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Geddes JA, Martin RV, Boys BL, van Donkelaar A. Long-Term Trends Worldwide in Ambient NO2 Concentrations Inferred from Satellite Observations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:281-9. [PMID: 26241114 PMCID: PMC4786989 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is associated with morbidity and premature mortality. Satellite remote sensing provides globally consistent decadal-scale observations of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution. OBJECTIVE We determined global population-weighted annual mean NO2 concentrations from 1996 through 2012. METHODS We used observations of NO2 tropospheric column densities from three satellite instruments in combination with chemical transport modeling to produce a global 17-year record of ground-level NO2 at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution. We calculated linear trends in population-weighted annual mean NO2 (PWMNO2) concentrations in different regions around the world. RESULTS We found that PWMNO2 in high-income North America (Canada and the United States) decreased more steeply than in any other region, having declined at a rate of -4.7%/year [95% confidence interval (CI): -5.3, -4.1]. PWMNO2 decreased in western Europe at a rate of -2.5%/year (95% CI: -3.0, -2.1). The highest PWMNO2 occurred in high-income Asia Pacific (predominantly Japan and South Korea) in 1996, with a subsequent decrease of -2.1%/year (95% CI: -2.7, -1.5). In contrast, PWMNO2 almost tripled in East Asia (China, North Korea, and Taiwan) at a rate of 6.7%/year (95% CI: 6.0, 7.3). The satellite-derived estimates of trends in ground-level NO2 were consistent with regional trends inferred from data obtained from ground-station monitoring networks in North America (within 0.7%/year) and Europe (within 0.3%/year). Our rankings of regional average NO2 and long-term trends differed from the satellite-derived estimates of fine particulate matter reported elsewhere, demonstrating the utility of both indicators to describe changing pollutant mixtures. CONCLUSIONS Long-term trends in satellite-derived ambient NO2 provide new information about changing global exposure to ambient air pollution. Our estimates are publicly available at http://fizz.phys.dal.ca/~atmos/martin/?page_id=232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Geddes
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Address correspondence to J.A. Geddes, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada. Telephone: 1 (902) 494-4261. E-mail:
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian L. Boys
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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102
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Che L, Jin Y, Zhang C, Lai T, Zhou H, Xia L, Tian B, Zhao Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wu Y, Du J, Li W, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H. Ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18680. [PMID: 26739627 PMCID: PMC4703985 DOI: 10.1038/srep18680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a common environmental air pollutant leading to respiratory illness. The mechanisms regulating ozone-induced airway inflammation remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that ozone-triggered inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1 production regulate neutrophilic airway inflammation through IL-17A. Pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation was induced by extended (72 h) low-dose (0.7 ppm) exposure to ozone. IL-1 receptor 1 (Il1r1)−/−, Il17a−/− mice and the caspase-1 inhibitor acetyl-YVAD-chloromethylketone (Ac-YVAD-cmk) were used for in vivo studies. Cellular inflammation and protein levels in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), cytokines, and IL-17A-producing γδT-cells, as well as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, and inflammasome activation in lung macrophages were analyzed. Ozone-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation, accompanied an increased production of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17A, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), Interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and BALF protein in the lung. Ozone-induced IL-17A production was predominantly in γδT-cells, and Il17a-knockout mice exhibited reduced airway inflammation. Lung macrophages from ozone-exposed mice exhibited higher levels of mitochondrial ROS, enhanced cytosolic mtDNA, increased caspase-1 activation, and higher production of IL-1β. Il1r1-knockout mice or treatment with Ac-YVAD-cmk decreased the IL-17A production and subsequent airway inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanqing Che
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Tianwen Lai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Hongbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Baoping Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, The Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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103
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Pannullo F, Lee D, Waclawski E, Leyland AH. Improving spatial nitrogen dioxide prediction using diffusion tubes: A case study in West Central Scotland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 118:227-235. [PMID: 26435684 PMCID: PMC4567077 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been well documented that air pollution adversely affects health, and epidemiological pollution-health studies utilise pollution data from automatic monitors. However, these automatic monitors are small in number and hence spatially sparse, which does not allow an accurate representation of the spatial variation in pollution concentrations required for these epidemiological health studies. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) diffusion tubes are also used to measure concentrations, and due to their lower cost compared to automatic monitors are much more prevalent. However, even combining both data sets still does not provide sufficient spatial coverage of NO2 for epidemiological studies, and modelled concentrations on a regular grid from atmospheric dispersion models are also available. This paper proposes the first modelling approach to using all three sources of NO2 data to make fine scale spatial predictions for use in epidemiological health studies. We propose a geostatistical fusion model that regresses combined NO2 concentrations from both automatic monitors and diffusion tubes against modelled NO2 concentrations from an atmospheric dispersion model in order to predict fine scale NO2 concentrations across our West Central Scotland study region. Our model exhibits a 47% improvement in fine scale spatial prediction of NO2 compared to using the automatic monitors alone, and we use it to predict NO2 concentrations across West Central Scotland in 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pannullo
- MRC∣CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK
| | - Duncan Lee
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK
| | | | - Alastair H. Leyland
- MRC∣CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK
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104
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César ACG, Carvalho JA, Nascimento LFC. Association between NOx exposure and deaths caused by respiratory diseases in a medium-sized Brazilian city. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:1130-5. [PMID: 26421866 PMCID: PMC4661030 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by burning fossil fuels has been associated
with respiratory diseases. We aimed to estimate the effects of NOx exposure on
mortality owing to respiratory diseases in residents of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil,
of all ages and both sexes. This time-series ecological study from August 1, 2011 to
July 31, 2012 used information on deaths caused by respiratory diseases obtained from
the Health Department of Taubaté. Estimated daily levels of pollutants (NOx,
particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide) were obtained from the Centro de Previsão
de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the
Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. These
environmental variables were used to adjust the multipollutant model for apparent
temperature. To estimate association between hospitalizations owing to asthma and air
pollutants, generalized additive Poisson regression models were developed, with lags
as much as 5 days. There were 385 deaths with a daily mean (±SD) of 1.05±1.03 (range:
0-5). Exposure to NOx was significantly associated with mortality owing to
respiratory diseases: relative risk (RR)=1.035 (95% confidence interval [CI]:
1.008-1.063) for lag 2, RR=1.064 (95%CI: 1.017-1.112) lag 3, RR=1.055 (95%CI:
1.025-1.085) lag 4, and RR=1.042 (95%CI: 1.010-1.076) lag 5. A 3 µg/m3
reduction in NOx concentration resulted in a decrease of 10-18 percentage points in
risk of death caused by respiratory diseases. Even at NOx concentrations below the
acceptable standard, there is association with deaths caused by respiratory
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C G César
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brasil
| | - J A Carvalho
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
| | - L F C Nascimento
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
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105
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Prueitt RL, Lynch HN, Zu K, Sax SN, Venditti FJ, Goodman JE. Weight-of-evidence evaluation of long-term ozone exposure and cardiovascular effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 44:791-822. [PMID: 25257962 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.937855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a weight-of-evidence (WoE) analysis to assess whether the current body of research supports a causal relationship between long-term ozone exposure (defined by EPA as at least 30 days in duration) at ambient levels and cardiovascular (CV) effects. We used a novel WoE framework based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standards causal framework for this analysis. Specifically, we critically evaluated and integrated the relevant epidemiology and experimental animal data and classified a causal determination based on categories proposed by the Institute of Medicine's 2008 report, Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-making Process for Veterans. We found that the risks of CV effects are largely null across human and experimental animal studies. The few positive associations reported in studies of CV morbidity and mortality are very small in magnitude, mainly reported in single-pollutant models, and likely attributable to bias, chance, or confounding. The few positive effects in experimental animal studies were observed mainly in ex vivo studies at high exposures, and even the in vivo findings are not likely relevant to humans. The available data also do not support a biologically plausible mechanism for the effects of ozone on the CV system. Overall, the current WoE provides no convincing case for a causal relationship between long-term exposure to ambient ozone and adverse effects on the CV system in humans, but the limitations of the available studies preclude definitive conclusions regarding a lack of causation; thus, we categorize the strength of evidence for a causal relationship between long-term exposure to ozone and CV effects as "below equipoise."
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106
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Goodman JE, Prueitt RL, Sax SN, Lynch HN, Zu K, Lemay JC, King JM, Venditti FJ. Weight-of-evidence evaluation of short-term ozone exposure and cardiovascular effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 44:725-90. [PMID: 25257961 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.937854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a relatively large body of research on the potential cardiovascular (CV) effects associated with short-term ozone exposure (defined by EPA as less than 30 days in duration). We conducted a weight-of-evidence (WoE) analysis to assess whether it supports a causal relationship using a novel WoE framework adapted from the US EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards causality framework. Specifically, we synthesized and critically evaluated the relevant epidemiology, controlled human exposure, and experimental animal data and made a causal determination using the same categories proposed by the Institute of Medicine report Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-making Process for Veterans ( IOM 2008). We found that the totality of the data indicates that the results for CV effects are largely null across human and experimental animal studies. The few statistically significant associations reported in epidemiology studies of CV morbidity and mortality are very small in magnitude and likely attributable to confounding, bias, or chance. In experimental animal studies, the reported statistically significant effects at high exposures are not observed at lower exposures and thus not likely relevant to current ambient ozone exposures in humans. The available data also do not support a biologically plausible mechanism for CV effects of ozone. Overall, the current WoE provides no convincing case for a causal relationship between short-term exposure to ambient ozone and adverse effects on the CV system in humans, but the limitations of the available studies preclude definitive conclusions regarding a lack of causation. Thus, we categorize the strength of evidence for a causal relationship between short-term exposure to ozone and CV effects as "below equipoise."
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107
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Li T, Yan M, Ma W, Ban J, Liu T, Lin H, Liu Z. Short-term effects of multiple ozone metrics on daily mortality in a megacity of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8738-8746. [PMID: 25572272 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have widely demonstrated association between ambient ozone and mortality, though controversy remains, and most of them only use a certain metric to assess ozone levels. However, in China, few studies have investigated the acute effects of ambient ozone, and rare studies have compared health effects of multiple daily metrics of ozone. The present analysis aimed to explore variability of estimated health effects by using multiple temporal ozone metrics. Six metrics of ozone, 1-h maximum, maximum 8-h average, 24-h average, daytime average, nighttime average, and commute average, were used in a time-series study to investigate acute mortality associated with ambient ozone pollution in Guangzhou, China, using 3 years of daily data (2006-2008). We used generalized linear models with Poisson regression incorporating natural spline functions to analyze the mortality, ozone, and covariate data. We also examined the association by season. Daily 1- and 8-h maximum, 24-h average, and daytime average concentrations yielded statistically significant associations with mortality. An interquartile range (IQR) of O3 metric increase of each ozone metric (lag 2) corresponds to 2.92 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 5.66), 3.60 % (95 % CI, 0.92 to 8.49), 3.03 % (95 % CI, 0.57 to 15.8), and 3.31 % (95 % CI, 0.69 to 10.4) increase in daily non-accidental mortality, respectively. Nighttime and commute metrics were weakly associated with increased mortality rate. The associations between ozone and mortality appeared to be more evident during cool season than in the warm season. Results were robust to adjustment for co-pollutants, weather, and time trend. In conclusion, these results indicated that ozone, as a widespread pollutant, adversely affects mortality in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China,
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108
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Dey T, Gogoi K, Unni B, Bharadwaz M, Kalita M, Ozah D, Kalita M, Kalita J, Baruah PK, Bora T. Role of environmental pollutants in liver physiology: special references to peoples living in the oil drilling sites of Assam. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123370. [PMID: 25874634 PMCID: PMC4395329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The populations residing near polluted sites are more prone to various types of diseases. The important causes of air pollution are the suspended particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. As limited information is available enumerating the effect of these pollutants on liver physiology of the population living near the polluted sites; in the present study, we tried to investigate their effect on liver of the population residing near the oil drilling sites since birth. In this study, a randomly selected 105 subjects (46 subjects from oil drilling site and 61 subjects from control site) aged above 30 years were taken under consideration. The particulate matter as well as the gaseous pollutants, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, were analyzed through a respirable dust sampler. The level of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase enzymes in serum were measured by spectrophotometer. The generalized regression model studies suggests a higher concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter, suspended particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide lowers the alkaline phosphatase level (p<0.0001) by 3.5 times (95% CI 3.1-3.9), 1.5 times (95% CI 1.4 - 1.6) and 12 times (95% CI 10.74 -13.804), respectively in the exposed group. The higher concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide in air was associated with increase in alanine transaminase level (p<0.0001) by 0.8 times (95% CI 0.589-1.049) and by 2.8 times (95% CI 2.067-3.681) respectively in the exposed group. The increase in nitrogen dioxide level was also associated with increase in aspartate transaminase level (p<0.0001) by 2.5 times (95% CI 1.862 – 3.313) in the exposed group as compared to control group. Thus, the study reveals that long-term exposure to the environmental pollutants may lead to liver abnormality or injury of populations living in polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Dey
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Kabita Gogoi
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Balagopalan Unni
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Moonmee Bharadwaz
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Munmi Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Ozah
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Manoj Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Jatin Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Baruah
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Thaneswar Bora
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
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109
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Zhou M, He G, Liu Y, Yin P, Li Y, Kan H, Fan M, Xue A, Fan M. The associations between ambient air pollution and adult respiratory mortality in 32 major Chinese cities, 2006-2010. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:278-286. [PMID: 25601729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has experienced increasingly severe levels of air pollution in the past decades, yet studies on the health effects of air pollution in China at a national study level, remain limited. This study assess the sub-chronic effect of ambient air pollution on respiratory mortality in the 32 largest Chinese cities. METHODS We employ two-way fixed effects panel data analysis and monthly air pollution and mortality panel data. We estimate associations between monthly respiratory mortality and air pollution; pollution is defined as particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10μm. We adjust for city characteristics, seasonality (monthly effects), and weather conditions (precipitation and temperature). We examine the associations between monthly injury mortality and air pollution to check for robustness. RESULTS The results show positive and statistically significant associations of air pollution with respiratory mortality. During the study period (2006-2010) a 10μg/m(3) increase in monthly PM10 concentration is associated with a 1.05% (95% CI, 0.08-2.04%) increase in adult respiratory mortality rate. The air pollution effect is the most salient in northern cities (with central heating system) during the cold season (October-April); a 10μg/m(3) increase in monthly PM10 concentrations is associated with a 1.62% (95% CI, 0.22-3.46%) increase in the elderly respiratory mortality rate. There is no statistically significant association between the young adult respiratory mortality and air pollution. CONCLUSIONS The elderly respiratory mortality rate in China is positively and statistically significantly associated with air pollution. The effect is largest in northern cities during cold months when coal is burned for heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigeng Zhou
- The National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun He
- Division of Social Science, Division of Environment and Economics Department, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunning Liu
- The National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- The National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yichong Li
- The National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maorong Fan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - An Xue
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Maoyong Fan
- Department of Economics, Ball State University, Muncie, USA.
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110
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Zhou M, He G, Fan M, Wang Z, Liu Y, Ma J, Ma Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu Y. Smog episodes, fine particulate pollution and mortality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:396-404. [PMID: 25460661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starting from early January 2013, northern China was hit by multiple prolonged and severe smog events which were characterized by extremely high-level concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with hourly peaks of PM2.5 over 800 µg/m(3). However, the consequences of this severe air pollution are largely unknown. This study investigates the acute effect of the smog episodes and PM2.5 on mortality for both urban and rural areas in northern China. DATA AND METHODS We collected PM2.5, mortality, and meteorological data for 5 urban city districts and 2 rural counties in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province of China from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2013. We employed the generalized additive models to estimate the associations between smog episodes or PM2.5 and daily mortality for each district/county. RESULTS Without any meteorological control, the smog episodes are positively and statistically significantly associated with mortality in 5 out of 7 districts/counties. However, the findings are sensitive to the meteorological factors. After controlling for temperature, humidity, dew point and wind, the statistical significance disappears in all urban districts. In contrast, the smog episodes are consistently and statistically significantly associated with higher total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular/respiratory diseases in the two rural counties. In Ji County, a smog episode is associated with 6.94% (95% Confidence Interval, -0.20 to 14.58) increase in overall mortality, and in Ci County it is associated with a 19.26% (95% CI, 6.66-33.34) increase in overall mortality. The smog episodes kill people primarily through its impact on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. On average, a smog episode is associated with 11.66% (95% CI, 3.12-20.90) increase in cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in Ji County, and it is associated with a 22.23% (95% CI, 8.11-38.20) increase in cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in Ci County. A 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with 0.88% (95% CI, 0.3-1.46) increase in overall mortality and 1.2% (95% CI, 0.55-1.85) in Ji County. A 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with 0.55% (95% CI, -0.02 to 1.13) increase in overall mortality in Ci County. The findings suggest that the smog episodes and fine particulate have bigger and more detrimental impacts on rural residents, especially for those living close to big and polluted cities. CONCLUSIONS The smog episodes and PM2.5 are statistically associated with mortality in rural areas of China. The associations for urban areas are not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun He
- Division of Social Science, Division of Environment, and Economics Department, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Maoyong Fan
- Department of Economics, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Zhaoxi Wang
- Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zongwei Ma
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiangmei Liu
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yunning Liu
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Linhong Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA; Peking Union School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical School, Beijing, China
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111
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Chen R, Cai J, Meng X, Kim H, Honda Y, Guo YL, Samoli E, Yang X, Kan H. Ozone and daily mortality rate in 21 cities of East Asia: how does season modify the association? Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:729-36. [PMID: 25139207 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in East Asia have revealed that the short-term associations between tropospheric ozone and daily mortality rate were strongest in winter, which is opposite to the findings in North America and Western Europe. Therefore, we investigated the season-varying association between ozone and daily mortality rate in 21 cities of East Asia from 1979 to 2010. Time-series Poisson regression models were used to analyze the association between ozone and daily nonaccidental mortality rate in each city, testing for different temperature lags. The best-fitting model was obtained after adjustment for temperature in the previous 2 weeks. Bayesian hierarchical models were applied to pool the city-specific estimates. An interquartile-range increase of the moving average concentrations of same-day and previous-day ozone was associated with an increase of 1.44% (95% posterior interval (PI): 1.08%, 1.80%) in daily total mortality rate after adjustment for temperature in the previous 2 weeks. The corresponding increases were 0.62% (95% PI: 0.08%, 1.16%) in winter, 1.46% (95% PI: 0.89%, 2.03%) in spring, 1.60% (95% PI: 1.03%, 2.17%) in summer, and 1.12% (95% PI: 0.73%, 1.51%) in fall. We found significant associations between short-term exposure to ozone and higher mortality rate in East Asia that varied considerably from season to season with a significant trough in winter.
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112
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The association between air pollution and mortality in Thailand. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5509. [PMID: 24981315 PMCID: PMC4076679 DOI: 10.1038/srep05509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayesian statistical inference with a case-crossover design was used to examine the effects of air pollutants {Particulate matter <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3)} on mortality. We found that all air pollutants had significant short-term impacts on non-accidental mortality. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM10, 10 ppb in O3, 1 ppb in SO2 were associated with a 0.40% (95% posterior interval (PI): 0.22, 0.59%), 0.78% (95% PI: 0.20, 1.35%) and 0.34% (95% PI: 0.17, 0.50%) increase of non-accidental mortality, respectively. O3 air pollution is significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, while PM10 is significantly related to respiratory mortality. In general, the effects of all pollutants on all mortality types were higher in summer and winter than those in the rainy season. This study highlights the effects of exposure to air pollution on mortality risks in Thailand. Our findings support the Thailand government in aiming to reduce high levels of air pollution.
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113
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Loomis D, Huang W, Chen G. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution: focus on China. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:189-96. [PMID: 24694836 PMCID: PMC3975184 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified outdoor air pollution and the particulate matter (PM) in outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans, as based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and experimental animals and strong support by mechanistic studies. The data with important contributions to the evaluation are reviewed, highlighting the data with particular relevance to China, and implications of the evaluation with respect to China are discussed. The air pollution levels in Chinese cities are among the highest observed in the world today and frequently exceed health-based national and international guidelines. Data from high-quality epidemiologic studies in Asia, Europe, and North America consistently show positive associations between lung cancer and PM exposure and other indicators of air pollution, which persist after adjustment for important lung cancer risk factors, such as tobacco smoking. Epidemiologic data from China are limited but nevertheless indicate an increased risk of lung cancer associated with several air pollutants. Excess cancer risk is also observed in experimental animals exposed to polluted outdoor air or extracted PM. The exposure of several species to outdoor air pollution is associated with markers of genetic damage that have been linked to increased cancer risk in humans. Numerous studies from China, especially genetic biomarker studies in exposed populations, support that the polluted air in China is genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation by IARC indicates both the need for further research into the cancer risks associated with exposure to air pollution in China and the urgent need to act to reduce exposure to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Loomis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008, France.
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114
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Li J, Lu K, Lv W, Li J, Zhong L, Ou Y, Chen D, Huang X, Zhang Y. Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:23-36. [PMID: 24649688 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone (O3), NO2 and total oxidant (O(x)) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3 concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3 increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NO(x) reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories--rural stations (non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3 concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime (13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3 production is mainly volatile organic compounds (VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3 production is sensitive to both NO(x) and VOC for O3 pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NO(x) and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.
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115
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Soyiri IN, Reidpath DD. The use of quantile regression to forecast higher than expected respiratory deaths in a daily time series: a study of New York City data 1987-2000. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78215. [PMID: 24147122 PMCID: PMC3795678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forecasting higher than expected numbers of health events provides potentially valuable insights in its own right, and may contribute to health services management and syndromic surveillance. This study investigates the use of quantile regression to predict higher than expected respiratory deaths. Data taken from 70,830 deaths occurring in New York were used. Temporal, weather and air quality measures were fitted using quantile regression at the 90th-percentile with half the data (in-sample). Four QR models were fitted: an unconditional model predicting the 90th-percentile of deaths (Model 1), a seasonal / temporal (Model 2), a seasonal, temporal plus lags of weather and air quality (Model 3), and a seasonal, temporal model with 7-day moving averages of weather and air quality. Models were cross-validated with the out of sample data. Performance was measured as proportionate reduction in weighted sum of absolute deviations by a conditional, over unconditional models; i.e., the coefficient of determination (R1). The coefficient of determination showed an improvement over the unconditional model between 0.16 and 0.19. The greatest improvement in predictive and forecasting accuracy of daily mortality was associated with the inclusion of seasonal and temporal predictors (Model 2). No gains were made in the predictive models with the addition of weather and air quality predictors (Models 3 and 4). However, forecasting models that included weather and air quality predictors performed slightly better than the seasonal and temporal model alone (i.e., Model 3 > Model 4 > Model 2) This study provided a new approach to predict higher than expected numbers of respiratory related-deaths. The approach, while promising, has limitations and should be treated at this stage as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneous N. Soyiri
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Global Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Daniel D. Reidpath
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Global Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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116
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Yan M, Liu Z, Liu X, Duan H, Li T. Meta-analysis of the Chinese studies of the association between ambient ozone and mortality. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:899-905. [PMID: 23786810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate short-term effects of ambient ozone exposure on mortality in Chinese cities, we conducted a meta-analysis of 10 effect estimates of 5 short-term studies, which reported associations between ambient ozone and mortality in Chinese mainland cities. And we estimated pooled effects by non-accidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality. Combined estimates and their 95%CI were tested by RevMan 5, and Funnel plots were used for the bias analysis. For a 10 μg m(-3) increase of maximum 8-h average concentration of ozone, the percent change for non-accidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality were 0.42 (95%CI, 0.32-0.52%), 0.44% (95%CI, 0.17-0.70%) and 0.50% (95%CI, 0.22-0.77%), respectively. Compared with pooled estimates from other meta-analyses on ambient ozone-associated mortality, our pooled estimate for non-accidental mortality was slightly higher than previous ones and pooled estimate for cardiovascular mortality was consistent with others. However, we observed significantly positive association between ambient ozone and respiratory mortality, which were generally nonsignificant in earlier studies. By combining estimates from published evidence, a small but substantial association between ambient ozone level and mortality was observed in Mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Yan
- State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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117
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Ng CFS, Ueda K, Nitta H, Takeuchi A. Seasonal variation in the acute effects of ozone on premature mortality among elderly Japanese. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8767-8776. [PMID: 23604788 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a multicity time-series study using monitoring data to assess seasonal patterns of short-term ozone-mortality association among elderly aged 65 years and over in Japan. Daily exposure to ambient ozone was computed using hourly measurements of photochemical oxidants available at multiple monitoring stations in each city. Effects of ozone on daily all-cause non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were estimated using distributed lag linear models, controlling for confounding by temporal, day of the week, temperature, and flu epidemics. City-level effect estimates were combined using inverse variance meta-analysis. In spring and autumn, a 10-ppbv increase of daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentration in the previous 3 days was associated with 0.69 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.27-1.10), 1.07 % (0.34-1.82), and 1.77 % (0.78-2.77) increases in daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. Forward displacement of respiratory mortality was large during the cold season despite lower ozone concentration. Results were generally independent of fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Findings suggest significant mortality effects of short-term ozone exposure among the elderly during the moderate season. Those with underlying respiratory diseases were susceptible, even during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
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118
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Yamamoto SS, Phalkey R, Malik AA. A systematic review of air pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: limited evidence from India and Pakistan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:133-44. [PMID: 24064368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major contributors to mortality and morbidity in South Asia. Chronic exposure to air pollution is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, although the majority of studies to date have been conducted in developed countries. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution are growing problems in developing countries in South Asia yet the impact on rising rates of CVD in these regions has largely been ignored. We aimed to assess the evidence available regarding air pollution effects on CVD and CVD risk factors in lower income countries in South Asia. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science. Our inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed, original, empirical articles published in English between the years 1990 and 2012, conducted in the World Bank South Asia region (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). This resulted in 30 articles. Nine articles met our inclusion criteria and were assessed for this systematic review. Most of the studies were cross-sectional and examined measured particulate matter effects on CVD outcomes and indicators. We observed a bias as nearly all of the studies were from India. Hypertension and CVD deaths were positively associated with higher particulate matter levels. Biomarkers of oxidative stress such as increased levels of P-selection expressing platelets, depleted superoxide dismutase and reactive oxygen species generation as well as elevated levels of inflammatory-related C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were also positively associated with biomass use or elevated particulate matter levels. An important outcome of this investigation was the evidence suggesting important air pollution effects regarding CVD risk in South Asia. However, too few studies have been conducted. There is as an urgent need for longer term investigations using robust measures of air pollution with different population groups that include a wider range of air pollutants and outcomes, including early indicators of CVD. These regions are facing burdens from increasing urbanization, air pollution and populations, generally weaker health infrastructure, aging populations and increased incidence of non-communicable diseases, included CVD. The extent to which the problem of air pollution and CVD will impact these countries will depend largely on the information available to inform policy and programs, which are still lacking, political will as well as social and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Yamamoto
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - R Phalkey
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A A Malik
- Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
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119
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Lin H, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu T, Xiao J, Luo Y, Xu X, He Y, Ma W. Large daily stock variation is associated with cardiovascular mortality in two cities of Guangdong, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68417. [PMID: 23874619 PMCID: PMC3713028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current study aimed to examine the effects of daily change of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index on cardiovascular mortality in Guangzhou and Taishan, China. Methods Daily mortality and stock performance data during 2006–2010 were collected to construct the time series for the two cities. A distributed lag non-linear model was utilized to examine the effect of daily stock index changes on cardiovascular mortality after controlling for potential confounding factors. Results We observed a delayed non-linear effect of the stock index change on cardiovascular mortality: both rising and declining of the stock index were associated with increased cardiovascular deaths. In Guangzhou, the 15–25 lag days cumulative relative risk of an 800 index drop was 2.08 (95% CI: 1.38–3.14), and 2.38 (95% CI: 1.31–4.31) for an 800 stock index increase on the cardiovascular mortality, respectively. In Taishan, the cumulative relative risk over 15–25 days lag was 1.65 (95% CI: 1.13–2.42) for an 800 index drop and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.26–3.42) for an 800 index rising, respectively. Conclusions Large ups and downs in daily stock index might be important predictor of cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui He
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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120
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Gold
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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121
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Zhang Y, Mo J, Weschler CJ. Reducing health risks from indoor exposures in rapidly developing urban China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:751-5. [PMID: 23665813 PMCID: PMC3701998 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades there has been a large migration of China's population from rural to urban regions. At the same time, residences in cities have changed in character from single-story or low-rise buildings to high-rise structures constructed and furnished with many synthetic materials. As a consequence, indoor exposures (to pollutants with outdoor and indoor sources) have changed significantly. OBJECTIVES We briefly discuss the inferred impact that urbanization and modernization have had on indoor exposures and public health in China. We argue that growing adverse health costs associated with these changes are not inevitable, and we present steps that could be taken to reduce indoor exposures to harmful pollutants. DISCUSSION As documented by China's Ministry of Health, there have been significant increases in morbidity and mortality among urban residents over the past 20 years. Evidence suggests that the population's exposure to air pollutants has contributed to increases in lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and birth defects. Whether a pollutant has an outdoor or an indoor source, most exposure to the pollutant occurs indoors. Going forward, indoor exposures can be reduced by limiting the ingress of outdoor pollutants (while providing adequate ventilation with clean air), minimizing indoor sources of pollutants, updating government policies related to indoor pollution, and addressing indoor air quality during a building's initial design. CONCLUSIONS Taking the suggested steps could lead to significant reductions in morbidity and mortality, greatly reducing the societal costs associated with pollutant derived ill health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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122
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Lai HK, Tsang H, Wong CM. Meta-analysis of adverse health effects due to air pollution in Chinese populations. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:360. [PMID: 23594435 PMCID: PMC3698155 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pooled estimates of air pollution health effects are important drivers of environmental risk communications and political willingness. In China, there is a lack of review studies to provide such estimates for health impact assessments. Methods We systematically searched the MEDLINE database using keywords of 80 major Chinese cities in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan on 30 June 2012, yielding 350 abstracts with 48 non-duplicated reports either in English or Chinese after screening. We pooled the relative risks (RR) per 10 μg/m3 of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3). Results For short-term effects, the pooled RR (p < 0.05) ranges were: 1.0031 (PM10) to 1.0140 (NO2) for all-cause mortality, 1.0034 (cardiopulmonary, PM10) to 1.0235 (influenza and pneumonia, SO2) for 9 specific-causes mortality, 1.0021 (cardiovascular, PM10) to 1.0162 (asthma, O3) for 5 specific-causes hospital admissions. For birth outcomes, the RR (p < 0.05) ranged from 1.0051 (stillbirth, O3) to 1.1189 (preterm-birth, SO2) and for long-term effect on mortality from 1.0150 (respiratory, SO2) to 1.0297 (respiratory, NO2). Publication bias was absent (Egger test: p = 0.326 to 0.624). Annual PM10 and NO2 concentrations were inversely associated with RR of mortality (p = 0.017-0.028). Conclusions Evidence on short-term effects of air pollution is consistent and sufficient for health impact assessment but that on long-term effects is still insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chit-Ming Wong
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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123
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Shang Y, Sun Z, Cao J, Wang X, Zhong L, Bi X, Li H, Liu W, Zhu T, Huang W. Systematic review of Chinese studies of short-term exposure to air pollution and daily mortality. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 54:100-11. [PMID: 23434817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Health effects attributable to air pollution exposure in Chinese population have been least understood. The authors conducted a meta-analysis on 33 time-series and case-crossover studies conducted in China to assess mortality effects of short-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO). Significant associations between air pollution exposure and increased mortality risks were observed in the pooled estimates for all pollutants of interest. In specific, each 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 0.38% (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 0.31, 0.45) increase in total mortality, a 0.51% (95% CI: 0.30, 0.73) in respiratory mortality, and a 0.44% (95% CI: 0.33, 0.54) in cardiovascular mortality. When current annual PM2.5 levels in mega-Chinese cities to be reduced to the WHO Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 μg/m(3), mortality attributable to short-term exposure to PM2.5 could be reduced by 2.7%, 1.7%, 2.3%, and 6.2% in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xi'an, respectively. The authors recommend future studies on the nature of air pollution concentration and health effect relationships in Chinese population to support setting stringent air quality standards to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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124
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Han M, Guo Z, Li G, Sang N. Nitrogen dioxide inhalation induces genotoxicity in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2737-2742. [PMID: 23332788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) is a ubiquitous reactive free-radical gas, which has been associated with momentary and chronic health effects. In the present study, comet, micronucleus (MN) and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) assays were used to investigate the genotoxicity following in vivo inhalation exposure of rats to NO(2). The results show that inhalation exposure of rats to NO(2) induced DNA strand breakage and the formation of DPC in the cells from various internal organs (brain, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and heart), as well as resulted in obvious increase of MN frequency in the bone marrow cells of rats. Furthermore, above genotoxic responses showed significant linear dose-dependent manners. These results implicate that NO(2) is a genotoxic agent and these observations are informative for understanding the mechanisms of adverse effects of nitrogen dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Han
- College of Environment and Resource, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
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