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Raza Q, Jacobs JR. Guidance signalling regulates leading edge behaviour during collective cell migration of cardiac cells in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2016; 419:285-297. [PMID: 27618756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is the coordinated movement of cells, which organize tissues during morphogenesis, repair and some cancers. The motile cell membrane of the advancing front in collective cell migration is termed the Leading Edge. The embryonic development of the vertebrate and Drosophila hearts are both characterized by the coordinated medial migration of a bilateral cluster of mesodermal cells. In Drosophila, the cardioblasts form cohesive bilateral rows that migrate collectively as a unit towards the dorsal midline to form the dorsal vessel. We have characterized the collective cell migration of cardioblasts as an in vivo quantitative model to study the behaviour of the Leading Edge. We investigated whether guidance signalling through Slit and Netrin pathways plays a role in cell migration during heart development. Through time-lapse imaging and quantitative assessment of migratory behaviour of the cardioblasts in loss-of-function mutants, we demonstrate that both Slit and Netrin mediated signals are autonomously and concomitantly required to maximize migration velocity, filopodial and lamellipodial activities. Additionally, we show that another Slit and Netrin receptor, Dscam1, the role of which during heart development was previously unknown, is required for both normal migration of cardioblasts and luminal expansion. Leading edge behaviour analysis revealed a dosage dependent genetic interaction between Slit and Netrin receptors suggesting that downstream signalling through these receptors converge on a common output that increases leading edge activity of the cardioblasts. Finally, we found that guidance signalling maintains the balance between epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics of the migrating cardioblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qanber Raza
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - J Roger Jacobs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8.
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102
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Rusu MC, Hostiuc S, Vrapciu AD, Mogoantă L, Mănoiu VS, Grigoriu F. Subsets of telocytes: Myocardial telocytes. Ann Anat 2016; 209:37-44. [PMID: 27777113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are morphologically defined as small-sized cells with long, thin, moniliform processes called telopodes (Tps). Numerous papers imply that TCs are a distinctive cell type, and that transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the gold standard tool for their identification. We aimed to reproduce previous studies on myocardial TCs to check their validity. For this purpose we performed an immunohistochemical study on human cardiac samples from six autopsied donor cadavers, using antibodies against CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, Ki67, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha (PDGFRα) and laminin. Additionally we performed a TEM study on cardiac samples from three human autopsied donor cadavers and five adult Sprague-Dawley rats. We found endothelial cells (ECs), cords, and filopodia-projecting endothelial tip cells (ETCs) that expressed CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, and PDGFR-α. Often, endothelial cells closely neighbored the sarcolemmal basal laminae. Endothelial progenitor cells, as well as nascent capillaries, were CD31+/CD34+. Proliferative endothelial cells expressed Ki67. In larger vessels we found pericytes that expressed CD146 and α-SMA; scarce α-SMA-expressing spindle-shaped cells lining cardiomyocytes were suggestive of a pericytic role in angiogenic sprout guidance. The TEM study showed that endothelial tubes are almost exclusively found in the narrow myocardial interstitia. ECs that built them up appeared identical to the cells that previous TEM studies have suggested to be myocardial telocytes. A subset of stromal cells with TC-like phenotype and telopodes-like processes actually seem to configure blood vessels, and therefore belong to the endothelial lineage. This study shows that data presented in previous studies on myocardial telocytes is not enough to allow the reproducibility of the results. At least a subset of cells considered to be TCs might belong to the endothelial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER, Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - S Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L Mogoantă
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, Department of Morphology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - F Grigoriu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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103
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Inoue T, Iida A, Maegawa S, Sehara-Fujisawa A, Kinoshita M. Generation of a transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) strain for visualization of nuclear dynamics in early developmental stages. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:679-687. [PMID: 27759163 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we verified nuclear transport activity of an artificial nuclear localization signal (aNLS) in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). We generated a transgenic medaka strain expresses the aNLS tagged enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by a medaka beta-actin promoter. The aNLS-EGFP was accumulated in the nuclei of somatic tissues and yolk nuclei of oocytes, but undetectable in the spermatozoa. The fluorescent signal was observed from immediately after fertilization by a maternal contribution. Furthermore, male and female pronuclei were visualized in fertilized eggs, and nuclear dynamics of pronuclear fusion and subsequent cleavage were captured by time-lapse imaging. In contrast, SV40NLS exhibited no activity of nuclear transport in early embryos. In conclusion, the aNLS possesses a strong nuclear localization activity and is a useful probe for fluorescent observation of the pronuclei and nuclei in early developmental stage of medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Inoue
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogo-in Kawahara-cho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shingo Maegawa
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogo-in Kawahara-cho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Peghaire C, Bats ML, Sewduth R, Jeanningros S, Jaspard B, Couffinhal T, Duplàa C, Dufourcq P. Fzd7 (Frizzled-7) Expressed by Endothelial Cells Controls Blood Vessel Formation Through Wnt/β-Catenin Canonical Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2369-2380. [PMID: 27758766 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vessel formation requires precise orchestration of a series of morphometric and molecular events controlled by a multitude of angiogenic factors and morphogens. Wnt/frizzled signaling is required for proper vascular formation. In this study, we investigated the role of the Fzd7 (frizzled-7) receptor in retinal vascular development and its relationship with the Wnt/β-catenin canonical pathway and Notch signaling. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using transgenic mice, we demonstrated that Fzd7 is required for postnatal vascular formation. Endothelial cell (EC) deletion of fzd7 (fzd7ECKO) delayed retinal plexus formation because of an impairment in tip cell phenotype and a decrease in stalk cell proliferation. Dvl (dishevelled) proteins are a main component of Wnt signaling and play a functionally redundant role. We found that Dvl3 depletion in dvl1-/- mice mimicked the fzd7ECKO vascular phenotype and demonstrated that Fzd7 acted via β-catenin activation by showing that LiCl treatment rescued impairment in tip and stalk cell phenotypes induced in fzd7 mutants. Deletion of fzd7 or Dvl1/3 induced a strong decrease in Wnt canonical genes and Notch partners' expression. Genetic and pharmacological rescue strategies demonstrated that Fzd7 acted via β-catenin activation, upstream of Notch signaling to control Dll4 and Jagged1 EC expression. CONCLUSIONS Fzd7 expressed by EC drives postnatal angiogenesis via activation of Dvl/β-catenin signaling and can control the integrative interaction of Wnt and Notch signaling during postnatal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Peghaire
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Marie Lise Bats
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Raj Sewduth
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Sylvie Jeanningros
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Beatrice Jaspard
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Thierry Couffinhal
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Cécile Duplàa
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.)
| | - Pascale Dufourcq
- From the Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM U1034, Pessac, France (M.L.B., S.J., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bordeaux, U1034, France (M.L.B., B.J., T.C., C.D., P.D.); Service des Maladies cardiaques et vasculaires (T.C.) and Service de Biochimie clinique (M.L.B.), CHU de Bordeaux, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Vascular Science, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom (C.P.); and Laboratorium voor Endotheliale Moleculaire Biologie, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium (R.S.).
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105
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Bazou D, Ng MR, Song JW, Chin SM, Maimon N, Munn LL. Flow-induced HDAC1 phosphorylation and nuclear export in angiogenic sprouting. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34046. [PMID: 27669993 PMCID: PMC5037418 DOI: 10.1038/srep34046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis requires the coordinated growth and migration of endothelial cells (ECs), with each EC residing in the vessel wall integrating local signals to determine whether to remain quiescent or undergo morphogenesis. These signals include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and flow-induced mechanical stimuli such as interstitial flow, which are both elevated in the tumor microenvironment. However, it is not clear how VEGF signaling and mechanobiological activation due to interstitial flow cooperate during angiogenesis. Here, we show that endothelial morphogenesis is histone deacetylase-1- (HDAC1) dependent and that interstitial flow increases the phosphorylation of HDAC1, its activity, and its export from the nucleus. Furthermore, we show that HDAC1 inhibition decreases endothelial morphogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) expression. Our results suggest that HDAC1 modulates angiogenesis in response to flow, providing a new target for modulating vascularization in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Bazou
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Mei Rosa Ng
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, E406 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan Min Chin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nir Maimon
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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106
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Cell-cell junctional mechanotransduction in endothelial remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:279-292. [PMID: 27506620 PMCID: PMC5219012 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is one of the most dynamic tissues that encounter numerous mechanical cues derived from pulsatile blood flow, blood pressure, activity of smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall, and transmigration of immune cells. The inner layer of blood and lymphatic vessels is covered by the endothelium, a monolayer of cells which separates blood from tissue, an important function that it fulfills even under the dynamic circumstances of the vascular microenvironment. In addition, remodeling of the endothelial barrier during angiogenesis and trafficking of immune cells is achieved by specific modulation of cell-cell adhesion structures between the endothelial cells. In recent years, there have been many new discoveries in the field of cellular mechanotransduction which controls the formation and destabilization of the vascular barrier. Force-induced adaptation at endothelial cell-cell adhesion structures is a crucial node in these processes that challenge the vascular barrier. One of the key examples of a force-induced molecular event is the recruitment of vinculin to the VE-cadherin complex upon pulling forces at cell-cell junctions. Here, we highlight recent advances in the current understanding of mechanotransduction responses at, and derived from, endothelial cell-cell junctions. We further discuss their importance for vascular barrier function and remodeling in development, inflammation, and vascular disease.
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107
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Betz C, Lenard A, Belting HG, Affolter M. Cell behaviors and dynamics during angiogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2249-60. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular networks are formed and maintained through a multitude of angiogenic processes, such as sprouting, anastomosis and pruning. Only recently has it become possible to study the behavior of the endothelial cells that contribute to these networks at a single-cell level in vivo. This Review summarizes what is known about endothelial cell behavior during developmental angiogenesis, focusing on the morphogenetic changes that these cells undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Betz
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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108
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Treps L, Conradi LC, Harjes U, Carmeliet P. Manipulating Angiogenesis by Targeting Endothelial Metabolism: Hitting the Engine Rather than the Drivers—A New Perspective? Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:872-87. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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109
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Siemerink MJ, Hughes MR, Dallinga MG, Gora T, Cait J, Vogels IMC, Yetin-Arik B, Van Noorden CJF, Klaassen I, McNagny KM, Schlingemann RO. CD34 Promotes Pathological Epi-Retinal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157902. [PMID: 27352134 PMCID: PMC4924789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sialomucins CD34 and podocalyxin (PODXL) are anti-adhesive molecules expressed at the luminal membrane of endothelial cells of small blood vessels and facilitate vascular lumen formation in the developing mouse aorta. CD34 transcript and protein levels are increased during human angiogenesis, its expression is particularly enriched on endothelial tip cell filopodia and CD34 is a marker for tip cells in vitro. Here, we investigated whether CD34 merely marks endothelial tip cells or has a functional role in tip cells and angiogenesis. We assessed that silencing CD34 in human microvascular endothelial cells has little effect on endothelial cell migration or invasion, but has a significant effect on vascular-endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenic sprouting activity in vitro. In vivo, the absence of CD34 reduced the density of filopodia on retinal endothelial tip cells in neonatal mice, but did not influence the overall architecture of the retinal vascular network. In oxygen-induced retinopathy, Cd34-/- mice showed normal intra-retinal regenerative angiogenesis but the number of pathological epi-retinal neovascular tufts were reduced. We conclude that CD34 is not essential for developmental vascularization in the retina, but its expression promotes the formation of pathological, invasive vessels during neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Siemerink
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marchien G. Dallinga
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomek Gora
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Cait
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ilse M. C. Vogels
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bahar Yetin-Arik
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. F. Van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Reinier O. Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Liu C, Wu C, Yang Q, Gao J, Li L, Yang D, Luo L. Macrophages Mediate the Repair of Brain Vascular Rupture through Direct Physical Adhesion and Mechanical Traction. Immunity 2016; 44:1162-76. [PMID: 27156384 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke and brain microbleeds are caused by cerebrovascular ruptures. Fast repair of such ruptures is the most promising therapeutic approach. Due to a lack of high-resolution in vivo real-time studies, the dynamic cellular events involved in cerebrovascular repair remain unknown. Here, we have developed a cerebrovascular rupture system in zebrafish by using multi-photon laser, which generates a lesion with two endothelial ends. In vivo time-lapse imaging showed that a macrophage arrived at the lesion and extended filopodia or lamellipodia to physically adhere to both endothelial ends. This macrophage generated mechanical traction forces to pull the endothelial ends and facilitate their ligation, thus mediating the repair of the rupture. Both depolymerization of microfilaments and inhibition of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase or Rac1 activity disrupted macrophage-endothelial adhesion and impaired cerebrovascular repair. Our study reveals a hitherto unexpected role for macrophages in mediating repair of cerebrovascular ruptures through direct physical adhesion and mechanical traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Qifen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147 Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Deqin Yang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147 Chongqing, China.
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, China.
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111
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Davey CF, Mathewson AW, Moens CB. PCP Signaling between Migrating Neurons and their Planar-Polarized Neuroepithelial Environment Controls Filopodial Dynamics and Directional Migration. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005934. [PMID: 26990447 PMCID: PMC4798406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is a cell-contact mediated mechanism for transmitting polarity information between neighboring cells. PCP “core components” (Vangl, Fz, Pk, Dsh, and Celsr) are essential for a number of cell migratory events including the posterior migration of facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) in the plane of the hindbrain neuroepithelium in zebrafish and mice. While the mechanism by which PCP signaling polarizes static epithelial cells is well understood, how PCP signaling controls highly dynamic processes like neuronal migration remains an important outstanding question given that PCP components have been implicated in a range of directed cell movements, particularly during vertebrate development. Here, by systematically disrupting PCP signaling in a rhombomere-restricted manner we show that PCP signaling is required both within FBMNs and the hindbrain rhombomere 4 environment at the time when they initiate their migration. Correspondingly, we demonstrate planar polarized localization of PCP core components Vangl2 and Fzd3a in the hindbrain neuroepithelium, and transient localization of Vangl2 at the tips of retracting FBMN filopodia. Using high-resolution timelapse imaging of FBMNs in genetic chimeras we uncover opposing cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous functions for Fzd3a and Vangl2 in regulating FBMN protrusive activity. Within FBMNs, Fzd3a is required to stabilize filopodia while Vangl2 has an antagonistic, destabilizing role. However, in the migratory environment Fzd3a acts to destabilize FBMN filopodia while Vangl2 has a stabilizing role. Together, our findings suggest a model in which PCP signaling between the planar polarized neuroepithelial environment and FBMNs directs migration by the selective stabilization of FBMN filopodia. Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a common feature of many animal tissues. This type of polarity is most obvious in cells that are organized into epithelial sheets, where PCP signaling components act to orient cells in the plane of the tissue. Although, PCP is best understood for its function in polarizing stable epithelia, PCP is also required for the dynamic process of cell migration in animal development and disease. The goal of this study was to determine how PCP functions to control cell migration. We used the migration of facial branchiomotor neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain, which requires almost the entire suite of PCP core components, to address this question. We present evidence that PCP signaling within migrating neurons, and between migrating neurons and cells of their migratory environment promote migration by regulating filopodial dynamics. Our results suggest that broadly conserved interactions between PCP components control the cytoskeleton in motile cells and non-motile epithelia alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal F. Davey
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Mathewson
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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112
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Gebala V, Collins R, Geudens I, Phng LK, Gerhardt H. Blood flow drives lumen formation by inverse membrane blebbing during angiogenesis in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:443-50. [PMID: 26928868 PMCID: PMC6485462 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How vascular tubes build, maintain and adapt continuously perfused lumens to meet local metabolic needs remains poorly understood. Recent studies showed that blood flow itself plays a critical role in the remodelling of vascular networks, and suggested it is also required for the lumenization of new vascular connections. However, it is still unknown how haemodynamic forces contribute to the formation of new vascular lumens during blood vessel morphogenesis. Here we report that blood flow drives lumen expansion during sprouting angiogenesis in vivo by inducing spherical deformations of the apical membrane of endothelial cells, in a process that we have termed inverse blebbing. We show that endothelial cells react to these membrane intrusions by local and transient recruitment and contraction of actomyosin, and that this mechanism is required for single, unidirectional lumen expansion in angiogenic sprouts. Our work identifies inverse membrane blebbing as a cellular response to high external pressure. We show that in the case of blood vessels such membrane dynamics can drive local cell shape changes required for global tissue morphogenesis, shedding light on a pressure-driven mechanism of lumen formation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gebala
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.,Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Russell Collins
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilse Geudens
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li-Kun Phng
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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113
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Du J, Fan YL, Chen TL, Feng XQ. Lifeact and Utr230 induce distinct actin assemblies in cell nuclei. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:570-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan-Lei Fan
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Lin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics; Trauma and Hand Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Nanning Guangxi 530027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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114
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Blinder YJ, Freiman A, Raindel N, Mooney DJ, Levenberg S. Vasculogenic dynamics in 3D engineered tissue constructs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17840. [PMID: 26648270 PMCID: PMC4673462 DOI: 10.1038/srep17840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable 3D engineered vascular tissue constructs can be formed by co-culturing endothelial and fibroblast cells on macroporous scaffolds. Here we show that these constructs can be used for studying the dynamics of neovascular formation in-vitro by a combination of live confocal imaging and an array of image processing and analysis tools, revealing multiple distinct stages of morphogenesis. We show that this process involves both vasculogenic and angiogenic elements, including an initial endothelial multicellular cluster formation followed by rapid extensive sprouting, ultimately resulting in a stable interconnected endothelial network morphology. This vascular morphogenesis is time-correlated with the deposition and formation of an extensive extra-cellular matrix environment. We further show that endothelial network junctions are formed by two separate morphogenic mechanisms of anastomosis and cluster thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron J Blinder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Alina Freiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noa Raindel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - David J Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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115
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116
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Three-dimensional biomimetic model to reconstitute sprouting lymphangiogenesis in vitro. Biomaterials 2015; 78:115-28. [PMID: 26691234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Formation of new lymphatic vessels, termed lymphangiogenesis, is central for diverse biological processes during development, inflammation and tumor metastasis. However, reliable in vitro model is still under demand for detailed elucidation of how sprouting lymphangiogenesis is initiated and coordinated. Here, we describe a microfluidic platform optimized for close reconstitution of lymphangiogenesis, achieved by on-chip integration of salient constituents of lymphatic microenvironment found in vivo. With flexible and precise control over the factors that include biochemical cues, interstitial flow (IF), and endothelial-stromal interactions, we found that orchestrated efforts of multiple environmental factors are necessary for robust lymphatic sprouting in 3D extracellular matrix. Especially, we demonstrate that IF serves as a central regulatory cue which defines lymphangiogenic responses and phenotypes of lymphatic endothelial cells. When synergized with pro-lymphangiogenic factors, IF significantly augmented initiation and outgrowth of lymphatic sprouts toward upstream of the flow while suppressing downstream-directed sprouting. In an appropriate synergism, lymphatic sprouts exhibited structural, molecular signatures and cellular phenotypes that closely approximate sprouting lymphatic neovessels in vivo, and precisely reflected the modulatory effects of pro- and anti-lymphangiogenic stimuli. Our study not only reveals critical but unappreciated role of mechanical cue that regulates lymphangiogenic sprouting, but also provides a novel biomimetic model that may leverage further biological studies as well as phenotypic drug screening.
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117
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Hen G, Nicenboim J, Mayseless O, Asaf L, Shin M, Busolin G, Hofi R, Almog G, Tiso N, Lawson ND, Yaniv K. Venous-derived angioblasts generate organ-specific vessels during zebrafish embryonic development. Development 2015; 142:4266-78. [PMID: 26525671 PMCID: PMC4689221 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation and remodeling of vascular beds are complex processes orchestrated by multiple signaling pathways. Although it is well accepted that vessels of a particular organ display specific features that enable them to fulfill distinct functions, the embryonic origins of tissue-specific vessels and the molecular mechanisms regulating their formation are poorly understood. The subintestinal plexus of the zebrafish embryo comprises vessels that vascularize the gut, liver and pancreas and, as such, represents an ideal model in which to investigate the early steps of organ-specific vessel formation. Here, we show that both arterial and venous components of the subintestinal plexus originate from a pool of specialized angioblasts residing in the floor of the posterior cardinal vein (PCV). Using live imaging of zebrafish embryos, in combination with photoconvertable transgenic reporters, we demonstrate that these angioblasts undergo two phases of migration and differentiation. Initially, a subintestinal vein forms and expands ventrally through a Bone Morphogenetic Protein-dependent step of collective migration. Concomitantly, a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-dependent shift in the directionality of migration, coupled to the upregulation of arterial markers, is observed, which culminates with the generation of the supraintestinal artery. Together, our results establish the zebrafish subintestinal plexus as an advantageous model for the study of organ-specific vessel development and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling its formation. More broadly, our findings suggest that PCV-specialized angioblasts contribute not only to the formation of the early trunk vasculature, but also to the establishment of late-forming, tissue-specific vascular beds. Highlighted article: A specialized pool of angioblasts is the origin of the zebrafish subintestinal plexus, a structure that gives rise to the organ-specific vessels of the gut, liver and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Hen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Julian Nicenboim
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oded Mayseless
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lihee Asaf
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Masahiro Shin
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Giorgia Busolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Roy Hofi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriella Almog
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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118
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Integrative Utilization of Microenvironments, Biomaterials and Computational Techniques for Advanced Tissue Engineering. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:71-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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119
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Ridley AJ. Rho GTPase signalling in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:103-12. [PMID: 26363959 PMCID: PMC4728192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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120
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Hasan SS, Siekmann AF. The same but different: signaling pathways in control of endothelial cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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121
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Abstract
The vascular and the nervous system are responsible for oxygen, nutrient, and information transfer and thereby constitute highly important communication systems in higher organisms. These functional similarities are reflected at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels, where common developmental principles and mutual crosstalks have evolved to coordinate their action. This resemblance of the two systems at different levels of complexity has been termed the "neurovascular link." Most of the evidence demonstrating neurovascular interactions derives from studies outside the CNS and from the CNS tissue of the retina. However, little is known about the specific properties of the neurovascular link in the brain. Here, we focus on regulatory effects of molecules involved in the neurovascular link on angiogenesis in the periphery and in the brain and distinguish between general and CNS-specific cues for angiogenesis. Moreover, we discuss the emerging molecular interactions of these angiogenic cues with the VEGF-VEGFR-Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)-Jagged-Notch pathway.
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122
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Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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123
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Hu J, Qiu J, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Yin T, Xie X, Wang G. AAMP Regulates Endothelial Cell Migration and Angiogenesis Through RhoA/Rho Kinase Signaling. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:1462-74. [PMID: 26350504 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complicated process including endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. AAMP plays a role in regulating cell migration of multiple cell types. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether AAMP regulates angiogenesis, and to clarify the role of AAMP in the VEGF-induced angiogenesis. We found that AAMP expressed in multiple cell types and mainly localized in cytoplasm and membrane in vascular endothelial cells. Using tube formation assay in vitro and aortic ring assay, siRNA-mediated knockdown and antibody blockade of AAMP impaired VEGF-induced endothelial cell tube formation and aortic ring angiogenic sprouting. Mechanistic studies showed that AAMP expression was significantly upregulated by VEGF in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Moreover, VEGF recruited AAMP to the cell membrane protrusions. AAMP regulates angiogenesis by mediating the spreading and migration of vascular endothelial cells. AAMP knock-down reduced VEGF-induced actin stress fibers and collagen gel contraction. Furthermore, we identified RhoA/Rho kinase signaling as an important factor that contributes to the action of AAMP in regulating endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Altogether, these data demonstrated the critical role of AAMP in angiogenesis and suggested blocking AAMP could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tieying Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory For Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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124
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Yu JA, Castranova D, Pham VN, Weinstein BM. Single-cell analysis of endothelial morphogenesis in vivo. Development 2015; 142:2951-61. [PMID: 26253401 PMCID: PMC4582182 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vessel formation has been extensively studied at the tissue level, but the difficulty in imaging the endothelium with cellular resolution has hampered study of the morphogenesis and behavior of endothelial cells (ECs) in vivo. We are using endothelial-specific transgenes and high-resolution imaging to examine single ECs in zebrafish. By generating mosaics with transgenes that simultaneously mark endothelial nuclei and membranes we are able to definitively identify and study the morphology and behavior of individual ECs during vessel sprouting and lumen formation. Using these methods, we show that developing trunk vessels are composed of ECs of varying morphology, and that single-cell analysis can be used to quantitate alterations in morphology and dynamics in ECs that are defective in proper guidance and patterning. Finally, we use single-cell analysis of intersegmental vessels undergoing lumen formation to demonstrate the coexistence of seamless transcellular lumens and single or multicellular enclosed lumens with autocellular or intercellular junctions, suggesting that heterogeneous mechanisms contribute to vascular lumen formation in vivo. The tools that we have developed for single EC analysis should facilitate further rigorous qualitative and quantitative analysis of EC morphology and behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin A Yu
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Castranova
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Van N Pham
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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125
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Shamloo A, Mohammadaliha N, Heilshorn SC, Bauer AL. A Comparative Study of Collagen Matrix Density Effect on Endothelial Sprout Formation Using Experimental and Computational Approaches. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:929-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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126
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Pitulescu ME, Adams RH. Regulation of signaling interactions and receptor endocytosis in growing blood vessels. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:366-77. [PMID: 25482636 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels and the lymphatic vasculature are extensive tubular networks formed by endothelial cells that have several indispensable functions in the developing and adult organism. During growth and tissue regeneration but also in many pathological settings, these vascular networks expand, which is critically controlled by the receptor EphB4 and the ligand ephrin-B2. An increasing body of evidence links Eph/ephrin molecules to the function of other receptor tyrosine kinases and cell surface receptors. In the endothelium, ephrin-B2 is required for clathrin-dependent internalization and full signaling activity of VEGFR2, the main receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. In vascular smooth muscle cells, ephrin-B2 antagonizes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of PDGFRβ and controls the balanced activation of different signal transduction processes after stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. This review summarizes the important roles of Eph/ephrin molecules in vascular morphogenesis and explains the function of ephrin-B2 as a molecular hub for receptor endocytosis in the vasculature.
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Key Words
- Ang, angiopoietin
- CHC, clathrin heavy chains
- CLASP, clathrin-associated-sorting protein
- CV, cardinal vein
- DA, dorsal aorta
- EC, endothelial cell
- EEA1, early antigen 1
- Eph
- Ephrin-B2ΔV, ephrin-B2 deletion of C-terminal PDZ binding motif
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LEC, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LRP1, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MVB, multivesicular body
- NRP, neuropilin
- PC, pericytes
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PTC, peritubular capillary
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells.
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- endocytosis
- endothelial cells
- ephrin
- mural cells
- receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara E Pitulescu
- a Department of Tissue Morphogenesis; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; and Faculty of Medicine , University of Münster ; Münster , Germany
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127
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Abraham S, Scarcia M, Bagshaw RD, McMahon K, Grant G, Harvey T, Yeo M, Esteves FO, Thygesen HH, Jones PF, Speirs V, Hanby AM, Selby PJ, Lorger M, Dear TN, Pawson T, Marshall CJ, Mavria G. A Rac/Cdc42 exchange factor complex promotes formation of lateral filopodia and blood vessel lumen morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7286. [PMID: 26129894 PMCID: PMC4507007 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During angiogenesis, Rho-GTPases influence endothelial cell migration and cell-cell adhesion; however it is not known whether they control formation of vessel lumens, which are essential for blood flow. Here, using an organotypic system that recapitulates distinct stages of VEGF-dependent angiogenesis, we show that lumen formation requires early cytoskeletal remodelling and lateral cell-cell contacts, mediated through the RAC1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) DOCK4 (dedicator of cytokinesis 4). DOCK4 signalling is necessary for lateral filopodial protrusions and tubule remodelling prior to lumen formation, whereas proximal, tip filopodia persist in the absence of DOCK4. VEGF-dependent Rac activation via DOCK4 is necessary for CDC42 activation to signal filopodia formation and depends on the activation of RHOG through the RHOG GEF, SGEF. VEGF promotes interaction of DOCK4 with the CDC42 GEF DOCK9. These studies identify a novel Rho-family GTPase activation cascade for the formation of endothelial cell filopodial protrusions necessary for tubule remodelling, thereby influencing subsequent stages of lumen morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabu Abraham
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Margherita Scarcia
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Richard D. Bagshaw
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn McMahon
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gary Grant
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Tracey Harvey
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Maggie Yeo
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Filomena O.G. Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Helene H. Thygesen
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pamela F. Jones
- Leeds Institutes of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrew M. Hanby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Peter J. Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Mihaela Lorger
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - T. Neil Dear
- Leeds Institutes of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Tony Pawson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Marshall
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Georgia Mavria
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Fantin A, Lampropoulou A, Gestri G, Raimondi C, Senatore V, Zachary I, Ruhrberg C. NRP1 Regulates CDC42 Activation to Promote Filopodia Formation in Endothelial Tip Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1577-90. [PMID: 26051942 PMCID: PMC4528263 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouting blood vessels are led by filopodia-studded endothelial tip cells that respond to angiogenic signals. Mosaic lineage tracing previously revealed that NRP1 is essential for tip cell function, although its mechanistic role in tip cells remains poorly defined. Here, we show that NRP1 is dispensable for genetic tip cell identity. Instead, we find that NRP1 is essential to form the filopodial bursts that distinguish tip cells morphologically from neighboring stalk cells, because it enables the extracellular matrix (ECM)-induced activation of CDC42, a key regulator of filopodia formation. Accordingly, NRP1 knockdown and pharmacological CDC42 inhibition similarly impaired filopodia formation in vitro and in developing zebrafish in vivo. During mouse retinal angiogenesis, CDC42 inhibition impaired tip cell and vascular network formation, causing defects that resembled those due to loss of ECM-induced, but not VEGF-induced, NRP1 signaling. We conclude that NRP1 enables ECM-induced filopodia formation for tip cell function during sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anastasia Lampropoulou
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Gaia Gestri
- UCL Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claudio Raimondi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Valentina Senatore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ian Zachary
- UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Vanhollebeke B, Stone OA, Bostaille N, Cho C, Zhou Y, Maquet E, Gauquier A, Cabochette P, Fukuhara S, Mochizuki N, Nathans J, Stainier DY. Tip cell-specific requirement for an atypical Gpr124- and Reck-dependent Wnt/β-catenin pathway during brain angiogenesis. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26051822 PMCID: PMC4456509 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the critical role of endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling during central nervous system (CNS) vascularization, how endothelial cells sense and respond to specific Wnt ligands and what aspects of the multistep process of intra-cerebral blood vessel morphogenesis are controlled by these angiogenic signals remain poorly understood. We addressed these questions at single-cell resolution in zebrafish embryos. We identify the GPI-anchored MMP inhibitor Reck and the adhesion GPCR Gpr124 as integral components of a Wnt7a/Wnt7b-specific signaling complex required for brain angiogenesis and dorsal root ganglia neurogenesis. We further show that this atypical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway selectively controls endothelial tip cell function and hence, that mosaic restoration of single wild-type tip cells in Wnt/β-catenin-deficient perineural vessels is sufficient to initiate the formation of CNS vessels. Our results identify molecular determinants of ligand specificity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and provide evidence for organ-specific control of vascular invasion through tight modulation of tip cell function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06489.001 Organs develop alongside the network of blood vessels that supply them with oxygen and nutrients. One way that new blood vessels grow is by sprouting out of the side of an existing vessel, via a process called angiogenesis. This process relies on signals that are received by the endothelial cells that line the inner wall of blood vessels, and that direct the cells to form a new ‘sprout’, consisting of tip and stalk cells. In the developing brain, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway helps direct the formation of blood vessels. In this pathway, a member of a protein family called Wnt signals to specific proteins on the surface of the cells lining the blood vessels. Much effort has gone into uncovering the identity of these proteins, with many studies looking at blood vessel development in the brain of mouse embryos. In this study, Vanhollebeke et al. turned to zebrafish embryos to uncover new regulators of angiogenesis and define their roles during the multi-step process of blood vessel development in the brain. A variety of experimental techniques were used to alter and study the activity of different Wnt signaling pathway components. These experiments revealed that the Wnt7a and Wnt7b proteins signal to an endothelial cell membrane protein complex containing the proteins Gpr124 and Reck. Vanhollebeke et al. then created ‘mosaic’ zebrafish embryos, which contained two genetically distinct types of cells—cells that were missing one of the components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and wild-type cells. Visualizing the growth of the vessels showed that all the new blood vessels that sprouted had normal tip cells. However, the cells in the stalk of the sprout could be either normal or missing a signaling protein. These findings demonstrate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls the pattern of blood vessel development in the brain by acting specifically on the invasive behaviors of the tip cells of new sprouts, a cellular mechanism that allows efficient organ-specific control of vascularization. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06489.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Oliver A Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Naguissa Bostaille
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Chris Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yulian Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Emilie Maquet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anne Gauquier
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pauline Cabochette
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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130
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Lagendijk AK, Yap AS, Hogan BM. Endothelial cell-cell adhesion during zebrafish vascular development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:136-45. [PMID: 24621476 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate vasculature is an essential organ network with major roles in health and disease. The establishment of balanced cell-cell adhesion in the endothelium is crucial for the functionality of the vascular system. Furthermore, the correct patterning and integration of vascular endothelial cell-cell adhesion drives the morphogenesis of new vessels, and is thought to couple physical forces with signaling outcomes during development. Here, we review insights into this process that have come from studies in zebrafish. First, we describe mutants in which endothelial adhesion is perturbed, second we describe recent progress using in vivo cell biological approaches that allow the visualization of endothelial cell-cell junctions. These studies underline the profound potential of this model system to dissect in great detail the function of both known and novel regulators of endothelial cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Lagendijk
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland;Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland;Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland;Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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131
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Yang H, Fang L, Zhan R, Hegarty JM, Ren J, Hsiai TK, Gleeson JG, Miller YI, Trejo J, Chi NC. Polo-like kinase 2 regulates angiogenic sprouting and blood vessel development. Dev Biol 2015; 404:49-60. [PMID: 26004360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis relies on specialized endothelial tip cells to extend toward guidance cues in order to direct growing blood vessels. Although many of the signaling pathways that control this directional endothelial sprouting are well known, the specific cellular mechanisms that mediate this process remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we show that Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) regulates Rap1 activity to guide endothelial tip cell lamellipodia formation and subsequent angiogenic sprouting. Using a combination of high-resolution in vivo imaging of zebrafish vascular development and a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) in vitro cell culture system, we observed that loss of PLK2 function resulted in a reduction in endothelial cell sprouting and migration, whereas overexpression of PLK2 promoted angiogenesis. Furthermore, we discovered that PLK2 may control angiogenic sprouting by binding to PDZ-GEF to regulate RAP1 activity during endothelial cell lamellipodia formation and extracellular matrix attachment. Consistent with these findings, constitutively active RAP1 could rescue the endothelial cell sprouting defects observed in zebrafish and HUVEC PLK2 knockdowns. Overall, these findings reveal a conserved PLK2-RAP1 pathway that is crucial to regulate endothelial tip cell behavior in order to ensure proper vascular development and patterning in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - Rui Zhan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Hegarty
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil C Chi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613J, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Meyen D, Tarbashevich K, Banisch TU, Wittwer C, Reichman-Fried M, Maugis B, Grimaldi C, Messerschmidt EM, Raz E. Dynamic filopodia are required for chemokine-dependent intracellular polarization during guided cell migration in vivo. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25875301 PMCID: PMC4397908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and polarization is controlled by signals in the environment. Migrating cells typically form filopodia that extend from the cell surface, but the precise function of these structures in cell polarization and guided migration is poorly understood. Using the in vivo model of zebrafish primordial germ cells for studying chemokine-directed single cell migration, we show that filopodia distribution and their dynamics are dictated by the gradient of the chemokine Cxcl12a. By specifically interfering with filopodia formation, we demonstrate for the first time that these protrusions play an important role in cell polarization by Cxcl12a, as manifested by elevation of intracellular pH and Rac1 activity at the cell front. The establishment of this polarity is at the basis of effective cell migration towards the target. Together, we show that filopodia allow the interpretation of the chemotactic gradient in vivo by directing single-cell polarization in response to the guidance cue. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05279.001 Some of the cells in an animal embryo have to migrate long distances to reach their final positions; that is to say, to reach the locations where they will participate in the formation of tissues and organs. The migration of cells is also important throughout the entire lifespan of an animal. White blood cells, for example, must be able to move within tissues to search for and fight infections as well as to detect and remove abnormal cells. The front end of a migrating cell typically protrudes. The back of the cell is then pulled and detaches, which allows the whole cell to move forward. Migrating cells generate thin finger-like projections known as filopodia that have been suggested to help the cell sense their external environments and follow chemical cues. It is not clear what happens to a migrating cell in a living organism if the formation of its filopodia is impaired, or even how filipodia help the normal migration of cells in animals. To define how filopodia help to guide migrating cells in an animal, Meyen et al. analyzed the migration of cells called ‘primordial germ cells’ (or PGCs) in zebrafish. These cells form very early on in development of a zebrafish embryo at a position that is far away from their final location (in the testes or ovaries where they will go on to form sperm or egg cells respectively). Meyen et al. revealed that cells that are exposed to the guidance cue (a protein called a chemokine) form more filopodia at their front compared to their rear. The filopodia formed at the cell front also extend and retract more frequently. Meyen et al. further observed that the specific chemokine that guides the cells can bind to the filopodia and enter the cell. This leads to a signal inside the cell that tells the cell to move in the direction where more of the chemokine is found. Indeed, altering the distribution and number of filopodia around the cell's edge decreases the ability of the primordial germ cells to reach their targets. Together, this work shows that the filopodia at the front end of cells are required for sensing the chemokines that guide cell movement. Further work is required to understand the mechanism that determines the distribution of filopodia on the surface of migrating cells, and the role of chemokines in the process. Moreover, this work may also be relevant for understanding the migration of cancer cells, because several types of cancer can invade new tissues by following directional cues including chemokines. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05279.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Meyen
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Torsten U Banisch
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Carolina Wittwer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Michal Reichman-Fried
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Benoît Maugis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Cecilia Grimaldi
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Esther-Maria Messerschmidt
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
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Sun J, Xiao Y, Wang S, Slepian MJ, Wong PK. Advances in Techniques for Probing Mechanoregulation of Tissue Morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:127-37. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068214554802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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134
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Saharinen P, Ivaska J. Blocking integrin inactivation as an anti-angiogenic therapy. EMBO J 2015; 34:1293-5. [PMID: 25828097 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pipsa Saharinen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology Program and Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Department of Food and Biochemistry, Turku Centre for Biotechnology University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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135
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Phng LK, Gebala V, Bentley K, Philippides A, Wacker A, Mathivet T, Sauteur L, Stanchi F, Belting HG, Affolter M, Gerhardt H. Formin-mediated actin polymerization at endothelial junctions is required for vessel lumen formation and stabilization. Dev Cell 2015; 32:123-32. [PMID: 25584798 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During blood vessel formation, endothelial cells (ECs) establish cell-cell junctions and rearrange to form multicellular tubes. Here, we show that during lumen formation, the actin nucleator and elongation factor, formin-like 3 (fmnl3), localizes to EC junctions, where filamentous actin (F-actin) cables assemble. Fluorescent actin reporters and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments in zebrafish embryos identified a pool of dynamic F-actin with high turnover at EC junctions in vessels. Knockdown of fmnl3 expression, chemical inhibition of formin function, and expression of dominant-negative fmnl3 revealed that formin activity maintains a stable F-actin content at EC junctions by continual polymerization of F-actin cables. Reduced actin polymerization leads to destabilized endothelial junctions and consequently to failure in blood vessel lumenization and lumen instability. Our findings highlight the importance of formin activity in blood vessel morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Phng
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Véronique Gebala
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Katie Bentley
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew Philippides
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Andrin Wacker
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loïc Sauteur
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Stanchi
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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136
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Cdc42 mediates Bmp-induced sprouting angiogenesis through Fmnl3-driven assembly of endothelial filopodia in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2015; 32:109-22. [PMID: 25584797 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During angiogenesis in vivo, endothelial cells (ECs) at the tips of vascular sprouts actively extend filopodia that are filled with bundles of linear actin filaments. To date, signaling pathways involved in the formation of endothelial filopodia have been studied using in-vitro-cultured ECs that behave differently from those in vivo. Herein, we have delineated a signaling pathway that governs the assembly of endothelial filopodia during angiogenic sprouting of the caudal vein plexus (CVP) in zebrafish. During CVP formation, bone morphogenetic protein induces the extension of endothelial filopodia and their migration via Arhgef9b-mediated activation of Cdc42. Active Cdc42 binds to and stimulates Formin-like 3, an actin-regulatory protein of the formin family, which, in turn, promotes the extension of endothelial filopodia to facilitate angiogenic sprouting of the CVP. Thus, this study has elucidated molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of endothelial filopodia and their role in angiogenesis in vivo.
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137
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Stanczuk L, Martinez-Corral I, Ulvmar MH, Zhang Y, Laviña B, Fruttiger M, Adams R, Saur D, Betsholtz C, Ortega S, Alitalo K, Graupera M, Mäkinen T. cKit Lineage Hemogenic Endothelium-Derived Cells Contribute to Mesenteric Lymphatic Vessels. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1708-1721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Rusu MC, Poalelungi CV, Vrapciu AD, Nicolescu MI, Hostiuc S, Mogoanta L, Taranu T. Endocardial tip cells in the human embryo - facts and hypotheses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115853. [PMID: 25617624 PMCID: PMC4305311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies regarding coronary embryogenesis suggest that the endocardium is a source of endothelial cells for the myocardial networks. As this was not previously documented in human embryos, we aimed to study whether or not endothelial tip cells could be correlated with endocardial-dependent mechanisms of sprouting angiogenesis. Six human embryos (43–56 days) were obtained and processed in accordance with ethical regulations; immunohistochemistry was performed for CD105 (endoglin), CD31, CD34, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin and vimentin antibodies. Primitive main vessels were found deriving from both the sinus venosus and aorta, and were sought to be the primordia of the venous and arterial ends of cardiac microcirculation. Subepicardial vessels were found branching into the outer ventricular myocardium, with a pattern of recruiting α-SMA+/desmin+ vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Endothelial sprouts were guided by CD31+/CD34+/CD105+/vimentin+ endothelial tip cells. Within the inner myocardium, we found endothelial networks rooted from endocardium, guided by filopodia-projecting CD31+/CD34+/CD105+/ vimentin+ endocardial tip cells. The myocardial microcirculatory bed in the atria was mostly originated from endocardium, as well. Nevertheless, endocardial tip cells were also found in cardiac cushions, but they were not related to cushion endothelial networks. A general anatomical pattern of cardiac microvascular embryogenesis was thus hypothesized; the arterial and venous ends being linked, respectively, to the aorta and sinus venosus. Further elongation of the vessels may be related to the epicardium and subepicardial stroma and the intramyocardial network, depending on either endothelial and endocardial filopodia-guided tip cells in ventricles, or mostly on endocardium, in atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel C. Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- MEDCENTER—Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian V. Poalelungi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology “Dr.I.Cantacuzino” Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra D. Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea I. Nicolescu
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Division of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Mogoanta
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, Department of Morphology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Traian Taranu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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139
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Boer EF, Howell ED, Schilling TF, Jette CA, Stewart RA. Fascin1-dependent Filopodia are required for directional migration of a subset of neural crest cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004946. [PMID: 25607881 PMCID: PMC4301650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional migration of neural crest (NC) cells is essential for patterning the vertebrate embryo, including the craniofacial skeleton. Extensive filopodial protrusions in NC cells are thought to sense chemo-attractive/repulsive signals that provide directionality. To test this hypothesis, we generated null mutations in zebrafish fascin1a (fscn1a), which encodes an actin-bundling protein required for filopodia formation. Homozygous fscn1a zygotic null mutants have normal NC filopodia due to unexpected stability of maternal Fscn1a protein throughout NC development and into juvenile stages. In contrast, maternal/zygotic fscn1a null mutant embryos (fscn1a MZ) have severe loss of NC filopodia. However, only a subset of NC streams display migration defects, associated with selective loss of craniofacial elements and peripheral neurons. We also show that fscn1a-dependent NC migration functions through cxcr4a/cxcl12b chemokine signaling to ensure the fidelity of directional cell migration. These data show that fscn1a-dependent filopodia are required in a subset of NC cells to promote cell migration and NC derivative formation, and that perdurance of long-lived maternal proteins can mask essential zygotic gene functions during NC development. During vertebrate embryogenesis, neural crest (NC) cells migrate extensively along stereotypical migration routes and differentiate into diverse derivatives, including the craniofacial skeleton and peripheral nervous system. While defects in NC migration underlie many human birth defects and may be coopted during cancer metastasis, the genetic pathways controlling directional NC migration remain incompletely understood. Filopodia protrusions are thought to act as “cellular antennae” that explore the environment for directional cues to ensure NC cells reach their correct location. To test this idea, we generated zebrafish fascin1a (fscn1a) mutants that have severe loss of filopodia. Surprisingly, we found that most NC cells migrate to their correct locations without robust filopodial protrusions. We found that fscn1a embryos have directional migration defects in a subset of NC cells, resulting in loss of specific craniofacial elements and peripheral neurons. Interestingly, these defects were only observed in ∼20% of fscn1a embryos, but were significantly enhanced by partial loss of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4a or disruption of the localized expression of its ligand Cxcl12b. Our data show that subsets of skeletal and neurogenic NC cells require filopodia to migrate and that fscn1a-dependent filopodia cooperate with chemokine signaling to promote directional migration of a subset of NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F. Boer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D. Howell
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Cicely A. Jette
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. Stewart
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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140
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Filopodia-based Wnt transport during vertebrate tissue patterning. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5846. [PMID: 25556612 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracrine Wnt/β-catenin signalling is important during developmental processes, tissue regeneration and stem cell regulation. Wnt proteins are morphogens, which form concentration gradients across responsive tissues. Little is known about the transport mechanism for these lipid-modified signalling proteins in vertebrates. Here we show that Wnt8a is transported on actin-based filopodia to contact responding cells and activate signalling during neural plate formation in zebrafish. Cdc42/N-Wasp regulates the formation of these Wnt-positive filopodia. Enhanced formation of filopodia increases the effective signalling range of Wnt by facilitating spreading. Consistently, reduction in filopodia leads to a restricted distribution of the ligand and a limited signalling range. Using a simulation, we provide evidence that such a short-range transport system for Wnt has a long-range signalling function. Indeed, we show that a filopodia-based transport system for Wnt8a controls anteroposterior patterning of the neural plate during vertebrate gastrulation.
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141
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Michaelis UR. Mechanisms of endothelial cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4131-48. [PMID: 25038776 PMCID: PMC11113960 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a central role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes during our whole life. Cellular movement is a complex, tightly regulated multistep process. Although the principle mechanisms of migration follow a defined general motility cycle, the cell type and the context of moving influences the detailed mode of migration. Endothelial cells migrate during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis but also in a damaged vessel to restore vessel integrity. Depending on the situation they migrate individually, in chains or sheets and complex signaling, intercellular signals as well as environmental cues modulate the process. Here, the different modes of cell migration, the peculiarities of endothelial cell migration and specific guidance molecules controlling this process will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ruth Michaelis
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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142
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Sauteur L, Krudewig A, Herwig L, Ehrenfeuchter N, Lenard A, Affolter M, Belting HG. Cdh5/VE-cadherin promotes endothelial cell interface elongation via cortical actin polymerization during angiogenic sprouting. Cell Rep 2014; 9:504-13. [PMID: 25373898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis requires the coordination of cell behaviors. Here, we have analyzed dynamic endothelial cell behaviors underlying sprouting angiogenesis in vivo. Two different mechanisms contribute to sprout outgrowth: tip cells show strong migratory behavior, whereas extension of the stalk is dependent upon cell elongation. To investigate the function of Cdh5 in sprout outgrowth, we generated null mutations in the zebrafish cdh5 gene, and we found that junctional remodeling and cell elongation are impaired in mutant embryos. The defects are associated with a disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cannot be rescued by expression of a truncated version of Cdh5. Finally, the defects in junctional remodeling can be phenocopied by pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization, but not by inhibiting actin-myosin contractility. Taken together, our results support a model in which Cdh5 organizes junctional and cortical actin cytoskeletons, as well as provides structural support for polymerizing F-actin cables during endothelial cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Sauteur
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Krudewig
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Herwig
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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143
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Spracklen AJ, Fagan TN, Lovander KE, Tootle TL. The pros and cons of common actin labeling tools for visualizing actin dynamics during Drosophila oogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 393:209-226. [PMID: 24995797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is required for both development and tissue homeostasis. While fixed image analysis has provided significant insight into such events, a complete understanding of cytoskeletal dynamics requires live imaging. Numerous tools for the live imaging of actin have been generated by fusing the actin-binding domain from an actin-interacting protein to a fluorescent protein. Here we comparatively assess the utility of three such tools--Utrophin, Lifeact, and F-tractin--for characterizing the actin remodeling events occurring within the germline-derived nurse cells during Drosophila mid-oogenesis or follicle development. Specifically, we used the UAS/GAL4 system to express these tools at different levels and in different cells, and analyzed these tools for effects on fertility, alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, and ability to label filamentous actin (F-actin) structures by both fixed and live imaging. While both Utrophin and Lifeact robustly label F-actin structures within the Drosophila germline, when strongly expressed they cause sterility and severe actin defects including cortical actin breakdown resulting in multi-nucleate nurse cells, early F-actin filament and aggregate formation during stage 9 (S9), and disorganized parallel actin filament bundles during stage 10B (S10B). However, by using a weaker germline GAL4 driver in combination with a higher temperature, Utrophin can label F-actin with minimal defects. Additionally, strong Utrophin expression within the germline causes F-actin formation in the nurse cell nuclei and germinal vesicle during mid-oogenesis. Similarly, Lifeact expression results in nuclear F-actin only within the germinal vesicle. F-tractin expresses at a lower level than the other two labeling tools, but labels cytoplasmic F-actin structures well without causing sterility or striking actin defects. Together these studies reveal how critical it is to evaluate the utility of each actin labeling tool within the tissue and cell type of interest in order to identify the tool that represents the best compromise between acceptable labeling and minimal disruption of the phenomenon being observed. In this case, we find that F-tractin, and perhaps Utrophin, when Utrophin expression levels are optimized to label efficiently without causing actin defects, can be used to study F-actin dynamics within the Drosophila nurse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Spracklen
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tiffany N Fagan
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kaylee E Lovander
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tina L Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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144
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Caviglia S, Luschnig S. Tube fusion: Making connections in branched tubular networks. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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145
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Angiogenesis in zebrafish. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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146
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Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit dramatic plasticity of form at the single- and collective-cell level during new vessel growth, adult vascular homeostasis, and pathology. Understanding how, when, and why individual ECs coordinate decisions to change shape, in relation to the myriad of dynamic environmental signals, is key to understanding normal and pathological blood vessel behavior. However, this is a complex spatial and temporal problem. In this review we show that the multidisciplinary field of Adaptive Systems offers a refreshing perspective, common biological language, and straightforward toolkit that cell biologists can use to untangle the complexity of dynamic, morphogenetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bentley
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Andrew Philippides
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Erzsébet Ravasz Regan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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147
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Raimondi C, Fantin A, Lampropoulou A, Denti L, Chikh A, Ruhrberg C. Imatinib inhibits VEGF-independent angiogenesis by targeting neuropilin 1-dependent ABL1 activation in endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1167-83. [PMID: 24863063 PMCID: PMC4042645 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 regulates angiogenesis in a VEGF-independent manner via association with ABL1, suggesting that Imatinib represents a novel opportunity for anti-angiogenic therapy. To enable new blood vessel growth, endothelial cells (ECs) express neuropilin 1 (NRP1), and NRP1 associates with the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 after binding the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) to enhance arteriogenesis. We report that NRP1 contributes to angiogenesis through a novel mechanism. In human and mouse ECs, the integrin ligand fibronectin (FN) stimulated actin remodeling and phosphorylation of the focal adhesion component paxillin (PXN) in a VEGF/VEGFR2-independent but NRP1-dependent manner. NRP1 formed a complex with ABL1 that was responsible for FN-dependent PXN activation and actin remodeling. This complex promoted EC motility in vitro and during angiogenesis on FN substrates in vivo. Accordingly, both physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the retina were inhibited by treatment with Imatinib, a small molecule inhibitor of ABL1 which is widely used to prevent the proliferation of tumor cells that express BCR-ABL fusion proteins. The finding that NRP1 regulates angiogenesis in a VEGF- and VEGFR2-independent fashion via ABL1 suggests that ABL1 inhibition provides a novel opportunity for anti-angiogenic therapy to complement VEGF or VEGFR2 blockade in eye disease or solid tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Raimondi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England UK
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England UK
| | | | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England UK
| | - Anissa Chikh
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary London University, London E1 2AT, England UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England UK
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148
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Wacker A, Gerhardt H, Phng LK. Tissue guidance without filopodia. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e28820. [PMID: 25346793 PMCID: PMC4203535 DOI: 10.4161/cib.28820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are highly dynamic, rod-like protrusions that are found in abundance at the leading edge of migrating cells such as endothelial tip cells and at axonal growth cones of developing neurons. One proposed function of filopodia is that of an environmental probe, which serves to sense guidance cues during neuronal pathfinding and blood vessel patterning. However, recent studies show that tissue guidance occurs unhindered in the absence of filopodia, suggesting a dispensability of filopodia in this process. Here, we discuss evidence that support as well as dispute the role of filopodia in guiding the formation of stereotypic neuronal and blood vessel patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrin Wacker
- Department of Oncology; Vascular Patterning Laboratory; VRC; Leuven, Belgium ; VIB; Vascular Patterning Laboratory; VRC; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Department of Oncology; Vascular Patterning Laboratory; VRC; Leuven, Belgium ; VIB; Vascular Patterning Laboratory; VRC; Leuven, Belgium ; Vascular Biology Laboratory; London Research Institute; Cancer Research UK; London, UK
| | - Li-Kun Phng
- Department of Oncology; Vascular Patterning Laboratory; VRC; Leuven, Belgium ; VIB; Vascular Patterning Laboratory; VRC; Leuven, Belgium
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149
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Engelhardt B, Liebner S. Novel insights into the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:687-99. [PMID: 24590145 PMCID: PMC3972432 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS) and is a prerequisite for proper neuronal function. The BBB is localized to microvascular endothelial cells that strictly control the passage of metabolites into and out of the CNS. Complex and continuous tight junctions and lack of fenestrae combined with low pinocytotic activity make the BBB endothelium a tight barrier for water soluble moleucles. In combination with its expression of specific enzymes and transport molecules, the BBB endothelium is unique and distinguishable from all other endothelial cells in the body. During embryonic development, the CNS is vascularized by angiogenic sprouting from vascular networks originating outside of the CNS in a precise spatio-temporal manner. The particular barrier characteristics of BBB endothelial cells are induced during CNS angiogenesis by cross-talk with cellular and acellular elements within the developing CNS. In this review, we summarize the currently known cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating brain angiogenesis and introduce more recently discovered CNS-specific pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Norrin/Frizzled4 and hedgehog) and molecules (GPR124) that are crucial in BBB differentiation and maturation. Finally, based on observations that BBB dysfunction is associated with many human diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke and brain tumors, we discuss recent insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining barrier characteristics in the mature BBB endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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150
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Wilkinson RN, van Eeden FJ. The Zebrafish as a Model of Vascular Development and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 124:93-122. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386930-2.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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