101
|
Melchinger H, Jain K, Tyagi T, Hwa J. Role of Platelet Mitochondria: Life in a Nucleus-Free Zone. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:153. [PMID: 31737646 PMCID: PMC6828734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are abundant, small, anucleate circulating cells, serving many emerging pathophysiological roles beyond hemostasis; including active critical roles in thrombosis, injury response, and immunoregulation. In the absence of genomic DNA transcriptional regulation (no nucleus), platelets require strategic prepackaging of all the needed RNA and organelles from megakaryocytes, to sense stress (e.g., hyperglycemia), to protect themselves from stress (e.g., mitophagy), and to communicate a stress response to other cells (e.g., granule and microparticle release). Distinct from avian thrombocytes that have a nucleus, the absence of a nucleus allows the mammalian platelet to maintain its small size, permits morphological flexibility, and may improve speed and efficiency of protein expression in response to stress. In the absence of a nucleus, platelet lifespan of 7–10 days, is largely determined by the mitochondria. The packaging of 5–8 mitochondria is critical in aerobic respiration and yielding metabolic substrates needed for function and survival. Mitochondria damage or dysfunction, as observed with several disease processes, results in greatly attenuated platelet survival and increased risk for thrombovascular events. Here we provide insights into the emerging roles of platelets despite the lack of a nucleus, and the key role played by mitochondria in platelet function and survival both in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Melchinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kanika Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John Hwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Chen P, Tomschik M, Nelson KM, Oakey J, Gatlin JC, Levy DL. Nucleoplasmin is a limiting component in the scaling of nuclear size with cytoplasmic volume. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4063-4078. [PMID: 31636119 PMCID: PMC6891103 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How is nuclear size regulated relative to cell size? Using microfluidic encapsulation of Xenopuslaevis embryo extracts, biochemical fractionation, and in vivo experiments, Chen et al. demonstrate that reductions in cytoplasmic volume and limiting components, including the histone chaperone nucleoplasmin, contribute to developmental nuclear size scaling. How nuclear size is regulated relative to cell size is a fundamental cell biological question. Reductions in both cell and nuclear sizes during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis provide a robust scaling system to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation. To test if the volume of embryonic cytoplasm is limiting for nuclear growth, we encapsulated gastrula-stage embryonic cytoplasm and nuclei in droplets of defined volume using microfluidics. Nuclei grew and reached new steady-state sizes as a function of cytoplasmic volume, supporting a limiting component mechanism of nuclear size control. Through biochemical fractionation, we identified the histone chaperone nucleoplasmin (Npm2) as a putative nuclear size effector. Cellular amounts of Npm2 decrease over development, and nuclear size was sensitive to Npm2 levels both in vitro and in vivo, affecting nuclear histone levels and chromatin organization. We propose that reductions in cell volume and the amounts of limiting components, such as Npm2, contribute to developmental nuclear size scaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | | | - Katherine M Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Jesse C Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Dorland YL, Cornelissen AS, Kuijk C, Tol S, Hoogenboezem M, van Buul JD, Nolte MA, Voermans C, Huveneers S. Nuclear shape, protrusive behaviour and in vivo retention of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells is controlled by Lamin-A/C expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14401. [PMID: 31591420 PMCID: PMC6779744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being extensively studied for therapeutic applications, including treatment of graft-versus-host disease, osteogenesis imperfecta and for enhancing engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells after transplantation. Thus far, clinical trials have shown that the therapeutic efficiency of MSCs is variable, which may in part be due to inefficient cell migration. Here we demonstrate that human MSCs display remarkable low migratory behaviour compared to other mesodermal-derived primary human cell types. We reveal that specifically in MSCs the nucleus is irregularly shaped and nuclear lamina are prone to wrinkling. In addition, we show that expression of Lamin A/C is relatively high in MSCs. We further demonstrate that in vitro MSC migration through confined pores is limited by their nuclei, a property that might correlate to the therapeutic inefficiency of administered MSC in vivo. Silencing expression of Lamin A/C in MSCs improves nuclear envelope morphology, promotes the protrusive activity of MSCs through confined pores and enhances their retention in the lung after intravenous administration in vivo. Our findings suggest that the intrinsic nuclear lamina properties of MSCs underlie their limited capacity to migrate, and that strategies that target the nuclear lamina might alter MSC-based cellular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Dorland
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Cornelissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Kuijk
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogenboezem
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Jochems PG, van Bergenhenegouwen J, van Genderen AM, Eis ST, Wilod Versprille LJ, Wichers HJ, Jeurink PV, Garssen J, Masereeuw R. Development and validation of bioengineered intestinal tubules for translational research aimed at safety and efficacy testing of drugs and nutrients. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
105
|
Gao Q, Yan D, Wang D, Gao S, Zhao S, Wang S, Liu Y. Variations in Nuclear Number and Size in Vegetative Hyphae of the Edible Mushroom Lentinula edodes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1987. [PMID: 31551952 PMCID: PMC6737286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In basidiomycete fungi, the number of nuclei and their ploidy level per nucleus can vary tremendously among species; however, within species, nuclear number and ploidy levels are traditionally considered fixed in their vegetative hyphae. In the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes, the hyphae are classified as either monokaryotic or dikaryotic, with each monokaryotic hyphal cell containing one haploid nucleus, and each dikaryotic hyphal cell containing two haploid nuclei. The dikaryotic hyphae are the results of mating between two genetically distinct monokaryons with different mating types. In this study, we examined the nuclear number and size (a potential correlate to ploidy) of L. edodes mycelia throughout its vegetative growth. We found that the number of nuclei within individual hyphal cells varied widely from non-nucleated to uninucleated, dinucleated, and multinucleated. Additionally, different nuclei within the same cell appeared very different in size, with a maximum nucleus cross-sectional area of 4.94 μm2 and the minimum nucleus cross-sectional area at only 0.37 μm2. Moreover, as culture time increased, more cells appeared to be devoid of any nuclei, with transmission electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays of late-stage cultures showing autophagosomes fusing and dissolving the nuclei and resulting in a large number of TUNEL-positive DNA fragments in non-nucleated cells. These results indicated that non-nucleated cells were likely caused by autophagy and apoptosis-like activities within aging L. edodes hyphae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Ross JA, Levy Y, Ripolone M, Kolb JS, Turmaine M, Holt M, Lindqvist J, Claeys KG, Weis J, Monforte M, Tasca G, Moggio M, Figeac N, Zammit PS, Jungbluth H, Fiorillo C, Vissing J, Witting N, Granzier H, Zanoteli E, Hardeman EC, Wallgren-Pettersson C, Ochala J. Impairments in contractility and cytoskeletal organisation cause nuclear defects in nemaline myopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:477-495. [PMID: 31218456 PMCID: PMC6689292 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a skeletal muscle disorder caused by mutations in genes that are generally involved in muscle contraction, in particular those related to the structure and/or regulation of the thin filament. Many pathogenic aspects of this disease remain largely unclear. Here, we report novel pathological defects in skeletal muscle fibres of mouse models and patients with NM: irregular spacing and morphology of nuclei; disrupted nuclear envelope; altered chromatin arrangement; and disorganisation of the cortical cytoskeleton. Impairments in contractility are the primary cause of these nuclear defects. We also establish the role of microtubule organisation in determining nuclear morphology, a phenomenon which is likely to contribute to nuclear alterations in this disease. Our results overlap with findings in diseases caused directly by mutations in nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins. Given the important role of nuclear shape and envelope in regulating gene expression, and the cytoskeleton in maintaining muscle fibre integrity, our findings are likely to explain some of the hallmarks of NM, including contractile filament disarray, altered mechanical properties and broad transcriptional alterations.
Collapse
|
107
|
Eiber N, Rehman M, Kravic B, Rudolf R, Sandri M, Hashemolhosseini S. Loss of Protein Kinase Csnk2b/CK2β at Neuromuscular Junctions Affects Morphology and Dynamics of Aggregated Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Neuromuscular Transmission, and Synaptic Gene Expression. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080940. [PMID: 31434353 PMCID: PMC6721821 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Csnk2/CK2 is important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Previously, we showed that CK2 binds distinctive proteins at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of mice and phosphorylates some of them. CK2 likely stabilizes clustered nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). In the absence of the β-subunit of CK2 in skeletal muscle fibers, mice develop an age-dependent decrease of grip strength accompanied by NMJ fragmentation and impairments of neuromuscular transmission. However, the precise role of CK2β regarding the clustering of AChRs and downstream signaling at NMJs is unknown. Here, we compared conditional CK2β-deficient mice with controls and found in the mutants (1) a lower decrement of endplate potentials after repetitive stimulation and decrements of nerve-evoked compound muscle action potentials decayed more rapidly after synaptic transmission was partially blocked, (2) that their muscle weakness was partially rescued by administration of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, (3) fragmented NMJs and impaired AChR clustering was detected in muscles and cultured muscle cells, (4) enlarged myonuclei, (5) impaired synaptic gene expression, and (6) a high turnover rate of their AChR clusters in vivo. Altogether, our data demonstrate a role for CK2 at the NMJ by maintaining a high density of AChRs and ensuring physiological synaptic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nane Eiber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, |91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rehman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, |91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bojana Kravic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, |91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of molecular- and cellular biology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, |68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Said Hashemolhosseini
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, |91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Nguyen KV, Bihan DL, Ciobanu L, Li JR. The time-dependent diffusivity in the abdominal ganglion of
Aplysia californica:
experiments and simulations. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
109
|
Pfeifer CR, Discher DE. Pulling the Roof Down on Anchored Nuclei. Dev Cell 2019; 50:130-131. [PMID: 31336096 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How a smooth epithelium becomes topographically patterned in development remains incompletely understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell,Ambrosini et al. (2019) investigate how dying cells specifically indent the apical surface, finding that apical actomyosin cables contract against the apoptotic nucleus, which itself is anchored basally to the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Rat V, Seigneuret F, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Lemoine R, Hourioux C, Zoulim F, Testoni B, Meunier JC, Tauber C, Roingeard P, de Rocquigny H. BAY 41-4109-mediated aggregation of assembled and misassembled HBV capsids in cells revealed by electron microscopy. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104557. [PMID: 31302151 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HBc is a small protein essential for the formation of the icosahedral HBV capsid. Its multiple roles in the replication cycle make this protein a promising target for the development of antiviral molecules. Based on the structure of HBc, a series of HBV assembly inhibitors, also known as capsid assembly modulators, were identified. We investigated the effect of BAY 41-4109, a heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivative that promotes the assembly of a non-capsid polymer. We showed, by confocal microscopy, that BAY 41-4109 mediated HBc aggregation, mostly in the cytoplasm of Huh7 cells. Image analysis revealed that aggregate size depended on BAY 41-4109 concentration and treatment duration. Large aggregates in the vicinity of the nucleus were enclosed by invaginations of the nuclear envelope. This deformation of the nuclear envelope was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immuno-TEM. These two techniques also revealed that the HBc aggregates were accumulations of capsid-like shells with an electron-dense material consisting of HBV core fragments. These findings, shedding light on the ultrastructural organization of HBc aggregates, provide insight into the mechanisms of action of BAY 41-4109 against HBV and will serve as a basis for comparison with other HBV capsid assembly inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Rat
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Florian Seigneuret
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- B-Cell Resources Platform, EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation", Université de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Hourioux
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France; Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Meunier
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Clovis Tauber
- UMRS Inserm U1253 - Université de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France; Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Erythrocytes nuclear abnormalities and leukocyte profile of the immune system of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at Edmonson Point, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
112
|
Beijer NRM, Nauryzgaliyeva ZM, Arteaga EM, Pieuchot L, Anselme K, van de Peppel J, Vasilevich AS, Groen N, Roumans N, Hebels DGAJ, Boer JD. Dynamic adaptation of mesenchymal stem cell physiology upon exposure to surface micropatterns. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9099. [PMID: 31235713 PMCID: PMC6591423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem (hMSCs) are defined as multi-potent colony-forming cells expressing a specific subset of plasma membrane markers when grown on flat tissue culture polystyrene. However, as soon as hMSCs are used for transplantation, they are exposed to a 3D environment, which can strongly impact cell physiology and influence proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Strategies to control in vivo hMSC behavior, for instance in stem cell transplantation or cancer treatment, are skewed by the un-physiological flatness of the standard well plates. Even though it is common knowledge that cells behave differently in vitro compared to in vivo, only little is known about the underlying adaptation processes. Here, we used micrometer-scale defined surface topographies as a model to describe the phenotype of hMSCs during this adaptation to their new environment. We used well established techniques to compare hMSCs cultured on flat and topographically enhanced polystyreneand observed dramatically changed cell morphologies accompanied by shrinkage of cytoplasm and nucleus, a decreased overall cellular metabolism, and slower cell cycle progression resulting in a lower proliferation rate in cells exposed to surface topographies. We hypothesized that this reduction in proliferation rate effects their sensitivity to certain cancer drugs, which was confirmed by higher survival rate of hMSCs cultured on topographies exposed to paclitaxel. Thus, micro-topographies can be used as a model system to mimic the natural cell micro-environment, and be a powerful tool to optimize cell treatment in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick R M Beijer
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zarina M Nauryzgaliyeva
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Estela M Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- Institut de Sciences des Materiaux de Mulhouse, University of Haute-Alsace, CNRS UMR7361, Mulhouse, France
| | - Karine Anselme
- Institut de Sciences des Materiaux de Mulhouse, University of Haute-Alsace, CNRS UMR7361, Mulhouse, France
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aliaksei S Vasilevich
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Groen
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Roumans
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennie G A J Hebels
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Cell Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Materiomics b.v., Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- BioInterface Science lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Castillo-Iglesias MS, Berciano MT, Narcis JO, Val-Bernal JF, Rodriguez-Rey JC, Tapia O, Lafarga M. Reorganization of the nuclear compartments involved in transcription and RNA processing in myonuclei of type I spinal muscular atrophy. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:227-237. [PMID: 31183542 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the loss or mutation of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The reduction in SMN protein levels in SMA leads to the degeneration of motor neurons and muscular atrophy. In this study, we analyzed the nuclear reorganization in human skeletal myofibers from a type I SMA patient carrying a deletion of exons 7 and 8 in the SMN1 gene and two SMN2 gene copies and showing reduced SMN protein levels in the muscle compared with those in control samples. The morphometric analysis of myofiber size revealed the coexistence of atrophic and hypertrophic myofibers in SMA samples. Compared with controls, both nuclear size and the nuclear shape factor were significantly reduced in SMA myonuclei. Nuclear reorganization in SMA myonuclei was characterized by extensive heterochromatinization, the aggregation of splicing factors in large interchromatin granule clusters, and nucleolar alterations with the accumulation of the granular component and a loss of fibrillar center/dense fibrillar component units. These nuclear alterations reflect a severe perturbation of global pre-mRNA transcription and splicing, as well as nucleolar dysfunction, in SMA myofibers. Moreover, the finding of similar nuclear reorganization in both atrophic and hypetrophic myofibers provides additional support that the SMN deficiency in SMA patients may primarily affect the skeletal myofibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María S Castillo-Iglesias
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Avd. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - María T Berciano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - J Oriol Narcis
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Avd. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - J Fernando Val-Bernal
- Unidad de Patología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - José C Rodriguez-Rey
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Olga Tapia
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Avd. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Avd. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Lazniewski M, Dawson WK, Rusek AM, Plewczynski D. One protein to rule them all: The role of CCCTC-binding factor in shaping human genome in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 90:114-127. [PMID: 30096365 PMCID: PMC6642822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome, constituting several billion base pairs, must be contracted to fit within the volume of a nucleus where the diameter is on the scale of μm. The 3D structure and packing of such a long sequence cannot be left to pure chance, as DNA must be efficiently used for its primary roles as a matrix for transcription and replication. In recent years, methods like chromatin conformation capture (including 3C, 4C, Hi-C, ChIA-PET and Multi-ChIA) and optical microscopy have advanced substantially and have shed new light on how eukaryotic genomes are hierarchically organized; first into 10-nm fiber, next into DNA loops, topologically associated domains and finally into interphase or mitotic chromosomes. This knowledge has allowed us to revise our understanding regarding the mechanisms governing the process of DNA organization. Mounting experimental evidence suggests that the key element in the formation of loops is the binding of the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) to DNA; a protein that can be referred to as the chief organizer of the genome. However, CTCF does not work alone but in cooperation with other proteins, such as cohesin or Yin Yang 1 (YY1). In this short review, we briefly describe our current understanding of the structure of eukaryotic genomes, how they are established and how the formation of DNA loops can influence gene expression. We discuss the recent discoveries describing the 3D structure of the CTCF-DNA complex and the role of CTCF in establishing genome structure. Finally, we briefly explain how various genetic disorders might arise as a consequence of mutations in the CTCF target sequence or alteration of genomic imprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lazniewski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wayne K Dawson
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 103-8657, Japan
| | - Anna Maria Rusek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Clinical Molecular Biology Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Centre for Innovative Research, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Gadecka A, Bielak-Zmijewska A. Slowing Down Ageing: The Role of Nutrients and Microbiota in Modulation of the Epigenome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061251. [PMID: 31159371 PMCID: PMC6628342 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human population is getting ageing. Both ageing and age-related diseases are correlated with an increased number of senescent cells in the organism. Senescent cells do not divide but are metabolically active and influence their environment by secreting many proteins due to a phenomenon known as senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells differ from young cells by several features. They possess more damaged DNA, more impaired mitochondria and an increased level of free radicals that cause the oxidation of macromolecules. However, not only biochemical and structural changes are related to senescence. Senescent cells have an altered chromatin structure, and in consequence, altered gene expression. With age, the level of heterochromatin decreases, and less condensed chromatin is more prone to DNA damage. On the one hand, some gene promoters are easily available for the transcriptional machinery; on the other hand, some genes are more protected (locally increased level of heterochromatin). The structure of chromatin is precisely regulated by the epigenetic modification of DNA and posttranslational modification of histones. The methylation of DNA inhibits transcription, histone methylation mostly leads to a more condensed chromatin structure (with some exceptions) and acetylation plays an opposing role. The modification of both DNA and histones is regulated by factors present in the diet. This means that compounds contained in daily food can alter gene expression and protect cells from senescence, and therefore protect the organism from ageing. An opinion prevailed for some time that compounds from the diet do not act through direct regulation of the processes in the organism but through modification of the physiology of the microbiome. In this review we try to explain the role of some food compounds, which by acting on the epigenetic level might protect the organism from age-related diseases and slow down ageing. We also try to shed some light on the role of microbiome in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gadecka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Son HN, Chi HNQ, Chung DC, Long LT. Morphological changes during replicative senescence in bovine ovarian granulosa cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1490-1497. [PMID: 31131697 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1624108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate replicative senescence of bovine granulosa cells (bGCs) during in vitro long-term culture. WST-1 assay analysis showed that bGCs proliferation was reduced from primary culture to 14th passage. The several bGCs from the 3rd passage and 7th passage exposed the weak activity of beta-galactosidase, while a strongly positive staining of beta-galactosidase was observed in bGCs from 14th passage. Flow cytometry analysis showed that bGCs were induced to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through in vitro expansion. TERT transcript expression of bGCs was downregulated from primary culture to 14th passage. The cell and nuclear area of bGCs were dramatically increased from 14th passage to 25th passage. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio of bGCs was dramatically reduced in 22th passage (4.32%) and 25th passage (2.45%), comparing to previous passages: primary culture (10.67%), 7th passage (9.21%), or 14th passage (10.33%). The number of microfilament bundle of bGCs was increased in 22nd passage (67.42 ± 17.76) and 25th passage (56.31 ± 22.45). The diameter of microfilament bundle of bGCs in 25th passage was dramatically increased to 1.88 ± 0.32 µm comparing to the primary culture (1.15 ± 0.03 µm). In this study, we also assessed the nuclear form factor which illustrates the level of nuclear circular form. A reduction of nuclear form factor was observed in bGCs during long-term in vitro expansion. The changes of nuclear form factor were correlated to other senescent characteristics, especially the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nghia Son
- a Animal Biotechnology Department , Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,b Biotechnology Department , Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| | - Ho Nguyen Quynh Chi
- a Animal Biotechnology Department , Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,b Biotechnology Department , Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| | - Doan Chinh Chung
- a Animal Biotechnology Department , Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,b Biotechnology Department , Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Long
- a Animal Biotechnology Department , Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,b Biotechnology Department , Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Alvarado-Kristensson M, Rosselló CA. The Biology of the Nuclear Envelope and Its Implications in Cancer Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2586. [PMID: 31137762 PMCID: PMC6566445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent compartmentalization of the genome is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Traditionally, the nuclear envelope was purely viewed as a physical barrier to preserve genetic material in eukaryotic cells. However, in the last few decades, it has been revealed to be a critical cellular component in controlling gene expression and has been implicated in several human diseases. In cancer, the relevance of the cell nucleus was first reported in the mid-1800s when an altered nuclear morphology was observed in tumor cells. This review aims to give a current and comprehensive view of the role of the nuclear envelope on cancer first by recapitulating the changes of the nuclear envelope during cell division, second, by reviewing the role of the nuclear envelope in cell cycle regulation, signaling, and the regulation of the genome, and finally, by addressing the nuclear envelope link to cell migration and metastasis and its use in cancer prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Catalina Ana Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
MKL1-actin pathway restricts chromatin accessibility and prevents mature pluripotency activation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1695. [PMID: 30979898 PMCID: PMC6461646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is well-known for providing structural/mechanical support, but whether and how it regulates chromatin and cell fate reprogramming is far less clear. Here, we report that MKL1, the key transcriptional co-activator of many actin cytoskeletal genes, regulates genomic accessibility and cell fate reprogramming. The MKL1-actin pathway weakens during somatic cell reprogramming by pluripotency transcription factors. Cells that reprogram efficiently display low endogenous MKL1 and inhibition of actin polymerization promotes mature pluripotency activation. Sustained MKL1 expression at a level seen in typical fibroblasts yields excessive actin cytoskeleton, decreases nuclear volume and reduces global chromatin accessibility, stalling cells on their trajectory toward mature pluripotency. In addition, the MKL1-actin imposed block of pluripotency can be bypassed, at least partially, when the Sun2-containing linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is inhibited. Thus, we unveil a previously unappreciated aspect of control on chromatin and cell fate reprogramming exerted by the MKL1-actin pathway. MKL1 is a key transcriptional co-activator of actin cytoskeleton genes. Here the authors show that MKL1 activation in somatic cells reduces chromatin accessibility and hinders full reprogramming to pluripotency. Reduction of MKL1, disruption of actin cytoskeleton and its links to the nucleus relieve this repression.
Collapse
|
119
|
Winter M, Mankowski W, Wait E, De La Hoz EC, Aguinaldo A, Cohen AR. Separating Touching Cells Using Pixel Replicated Elliptical Shape Models. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:883-893. [PMID: 30296216 PMCID: PMC6450753 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2874104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important and error-prone tasks in biological image analysis is the segmentation of touching or overlapping cells. Particularly for optical microscopy, including transmitted light and confocal fluorescence microscopy, there is often no consistent discriminative information to separate cells that touch or overlap. It is desired to partition touching foreground pixels into cells using the binary threshold image information only, and optionally incorporating gradient information. The most common approaches for segmenting touching and overlapping cells in these scenarios are based on the watershed transform. We describe a new approach called pixel replication for the task of segmenting elliptical objects that touch or overlap. Pixel replication uses the image Euclidean distance transform in combination with Gaussian mixture models to better exploit practically effective optimization for delineating objects with elliptical decision boundaries. Pixel replication improves significantly on commonly used methods based on watershed transforms, or based on fitting Gaussian mixtures directly to the thresholded image data. Pixel replication works equivalently on both 2-D and 3-D image data, and naturally combines information from multi-channel images. The accuracy of the proposed technique is measured using both the segmentation accuracy on simulated ellipse data and the tracking accuracy on validated stem cell tracking results extracted from hundreds of live-cell microscopy image sequences. Pixel replication is shown to be significantly more accurate compared with other approaches. Variance relationships are derived, allowing a more practically effective Gaussian mixture model to extract cell boundaries for data generated from the threshold image using the uniform elliptical distribution and from the distance transform image using the triangular elliptical distribution.
Collapse
|
120
|
Kinnaer C, Dudin O, Martin SG. Yeast-to-hypha transition of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus in response to environmental stimuli. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:975-991. [PMID: 30726171 PMCID: PMC6589906 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungal species are dimorphic, exhibiting both unicellular yeast-like and filamentous forms. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, a member of the fission yeast clade, is one such dimorphic fungus. Here, we first identify fruit extracts as natural, stress-free, starvation-independent inducers of filamentation, which we use to describe the properties of the dimorphic switch. During the yeast-to-hypha transition, the cell evolves from a bipolar to a unipolar system with 10-fold accelerated polarized growth but constant width, vacuoles segregated to the nongrowing half of the cell, and hyper-lengthening of the cell. We demonstrate unusual features of S. japonicus hyphae: these cells lack a Spitzenkörper, a vesicle distribution center at the hyphal tip, but display more rapid cytoskeleton-based transport than the yeast form, with actin cables being essential for the transition. S. japonicus hyphae also remain mononuclear and undergo complete cell divisions, which are highly asymmetric: one daughter cell inherits the vacuole, the other the growing tip. We show that these elongated cells scale their nuclear size, spindle length, and elongation rates, but display altered division size controls. This establishes S. japonicus as a unique system that switches between symmetric and asymmetric modes of growth and division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Kinnaer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Nyberg KD, Bruce SL, Nguyen AV, Chan CK, Gill NK, Kim TH, Sloan EK, Rowat AC. Predicting cancer cell invasion by single-cell physical phenotyping. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:218-231. [PMID: 29589844 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of cells are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Here we determine the physical phenotypes that best distinguish human cancer cell lines, and their relationship to cell invasion. We use the high throughput, single-cell microfluidic method, quantitative deformability cytometry (q-DC), to measure six physical phenotypes including elastic modulus, cell fluidity, transit time, entry time, cell size, and maximum strain at rates of 102 cells per second. By training a k-nearest neighbor machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate that multiparameter analysis of physical phenotypes enhances the accuracy of classifying cancer cell lines compared to single parameters alone. We also discover a set of four physical phenotypes that predict invasion; using these four parameters, we generate the physical phenotype model of invasion by training a multiple linear regression model with experimental data from a set of human ovarian cancer cells that overexpress a panel of tumor suppressor microRNAs. We validate the model by predicting invasion based on measured physical phenotypes of breast and ovarian human cancer cell lines that are subject to genetic or pharmacologic perturbations. Taken together, our results highlight how physical phenotypes of single cells provide a biomarker to predict the invasion of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Wang X, Ho C, Tsatskis Y, Law J, Zhang Z, Zhu M, Dai C, Wang F, Tan M, Hopyan S, McNeill H, Sun Y. Intracellular manipulation and measurement with multipole magnetic tweezers. Sci Robot 2019; 4:4/28/eaav6180. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aav6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The capability to directly interrogate intracellular structures inside a single cell for measurement and manipulation is important for understanding subcellular and suborganelle activities, diagnosing diseases, and developing new therapeutic approaches. Compared with measurements of single cells, physical measurement and manipulation of subcellular structures and organelles remain underexplored. To improve intracellular physical measurement and manipulation, we have developed a multipole magnetic tweezers system for micromanipulation involving submicrometer position control and piconewton force control of a submicrometer magnetic bead inside a single cell for measurement in different locations (spatial) and different time points (temporal). The bead was three-dimensionally positioned in the cell using a generalized predictive controller that addresses the control challenge caused by the low bandwidth of visual feedback from high-resolution confocal imaging. The average positioning error was quantified to be 0.4 μm, slightly larger than the Brownian motion–imposed constraint (0.31 μm). The system is also capable of applying a force up to 60 pN with a resolution of 4 pN for a period of time longer than 30 min. The measurement results revealed that significantly higher stiffness exists in the nucleus’ major axis than in the minor axis. This stiffness polarity is likely attributed to the aligned actin filament. We also showed that the nucleus stiffens upon the application of an intracellularly applied force, which can be attributed to the response of structural protein lamin A/C and the intracellular stress fiber actin filaments.
Collapse
|
123
|
Chen Z, Zhao R. Engineered Tissue Development in Biofabricated 3D Geometrical Confinement–A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3688-3702. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Ruogang Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Multinucleation of Incubated Cells and Their Morphological Differences Compared to Mononuclear Cells. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020156. [PMID: 30823567 PMCID: PMC6412785 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some cells cultured in vitro have multiple nuclei. Since cultured cells are used in various fields of science, including tissue engineering, the nature of the multinucleated cells must be determined. However, multinucleated cells are not frequently observed. In this study, a method to efficiently obtain multinucleated cells was established and their morphological properties were investigated. Initially, we established conditions to quickly and easily generate multinucleated cells by seeding a Xenopus tadpole epithelium tissue-derived cell line (XTC-YF) on less and more hydrophilic dishes, and incubating the cultures with medium supplemented with or without Y-27632-a ROCK inhibitor-to reduce cell contractility. Notably, 88% of the cells cultured on a less hydrophilic dish in medium supplemented with Y-27632 became multinucleate 48 h after seeding, whereas less than 5% of cells cultured under other conditions exhibited this morphology. Some cells showed an odd number (three and five) of cell nuclei 72 h after seeding. Multinucleated cells displayed a significantly smaller nuclear area, larger cell area, and smaller nuclear circularity. As changes in the morphology of the cells correlated with their functions, the proposed method would help researchers understand the functions of multinucleated cells.
Collapse
|
125
|
Beuvier T, Probert I, Beaufort L, Suchéras-Marx B, Chushkin Y, Zontone F, Gibaud A. X-ray nanotomography of coccolithophores reveals that coccolith mass and segment number correlate with grid size. Nat Commun 2019; 10:751. [PMID: 30765698 PMCID: PMC6375944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolithophores of the Noëlaerhabdaceae family are covered by imbricated coccoliths, each composed of multiple calcite crystals radially distributed around the periphery of a grid. The factors that determine coccolith size remain obscure. Here, we used synchrotron-based three-dimensional Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging to study coccoliths of 7 species of Gephyrocapsa, Emiliania and Reticulofenestra with a resolution close to 30 nm. Segmentation of 45 coccoliths revealed remarkable size, mass and segment number variations, even within single coccospheres. In particular, we observed that coccolith mass correlates with grid perimeter which scales linearly with crystal number. Our results indirectly support the idea that coccolith mass is determined in the coccolith vesicle by the size of the organic base plate scale (OBPS) around which R-unit nucleation occurs every 110–120 nm. The curvation of coccoliths allows inference of a positive correlation between cell nucleus, OBPS and coccolith sizes. Coccolithophores are one of the most abundant phytoplankton and calcifying organisms, well-known to produce intricate calcareous exoskeletons made of coccoliths. Here the authors show, by using X-ray nanotomography, the dependence of the grid size on the calcite nucleation site number and on the mass of coccoliths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Beuvier
- LUNAM, IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, 72085, Le MANS Cedex 09, France. .,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - I Probert
- Sorbonne Université / CNRS, Roscoff Culture Collection, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - L Beaufort
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - B Suchéras-Marx
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Y Chushkin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - F Zontone
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - A Gibaud
- LUNAM, IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, 72085, Le MANS Cedex 09, France.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Rašković B, Cruzeiro C, Poleksić V, Rocha E. Estimating volumes from common carp hepatocytes using design-based stereology and examining correlations with profile areas: Revisiting a nutritional assay and unveiling guidelines to microscopists. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:861-871. [PMID: 30730589 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Assessing fish liver status is common in aquaculture nutrition assays. This often implies determining hepatocytes profile areas in routine thin (5-7 μm) histological sections. However, there are theoretical problems using planar morphometry in thin sections: inherent sampling cells biases, too small numbers of sampled cells, under/overestimation of size, measuring size as areas when cells are three-dimensional (3D) entities. The gold standard for assessing/validate cell size is stereology using thick sections (20-40 μm). Here, we estimated the volume of hepatocytes and their nuclei by the nucleator and optical disector stereological probes (in thick sections), and, innovatively, in thin sections too (using single-section disectors). The liver of common carp eating feed containing either low or high level of lipids was targeted. Results were compared with prior profile areas from planar morphometry using thin sections, and with profile areas estimated here with the two-dimensional (2D) nucleator. Ratios between nucleus and cell/cytoplasm (N/C) areas and volumes were calculated and compared. There was high positive correlation between volumes in thin and thick sections (r = .85 to .89; p < .001), empirically validating the single-section disector. Strong correlations existed between profile-derived versus 2D-nucleator areas (r = .74 to .83; p < .001). There was systematic underestimation of cells and nucleus size using planar morphometry. The N/C ratios derived from the 2D-nucleator data were higher than those from planar morphometry. Despite theoretical premises for using simple planar morphometry in thin sections are flawed, our results support that such morphometry on carp/fish hepatocytes may offer some valid biological conclusions. Anyway, we advanced guidelines for implementing proper methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Božidar Rašković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology, and Applied Toxicology Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vesna Poleksić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology, and Applied Toxicology Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Paonessa F, Evans LD, Solanki R, Larrieu D, Wray S, Hardy J, Jackson SP, Livesey FJ. Microtubules Deform the Nuclear Membrane and Disrupt Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Tau-Mediated Frontotemporal Dementia. Cell Rep 2019; 26:582-593.e5. [PMID: 30650353 PMCID: PMC6335264 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal microtubule-associated protein tau, MAPT, is central to the pathogenesis of many dementias. Autosomal-dominant mutations in MAPT cause inherited frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. Using human stem cell models of FTD due to MAPT mutations, we find that tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and mislocalizes to cell bodies and dendrites in cortical neurons, recapitulating a key early event in FTD. Mislocalized tau in the cell body leads to abnormal microtubule movements in FTD-MAPT neurons that grossly deform the nuclear membrane. This results in defective nucleocytoplasmic transport, which is corrected by microtubule depolymerization. Neurons in the post-mortem human FTD-MAPT cortex have a high incidence of nuclear invaginations, indicating that tau-mediated nuclear membrane dysfunction is an important pathogenic process in FTD. Defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport in FTD point to important commonalities in the pathogenic mechanisms of tau-mediated dementias and ALS-FTD due to TDP-43 and C9orf72 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paonessa
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Alzheimer's Research UK Stem Cell Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Lewis D Evans
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Alzheimer's Research UK Stem Cell Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Ravi Solanki
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Alzheimer's Research UK Stem Cell Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Delphine Larrieu
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Alzheimer's Research UK Stem Cell Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Kobayashi S, Saio M, Fukuda T, Kimura K, Hirato J, Oyama T. Image analysis of the nuclear characteristics of emerin protein and the correlation with nuclear grooves and intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:133-142. [PMID: 30542735 PMCID: PMC6278501 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear size and shape are important components in the diagnosis of pathological specimens. However, a qualitative evaluation is typically applied rather than a quantitative evaluation technique. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the nuclear morphological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma using whole-slide imaging (WSI) and computer-assisted image analysis (IA). We evaluated the nuclear characteristics of 106 cases of surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma according to Feulgen staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin. According to the Feulgen reaction, although the nuclear area (size) of the carcinoma cells was correlated with the nuclear perimeter (NP) (R=0.8973), the nuclear staining intensity of carcinoma cells was not correlated with the nuclear area. Using emerin IHC, we used IA software that was able to detect both the NP and the emerin-stained nuclear membrane length (ENML) in the nucleus, and found that the more nuclei exhibited a longer ENML relative to the NP, the more nuclear grooves and intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions were present. In addition, the nuclear area was correlated with the percentage of nuclei that had a longer ENML compared to the NP against the total nuclei (R=0.7759). Furthermore, the emerin low expression group showed an enlarged nuclear area (P=0.0264), elongated NP (P=0.0091), and lower shape factor (P=0.0486) compared with the normal emerin expression group. Our data indicated the usefulness of WSI and IA for pathological specimen analysis. In addition, this study is the first to report that the low expression of emerin in cancer cell results in an oval shape of nuclei and nuclear enlargement in clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histopathology and Cytopathology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Masanao Saio
- Laboratory of Histopathology and Cytopathology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Laboratory of Histopathology and Cytopathology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Kiminori Kimura
- Department of Hepatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Shah MNA, Arabia S, Islam T, Ghosh A. Molecular evolution of SUN-domain containing proteins in diverse plant species and their expression profiling in response to developmental and perturbation stimuli. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:28-42. [PMID: 30359793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
SUN (Sad1/UNC-84) domain-containing proteins are highly conserved throughout evolution. They are localized to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope and are involved in nuclear migration and nucleoskeleton formation. In the present study, a genome-wide investigation was performed in three dicotyledonous (Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max and Medicago truncatula) and three monocotyledonous (Oryza sativa, Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor) plants. A total of 56 SUN proteins encoded by 30 genes were identified. Based on their length, transmembrane topology, conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships, they could be divided into two previously defined groups- Cter-SUN and mid-SUN proteins. Expression of these genes was analyzed in different developmental stages, tissues and various unfavorable conditions such as salinity, drought, and hormonal treatment. Analyses indicated that the expression of SUN1/2 transcripts are ubiquitous; that of SUN3/4 are development/tissue regulated, and SUN5 are inflorescence stage-specific. This study provides an initial framework for the characterization and functional validation of the plant SUN family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nur Ahad Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Shatil Arabia
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Islam
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Manley HR, Keightley MC, Lieschke GJ. The Neutrophil Nucleus: An Important Influence on Neutrophil Migration and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2867. [PMID: 30564248 PMCID: PMC6288403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil nuclear morphology has historically been used in haematology for neutrophil identification and characterisation, but its exact role in neutrophil function has remained enigmatic. During maturation, segmentation of the neutrophil nucleus into its mature, multi-lobulated shape is accompanied by distinct changes in nuclear envelope composition, resulting in a unique nucleus that is believed to be imbued with extraordinary nuclear flexibility. As a rate-limiting factor for cell migration, nuclear morphology and biomechanics are particularly important in the context of neutrophil migration during immune responses. Being an extremely plastic and fast migrating cell type, it is to be expected that neutrophils have an especially deformable nucleus. However, many questions still surround the dynamic capacities of the neutrophil nucleus, and which nuclear and cytoskeletal elements determine these dynamics. The biomechanics of the neutrophil nucleus should also be considered for their influences on the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), given this process sees the release of chromatin "nets" from nucleoplasm to extracellular space. Although past studies have investigated neutrophil nuclear composition and shape, in a new era of more sophisticated biomechanical and genetic techniques, 3D migration studies, and higher resolution microscopy we now have the ability to further investigate and understand neutrophil nuclear plasticity at an unprecedented level. This review addresses what is currently understood about neutrophil nuclear structure and its role in migration and the release of NETs, whilst highlighting open questions surrounding neutrophil nuclear dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Manley
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Williams JF, Mochrie SGJ, King MC. A versatile image analysis platform for three-dimensional nuclear reconstruction. Methods 2018; 157:15-27. [PMID: 30359725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear morphology is indicative of cellular health in many contexts. In order to robustly and quantitatively measure nuclear size and shape, numerous experimental methods leveraging fluorescence microscopy have been developed. While these methods are useful for quantifying two-dimensional morphology, they often fail to accurately represent the three-dimensional structure of the nucleus, thus omitting important spatial and volumetric information. To address the need for a more accurate image analysis modality, we have developed a software platform that faithfully reconstructs membrane surfaces in three dimensions with sub-pixel resolution. Here, we showcase its broad applicability across species and nuclear scale, as well as provide information on how to employ this platform for diverse experimental systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simon G J Mochrie
- Department of Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Megan C King
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Vijayakumar SC, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan B. Selective drug-free cancer apoptosis by three-dimensional self-targeting magnetic nickel oxide nanomatrix. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2469-2490. [PMID: 30328379 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a drug-free strategy addressing limitations of current cancer therapy. MATERIALS & METHODS A 3D self-assembled magnetic nickel oxide (NiO) nanomatrix is synthesized using femtosecond pulsed laser to mimic extracellular matrix. RESULTS The tunable laser pulse-interaction time and repetition rate aided in generating programmable NiO nanomatrix chemistry. The nanomatrix mimicked extracellular matrix in physical configuration and properties presenting favorable cues to cancerous HeLa cell and fibroblast cell adhesion and proliferation without cytotoxicity. The 3D nanomatrix structure altered HeLa cell behavior and induced apoptosis cancer apoptosis with an evidence of increased endocytosis when compared with fibroblast cells. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the availability of new potential avenues for magnetic drug-free cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprasad C Vijayakumar
- Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Facility, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology (iBEST), Partnership between Ryerson University & St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.,Nano Biointerface Facility, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Facility, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology (iBEST), Partnership between Ryerson University & St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.,Nano Biointerface Facility, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3.,Affiliate Scientist, Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Bo Tan
- Nano Biointerface Facility, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3.,Nano characterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Arbach HE, Harland-Dunaway M, Chang JK, Wills AE. Extreme nuclear branching in healthy epidermal cells of the Xenopus tail fin. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217513. [PMID: 30131443 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in nuclear morphology contribute to the regulation of complex cell properties, including differentiation and tissue elasticity. Perturbations of nuclear morphology are associated with pathologies that include progeria, cancer and muscular dystrophy. The mechanisms governing nuclear shape changes in healthy cells remain poorly understood, partially because there are few models of nuclear shape variation in healthy cells. Here, we introduce nuclear branching in epidermal fin cells of Xenopus tropicalis as a model for extreme variation of nuclear morphology in a diverse population of healthy cells. We found that nuclear branching arises within these cells and becomes more elaborate during embryonic development. These cells contain broadly distributed marks of transcriptionally active chromatin and heterochromatin, and have active cell cycles. We found that nuclear branches are disrupted by loss of filamentous actin and depend on epidermal expression of the nuclear lamina protein Lamin B1. Inhibition of nuclear branching disrupts fin morphology, suggesting that nuclear branching may be involved in fin development. This study introduces the nuclei of the Xenopus fin as a powerful new model for extreme nuclear morphology in healthy cells to complement studies of nuclear shape variation in pathological contexts.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Arbach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3750, USA
| | | | - Jessica K Chang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3750, USA
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Rassamegevanon T, Löck S, Baumann M, Krause M, von Neubeck C. Heterogeneity of γH2AX Foci Increases in Ex Vivo Biopsies Relative to In Vivo Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2616. [PMID: 30181446 PMCID: PMC6163410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomarker for DNA double stand breaks, gammaH2AX (γH2AX), holds a high potential as an intrinsic radiosensitivity predictor of tumors in clinical practice. Here, two published γH2AX foci datasets from in and ex vivo exposed human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hHNSCC) xenografts were statistically re-evaluated for the effect of the assay setting (in or ex vivo) on cellular geometry and the degree of heterogeneity in γH2AX foci. Significant differences between the nucleus areas of in- and ex vivo exposed samples were found. However, the number of foci increased linearly with nucleus area in irradiated samples of both settings. Moreover, irradiated tumor cells showed changes of nucleus area distributions towards larger areas compared to unexposed samples, implying cell cycle alteration after radiation exposure. The number of residual γH2AX foci showed a higher degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity in the ex vivo exposed samples relative to the in vivo exposed samples. In the in vivo setting, the highest intra-tumoral heterogeneity was observed in initial γH2AX foci numbers (foci detected 30 min following irradiation). These results suggest that the tumor microenvironment and the culture condition considerably influence cellular adaptation and DNA damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Treewut Rassamegevanon
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Baumann
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mechthild Krause
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Tubular Excretory Canal Structure Depends on Intermediate Filaments EXC-2 and IFA-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2018; 210:637-652. [PMID: 29945901 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The excretory canals of Caenorhabditis elegans are a model for understanding the maintenance of apical morphology in narrow single-celled tubes. Light and electron microscopy shows that mutants in exc-2 start to form canals normally, but these swell to develop large fluid-filled cysts that lack a complete terminal web at the apical surface, and accumulate filamentous material in the canal lumen. Here, whole-genome sequencing and gene rescue show that exc-2 encodes intermediate filament protein IFC-2 EXC-2/IFC-2 protein, fluorescently tagged via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9, is located at the apical surface of the canals independently of other intermediate filament proteins. EXC-2 is also located in several other tissues, though the tagged isoforms are not seen in the larger intestinal tube. Tagged EXC-2 binds via pulldown to intermediate filament protein IFA-4, which is also shown to line the canal apical surface. Overexpression of either protein results in narrow but shortened canals. These results are consistent with a model whereby three intermediate filaments in the canals-EXC-2, IFA-4, and IFB-1-restrain swelling of narrow tubules in concert with actin filaments that guide the extension and direction of tubule outgrowth, while allowing the tube to bend as the animal moves.
Collapse
|
136
|
Mohammadkarim A, Tabatabaei M, Parandakh A, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Khani MM. Radiation therapy affects the mechanical behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 85:188-193. [PMID: 29908486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been widely utilized as an effective method to eliminate malignant tumors and cancerous cells. However, subjection of healthy tissues and the related networks of blood vessels adjacent to the tumor area to irradiation is inevitable. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequent effects of fractionation radiotherapy on the mechanical characteristics of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through alterations in cytoskeleton organization and cell and nucleus morphology. In order to simulate the clinical condition of radiotherapy, the HUVECs were exposed to the specific dose of 2 Gy for 1-4 times among four groups with incremental total dose from 2 Gy up to 8 Gy. Fluorescence staining was performed to label F-actin filaments and nuclei. Micropipette aspiration and standard linear solid model were employed to evaluate the elastic and viscoelastic characteristics of the HUVECs. Radiotherapy significantly increased cell elastic moduli. Due to irradiation, instantaneous and equilibrium Young's modulus were also increased. Radiotherapy diminished HUVECs viscoelastic behavior and shifted their creep compliance curves downward. Furthermore, gamma irradiation elevated the nuclei sizes and to a lesser extent the cells sizes resulting in the accumulation of F-actin filaments within the rest of cell body. Endothelial stiffening correlates with endothelial dysfunction, hence the results may be helpful when the consequent effects of radiotherapy are the focus of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohammadkarim
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Cardiovascular Engineering Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Parandakh
- Cardiovascular Engineering Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijhe Mokhtari-Dizaji
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tafazzoli-Shadpour
- Cardiovascular Engineering Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Mehdi Khani
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
dos Santos DM, Aldrovani M, Filezio MR, Abreu TGM, Balthazar da Silveira CP, Cruz NRDN, Laus JL. Nuclear parameters and chromatin remodeling in epithelial cells and lymphocytes from the palpebral conjunctiva of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:39-49. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Moura dos Santos
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - Marcela Aldrovani
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - Marcella Rosa Filezio
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - Thais Guimarães Morato Abreu
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - Camila Pinho Balthazar da Silveira
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - Nathan Rocha das Neves Cruz
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - José Luiz Laus
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Surgery; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV); Sao Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Castro D, Mieiro CL, Coelho JP, Guilherme S, Marques A, Santos MA, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Pacheco M. Addressing the impact of mercury estuarine contamination in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L., 1758) - An early diagnosis in glass eel stage based on erythrocytic nuclear morphology. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:733-742. [PMID: 29475718 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L., 1758) population throughout Europe has been partially attributed to pollution. As glass eel estuarine migration may represent a considerable threat, the impact of mercury (Hg) contamination at this stage was evaluated through an in situ experiment (7days). Total Hg (tHg) bioaccumulation was evaluated concomitantly with erythrocytic nuclear morphology alterations: erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities assay (ENA), frequency of immature erythrocytes (IE) and the erythrocytic maturity index (EMI). The ENA results suggested a genotoxic pressure at the most contaminated sites, in line with the tHg increase. The EMI data, together with IE frequency, showed that fish exposed to high levels of Hg exhibited alterations of haematological dynamics, translated into an erythropoiesis increment. Despite the presence of these compensatory mechanisms, the present findings suggest a harmful impact of Hg on genome integrity at this early development stage, potentially affecting eels' condition and ultimately the population sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Castro
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C L Mieiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J P Coelho
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua das Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - S Guilherme
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Marques
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M A Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Pacheco
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Kim DH, Hah J, Wirtz D. Mechanics of the Cell Nucleus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1092:41-55. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
140
|
Grespan E, Giobbe GG, Badique F, Anselme K, Rühe J, Elvassore N. Effect of geometrical constraints on human pluripotent stem cell nuclei in pluripotency and differentiation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 10:278-289. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are differentiated on microstructured substrates to investigate the nuclear deformability during differentiation and the role of mechanoregulating proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Padova
- Padova
- Italy
- Department for Microsystems Engineering
| | - Giovanni G. Giobbe
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Padova
- Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Florent Badique
- University of Haute–Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR 7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Karine Anselme
- University of Haute–Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR 7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department for Microsystems Engineering
- University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Padova
- Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Spatial organization of chromosome territories in the interphase nucleus of trisomy 21 cells. Chromosoma 2017; 127:247-259. [PMID: 29238858 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the interphase cell nucleus, chromosomes adopt a conserved and non-random arrangement in subnuclear domains called chromosome territories (CTs). Whereas chromosome translocation can affect CT organization in tumor cell nuclei, little is known about how aneuploidies can impact CT organization. Here, we performed 3D-FISH on control and trisomic 21 nuclei to track the patterning of chromosome territories, focusing on the radial distribution of trisomic HSA21 as well as 11 disomic chromosomes. We have established an experimental design based on cultured chorionic villus cells which keep their original mesenchymal features including a characteristic ellipsoid nuclear morphology and a radial CT distribution that correlates with chromosome size. Our study suggests that in trisomy 21 nuclei, the extra HSA21 induces a shift of HSA1 and HSA3 CTs out toward a more peripheral position in nuclear space and a higher compaction of HSA1 and HSA17 CTs. We posit that the presence of a supernumerary chromosome 21 alters chromosome compaction and results in displacement of other chromosome territories from their usual nuclear position.
Collapse
|
142
|
Fischer S, Lu Z, Meinertzhagen IA. From two to three dimensions: The importance of the third dimension for evaluating the limits to neuronal miniaturization in insects. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:653-662. [PMID: 29159850 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most studies dealing with the limits to miniaturization in insect brains have until now relied on information based on data collected in two dimensions: either histological sections imaged by light microscopy, or electron micrographs of single ultrathin sections imaged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To test the validity of transferring information gained from two-dimensional images to the third dimension, we examined a 3D image stack from serial-section TEM (ssTEM) of the optic neuropiles of the miniature parasitic wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko, 1968). We reinvestigated the proposed lower limit of 2 µm for the diameters of neuronal somata and found average volumes of 6.5 μm3 for lamina cells and 3.8 μm3 for medulla cells. We likewise found a limiting factor for the volume of nuclei, which averages 41.9% and 49.2% of the cell body volume, respectively, but that in turn the compactness of heterochromatin was not a limiting factor in the minimal volume of the nuclei. Finally, we also found a minimum axon diameter of 98 nm that could nevertheless accommodate axoplasmic mitochondria. Incorporating the third dimension thus proves critically important in avoiding volumetric misinterpretations of these values. We discuss the limitations of analyzing the effects of miniaturization from profile data of neurons and demonstrate that miniaturization within the nervous system can lie beyond previously described limits and in some cases is already present in the optic lobe neurons of T. brassicae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fischer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian A Meinertzhagen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Janiga M, Haas M, Kufelová M. Age, sex and seasonal variation in the shape and size of erythrocytes of the alpine accentor, Prunella collaris (Passeriformes: Prunellidae). EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1403656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Janiga
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina , Tatranská Javorina, Slovakia
| | - M. Haas
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina , Tatranská Javorina, Slovakia
| | - M. Kufelová
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina , Tatranská Javorina, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Baarlink C, Plessner M, Sherrard A, Morita K, Misu S, Virant D, Kleinschnitz EM, Harniman R, Alibhai D, Baumeister S, Miyamoto K, Endesfelder U, Kaidi A, Grosse R. A transient pool of nuclear F-actin at mitotic exit controls chromatin organization. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1389-1399. [PMID: 29131140 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Re-establishment of nuclear structure and chromatin organization after cell division is integral for genome regulation or development and is frequently altered during cancer progression. The mechanisms underlying chromatin expansion in daughter cells remain largely unclear. Here, we describe the transient formation of nuclear actin filaments (F-actin) during mitotic exit. These nuclear F-actin structures assemble in daughter cell nuclei and undergo dynamic reorganization to promote nuclear protrusions and volume expansion throughout early G1 of the cell cycle. Specific inhibition of this nuclear F-actin assembly impaired nuclear expansion and chromatin decondensation after mitosis and during early mouse embryonic development. Biochemical screening for mitotic nuclear F-actin interactors identified the actin-disassembling factor cofilin-1. Optogenetic regulation of cofilin-1 revealed its critical role for controlling timing, turnover and dynamics of F-actin assembly inside daughter cell nuclei. Our findings identify a cell-cycle-specific and spatiotemporally controlled form of nuclear F-actin that reorganizes the mammalian nucleus after mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baarlink
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alice Sherrard
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kohtaro Morita
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Shinji Misu
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - David Virant
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 16, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Kleinschnitz
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Harniman
- Electron Microscopy Unit, School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Dominic Alibhai
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- Protein Analytics, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 16, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Abderrahmane Kaidi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Core JQ, Mehrabi M, Robinson ZR, Ochs AR, McCarthy LA, Zaragoza MV, Grosberg A. Age of heart disease presentation and dysmorphic nuclei in patients with LMNA mutations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188256. [PMID: 29149195 PMCID: PMC5693421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear shape defects are a distinguishing characteristic in laminopathies, cancers, and other pathologies. Correlating these defects to the symptoms, mechanisms, and progression of disease requires unbiased, quantitative, and high-throughput means of quantifying nuclear morphology. To accomplish this, we developed a method of automatically segmenting fluorescently stained nuclei in 2D microscopy images and then classifying them as normal or dysmorphic based on three geometric features of the nucleus using a package of Matlab codes. As a test case, cultured skin-fibroblast nuclei of individuals possessing LMNA splice-site mutation (c.357-2A>G), LMNA nonsense mutation (c.736 C>T, pQ246X) in exon 4, LMNA missense mutation (c.1003C>T, pR335W) in exon 6, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, and no LMNA mutations were analyzed. For each cell type, the percentage of dysmorphic nuclei, and other morphological features such as average nuclear area and average eccentricity were obtained. Compared to blind observers, our procedure implemented in Matlab codes possessed similar accuracy to manual counting of dysmorphic nuclei while being significantly more consistent. The automatic quantification of nuclear defects revealed a correlation between in vitro results and age of patients for initial symptom onset. Our results demonstrate the method’s utility in experimental studies of diseases affecting nuclear shape through automated, unbiased, and accurate identification of dysmorphic nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q. Core
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Mehrsa Mehrabi
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Zachery R. Robinson
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Ochs
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Linda A. McCarthy
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Zaragoza
- Pediatrics–Genetics & Genomics Division–School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Biological Chemistry–School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Almahwasi A, Jeynes J, Bradley D, Regan P. The fate of radiation induced giant-nucleated cells of human skin fibroblasts. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
147
|
White blood cell population dynamics for risk stratification of acute coronary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12344-12349. [PMID: 29087321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709228114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete blood count (CBC) provides a high-level assessment of a patient's immunologic state and guides the diagnosis and treatment of almost all diseases. Hematology analyzers evaluate CBCs by making high-dimensional single-cell measurements of size and cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology in high throughput, but only the final cell counts are commonly used for clinical decisions. Here, we utilize the underlying single-cell measurements from conventional clinical instruments to develop a mathematical model guided by cellular mechanisms that quantifies the population dynamics of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte characteristics. The dynamic model tracks the evolution of the morphology of WBC subpopulations as a patient transitions from a healthy to a diseased state. We show how healthy individuals and hospitalized patients with similar WBC counts can be robustly classified based on their WBC population dynamics. We combine the model with supervised learning techniques to risk-stratify patients under evaluation for acute coronary syndrome. In particular, the model can identify more than 70% of patients in our study population with initially negative screening tests who will be diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome in the subsequent 48 hours. More generally, our study shows how mechanistic modeling of existing clinical data can help realize the vision of precision medicine.
Collapse
|
148
|
Abstract
Perception of the environment in vertebrates relies on a variety of neurosensory mini-organs. These organs develop via a multi-step process that includes placode induction, cell differentiation, patterning and innervation. Ultimately, cells derived from one or more different tissues assemble to form a specific mini-organ that exhibits a particular structure and function. The initial building blocks of these organs are epithelial cells that undergo rearrangements and interact with neighbouring tissues, such as neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells and sensory neurons, to construct a functional sensory organ. In recent years, advances in in vivo imaging methods have allowed direct observation of these epithelial cells, showing that they can be displaced within the epithelium itself via several modes. This Review focuses on the diversity of epithelial cell behaviours that are involved in the formation of small neurosensory organs, using the examples of dental placodes, hair follicles, taste buds, lung neuroendocrine cells and zebrafish lateral line neuromasts to highlight both well-established and newly described modes of epithelial cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Kapsimali
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris 75005, France .,INSERM U1024, Paris 75005, France.,CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Samwer M, Schneider MWG, Hoefler R, Schmalhorst PS, Jude JG, Zuber J, Gerlich DW. DNA Cross-Bridging Shapes a Single Nucleus from a Set of Mitotic Chromosomes. Cell 2017; 170:956-972.e23. [PMID: 28841419 PMCID: PMC5638020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells store their chromosomes in a single nucleus. This is important to maintain genomic integrity, as chromosomes packaged into separate nuclei (micronuclei) are prone to massive DNA damage. During mitosis, higher eukaryotes disassemble their nucleus and release individualized chromosomes for segregation. How numerous chromosomes subsequently reform a single nucleus has remained unclear. Using image-based screening of human cells, we identified barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) as a key factor guiding membranes to form a single nucleus. Unexpectedly, nuclear assembly does not require BAF's association with inner nuclear membrane proteins but instead relies on BAF's ability to bridge distant DNA sites. Live-cell imaging and in vitro reconstitution showed that BAF enriches around the mitotic chromosome ensemble to induce a densely cross-bridged chromatin layer that is mechanically stiff and limits membranes to the surface. Our study reveals that BAF-mediated changes in chromosome mechanics underlie nuclear assembly with broad implications for proper genome function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Samwer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian W G Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Hoefler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp S Schmalhorst
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julian G Jude
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Gavgiotaki E, Filippidis G, Markomanolaki H, Kenanakis G, Agelaki S, Georgoulias V, Athanassakis I. Distinction between breast cancer cell subtypes using third harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1152-1162. [PMID: 27753229 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Third Harmonic Generation (THG) microscopy as a non-invasive, label free imaging methodology, allows linkage of lipid profiles with various breast cancer cells. The collected THG signal arise mostly from the lipid droplets and the membrane lipid bilayer. Quantification of THG signal can accurately distinguish HER2-positive cells. Further analysis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra reveals cancer-specific profiles, correlating lipid raft-corresponding spectra to THG signal, associating thus THG to chemical information. THG imaging of a cancer cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Gavgiotaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, 71110, Crete, Greece
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, 71110, Crete, Greece
| | | | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Agelaki
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Irene Athanassakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71409, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|