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Grespan E, Mari A. Does glucose lowering restore GIP effects on insulin secretion? - Reply to Sten Madsbad, Filip K Knop and Jens J Holst. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1819. [PMID: 37487785 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy.
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Grespan E, Mari A. Does glucose lowering restore GIP effects on insulin secretion? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:494-499. [PMID: 36710118 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Some studies have shown that in type 2 diabetic patients the potentiation of insulin secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is compromised but can be partially restored if glucose is lowered. Renewed interest for this phenomenon has been expressed in the context of the new dual GIP-GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists, which have shown greater efficacy of this drug class compared with single GLP-1 receptor agonists, including on insulin secretion. However, contrasting evidence has been reported on the recovery of GIP action with glucose lowering. In our study, we reconsider all publications relevant for the problem and analyze the results using a uniform methodology. DATA SYNTHESIS We show that, while some contradictions might be explained by heterogeneous analysis methods, it is possible to interpret all the available data coherently and conclude that the effect of glucose lowering is relevant only when glucose concentration is virtually normalized. CONCLUSIONS While a significant restoration of GIP action may not occur with some traditional diabetes treatments, GIP action improvement might become relevant when glucose is virtually normalized and could explain part of the success of the double GIP-GLP-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy.
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Grespan E, Guolo A, Muscelli E, Ferrannini E, Mari A. Loss of the Incretin Effect in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2092-2100. [PMID: 35397169 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Loss of the incretin effect (IE) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) contributes to hyperglycemia and the mechanisms underlying this impairment are unclear. OBJECTIVE To quantify the IE impairment in T2D and to investigate the factors associated with it using a meta-analytic approach. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web-of-Science were searched. Studies measuring IE by the gold-standard protocol employing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an intravenous glucose infusion at matched glucose levels were selected. We extracted IE, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1c, fasting values, and area under curve (AUC) of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In subjects with T2D, we also recorded T2D duration, age at diagnosis, and the percentage of subjects taking antidiabetic medications. RESULTS The IE weighted mean difference between subjects with T2D and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was -27.3% (CI -36.5% to -18.1%; P < .001; I2 = 86.6%) and was affected by age (P < .005). By meta-regression of combined NGT and T2D data, IE was inversely associated with glucose tolerance (lower IE in T2D), BMI, and fasting GIP (P < .05). By meta-regression of T2D studies only, IE was associated with the OGTT glucose dose (P < .0001). IE from insulin was larger than IE from C-peptide (weighted mean difference 11.2%, CI 9.2-13.2%; P < .0001; I2 = 28.1%); the IE difference was inversely associated with glucose tolerance and fasting glucose. CONCLUSION The IE impairment in T2D vs NGT is consistent though considerably variable, age being a possible factor affecting the IE difference. Glucose tolerance, BMI, and fasting GIP are independently associated with IE; in subjects with T2D only, the OGTT dose is a significant covariate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Guolo
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elza Muscelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Mari
- C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
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Tura A, Grespan E, Göbl CS, Koivula RW, Franks PW, Pearson ER, Walker M, Forgie IM, Giordano GN, Pavo I, Ruetten H, Dermitzakis ET, McCarthy MI, Pedersen O, Schwenk JM, Adamski J, De Masi F, Tsirigos KD, Brunak S, Viñuela A, Mahajan A, McDonald TJ, Kokkola T, Vangipurapu J, Cederberg H, Laakso M, Rutters F, Elders PJM, Koopman ADM, Beulens JW, Ridderstråle M, Hansen TH, Allin KH, Hansen T, Vestergaard H, Mari A. Profiles of Glucose Metabolism in Different Prediabetes Phenotypes, Classified by Fasting Glycemia, 2-Hour OGTT, Glycated Hemoglobin, and 1-Hour OGTT: An IMI DIRECT Study. Diabetes 2021; 70:2092-2106. [PMID: 34233929 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Differences in glucose metabolism among categories of prediabetes have not been systematically investigated. In this longitudinal study, participants (N = 2,111) underwent a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at baseline and 48 months. HbA1c was also measured. We classified participants as having isolated prediabetes defect (impaired fasting glucose [IFG], impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], or HbA1c indicative of prediabetes [IA1c]), two defects (IFG+IGT, IFG+IA1c, or IGT+IA1c), or all defects (IFG+IGT+IA1c). β-Cell function (BCF) and insulin sensitivity were assessed from OGTT. At baseline, in pooling of participants with isolated defects, they showed impairment in both BCF and insulin sensitivity compared with healthy control subjects. Pooled groups with two or three defects showed progressive further deterioration. Among groups with isolated defect, those with IGT showed lower insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion at reference glucose (ISRr), and insulin secretion potentiation (P < 0.002). Conversely, those with IA1c showed higher insulin sensitivity and ISRr (P < 0.0001). Among groups with two defects, we similarly found differences in both BCF and insulin sensitivity. At 48 months, we found higher type 2 diabetes incidence for progressively increasing number of prediabetes defects (odds ratio >2, P < 0.008). In conclusion, the prediabetes groups showed differences in type/degree of glucometabolic impairment. Compared with the pooled group with isolated defects, those with double or triple defect showed progressive differences in diabetes incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Christian S Göbl
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert W Koivula
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Ian M Forgie
- Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Giuseppe N Giordano
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Imre Pavo
- Eli Lilly Regional Operations Ges.m.b.H., Vienna, Austria
| | - Hartmut Ruetten
- CardioMetabolism & Respiratory Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim/Rhein, Germany
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Federico De Masi
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos D Tsirigos
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, U.K
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Cederberg
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Medical Centre, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra J M Elders
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Medical Centre, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anitra D M Koopman
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Medical Centre, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Medical Centre, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tue H Hansen
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine H Allin
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark
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Tolomeo AM, Laterza C, Grespan E, Michielin F, Canals I, Kokaia Z, Muraca M, Gagliano O, Elvassore N. NGN2 mmRNA-Based Transcriptional Programming in Microfluidic Guides hiPSCs Toward Neural Fate With Multiple Identities. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:602888. [PMID: 33679325 PMCID: PMC7928329 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.602888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cell engineering have succeeded in manipulating cell identity with the targeted overexpression of specific cell fate determining transcription factors in a process named transcriptional programming. Neurogenin2 (NGN2) is sufficient to instruct pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to acquire a neuronal identity when delivered with an integrating system, which arises some safety concerns for clinical applications. A non-integrating system based on modified messenger RNA (mmRNA) delivery method, represents a valuable alternative to lentiviral-based approaches. The ability of NGN2 mmRNA to instruct PSC fate change has not been thoroughly investigated yet. Here we aimed at understanding whether the use of an NGN2 mmRNA-based approach combined with a miniaturized system, which allows a higher transfection efficiency in a cost-effective system, is able to drive human induced PSCs (hiPSCs) toward the neuronal lineage. We show that NGN2 mRNA alone is able to induce cell fate conversion. Surprisingly, the outcome cell population accounts for multiple phenotypes along the neural development trajectory. We found that this mixed population is mainly constituted by neural stem cells (45% ± 18 PAX6 positive cells) and neurons (38% ± 8 βIIITUBULIN positive cells) only when NGN2 is delivered as mmRNA. On the other hand, when the delivery system is lentiviral-based, both providing a constant expression of NGN2 or only a transient pulse, the outcome differentiated population is formed by a clear majority of neurons (88% ± 1 βIIITUBULIN positive cells). Altogether, our data confirm the ability of NGN2 to induce neuralization in hiPSCs and opens a new point of view in respect to the delivery system method when it comes to transcriptional programming applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Tolomeo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Padua, Italy
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Michielin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Padua, Italy.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Onelia Gagliano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
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Grespan E, Giorgino T, Natali A, Ferrannini E, Mari A. Different mechanisms of GIP and GLP-1 action explain their different therapeutic efficacy in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2021; 114:154415. [PMID: 33137379 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The reduced action of incretin hormones in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is mainly attributed to GIP insensitivity, but efficacy estimates of GIP and GLP-1 differ among studies, and the negligible effects of pharmacological GIP doses remain unexplained. We aimed to characterize incretin action in vivo in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or T2D and provide an explanation for the different insulinotropic activity of GIP and GLP-1 in T2D subjects. METHODS We used in vivo data from ten studies employing hormone infusion or an oral glucose test (OGTT). To homogeneously interpret and compare the results of the studies we performed the analysis using a mathematical model of the β-cell incorporating the effects of incretins on the triggering and amplifying pathways. The effect on the amplifying pathway was quantified by a time-dependent factor that is greater than one when insulin secretion (ISR) is amplified by incretins. To validate the model results for GIP in NGT subjects, we performed an extensive literature search of the available data. RESULTS a) the stimulatory effects of GIP and GLP-1 differ markedly: ISR potentiation increases linearly with GLP-1 over the whole dose range, while with GIP infusion it reaches a plateau at ~100 pmol/L GIP, with ISR potentiation of ~2 fold; b) ISR potentiation in T2D is reduced by ~50% for GIP and by ~40% for GLP-1; c) the literature search of GIP in NGT subjects confirmed the saturative effect on insulin secretion. CONCLUSION We show that incretin potentiation of ISR is reduced in T2D, but not abolished, and that the lack of effects of pharmacological GIP doses is due to saturation of the GIP effect more than insensitivity to GIP in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua 35127, Italy
| | - Toni Giorgino
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council, Milan 20133, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua 35127, Italy.
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Mari A, Tura A, Grespan E, Bizzotto R. Mathematical Modeling for the Physiological and Clinical Investigation of Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:575789. [PMID: 33324238 PMCID: PMC7723974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.575789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling in the field of glucose metabolism has a longstanding tradition. The use of models is motivated by several reasons. Models have been used for calculating parameters of physiological interest from experimental data indirectly, to provide an unambiguous quantitative representation of pathophysiological mechanisms, to determine indices of clinical usefulness from simple experimental tests. With the growing societal impact of type 2 diabetes, which involves the disturbance of the glucose homeostasis system, development and use of models in this area have increased. Following the approaches of physiological and clinical investigation, the focus of the models has spanned from representations of whole body processes to those of cells, i.e., from in vivo to in vitro research. Model-based approaches for linking in vivo to in vitro research have been proposed, as well as multiscale models merging the two areas. The success and impact of models has been variable. Two kinds of models have received remarkable interest: those widely used in clinical applications, e.g., for the assessment of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function and some models representing specific aspects of the glucose homeostasis system, which have become iconic for their efficacy in describing clearly and compactly key physiological processes, such as insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells. Models are inevitably simplified and approximate representations of a physiological system. Key to their success is an appropriate balance between adherence to reality, comprehensibility, interpretative value and practical usefulness. This has been achieved with a variety of approaches. Although many models concerning the glucose homeostasis system have been proposed, research in this area still needs to address numerous issues and tackle new opportunities. The mathematical representation of the glucose homeostasis processes is only partial, also because some mechanisms are still only partially understood. For in vitro research, mathematical models still need to develop their potential. This review illustrates the problems, approaches and contribution of mathematical modeling to the physiological and clinical investigation of glucose homeostasis and diabetes, focusing on the most relevant and stimulating models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Bizzotto
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
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Colombo C, Alicandro G, Gambazza S, Mileto P, Mari A, Grespan E, Nazzari E, Russo MC, Battezzati A. Ventilation inhomogeneity is associated with OGTT-derived insulin secretory defects in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:141-149. [PMID: 30575293 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Progressive deterioration of β-cell function is the main mechanism underlying diabetes in cystic fibrosis (CF). Diabetes negatively impacts the clinical status of CF patients years before its onset. We aimed to evaluate if OGTT-derived indices of β-cell function are associated with early markers of lung disease. We carried out a cross-sectional study on 80 CF patients who performed OGTT, spirometry, and nitrogen-multiple breath washout test. β-cell glucose sensitivity and the insulinogenic indices were used as markers of β-cell function and first-phase insulin response to glucose stimulus. We used sex- and age-adjusted multiple linear regression models to estimate the association between OGTT-derived indices and lung function measures. An increment of β-cell glucose sensitivity equal to its interquartile range was associated with an increase in ppFEV1 of 7.6 points (95%CI: 0.8; 14.4) as well as with a decrease in LCI of -1.96 units (95%CI: -3.40; -0.51) and in Scond of -0.016 L-1 (95%CI: -0.026; -0.007). The corresponding figures for insulinogenic index were: 8.6 (95%CI: 3.4; 13.9) for ppFEV1 , -2.03 (95%CI: -3.13; -0.94) for LCI, and -0.014 L-1 (95%CI: -0.021; -0.071) for Scond . When adjusting also for 2-h plasma glucose, both β-cell glucose sensitivity and insulinogenic index remained inversely associated with Scond . Deterioration of β-cell function is related to early lung disease in young patients with mild to normal pulmonary function. This relationship is independent from hyperglycemia and mainly involves conductive airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Colombo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alicandro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Gambazza
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.C. Direzione delle Professioni Sanitarie, Milan, Italy
| | - Palmiro Mileto
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Nazzari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Russo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, International Centre for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Morrison DJ, Kowalski GM, Grespan E, Mari A, Bruce CR, Wadley GD. Measurement of postprandial glucose fluxes in response to acute and chronic endurance exercise in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E503-E511. [PMID: 29351488 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00316.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of endurance exercise on enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose flux has been well established with techniques such as the hyperinsulinemic clamp. Although informative, such techniques do not emulate the physiological postprandial state, and it remains unclear how exercise improves postprandial glycaemia. Accordingly, combining mixed-meal tolerance testing and the triple-stable isotope glucose tracer approach, glucose fluxes [rates of meal glucose appearance (Ra), disposal (Rd), and endogenous glucose production (EGP)] were determined following acute endurance exercise (1 h cycling; ~70% V̇o2max) and 4 wk of endurance training (cycling 5 days/wk). Training was associated with a modest increase in V̇o2max (~7%, P < 0.001). Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were reduced to the same extent following acute and chronic training. Interestingly, this was not accompanied by changes to rates of meal Ra, Rd, or degree of EGP suppression. Glucose clearance (Rd relative to prevailing glucose) was, however, enhanced with acute and chronic exercise. Furthermore, the duration of EGP suppression was shorter with acute and chronic exercise, with EGP returning toward fasting levels more rapidly than pretraining conditions. These findings suggest that endurance exercise influences the efficiency of the glucoregulatory system, where pretraining rates of glucose disposal and production were achieved at lower glucose and insulin levels. Notably, there was no influence of chronic training over and above that of a single exercise bout, providing further evidence that glucoregulatory benefits of endurance exercise are largely attributed to the residual effects of the last exercise bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Morrison
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Mari
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience , Padua , Italy
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Australia
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Grespan E, Giorgino T, Arslanian S, Natali A, Ferrannini E, Mari A. Defective Amplifying Pathway of β-Cell Secretory Response to Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes: Integrated Modeling of In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. Diabetes 2018; 67:496-506. [PMID: 29229615 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In vivo studies have investigated the role of β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D), whereas in vitro research on islets has elucidated key mechanisms that control the insulin secretion rate. However, the relevance of the cellular mechanisms identified in vitro (i.e., the triggering and amplifying pathways) has not been established in vivo. Furthermore, the mechanisms underpinning β-cell dysfunction in T2D remain undetermined. We propose a unifying explanation of several characteristic features of insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo by using a mathematical model. The model describes the triggering and amplifying pathways and reproduces a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests in subjects with and without T2D, identifies the mechanisms modulating first-phase insulin secretion rate in response to basal hyperglycemia or insulin resistance, and shows that β-cell dysfunction in T2D can be explained by an impaired amplifying pathway with no need to postulate defects in intracellular calcium handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Toni Giorgino
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Division of Weight Management, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
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Grespan E, Giobbe GG, Badique F, Anselme K, Rühe J, Elvassore N. Effect of geometrical constraints on human pluripotent stem cell nuclei in pluripotency and differentiation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 10:278-289. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are differentiated on microstructured substrates to investigate the nuclear deformability during differentiation and the role of mechanoregulating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Padova
- Padova
- Italy
- Department for Microsystems Engineering
| | - Giovanni G. Giobbe
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Padova
- Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Florent Badique
- University of Haute–Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR 7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Karine Anselme
- University of Haute–Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR 7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department for Microsystems Engineering
- University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Padova
- Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine
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Grespan E, Martewicz S, Serena E, Le Houerou V, Rühe J, Elvassore N. Analysis of Calcium Transients and Uniaxial Contraction Force in Single Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes on Microstructured Elastic Substrate with Spatially Controlled Surface Chemistries. Langmuir 2016; 32:12190-12201. [PMID: 27643958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical activity of cardiomyocytes is the result of a process called excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). A membrane depolarization wave induces a transient cytosolic calcium concentration increase that triggers activation of calcium-sensitive contractile proteins, leading to cell contraction and force generation. An experimental setup capable of acquiring simultaneously all ECC features would have an enormous impact on cardiac drug development and disease study. In this work, we develop a microengineered elastomeric substrate with tailor-made surface chemistry to measure simultaneously the uniaxial contraction force and the calcium transients generated by single human cardiomyocytes in vitro. Microreplication followed by photocuring is used to generate an array consisting of elastomeric micropillars. A second photochemical process is employed to spatially control the surface chemistry of the elastomeric pillar. As result, human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) can be confined in rectangular cell-adhesive areas, which induce cell elongation and promote suspended cell anchoring between two adjacent micropillars. In this end-to-end conformation, confocal fluorescence microscopy allows simultaneous detection of calcium transients and micropillar deflection induced by a single-cell uniaxial contraction force. Computational finite elements modeling (FEM) and 3D reconstruction of the cell-pillar interface allow force quantification. The platform is used to follow calcium dynamics and contraction force evolution in hESC-CMs cultures over the course of several weeks. Our results show how a biomaterial-based platform can be a versatile tool for in vitro assaying of cardiac functional properties of single-cell human cardiomyocytes, with applications in both in vitro developmental studies and drug screening on cardiac cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grespan
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience , Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastian Martewicz
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Serena
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Vincent Le Houerou
- Institute Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 84047 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department for Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
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