-); p73(+/-) mice. Thus, the presence of p73 determines whether p63(+/-) NPCs exhibit increased p53-dependent apoptosis or senescence. Together, these studies demonstrate that p63 and p73 cooperate to maintain adult NPC pools through regulation of p53 function; p63 antagonizes p53 to promote cellular survival, whereas p73 regulates self-renewal and p53-mediated apoptosis versus senescence.
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132
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Park HJ, Hong M, Bronson RT, Israel MA, Frankel WN, Yun K. Elevated Id2 expression results in precocious neural stem cell depletion and abnormal brain development. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1010-21. [PMID: 23390122 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Id2 is a helix-loop-helix transcription factor essential for normal development, and its expression is dysregulated in many human neurological conditions. Although it is speculated that elevated Id2 levels contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders, it is unknown whether dysregulated Id2 expression is sufficient to perturb normal brain development or function. Here, we show that mice with elevated Id2 expression during embryonic stages develop microcephaly, and that females in particular are prone to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Analyses of Id2 transgenic brains indicate that Id2 activity is highly cell context specific: elevated Id2 expression in naive neural stem cells (NSCs) in early neuroepithelium induces apoptosis and loss of NSCs and intermediate progenitors. Activation of Id2 in maturing neuroepithelium results in less severe phenotypes and is accompanied by elevation of G1 cyclin expression and p53 target gene expression. In contrast, activation of Id2 in committed intermediate progenitors has no significant phenotype. Functional analysis with Id2-overexpressing and Id2-null NSCs shows that Id2 negatively regulates NSC self-renewal in vivo, in contrast to previous cell culture experiments. Deletion of p53 function from Id2-transgenic brains rescues apoptosis and results in increased incidence of brain tumors. Furthermore, Id2 overexpression normalizes the increased self-renewal of p53-null NSCs, suggesting that Id2 activates and modulates the p53 pathway in NSCs. Together, these data suggest that elevated Id2 expression in embryonic brains can cause deregulated NSC self-renewal, differentiation, and survival that manifest in multiple neurological outcomes in mature brains, including microcephaly, seizures, and brain tumors.
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133
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Comel A, Sorrentino G, Capaci V, Del Sal G. The cytoplasmic side of p53's oncosuppressive activities. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2600-9. [PMID: 24747877 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that in response to a plethora of stress stimuli activates a complex and context-dependent cellular response ultimately protecting genome integrity. In the last two decades, the discovery of cytoplasmic p53 localization has driven an intense research on its extra-nuclear functions. The ability to induce apoptosis acting directly at mitochondria and the related mechanisms of p53 localization and translocation in the cytoplasm and mitochondria have been dissected. However, recent works indicate the involvement of cytoplasmic p53 also in biological processes such as autophagy, metabolism, oxidative stress and drug response. This review will focus on the mechanisms of cytoplasmic p53 activation and the pathophysiological role of p53's transcription-independent functions, highlighting possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Comel
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorrentino
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Valeria Capaci
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127, Italy.
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134
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Song IY, Balmain A. Cellular reprogramming in skin cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:32-9. [PMID: 24721247 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Early primitive stem cells have long been viewed as the cancer cells of origin (tumor initiating target cells) due to their intrinsic features of self-renewal and longevity. However, emerging evidence suggests a surprising capacity for normal committed cells to function as reserve stem cells upon reprogramming as a consequence of tissue damage resulting in inflammation and wound healing. This results in an alternative concept positing that tumors may originate from differentiated cells that can re-acquire stem cell properties due to genetic or epigenetic reprogramming. It is likely that both models are correct, and that a continuum of potential cells of origin exists, ranging from early primitive stem cells to committed progenitor or even terminally differentiated cells. A combination of the nature of the target cell and the specific types of gene mutations introduced determine tumor cell lineage, as well as potential for malignant conversion. Evidence from mouse skin models of carcinogenesis suggests that initiated cells at different stages within a stem cell hierarchy have varying degrees of requirement for reprogramming (e.g. inflammation stimuli), depending on their degree of differentiation. This article will present evidence in favor of these concepts that has been developed from studies of several mouse models of skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihn Young Song
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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135
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The tumor suppressor p53 is lost or mutated in about half of all human cancers, and in those tumors in which it is wild-type, mechanisms exist to prevent its activation. p53 loss not only prevents incipient tumor cells from undergoing oncogene-induced senescence and apoptosis, but also perturbs cell-cycle checkpoints. This enables p53-deficient tumor cells with DNA damage to continue cycling, creating a permissive environment for the acquisition of additional mutations. Theoretically, this could contribute to the evolution of a cancer genome that is conducive to metastasis. Importantly, p53 loss also results in the disruption of pathways that inhibit metastasis, and transcriptionally defective TP53 mutants are known to gain additional functions that promote metastasis. Here, we review the evidence supporting a role for p53 loss or mutation in tumor metastasis, with an emphasis on breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE The metastatic potential of tumor cells can be positively infl uenced by loss of p53 or expression of p53 gain-of-function mutants. Understanding the mechanisms by which p53 loss and mutation promote tumor metastasis is crucial to understanding the biology of tumor progression and how to appropriately apply targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Powell
- Departments of 1Cancer Biology and 2Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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136
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Cheng CY, Hwang CI, Corney DC, Flesken-Nikitin A, Jiang L, Öner GM, Munroe RJ, Schimenti JC, Hermeking H, Nikitin AY. miR-34 cooperates with p53 in suppression of prostate cancer by joint regulation of stem cell compartment. Cell Rep 2014; 6:1000-1007. [PMID: 24630988 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The miR-34 family was originally found to be a direct target of p53 and is a group of putative tumor suppressors. Surprisingly, mice lacking all mir-34 genes show no increase in cancer formation by 18 months of age, hence placing the physiological relevance of previous studies in doubt. Here, we report that mice with prostate epithelium-specific inactivation of mir-34 and p53 show expansion of the prostate stem cell compartment and develop early invasive adenocarcinomas and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, whereas no such lesions are observed after inactivation of either the mir-34 or p53 genes alone by 15 months of age. Consistently, combined deficiency of p53 and miR-34 leads to acceleration of MET-dependent growth, self-renewal, and motility of prostate stem/progenitor cells. Our study provides direct genetic evidence that mir-34 genes are bona fide tumor suppressors and identifies joint control of MET expression by p53 and miR-34 as a key component of prostate stem cell compartment regulation, aberrations in which may lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yang Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chang-Il Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David C Corney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrea Flesken-Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Longchang Jiang
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Gülfem Meryem Öner
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert J Munroe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - John C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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137
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Abstract
Mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) are of particular interest because of their role in brain development and function. Recent findings suggest the intimate involvement of programmed cell death (PCD) in the turnover of NSCs. However, the underlying mechanisms of PCD are largely unknown. Although apoptosis is the best-defined form of PCD, accumulating evidence has revealed a wide spectrum of PCD encompassing apoptosis, autophagic cell death (ACD) and necrosis. This mini-review aims to illustrate a unique regulation of PCD in NSCs. The results of our recent studies on autophagic death of adult hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells are also discussed. HCN cell death following insulin withdrawal clearly provides a reliable model that can be used to analyze the molecular mechanisms of ACD in the larger context of PCD. More research efforts are needed to increase our understanding of the molecular basis of NSC turnover under degenerating conditions, such as aging, stress and neurological diseases. Efforts aimed at protecting and harnessing endogenous NSCs will offer novel opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies for neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Chung
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Korea
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138
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Aloni-Grinstein R, Shetzer Y, Kaufman T, Rotter V. p53: the barrier to cancer stem cell formation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2580-9. [PMID: 24560790 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of p53 as the "guardian of the genome" in differentiated somatic cells, triggering various biological processes, is well established. Recent studies in the stem cell field have highlighted a profound role of p53 in stem cell biology as well. These studies, combined with basic data obtained 20 years ago, provide insight into how p53 governs the quantity and quality of various stem cells, ensuring a sufficient repertoire of normal stem cells to enable proper development, tissue regeneration and a cancer free life. In this review we address the role of p53 in genomically stable embryonic stem cells, a unique predisposed cancer stem cell model and adult stem cells, its role in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as its role as the barrier to cancer stem cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tom Kaufman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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139
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Cieślar-Pobuda A, Bäck M, Magnusson K, Jain MV, Rafat M, Ghavami S, Nilsson KPR, Łos MJ. Cell type related differences in staining with pentameric thiophene derivatives. Cytometry A 2014; 85:628-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Cieślar-Pobuda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE); Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Biosystems Group; Institute of Automatic Control; Silesian University of Technology; Gliwice Poland
| | - Marcus Bäck
- Department of Chemistry; IFM, Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Karin Magnusson
- Department of Chemistry; IFM, Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Mayur V. Jain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE); Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Mehrdad Rafat
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE); Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science; Manitoba Institute of Child Health; Manitoba Canada
- Department of Physiology; St. Boniface Research Centre; University of Manitoba; Manitoba Canada
| | | | - Marek J. Łos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE); Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Pathology; Pomeranian Medical University; Szczecin Poland
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140
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Rivlin N, Koifman G, Rotter V. p53 orchestrates between normal differentiation and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:10-7. [PMID: 24406212 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, it is becoming more and more evident that there is a tight connection between abnormal differentiation processes and cancer. While cancer and stem cells are very different, especially in terms of maintaining genomic integrity, these cell types also share many similar properties. In this review, we aim to provide an over-view of the roles of the key tumor suppressor, p53, in regulating normal differentiation and function of both stem cells and adult cells. When these functions are disrupted, undifferentiated cells may become transformed. Understanding the function of p53 in stem cells and its role in maintaining the balance between differentiation and malignant transformation can help shed light on cancer initiation and propagation, and hopefully also on cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Rivlin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gabriela Koifman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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141
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Akdemir KC, Jain AK, Allton K, Aronow B, Xu X, Cooney AJ, Li W, Barton MC. Genome-wide profiling reveals stimulus-specific functions of p53 during differentiation and DNA damage of human embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:205-23. [PMID: 24078252 PMCID: PMC3874181 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How tumor suppressor p53 selectively responds to specific signals, especially in normal cells, is poorly understood. We performed genome-wide profiling of p53 chromatin interactions and target gene expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in response to early differentiation, induced by retinoic acid, versus DNA damage, caused by adriamycin. Most p53-binding sites are unique to each state and define stimulus-specific p53 responses in hESCs. Differentiation-activated p53 targets include many developmental transcription factors and, in pluripotent hESCs, are bound by OCT4 and NANOG at chromatin enriched in both H3K27me3 and H3K4me3. Activation of these genes occurs with recruitment of p53 and H3K27me3-specific demethylases, UTX and JMJD3, to chromatin. In contrast, genes associated with cell migration and motility are bound by p53 specifically after DNA damage. Surveillance functions of p53 in cell death and cell cycle regulation are conserved in both DNA damage and differentiation. Comparative genomic analysis of p53-targets in mouse and human ESCs supports an inter-species divergence in p53 regulatory functions during evolution. Our findings expand the registry of p53-regulated genes to define p53-regulated opposition to pluripotency during early differentiation, a process highly distinct from stress-induced p53 response in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir C. Akdemir
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abhinav K. Jain
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kendra Allton
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xueping Xu
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Austin J. Cooney
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michelle Craig Barton
- Program in Genes & Development, UT Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Center for Stem Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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142
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Yang Y, Chen L, Tian Y, Ye J, Liu Y, Song L, Pan Q, He Y, Chen W, Peng Z, Wang R. Numb modulates the paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelial cells through regulating apical junctional complex assembly and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3214-25. [PMID: 23872314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numb is highly expressed throughout the crypt-villus axis of intestinal mucosa and functions as cell fate determinant and integrator of cell-to-cell adhesion. Increased paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelial cells is associated with the epithelial barrier dysfunction of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The apical junctional complex (AJC) assembly and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation regulate adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ). We determined whether and how Numb modulate the paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and their Numb-interfered counterparts were used in the study for physiological, morphological and biological analyses. Numb, expressed in intestinal epithelial cells and located at the plasma membrane of Caco-2 cells in a basolateral to apical distribution, increased in the intestinal epithelial cells with the formation of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Numb expression decreased and accumulated in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Numb co-localized with E-cadherin, ZO-1 and Par3 at the plasma membrane and interacted with E-cadherin and Par3. Knockdown of Numb in Caco-2 cells altered the F-actin structure during the Ca(2+) switch assay, enhanced TNFα-/INF-γ-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and TJ destruction, and increased the Claudin-2 protein level. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that NMIIA and F-actin co-localized at the cell surface of Caco-2 cells. Numb knockdown in Caco-2 cells increased F-actin contraction and the abundance of phosphorylated MLC. Numb modulated the intestinal epithelial barrier in a Notch signaling-independent manner. These findings suggest that Numb modulates the paracellular permeability by affecting AJC assembly and MLC phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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143
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The tumor suppressor p53 fine-tunes reactive oxygen species levels and neurogenesis via PI3 kinase signaling. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14318-30. [PMID: 24005285 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1056-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to a role for endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell signaling, including in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and fate. However, the function of ROS and their molecular regulation in embryonic mouse neural progenitor cells (eNPCs) has not yet been clarified. Here, we describe that physiological ROS are required for appropriate timing of neurogenesis in the developing telencephalon in vivo and in cultured NPCs, and that the tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in the regulation of ROS-dependent neurogenesis. p53 loss of function leads to elevated ROS and early neurogenesis, while restoration of p53 and antioxidant treatment partially reverse the phenotype associated with premature neurogenesis. Furthermore, we describe that the expression of a number of neurogenic and oxidative stress genes relies on p53 and that both p53 and ROS-dependent induction of neurogenesis depend on PI3 kinase/phospho-Akt signaling. Our results suggest that p53 fine-tunes endogenous ROS levels to ensure the appropriate timing of neurogenesis in eNPCs. This may also have implications for the generation of tumors of neurodevelopmental origin.
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144
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p63 Regulates adult neural precursor and newly born neuron survival to control hippocampal-dependent Behavior. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12569-85. [PMID: 23904595 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1251-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate adult neural precursor cell (NPC) survival, and thus maintain adult neurogenesis, are not well defined. Here, we investigate the role of p63, a p53 family member, in adult NPC function in mice. Conditional ablation of p63 in adult NPCs or p63 haploinsufficiency led to reduced numbers of NPCs and newborn neurons in the neurogenic zones of the hippocampus and lateral ventricles and in the olfactory bulb. These reductions were attributable to enhanced apoptosis of NPCs and newborn neurons and were rescued by inhibition of caspase activity, p53, or the p53 apoptotic effector PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis). Moreover, these cellular deficits were functionally important because they led to perturbations in hippocampus-dependent memory formation. These results indicate that p63 regulates the numbers of adult NPCs and adult-born neurons as well as neural stem cell-dependent cognitive functions, and that it does so, at least in part, by inhibiting p53-dependent cell death.
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145
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Garg N, Po A, Miele E, Campese AF, Begalli F, Silvano M, Infante P, Capalbo C, De Smaele E, Canettieri G, Di Marcotullio L, Screpanti I, Ferretti E, Gulino A. microRNA-17-92 cluster is a direct Nanog target and controls neural stem cell through Trp53inp1. EMBO J 2013; 32:2819-32. [PMID: 24076654 PMCID: PMC3817465 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nanog plays a critical role in the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells as well as in neural stem cells (NSCs). microRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved in stemness regulation. However, the miRNA network downstream of Nanog is still poorly understood. High-throughput screening of miRNA expression profiles in response to modulated levels of Nanog in postnatal NSCs identifies miR-17-92 cluster as a direct target of Nanog. Nanog controls miR-17-92 cluster by binding to the upstream regulatory region and maintaining high levels of transcription in NSCs, whereas Nanog/promoter association and cluster miRNAs expression are lost alongside differentiation. The two miR-17 family members of miR-17-92 cluster, namely miR-17 and miR-20a, target Trp53inp1, a downstream component of p53 pathway. To support a functional role, the presence of miR-17/20a or the loss of Trp53inp1 is required for the Nanog-induced enhancement of self-renewal of NSCs. We unveil an arm of the Nanog/p53 pathway, which regulates stemness in postnatal NSCs, wherein Nanog counteracts p53 signals through miR-17/20a-mediated repression of Trp53inp1. Direct control of the miRNA-17/92 cluster enables Nanog to restrain p53 activity and thus to maintain pluripotency in neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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146
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Deconstruction of medulloblastoma cellular heterogeneity reveals differences between the most highly invasive and self-renewing phenotypes. Neoplasia 2013; 15:384-98. [PMID: 23555184 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant primary pediatric brain tumor. Major research efforts have focused on characterizing and targeting putative brain tumor stem or propagating cell populations from the tumor mass. However, less is known about the relationship between these cells and highly invasive MB cells that evade current therapies. Here, we dissected MB cellular heterogeneity and directly compared invasion and self-renewal. Analysis of higher versus lower self-renewing tumor spheres and stationary versus migrating adherent MB cells revealed differential expression of the cell surface markers CD271 [p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR)] and CD133. Cell sorting demonstrated that CD271 selects for subpopulations with a higher capacity for self-renewal, whereas CD133 selects for cells exhibiting increased invasion in vitro. CD271 expression is higher in human fetal cerebellum and primary samples of the Shh MB molecular variant and lower in the more aggressive, invasive group 3 and 4 subgroups. Global gene expression analysis of higher versus lower self-renewing MB tumor spheres revealed down-regulation of a cell movement transcription program in the higher self-renewing state and a novel potential role for axon guidance signaling in MB-propagating cells. We have identified a cell surface signature based on CD133/CD271 expression that selects for MB cells with a higher self-renewal potential or invasive capacity in vitro. Our study underscores a previously unappreciated role for CD271 in selecting for MB cell phenotypes and suggests that successful treatment of pediatric brain tumors requires concomitant targeting of a spectrum of transitioning self-renewing and highly infiltrative cell subpopulations.
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147
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Cruceru ML, Neagu M, Demoulin JB, Constantinescu SN. Therapy targets in glioblastoma and cancer stem cells: lessons from haematopoietic neoplasms. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1218-35. [PMID: 23998913 PMCID: PMC4159024 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense efforts to identify cancer-initiating cells in malignant brain tumours, markers linked to the function of these cells have only very recently begun to be uncovered. The notion of cancer stem cell gained prominence, several molecules and signalling pathways becoming relevant for diagnosis and treatment. Whether a substantial fraction or only a tiny minority of cells in a tumor can initiate and perpetuate cancer, is still debated. The paradigm of cancer-initiating stem cells has initially been developed with respect to blood cancers where chronic conditions such as myeloproliferative neoplasms are due to mutations acquired in a haematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which maintains the normal hierarchy to neoplastic haematopoiesis. In contrast, acute leukaemia transformation of such blood neoplasms appears to derive not only from HSCs but also from committed progenitors that cannot differentiate. This review will focus on putative novel therapy targets represented by markers described to define cancer stem/initiating cells in malignant gliomas, which have been called ‘leukaemia of the brain’, given their rapid migration and evolution. Parallels are drawn with other cancers, especially haematopoietic, given the similar rampant proliferation and treatment resistance of glioblastoma multiforme and secondary acute leukaemias. Genes associated with the malignant conditions and especially expressed in glioma cancer stem cells are intensively searched. Although many such molecules might only coincidentally be expressed in cancer-initiating cells, some may function in the oncogenic process, and those would be the prime candidates for diagnostic and targeted therapy. For the latter, combination therapies are likely to be envisaged, given the robust and plastic signalling networks supporting malignant proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linda Cruceru
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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148
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NeuroD1 regulation of migration accompanies the differential sensitivity of neuroendocrine carcinomas to TrkB inhibition. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e63. [PMID: 23958853 PMCID: PMC3759124 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental transcription factor NeuroD1 is anomalously expressed in a subset of aggressive neuroendocrine tumors. Previously, we demonstrated that TrkB and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) are downstream targets of NeuroD1 that contribute to the actions of neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) in neuroendocrine lung. We found that several malignant melanoma and prostate cell lines express NeuroD1 and TrkB. Inhibition of TrkB activity decreased invasion in several neuroendocrine pigmented melanoma but not in prostate cell lines. We also found that loss of the tumor suppressor p53 increased NeuroD1 expression in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and cancer cells with neuroendocrine features. Although we found that a major mechanism of action of NeuroD1 is by the regulation of TrkB, effective targeting of TrkB to inhibit invasion may depend on the cell of origin. These findings suggest that NeuroD1 is a lineage-dependent oncogene acting through its downstream target, TrkB, across multiple cancer types, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of neuroendocrine cancers.
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149
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Romeo F, Costanzo F, Agostini M. Embryonic stem cells and inducible pluripotent stem cells: two faces of the same coin? Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:878-86. [PMID: 23248145 PMCID: PMC3615155 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocysts and are characterized by the ability to renew themselves (self-renewal) and the capability to generate all the cells within the human body. In contrast, inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated by transfection of four transcription factors in somatic cells. Like embryonic stem cells, they are able to self-renew and differentiate. Because of these features, both ESCs and iPSCs, are under intense clinical investigation for cell-based therapy. In this review, we revisit stem cell biology and add a new layer of complexity. In particular, we will highlight some of the complexities of the system, but also where there may be therapeutic potential for modulation of intrinsic stem cells and where particular caution may be needed in terms of cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Romeo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Gracia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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150
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Schneider L, Pellegatta S, Favaro R, Pisati F, Roncaglia P, Testa G, Nicolis SK, Finocchiaro G, d'Adda di Fagagna F. DNA damage in mammalian neural stem cells leads to astrocytic differentiation mediated by BMP2 signaling through JAK-STAT. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:123-38. [PMID: 24052948 PMCID: PMC3757751 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences of DNA damage generation in mammalian somatic stem cells, including neural stem cells (NSCs), are poorly understood despite their potential relevance for tissue homeostasis. Here, we show that, following ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage, NSCs enter irreversible proliferative arrest with features of cellular senescence. This is characterized by increased cytokine secretion, loss of stem cell markers, and astrocytic differentiation. We demonstrate that BMP2 is necessary to induce expression of the astrocyte marker GFAP in irradiated NSCs via a noncanonical signaling pathway engaging JAK-STAT. This is promoted by ATM and antagonized by p53. Using a SOX2-Cre reporter mouse model for cell-lineage tracing, we demonstrate irradiation-induced NSC differentiation in vivo. Furthermore, glioblastoma assays reveal that irradiation therapy affects the tumorigenic potential of cancer stem cells by ablating self-renewal and inducing astroglial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Schneider
- IFOM Foundation-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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