101
|
Chao CM, Moiseenko A, Zimmer KP, Bellusci S. Alveologenesis: key cellular players and fibroblast growth factor 10 signaling. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:17. [PMID: 27098664 PMCID: PMC4840179 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveologenesis is the last stage in lung development and is essential for building the gas-exchanging units called alveoli. Despite intensive lung research, the intricate crosstalk between mesenchymal and epithelial cell lineages during alveologenesis is poorly understood. This crosstalk contributes to the formation of the secondary septae, which are key structures of healthy alveoli. Conclusions A better understanding of the cellular and molecular processes underlying the formation of the secondary septae is critical for the development of new therapies to protect or regenerate the alveoli. This review summarizes briefly the alveologenesis process in mouse and human. Further, it discusses the current knowledge on the epithelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells during early lung development giving rise to the key cellular players (e.g., alveolar epithelial cell type I, alveolar epithelial cell type II, alveolar myofibroblast, lipofibroblast) involved in alveologenesis. This review focusses mainly on the role of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), one of the most important signaling molecules during lung development, in epithelial and mesenchymal cell lineage formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Ming Chao
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Division of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Gießen, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Alena Moiseenko
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- Division of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Gießen, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Dye BR, Miller AJ, Spence JR. How to Grow a Lung: Applying Principles of Developmental Biology to Generate Lung Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:47-57. [PMID: 27340610 PMCID: PMC4882378 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting human lung development and adult respiratory function has stimulated great interest in new in vitro models to study the human lung. This review summarizes the most recent breakthroughs deriving lung lineages in a dish by directing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. A variety of culturing platforms have been developed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional (organoid) culture platforms, to derive specific cell types and structures of the lung. These stem cell-derived lung models will further our understanding of human lung development, disease, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Dye
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
An FGFR1-SPRY2 Signaling Axis Limits Basal Cell Proliferation in the Steady-State Airway Epithelium. Dev Cell 2016; 37:85-97. [PMID: 27046834 PMCID: PMC4825408 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state airway epithelium has a low rate of stem cell turnover but can nevertheless mount a rapid proliferative response following injury. This suggests a mechanism to restrain proliferation at steady state. One such mechanism has been identified in skeletal muscle in which pro-proliferative FGFR1 signaling is antagonized by SPRY1 to maintain satellite cell quiescence. Surprisingly, we found that deletion of Fgfr1 or Spry2 in basal cells of the adult mouse trachea caused an increase in steady-state proliferation. We show that in airway basal cells, SPRY2 is post-translationally modified in response to FGFR1 signaling. This allows SPRY2 to inhibit intracellular signaling downstream of other receptor tyrosine kinases and restrain basal cell proliferation. An FGFR1-SPRY2 signaling axis has previously been characterized in cell lines in vitro. We now demonstrate an in vivo biological function of this interaction and thus identify an active signaling mechanism that maintains quiescence in the airway epithelium.
Collapse
|
104
|
Ustiyan V, Zhang Y, Perl AKT, Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. β-catenin and Kras/Foxm1 signaling pathway are critical to restrict Sox9 in basal cells during pulmonary branching morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:590-604. [PMID: 26869074 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung morphogenesis is regulated by interactions between the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Kras/ERK/Foxm1 signaling pathways that establish proximal-peripheral patterning of lung tubules. How these interactions influence the development of respiratory epithelial progenitors to acquire airway as compared to alveolar epithelial cell fate is unknown. During branching morphogenesis, SOX9 transcription factor is normally restricted from conducting airway epithelial cells and is highly expressed in peripheral, acinar progenitor cells that serve as precursors of alveolar type 2 (AT2) and AT1 cells as the lung matures. RESULTS To identify signaling pathways that determine proximal-peripheral cell fate decisions, we used the SFTPC gene promoter to delete or overexpress key members of Wnt/β-catenin and Kras/ERK/Foxm1 pathways in fetal respiratory epithelial progenitor cells. Activation of β-catenin enhanced SOX9 expression in peripheral epithelial progenitors, whereas deletion of β-catenin inhibited SOX9. Surprisingly, deletion of β-catenin caused accumulation of atypical SOX9-positive basal cells in conducting airways. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Kras(G12D) or its downstream target Foxm1 stimulated SOX9 expression in basal cells. Genetic inactivation of Foxm1 from Kras(G12D) -expressing epithelial cells prevented the accumulation of SOX9-positive basal cells in developing airways. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between the Wnt/β-catenin and the Kras/ERK/Foxm1 pathways are essential to restrict SOX9 expression in basal cells. Developmental Dynamics 245:590-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Herriges JC, Verheyden JM, Zhang Z, Sui P, Zhang Y, Anderson MJ, Swing DA, Zhang Y, Lewandoski M, Sun X. FGF-Regulated ETV Transcription Factors Control FGF-SHH Feedback Loop in Lung Branching. Dev Cell 2016; 35:322-32. [PMID: 26555052 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lung forms its elaborate tree-like structure following a largely stereotypical branching sequence. While a number of genes have been identified to play essential roles in lung branching, what coordinates the choice between branch growth and new branch formation has not been elucidated. Here we show that loss of FGF-activated transcription factor genes, Etv4 and Etv5 (collectively Etv), led to prolonged branch tip growth and delayed new branch formation. Unexpectedly, this phenotype is more similar to mutants with increased rather than decreased FGF activity. Indeed, an increased Fgf10 expression is observed, and reducing Fgf10 dosage can attenuate the Etv mutant phenotype. Further evidence indicates that ETV inhibits Fgf10 via directly promoting Shh expression. SHH in turn inhibits local Fgf10 expression and redirects growth, thereby initiating new branches. Together, our findings establish ETV as a key node in the FGF-ETV-SHH inhibitory feedback loop that dictates branching periodicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Herriges
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Pengfei Sui
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Lung Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Stem Cell Mediated Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010128. [PMID: 26797607 PMCID: PMC4730369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue turnover of unperturbed adult lung is remarkably slow. However, after injury or insult, a specialised group of facultative lung progenitors become activated to replenish damaged tissue through a reparative process called regeneration. Disruption in this process results in healing by fibrosis causing aberrant lung remodelling and organ dysfunction. Post-insult failure of regeneration leads to various incurable lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, identification of true endogenous lung progenitors/stem cells, and their regenerative pathway are crucial for next-generation therapeutic development. Recent studies provide exciting and novel insights into postnatal lung development and post-injury lung regeneration by native lung progenitors. Furthermore, exogenous application of bone marrow stem cells, embryonic stem cells and inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) show evidences of their regenerative capacity in the repair of injured and diseased lungs. With the advent of modern tissue engineering techniques, whole lung regeneration in the lab using de-cellularised tissue scaffold and stem cells is now becoming reality. In this review, we will highlight the advancement of our understanding in lung regeneration and development of stem cell mediated therapeutic strategies in combating incurable lung diseases.
Collapse
|
107
|
Boucherat O, Landry-Truchon K, Bérubé-Simard FA, Houde N, Beuret L, Lezmi G, Foulkes WD, Delacourt C, Charron J, Jeannotte L. Epithelial inactivation of Yy1 abrogates lung branching morphogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2981-95. [PMID: 26329601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a multifunctional zinc-finger-containing transcription factor that plays crucial roles in numerous biological processes by selectively activating or repressing transcription, depending upon promoter contextual differences and specific protein interactions. In mice, Yy1 null mutants die early in gestation whereas Yy1 hypomorphs die at birth from lung defects. We studied how the epithelial-specific inactivation of Yy1 impacts on lung development. The Yy1 mutation in lung epithelium resulted in neonatal death due to respiratory failure. It impaired tracheal cartilage formation, altered cell differentiation, abrogated lung branching and caused airway dilation similar to that seen in human congenital cystic lung diseases. The cystic lung phenotype in Yy1 mutants can be partly explained by the reduced expression of Shh, a transcriptional target of YY1, in lung endoderm, and the subsequent derepression of mesenchymal Fgf10 expression. Accordingly, SHH supplementation partially rescued the lung phenotype in vitro. Analysis of human lung tissues revealed decreased YY1 expression in children with pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), a rare pediatric lung tumor arising during fetal development and associated with DICER1 mutations. No evidence for a potential genetic interplay between murine Dicer and Yy1 genes during lung morphogenesis was observed. However, the cystic lung phenotype resulting from the epithelial inactivation of Dicer function mimics the Yy1 lung malformations with similar changes in Shh and Fgf10 expression. Together, our data demonstrate the crucial requirement for YY1 in lung morphogenesis and identify Yy1 mutant mice as a potential model for studying the genetic basis of PPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Houde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Laurent Beuret
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lezmi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, 75015, France Inserm U955, IMRB, Equipe 04, Créteil, 94011, France
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, 75015, France Inserm U955, IMRB, Equipe 04, Créteil, 94011, France
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
This article highlights some of the significant advances in our understanding of lung developmental biology made over the last few years, which challenge existing paradigms and are relevant to a fundamental understanding of this process. Additional comments address how these new insights may be informative for chronic lung diseases that occur, or initiate, in the neonatal period. This is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the molecular biology of lung development. For a more comprehensive, contemporary review of the cellular and molecular aspects of lung development, readers can refer to recent reviews by others.
Collapse
|
109
|
Hines EA, Sun X. Tissue crosstalk in lung development. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1469-77. [PMID: 24644090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung development follows a stereotypic program orchestrated by key interactions among epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. Deviations from this developmental program can lead to pulmonary diseases including bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Significant efforts have been made to examine the cellular and molecular basis of the tissue interactions underlying these stereotypic developmental processes. Genetically engineered mouse models, lung organ culture, and advanced imaging techniques are a few of the tools that have expanded our understanding of the tissue interactions that drive lung development. Intimate crosstalk has been identified between the epithelium and mesenchyme, distinct mesenchymal tissues, and individual epithelial cells types. For interactions such as the epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk regulating lung specification and branching morphogenesis, the key molecular players, FGF, BMP, WNT, and SHH, are well established. Additionally, VEGF regulation underlies the epithelial-endothelial crosstalk that coordinates airway branching with angiogenesis. Recent work also discovered a novel role for SHH in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition of the mesothelium. In contrast, the molecular basis for the crosstalk between upper airway cartilage and smooth muscle is not yet known. In this review we examine current evidence of the tissue interactions and molecular crosstalk that underlie the stereotypic patterning of the developing lung and mediate injury repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Chao CM, El Agha E, Tiozzo C, Minoo P, Bellusci S. A breath of fresh air on the mesenchyme: impact of impaired mesenchymal development on the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:27. [PMID: 25973420 PMCID: PMC4412070 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early mouse embryonic lung, with its robust and apparently reproducible branching pattern, has always fascinated developmental biologists. They have extensively used this embryonic organ to decipher the role of mammalian orthologs of Drosophila genes in controlling the process of branching morphogenesis. During the early pseudoglandular stage, the embryonic lung is formed mostly of tubes that keep on branching. As the branching takes place, progenitor cells located in niches are also amplified and progressively differentiate along the proximo-distal and dorso-ventral axes of the lung. Such elaborate processes require coordinated interactions between signaling molecules arising from and acting on four functional domains: the epithelium, the endothelium, the mesenchyme, and the mesothelium. These interactions, quite well characterized in a relatively simple lung tubular structure remain elusive in the successive developmental and postnatal phases of lung development. In particular, a better understanding of the process underlying the formation of secondary septa, key structural units characteristic of the alveologenesis phase, is still missing. This structure is critical for the formation of a mature lung as it allows the subdivision of saccules in the early neonatal lung into alveoli, thereby considerably expanding the respiratory surface. Interruption of alveologenesis in preterm neonates underlies the pathogenesis of chronic neonatal lung disease known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. De novo formation of secondary septae appears also to be the limiting factor for lung regeneration in human patients with emphysema. In this review, we will therefore focus on what is known in terms of interactions between the different lung compartments and discuss the current understanding of mesenchymal cell lineage formation in the lung, focusing on secondary septae formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Ming Chao
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Giessen , Giessen , Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany ; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany ; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Caterina Tiozzo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany ; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Giessen , Germany ; Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Dye BR, Hill DR, Ferguson MAH, Tsai YH, Nagy MS, Dyal R, Wells JM, Mayhew CN, Nattiv R, Klein OD, White ES, Deutsch GH, Spence JR. In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25803487 PMCID: PMC4370217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures for many organ systems have led to new physiologically complex in vitro models to study human development and disease. Here, we report the step-wise differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) (embryonic and induced) into lung organoids. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways hPSCs generate ventral-anterior foregut spheroids, which are then expanded into human lung organoids (HLOs). HLOs consist of epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the lung, organized with structural features similar to the native lung. HLOs possess upper airway-like epithelium with basal cells and immature ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle and myofibroblasts as well as an alveolar-like domain with appropriate cell types. Using RNA-sequencing, we show that HLOs are remarkably similar to human fetal lung based on global transcriptional profiles, suggesting that HLOs are an excellent model to study human lung development, maturation and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Michael A H Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rachel Dyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
McCulley D, Wienhold M, Sun X. The pulmonary mesenchyme directs lung development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:98-105. [PMID: 25796078 PMCID: PMC4763935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each of the steps of respiratory system development relies on intricate interactions and coordinated development of the lung epithelium and mesenchyme. In the past, more attention has been paid to the epithelium than the mesenchyme. The mesenchyme is a source of specification and morphogenetic signals as well as a host of surprisingly complex cell lineages that are critical for normal lung development and function. This review highlights recent research focusing on the mesenchyme that has revealed genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of its development in the context of other cell layers during respiratory lineage specification, branching morphogenesis, epithelial differentiation, lineage distinction, vascular development, and alveolar maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David McCulley
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Mark Wienhold
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Galvis LA, Holik AZ, Short KM, Pasquet J, Lun ATL, Blewitt ME, Smyth IM, Ritchie ME, Asselin-Labat ML. Repression of Igf1 expression by Ezh2 prevents basal cell differentiation in the developing lung. Development 2015; 142:1458-69. [PMID: 25790853 PMCID: PMC4392602 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the establishment of lung epithelial cell lineage identities during development are largely unknown. Here, we explored the role of the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 during lung lineage determination. Loss of Ezh2 in the lung epithelium leads to defective lung formation and perinatal mortality. We show that Ezh2 is crucial for airway lineage specification and alveolarization. Using optical projection tomography imaging, we found that branching morphogenesis is affected in Ezh2 conditional knockout mice and the remaining bronchioles are abnormal, lacking terminally differentiated secretory club cells. Remarkably, RNA-seq analysis revealed the upregulation of basal genes in Ezh2-deficient epithelium. Three-dimensional imaging for keratin 5 further showed the unexpected presence of a layer of basal cells from the proximal airways to the distal bronchioles in E16.5 embryos. ChIP-seq analysis indicated the presence of Ezh2-mediated repressive marks on the genomic loci of some but not all basal genes, suggesting an indirect mechanism of action of Ezh2. We found that loss of Ezh2 de-represses insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) expression and that modulation of IGF1 signaling ex vivo in wild-type lungs could induce basal cell differentiation. Altogether, our work reveals an unexpected role for Ezh2 in controlling basal cell fate determination in the embryonic lung endoderm, mediated in part by repression of Igf1 expression. SUMMARY: The histone methyltransferase Ezh2 inhibits basal cell differentiation in the mouse lung by depositing repressive marks on the promoter region of basal cell genes and by repressing Igf1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Galvis
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aliaksei Z Holik
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kieran M Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julie Pasquet
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aaron T L Lun
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Kugler MC, Joyner AL, Loomis CA, Munger JS. Sonic hedgehog signaling in the lung. From development to disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:1-13. [PMID: 25068457 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0132tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the secreted protein sonic hedgehog (SHH) has emerged as a critical morphogen during embryonic lung development, regulating the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations in the airway and alveolar compartments. There is increasing evidence that the SHH pathway is active in adult lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer, which raises two questions: (1) What role does SHH signaling play in these diseases? and (2) Is it a primary driver of the disease or a response (perhaps beneficial) to the primary disturbance? In this review we aim to fill the gap between the well-studied period of embryonic lung development and the adult diseased lung by reviewing the hedgehog (HH) pathway during the postnatal period and in adult uninjured and injured lungs. We elucidate the similarities and differences in the epithelial-mesenchymal interplay during the fibrosis response to injury in lung compared with other organs and present a critical appraisal of tools and agents available to evaluate HH signaling.
Collapse
|
115
|
Rankin SA, Zorn AM. Gene regulatory networks governing lung specification. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1343-50. [PMID: 24644080 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the respiratory system originates from a small group of progenitor cells in the ventral foregut endoderm of the early embryo. Research in the last decade has revealed a number of paracrine signaling pathways that are critical for the development of these respiratory progenitors. In the post-genomic era the challenge now is to figure out at the genome wide level how these different signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors interact in a complex "gene regulatory network" (GRN) to orchestrate early lung development. In this prospective, we review our growing understanding of the GRN governing lung specification. We discuss key gaps in our knowledge and describe emerging opportunities that will soon provide an unprecedented understanding of lung development and accelerate our ability to apply this knowledge to regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
In vitro reconstruction of branched tubular structures from lung epithelial cells in high cell concentration gradient environment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8054. [PMID: 25623780 PMCID: PMC4306969 DOI: 10.1038/srep08054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have succeeded in developing hollow branching structure in vitro commonly observed in lung airway using primary lung airway epithelial cells. Cell concentration gradient is the key factor that determines production of the branching cellular structures, as optimization of this component removes the need for heterotypic culture. The higher cell concentration leads to the more production of morphogens and increases the growth rate of cells. However, homogeneous high cell concentration does not make a branching structure. Branching requires sufficient space in which cells can grow from a high concentration toward a low concentration. Simulation performed using a reaction-diffusion model revealed that long-range inhibition prevents cells from branching when they are homogeneously spread in culture environments, while short-range activation from neighboring cells leads to positive feedback. Thus, a high cell concentration gradient is required to make branching structures. Spatial distributions of morphogens, such as BMP-4, play important roles in the pattern formation. This simple yet robust system provides an optimal platform for the further study and understanding of branching mechanisms in the lung airway, and will facilitate chemical and genetic studies of lung morphogenesis programs.
Collapse
|
117
|
Volckaert T, De Langhe SP. Wnt and FGF mediated epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk during lung development. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:342-66. [PMID: 25470458 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptation to terrestrial life required the development of an organ capable of efficient air-blood gas exchange. To meet the metabolic load of cellular respiration, the mammalian respiratory system has evolved from a relatively simple structure, similar to the two-tube amphibian lung, to a highly complex tree-like system of branched epithelial airways connected to a vast network of gas exchanging units called alveoli. The development of such an elaborate organ in a relatively short time window is therefore an extraordinary feat and involves an intimate crosstalk between mesodermal and endodermal cell lineages. RESULTS This review describes the molecular processes governing lung development with an emphasis on the current knowledge on the role of Wnt and FGF signaling in lung epithelial differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt and FGF signaling pathways are crucial for the dynamic and reciprocal communication between epithelium and mesenchyme during lung development. In addition, some of this developmental crosstalk is reemployed in the adult lung after injury to drive regeneration, and may, when aberrantly or chronically activated, result in chronic lung diseases. Novel insights into how the Wnt and FGF pathways interact and are integrated into a complex gene regulatory network will not only provide us with essential information about how the lung regenerates itself, but also enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, as well as improve the controlled differentiation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Carter E, Miron-Buchacra G, Goldoni S, Danahay H, Westwick J, Watson ML, Tosh D, Ward SG. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha-dependent regulation of branching morphogenesis in murine embryonic lung: evidence for a role in determining morphogenic properties of FGF7. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113555. [PMID: 25460003 PMCID: PMC4251986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a critical step in the development of many epithelial organs. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been identified as a central component of this process but the precise role has not been fully established. Herein we sought to determine the role of PI3K in murine lung branching using a series of pharmacological inhibitors directed at this pathway. The pan-class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 greatly enhanced the branching potential of whole murine lung explants as measured by an increase in the number of terminal branches compared with controls over 48 hours. This enhancement of branching was also observed following inhibition of the downstream signalling components of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. Isoform selective inhibitors of PI3K identified that the alpha isoform of PI3K is a key driver in branching morphogenesis. To determine if the effect of PI3K inhibition on branching was specific to the lung epithelium or secondary to an effect on the mesenchyme we assessed the impact of PI3K inhibition in cultures of mesenchyme-free lung epithelium. Isolated lung epithelium cultured with FGF7 formed large cyst-like structures, whereas co-culture with FGF7 and ZSTK474 induced the formation of defined branches with an intact lumen. Together these data suggest a novel role for PI3K in the branching program of the murine embryonic lung contradictory to that reported in other branching organs. Our observations also point towards PI3K acting as a morphogenic switch for FGF7 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Carter
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Miron-Buchacra
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Goldoni
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Danahay
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - John Westwick
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm L. Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Kool H, Mous D, Tibboel D, de Klein A, Rottier RJ. Pulmonary vascular development goes awry in congenital lung abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:343-58. [PMID: 25424472 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular diseases of the newborn comprise a wide range of pathological conditions with developmental abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature. Clinically, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) is characterized by persistent increased resistance of the vasculature and abnormal vascular response. The classification of PH is primarily based on clinical parameters instead of morphology and distinguishes five groups of PH. Congenital lung anomalies, such as alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) and PH associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), but also bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are classified in group three. Clearly, tight and correct regulation of pulmonary vascular development is crucial for normal lung development. Human and animal model systems have increased our knowledge and make it possible to identify and characterize affected pathways and study pivotal genes. Understanding of the normal development of the pulmonary vasculature will give new insights in the origin of the spectrum of rare diseases, such as CDH, ACD, and BPD, which render a significant clinical problem in neonatal intensive care units around the world. In this review, we describe normal pulmonary vascular development, and focus on four diseases of the newborn in which abnormal pulmonary vascular development play a critical role in morbidity and mortality. In the future perspective, we indicate the lines of research that seem to be very promising for elucidating the molecular pathways involved in the origin of congenital pulmonary vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Kool
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Menshykau D, Blanc P, Unal E, Sapin V, Iber D. An interplay of geometry and signaling enables robust lung branching morphogenesis. Development 2014; 141:4526-36. [PMID: 25359721 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early branching events during lung development are stereotyped. Although key regulatory components have been defined, the branching mechanism remains elusive. We have now used a developmental series of 3D geometric datasets of mouse embryonic lungs as well as time-lapse movies of cultured lungs to obtain physiological geometries and displacement fields. We find that only a ligand-receptor-based Turing model in combination with a particular geometry effect that arises from the distinct expression domains of ligands and receptors successfully predicts the embryonic areas of outgrowth and supports robust branch outgrowth. The geometry effect alone does not support bifurcating outgrowth, while the Turing mechanism alone is not robust to noisy initial conditions. The negative feedback between the individual Turing modules formed by fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) enlarges the parameter space for which the embryonic growth field is reproduced. We therefore propose that a signaling mechanism based on FGF10 and SHH directs outgrowth of the lung bud via a ligand-receptor-based Turing mechanism and a geometry effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Menshykau
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Blanc
- R2D2/Retinoids, Reproduction, Developmental Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Erkan Unal
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstraße 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Sapin
- R2D2/Retinoids, Reproduction, Developmental Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Ochieng JK, Schilders K, Kool H, Boerema-De Munck A, Buscop-Van Kempen M, Gontan C, Smits R, Grosveld FG, Wijnen RMH, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Sox2 regulates the emergence of lung basal cells by directly activating the transcription of Trp63. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:311-22. [PMID: 24669837 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is determined by the coordinated expression of several key genes. Previously, we and others have shown the importance of the sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) gene in lung development. Transgenic expression of Sox2 during lung development resulted in cystic airways, and here we show that modulating the timing of ectopic Sox2 expression in the branching regions of the developing lung results in variable cystic lesions resembling the spectrum of the human congenital disorder congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). Sox2 dominantly differentiated naive epithelial cells into the proximal lineage irrespective of the presence of Fgf10. Sox2 directly induced the expression of Trp63, the master switch toward the basal cell lineage and induced the expression of Gata6, a factor involved in the emergence of bronchoalveolar stem cells. We showed that SOX2 and TRP63 are coexpressed in the lungs of human patients with type II CCAM. The combination of premature differentiation toward the proximal cell lineage and the induction of proliferation resulted in the cyst-like structures. Thus, we show that Sox2 is directly responsible for the emergence of two lung progenitor cells: basal cells by regulating the master gene Trp63 and bronchoalveolar stem cells by regulating Gata6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Ochieng
- Departments of 1 Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Sasaki T, Kahn M. Inhibition of β-catenin/p300 interaction proximalizes mouse embryonic lung epithelium. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014. [PMID: 25505699 DOI: 10.1186/s40247-014-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been suggested to regulate proximal-distal determination of embryonic lung epithelium based upon genetically modified mouse models. The previously identified and characterized small molecule inhibitor IQ1 can pharmacologically decrease the interaction between β-catenin and its transcriptional coactivator p300, thereby enhancing the β-catenin/CBP interaction. Inhibition of the β-catenin/p300 interaction by IQ1 blocks the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and epicardial progenitor cells; however, whether differential coactivator usage by β-catenin plays a role in proximal-distal determination of lung epithelium is unknown. METHODS We examined the effects of inhibiting the β-catenin/p300 interaction with IQ1 on lung branching morphogenesis in mouse embryos in utero and mouse embryonic lung organ culture ex vivo. The phenotype of IQ1 treated lungs was analyzed by epithelial staining, histology, quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Inhibition of the β-catenin/p300 interaction by IQ1 disrupted the distal branching of mouse lung epithelium both in utero and ex vivo. IQ1 proximalized lung epithelium with decreased expression of the genes Bmp4 and Fgf10, hallmarks of distal lung determination, and increased expression of the proximal genes Sox2 and Scgb1a1 (CC10) as shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. The disruption of branching was reversible ex vivo as branching was reinitiated after removal of IQ1 from the media. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the β-catenin/p300 interaction plays a critical role in proximal-distal determination of the epithelium in mouse lung branching morphogenesis and β-catenin/p300 inhibition pharmacologically proximalizes lung epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ; Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Sasaki T, Kahn M. Inhibition of β-catenin/p300 interaction proximalizes mouse embryonic lung epithelium. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:8. [PMID: 25505699 PMCID: PMC4229507 DOI: 10.1186/s40247-014-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been suggested to regulate proximal-distal determination of embryonic lung epithelium based upon genetically modified mouse models. The previously identified and characterized small molecule inhibitor IQ1 can pharmacologically decrease the interaction between β-catenin and its transcriptional coactivator p300, thereby enhancing the β-catenin/CBP interaction. Inhibition of the β-catenin/p300 interaction by IQ1 blocks the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and epicardial progenitor cells; however, whether differential coactivator usage by β-catenin plays a role in proximal-distal determination of lung epithelium is unknown. Methods We examined the effects of inhibiting the β-catenin/p300 interaction with IQ1 on lung branching morphogenesis in mouse embryos in utero and mouse embryonic lung organ culture ex vivo. The phenotype of IQ1 treated lungs was analyzed by epithelial staining, histology, quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Results Inhibition of the β-catenin/p300 interaction by IQ1 disrupted the distal branching of mouse lung epithelium both in utero and ex vivo. IQ1 proximalized lung epithelium with decreased expression of the genes Bmp4 and Fgf10, hallmarks of distal lung determination, and increased expression of the proximal genes Sox2 and Scgb1a1 (CC10) as shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. The disruption of branching was reversible ex vivo as branching was reinitiated after removal of IQ1 from the media. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the β-catenin/p300 interaction plays a critical role in proximal-distal determination of the epithelium in mouse lung branching morphogenesis and β-catenin/p300 inhibition pharmacologically proximalizes lung epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ; Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
El Agha E, Bellusci S. Walking along the Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 Route: A Key Pathway to Understand the Control and Regulation of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cell-Lineage Formation during Lung Development and Repair after Injury. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:538379. [PMID: 25298902 PMCID: PMC4178922 DOI: 10.1155/2014/538379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Basic research on embryonic lung development offers unique opportunities to make important discoveries that will impact human health. Developmental biologists interested in the molecular control of branching morphogenesis have intensively studied the developing lung, with its complex and seemingly stereotyped ramified structure. However, it is also an organ that is linked to a vast array of clinical problems in humans such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature babies and emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, and cancer in adults. Epithelial stem/progenitor cells reside in niches where they interact with specific extracellular matrices as well as with mesenchymal cells; the latter are still poorly characterized. Interactions of epithelial stem/progenitor cells with their microenvironments are usually instructive, controlling quiescence versus activation, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. During the past 18 years, Fgf10 has emerged not only as a marker for the distal lung mesenchyme during early lung development, but also as a key player in branching morphogenesis and a critical component of the niche for epithelial stem cells. In this paper, we will present the current knowledge regarding the lineage tree in the lung, with special emphasis on cell-lineage decisions in the lung mesenchyme and the role of Fgf10 in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstraße 36, 35392 Giessen, Hessen, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstraße 36, 35392 Giessen, Hessen, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Hessen, Germany
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Program of the Saban Research Institute at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is the developmental program that builds the ramified epithelial trees of various organs, including the airways of the lung, the collecting ducts of the kidney, and the ducts of the mammary and salivary glands. Even though the final geometries of epithelial trees are distinct, the molecular signaling pathways that control branching morphogenesis appear to be conserved across organs and species. However, despite this molecular homology, recent advances in cell lineage analysis and real-time imaging have uncovered surprising differences in the mechanisms that build these diverse tissues. Here, we review these studies and discuss the cellular and physical mechanisms that can contribute to branching morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Boucherat O, Nadeau V, Bérubé-Simard FA, Charron J, Jeannotte L. Crucial requirement of ERK/MAPK signaling in respiratory tract development. Development 2014; 141:3197-211. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian genome contains two ERK/MAP kinase genes, Mek1 and Mek2, which encode dual-specificity kinases responsible for ERK/MAP kinase activation. In order to define the function of the ERK/MAPK pathway in the lung development in mice, we performed tissue-specific deletions of Mek1 function on a Mek2 null background. Inactivation of both Mek genes in mesenchyme resulted in several phenotypes, including giant omphalocele, kyphosis, pulmonary hypoplasia, defective tracheal cartilage and death at birth. The absence of tracheal cartilage rings establishes the crucial role of intracellular signaling molecules in tracheal chondrogenesis and provides a putative mouse model for tracheomalacia. In vitro, the loss of Mek function in lung mesenchyme did not interfere with lung growth and branching, suggesting that both the reduced intrathoracic space due to the dysmorphic rib cage and the omphalocele impaired lung development in vivo. Conversely, Mek mutation in the respiratory epithelium caused lung agenesis, a phenotype resulting from the direct impact of the ERK/MAPK pathway on cell proliferation and survival. No tracheal epithelial cell differentiation occurred and no SOX2-positive progenitor cells were detected in mutants, implying a role for the ERK/MAPK pathway in trachea progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation. Moreover, these anomalies were phenocopied when the Erk1 and Erk2 genes were mutated in airway epithelium. Thus, the ERK/MAPK pathway is required for the integration of mesenchymal and epithelial signals essential for the development of the entire respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, CanadaG1R 2J6
| | - Valérie Nadeau
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, CanadaG1R 2J6
| | - Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, CanadaG1R 2J6
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, CanadaG1R 2J6
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, CanadaG1R 2J6
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Wnt ligand/Frizzled 2 receptor signaling regulates tube shape and branch-point formation in the lung through control of epithelial cell shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12444-9. [PMID: 25114215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406639111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing the morphology of a simple epithelial tube to form a highly ramified branching network requires changes in cell behavior that lead to tissue-wide changes in organ shape. How epithelial cells in branched organs modulate their shape and behavior to promote bending and sculpting of the epithelial sheet is not well understood, and the mechanisms underlying this process remain obscure. We show that the Wnt receptor Frizzled 2 (Fzd2) is required for domain branch formation during the initial establishment of the respiratory tree. Live imaging and transcriptome analysis of lung-branching morphogenesis demonstrate that Fzd2 promotes changes in epithelial cell length and shape. These changes in cell morphology deform the developing epithelial tube to generate and maintain new domain branches. Fzd2 controls branch formation and the shape of the epithelial tube by regulating Rho signaling and by the localization of phospho-myosin light chain 2, in turn controlling the changes in the shape of epithelial cells during morphogenesis. This study demonstrates the importance of Wnt/Fzd2 signaling in promoting and maintaining changes in epithelial cell shape that affect development of a branching network.
Collapse
|
128
|
Jimenez FR, Lewis JB, Belgique ST, Wood TT, Reynolds PR. Developmental lung expression and transcriptional regulation of claudin-6 by TTF-1, Gata-6, and FoxA2. Respir Res 2014; 15:70. [PMID: 24970044 PMCID: PMC4082679 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Claudins are transmembrane proteins expressed in tight junctions that prevent paracellular transport of extracellular fluid and a variety of other substances. However, the expression profile of Claudin-6 (Cldn6) in the developing lung has not been characterized. Methods and results Cldn6 expression was determined during important periods of lung organogenesis by microarray analysis, qPCR and immunofluorescence. Expression patterns were confirmed to peak at E12.5 and diminish as lung development progressed. Immunofluorescence revealed that Cldn6 was detected in cells that also express TTF-1 and FoxA2, two critical transcriptional regulators of pulmonary branching morphogenesis. Cldn6 was also observed in cells that express Sox2 and Sox9, factors that influence cell differentiation in the proximal and distal lung, respectively. In order to assess transcriptional control of Cldn6, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0-kb of the proximal murine Cldn6 promoter was ligated into a luciferase reporter and co-transfected with expression vectors for TTF-1 or two of its important transcriptional co-regulators, FoxA2 and Gata-6. In almost every instance, TTF-1, FoxA2, and Gata-6 activated gene transcription in cell lines characteristic of proximal airway epithelium (Beas2B) and distal alveolar epithelium (A-549). Conclusions These data revealed for the first time that Cldn6 might be an important tight junctional component expressed by pulmonary epithelium during lung organogenesis. Furthermore, Cldn6-mediated aspects of cell differentiation may describe mechanisms of lung perturbation coincident with impaired cell junctions and abnormal membrane permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, 3054 Life Sciences Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Yang J, Chen J. Developmental programs of lung epithelial progenitors: a balanced progenitor model. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:331-47. [PMID: 25124755 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The daunting task of lung epithelium development is to transform a cluster of foregut progenitors into a three-dimensional (3D) tubular network with distinct cell types distributed at their appropriate locations. A complete understanding of lung development needs to address not only how, but also where, different cell types form. We propose that the lung epithelium forms through regulated deployment of three developmental programs: branching morphogenesis to expand progenitors and build a tree-like tubular network, airway differentiation to specify cells for the proximal conducting airways, and alveolar differentiation to specify cells for the peripheral gas exchange region. Each developmental program has its unique morphological features and molecular control mechanisms; their spatiotemporal coordination can be accounted for in a balanced progenitor model where progenitors balance between alternative developmental programs in response to spatiotemporal cues. This model integrates progenitor morphogenesis and differentiation, and provides new insights to lung immaturity in preterm birth and lung evolution. Advanced gene targeting and 3D imaging tools are needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of lung epithelial progenitors on molecular, cellular, and morphological levels. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Goto A, Yamazaki N, Nogawa H. Characterization of FGF family growth factors concerning branching morphogenesis of mouse lung epithelium. Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:267-73. [PMID: 24832898 DOI: 10.2108/zs130252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse lung rudiments express eight members of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family genes from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E13. Some of these are expressed in either the epithelium or mesenchyme, while others are expressed in both. Incorporating the results of our previous study, we characterized the branch-inducing activities of all of FGFs expressed in the early lung rudiment. Of these, FGF1, FGF2, FGF7, FGF9 and FGF10 induced branching morphogenesis in Matrigel-embedded E11 epithelium, and their effective concentrations varied (10 nM, 10 nM, 3 nM, 1 nM, and 100 nM, respectively). Whereas shaking culture dishes containing medium supplemented with FGF7 or FGF10 showed reduced branching morphogenesis, those supplemented with FGF1, FGF2, or FGF9 did not, suggesting the involvement of autocrine growth factor(s) in branching morphogenesis induced by FGF7 or FGF10. In the presence of heparin, a well-known activator of FGF signaling, cystic morphology with lumen expansion was observed in cultures containing FGF1, FGF7, or FGF10, but growth arrest was observed in cultures containing FGF2 or FGF9. These results indicate that several paracrine and autocrine FGFs function during branching morphogenesis of lung epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Goto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Volckaert T, De Langhe S. Lung epithelial stem cells and their niches: Fgf10 takes center stage. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:8. [PMID: 24891877 PMCID: PMC4041638 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life adult animals crucially depend on stem cell populations to maintain and repair their tissues to ensure life-long organ function. Stem cells are characterized by their capacity to extensively self-renew and give rise to one or more differentiated cell types. These powerful stem cell properties are key to meet the changing demand for tissue replacement during normal lung homeostasis and regeneration after lung injury. Great strides have been made over the last few years to identify and characterize lung epithelial stem cells as well as their lineage relationships. Unfortunately, knowledge on what regulates the behavior and fate specification of lung epithelial stem cells is still limited, but involves communication with their microenvironment or niche, a local tissue environment that hosts and influences the behaviors or characteristics of stem cells and that comprises other cell types and extracellular matrix. As such, an intimate and dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk, which is also essential during lung development, is required for normal homeostasis and to mount an appropriate regenerative response after lung injury. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) signaling in particular seems to be a well-conserved signaling pathway governing epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung development as well as between different adult lung epithelial stem cells and their niches. On the other hand, disruption of these reciprocal interactions leads to a dysfunctional epithelial stem cell-niche unit, which may culminate in chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA ; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Langhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA ; Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12605 E 16th Avenue, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Herriges M, Morrisey EE. Lung development: orchestrating the generation and regeneration of a complex organ. Development 2014; 141:502-13. [PMID: 24449833 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, which consists of the lungs, trachea and associated vasculature, is essential for terrestrial life. In recent years, extensive progress has been made in defining the temporal progression of lung development, and this has led to exciting discoveries, including the derivation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells and the discovery of developmental pathways that are targets for new therapeutics. These discoveries have also provided new insights into the regenerative capacity of the respiratory system. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lung development and regeneration, which will hopefully lead to better insights into both congenital and acquired lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Herriges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Li W, Lin CY, Shang C, Han P, Xiong Y, Lin CJ, Yang J, Selleri L, Chang CP. Pbx1 activates Fgf10 in the mesenchyme of developing lungs. Genesis 2014; 52:399-407. [PMID: 24591256 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Insufficiency of surfactants is a core factor in respiratory distress syndrome, which causes apnea and neonatal death, particularly in preterm infants. Surfactant proteins are secreted by alveolar type II cells in the lung epithelium, the differentiation of which is regulated by Fgf10 elaborated by the adjacent mesenchyme. However, the molecular regulation of mesenchymal Fgf10 during lung development has not been fully understood. Here, we show that Pbx1, a homeodomain transcription factor, is required in the lung mesenchyme for the expression of Fgf10. Mouse embryos lacking Pbx1 in the lung mesenchyme show compact terminal saccules and perinatal lethality with failure of postnatal alveolar expansion. Mutant embryos had severely reduced expression of Fgf10 and surfactant genes (Spa, Spb, Spc, and Spd) that are essential for alveolar expansion for gas exchange at birth. Molecularly, Pbx1 directly binds to the Fgf10 promoter and cooperates with Meis and Hox proteins to transcriptionally activate Fgf10. Our results thus show how Pbx1 controls Fgf10 in the developing lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Requirement of Runx3 in pulmonary vasculogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:445-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
135
|
El Agha E, Herold S, Al Alam D, Quantius J, MacKenzie B, Carraro G, Moiseenko A, Chao CM, Minoo P, Seeger W, Bellusci S. Fgf10-positive cells represent a progenitor cell population during lung development and postnatally. Development 2013; 141:296-306. [PMID: 24353064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lung mesenchyme consists of a widely heterogeneous population of cells that play crucial roles during development and homeostasis after birth. These cells belong to myogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, neuronal and other lineages. Yet, no clear hierarchy for these lineages has been established. We have previously generated a novel Fgf10(iCre) knock-in mouse line that allows lineage tracing of Fgf10-positive cells during development and postnatally. Using these mice, we hereby demonstrate the presence of two waves of Fgf10 expression during embryonic lung development: the first wave, comprising Fgf10-positive cells residing in the submesothelial mesenchyme at early pseudoglandular stage (as well as their descendants); and the second wave, comprising Fgf10-positive cells from late pseudoglandular stage (as well as their descendants). Our lineage-tracing data reveal that the first wave contributes to the formation of parabronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells as well as lipofibroblasts at later developmental stages, whereas the second wave does not give rise to smooth muscle cells but to lipofibroblasts as well as an Nkx2.1(-) E-Cad(-) Epcam(+) Pro-Spc(+) lineage that requires further in-depth analysis. During alveologenesis, Fgf10-positive cells give rise to lipofibroblasts rather than alveolar myofibroblasts, and during adult life, a subpopulation of Fgf10-expressing cells represents a pool of resident mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) (Cd45(-) Cd31(-) Sca-1(+)). Taken together, we show for the first time that Fgf10-expressing cells represent a pool of mesenchymal progenitors in the embryonic and postnatal lung. Our findings suggest that Fgf10-positive cells could be useful for developing stem cell-based therapies for treating interstitial lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), D-35392 Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Turcatel G, Rubin N, Menke DB, Martin G, Shi W, Warburton D. Lung mesenchymal expression of Sox9 plays a critical role in tracheal development. BMC Biol 2013; 11:117. [PMID: 24274029 PMCID: PMC4222279 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic lung development is instructed by crosstalk between mesenchyme and epithelia, which results in activation of transcriptional factors, such as Sox9, in a temporospatial manner. Sox9 is expressed in both distal lung epithelium and proximal lung mesenchyme. Here, we investigated the effect of lung mesenchyme-specific inducible deletion of Sox9 during murine lung development. Results Transgenic mice lacking Sox9 expression were unable to breathe and died at birth, with noticeable tracheal defects. Cartilage rings were missing, and the tracheal lumen was collapsed in the mutant trachea. In situ hybridization showed an altered expression pattern of Tbx4, Tbx5 and Fgf10 genes and marked reduction of Collagen2 expression in the tracheal mesenchyme. The tracheal phenotype was increasingly severe, with longer duration of deletion. Lymphatic vasculature was underdeveloped in the mutant trachea: Prox1, Lyve1, and Vegfr3 were decreased after Sox9 knockout. We also found that compared with normal tracheal epithelium, the mutant tracheal epithelium had an altered morphology with fewer P63-positive cells and more CC10-positive cells, fewer goblet cells, and downregulation of surfactant proteins A and C. Conclusion The appropriate temporospatial expression of Sox9 in lung mesenchyme is necessary for appropriate tracheal cartilage formation, lymphatic vasculature system development, and epithelial differentiation. We uncovered a novel mechanism of lung epithelium differentiation: tracheal cartilage rings instruct the tracheal epithelium to differentiate properly during embryonic development. Thus, besides having a mechanical function, tracheal cartilage also appears to be a local signaling structure in the embryonic lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine and Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|