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Walker DI, Valvi D, Rothman N, Lan Q, Miller GW, Jones DP. The metabolome: A key measure for exposome research in epidemiology. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019; 6:93-103. [PMID: 31828002 PMCID: PMC6905435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Application of omics to study human health has created a new era of opportunities for epidemiology research. However, approaches to characterize exogenous health triggers have largely not leveraged advances in analytical platforms and big data. In this review, we highlight the exposome, which is defined as the cumulative measure of exposure and biological responses across a lifetime as a cornerstone for new epidemiology approaches to study complex and preventable human diseases. RECENT FINDINGS While no universal approach exists to measure the entirety of the exposome, use of high-resolution mass spectrometry methods provide distinct advantages over traditional biomonitoring and have provided key advances necessary for exposome research. Application to different study designs and recommendations for combining exposome data with novel data analytic frameworks to study complex interactions of multiple stressors are also discussed. SUMMARY Even though challenges still need to be addressed, advances in methods to characterize the exposome provide exciting new opportunities for epidemiology to support fundamental discoveries to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Qing Lan
- Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York NY
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Cernansky R. The Usual (and Some Not-So-Usual) Suspects: A New Chemical Screening Method. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:44001. [PMID: 30950628 PMCID: PMC6785237 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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104
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Chen Z, Cui L, Cui X, Li X, Yu K, Yue K, Dai Z, Zhou J, Jia G, Zhang J. The association between high ambient air pollution exposure and respiratory health of young children: A cross sectional study in Jinan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:740-749. [PMID: 30530144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern about health effects of high air pollution in less-developed countries. Children represent a population at increased risk for air pollution-related respiratory conditions. This study investigated the relationship between high ambient air pollution exposure and respiratory health of young schoolchildren. From 2014 to 2016 in Jinan, China, 2532 primary school children in grades three to five from two different schools with different levels of air pollution were included in the study. Levels of ambient air pollution exposure including PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO and O3 were measured continuously at the two schools. A questionnaire about children's respiratory health was conducted every year. Among them, about 150 randomly selected children also performed lung function tests two times a year at the beginning of November and middle of December. Annual average exposure levels of PM2.5 (66.8-79.1 vs 90.0-107.7 μg/m3), PM10 (129.5-177.3 vs 198.1-218.6 μg/m3), NO2 (45.3-53.2 vs 45.0-56.2 μg/m3), SO2 (29.8-56.5 vs 40.5-80.3 μg/m3), CO (1.3-1.5 vs 1.4-1.7 mg/m3) and O3 (84.8-120.2 vs 61.1-128.1 μg/m3) in the heavy pollution primary school were significantly higher than the light one. The higher air pollution exposure was related to increased prevalence of respiratory diseases of young children in the last year, especially allergic rhinitis. The increased odds of lung function impairment associated with exposure to higher air pollution, could be up to 171.5% (aOR = 2.715; 95% CI = 1.915-3.849) for PEF < 75% predicted in 2014. However, after short-term exposure for 1.5 month or a week, paired comparison for parameters of the same child showed different results. The association between high ambient air pollution exposure and respiratory health of young children is closely related to exposure time and dose and may be fluctuate and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, NO. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 2 Weiliu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Xinwei Li
- Gaoxin District Office, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 2 Weiliu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunkun Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 2 Weiliu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesan Yue
- Shizhong District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 6 Langmaoshan Road, Shizhong District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Dai
- Licheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 5 Hongjialou Road, Licheng District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 2 Weiliu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, NO. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 2 Weiliu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China.
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Cooke MS, Hu CW, Chang YJ, Chao MR. Urinary DNA adductomics - A novel approach for exposomics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1033-1038. [PMID: 30392940 PMCID: PMC6279464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The exposome is a concept that encompasses the totality of internal and external environmental exposures, from conception onwards. Evaluation of the exposome, across the lifecourse represents a significant challenge, e.g., methods/technology may simply not exist to comprehensively assess all exposures, or they may not be applicable to human populations, or may have insufficient sensitivity. Cellular DNA adductomics aims to determine the totality of DNA adducts in the cellular genome. However, application to human populations requires the necessarily invasive sampling of tissue, to obtain sufficient DNA for sensitive analysis, which can represent a logistical and IRB challenge, particularly when investigating vulnerable populations. To circumvent this, we recently applied DNA adductomics to urine, detecting a range of expected and unexpected 2'-deoxyribonucleoside DNA adducts. However, base excision repair, the main DNA repair pathway for non-bulky DNA adducts, and processes such as spontaneous depurination, generate nucleobase adducts. Herein we propose a strategy to simultaneously assess 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and nucleobase adducts, using a widely used mass spectrometic platform (i.e., triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry). This will provide a much needed DNA adductomic approach for non-invasively, biomonitoring environmental exposures, through assessing the totality of DNA adducts; contributing to the evaluation of the exposome, across the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Haug LS, Sakhi AK, Cequier E, Casas M, Maitre L, Basagana X, Andrusaityte S, Chalkiadaki G, Chatzi L, Coen M, de Bont J, Dedele A, Ferrand J, Grazuleviciene R, Gonzalez JR, Gutzkow KB, Keun H, McEachan R, Meltzer HM, Petraviciene I, Robinson O, Saulnier PJ, Slama R, Sunyer J, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Wright J, Vrijheid M, Thomsen C. In-utero and childhood chemical exposome in six European mother-child cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:751-763. [PMID: 30326459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmonized data describing simultaneous exposure to a large number of environmental contaminants in-utero and during childhood is currently very limited. OBJECTIVES To characterize concentrations of a large number of environmental contaminants in pregnant women from Europe and their children, based on chemical analysis of biological samples from mother-child pairs. METHODS We relied on the Early-Life Exposome project, HELIX, a collaborative project across six established population-based birth cohort studies in Europe. In 1301 subjects, biomarkers of exposure to 45 contaminants (i.e. organochlorine compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, toxic and essential elements, phthalate metabolites, environmental phenols, organophosphate pesticide metabolites and cotinine) were measured in biological samples from children (6-12 years) and their mothers during pregnancy, using highly sensitive biomonitoring methods. RESULTS Most of the exposure biomarkers had high detection frequencies in mothers (35 out of 45 biomarkers with >90% detected) and children (33 out of 45 biomarkers with >90% detected). Concentrations were significantly different between cohorts for all compounds, and were generally higher in maternal compared to children samples. For most of the persistent compounds the correlations between maternal and child concentrations were moderate to high (Spearman Rho > 0.35), while for most non-persistent compounds correlations were considerably lower (Spearman Rho < 0.15). For mercury, PFOS and PFOA a considerable proportion of the samples of both mothers and their children exceeded the HBM I value established by The Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency. DISCUSSION Although not based on a representative sample, our study suggests that children across Europe are exposed to a wide range of environmental contaminants in fetal life and childhood including many with potential adverse effects. For values exceeding the HBM I value identification of specific sources of exposure and reducing exposure in an adequate way is recommended. Considerable variability in this "chemical exposome" was seen between cohorts, showing that place of residence is a strong determinant of one's personal exposome. This extensive dataset comprising >100,000 concentrations of environmental contaminants in mother-child pairs forms a unique possibility for conducting epidemiological studies using an exposome approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Xavier Basagana
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Greece; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Muireann Coen
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK; Discovery Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joane Ferrand
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Joint research center (U1209), La Tronche, Grenoble, France; CHU Grenoble Alpes, CIC Pédiatrique, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Hector Keun
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | | | - Inga Petraviciene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Pierre-Jean Saulnier
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1402, Inserm, CHU Poitiers, School of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Joint research center (U1209), La Tronche, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - José Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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107
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Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Wisgrill L, Degen GH, Turner PC, Marko D, Warth B. Monitoring Early Life Mycotoxin Exposures via LC-MS/MS Breast Milk Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14569-14577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Wilfred A. Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paul C. Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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108
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Ultra-sensitive, stable isotope assisted quantification of multiple urinary mycotoxin exposure biomarkers. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1019:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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109
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Wang A, Gerona RR, Schwartz JM, Lin T, Sirota M, Morello-Frosch R, Woodruff TJ. A Suspect Screening Method for Characterizing Multiple Chemical Exposures among a Demographically Diverse Population of Pregnant Women in San Francisco. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:077009. [PMID: 30044231 PMCID: PMC6108847 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero exposure to environmental chemicals can adversely impact pregnancy outcomes and childhood health, but minimal biomonitoring data exist on the majority of chemicals used in commerce. OBJECTIVES We aimed to profile exposure to multiple environmental organic acids (EOAs) and identify novel chemicals that have not been previously biomonitored in a diverse population of pregnant women. METHODS We used liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) to perform a suspect screen for 696 EOAs, (e.g., phenols and phthalate metabolites) on the maternal serum collected at delivery from 75 pregnant women delivering at two large San Francisco Hospitals. We examined demographic differences in peak areas and detection frequency (DF) of suspect EOAs using a Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum test or Fisher's exact test. We confirmed selected suspects by comparison with their respective reference standards. RESULTS We detected, on average, 56 [standard deviation (SD)]: 8) suspect EOAs in each sample (range: 32-73). Twelve suspect EOAs with DF≥60 were matched to 21 candidate compounds in our EOA database, two-thirds of which are novel chemicals. We found demographic differences in DF for 13 suspect EOAs and confirmed the presence of 6 priority novel chemicals: 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Pyrocatechol, 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 3,5-Di-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 4-Hydroxycoumarin, and 2'-Hydroxyacetophenone (or 3'-Hydroxyacetophenone). The first two are high-production-volume chemicals in the United States. CONCLUSION Suspect screening in human biomonitoring provides a viable method to characterize a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals to prioritize for targeted method development and quantification. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Wang
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roy R Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Lab, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jackie M Schwartz
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Lin
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Lab, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- School of Public Health and Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Kim KN, Lim YH, Shin CH, Lee YA, Kim BN, Kim JI, Hwang IG, Hwang MS, Suh JH, Hong YC. Cohort Profile: The Environment and Development of Children (EDC) study: a prospective children’s cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1049-1050f. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Institute of Public Health Medical Service, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Centre
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Paediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Public Health Medical Services, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Public Health Medical Services, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyun Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyang Suh
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Centre
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111
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Sakanyan V. Reactive Chemicals and Electrophilic Stress in Cancer: A Minireview. High Throughput 2018; 7:ht7020012. [PMID: 29702613 PMCID: PMC6023294 DOI: 10.3390/ht7020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous reactive chemicals can impair cellular homeostasis and are often associated with the development of cancer. Significant progress has been achieved by studying the macromolecular interactions of chemicals that possess various electron-withdrawing groups and the elucidation of the protective responses of cells to chemical interventions. However, the formation of electrophilic species inside the cell and the relationship between oxydative and electrophilic stress remain largely unclear. Derivatives of nitro-benzoxadiazole (also referred as nitro-benzofurazan) are potent producers of hydrogen peroxide and have been used as a model to study the generation of reactive species in cancer cells. This survey highlights the pivotal role of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in the production of reactive oxygen and electrophilic species in cells exposed to cell-permeable chemicals. Lipophilic electrophiles rapidly bind to SOD1 and induce stable and functionally active dimers, which produce excess hydrogen peroxide leading to aberrant cell signalling. Moreover, reactive oxygen species and reactive electrophilic species, simultaneously generated by redox reactions, behave as independent entities that attack a variety of proteins. It is postulated that the binding of the electrophilic moiety to multiple proteins leading to impairing different cellular functions may explain unpredictable side effects in patients undergoing chemotherapy with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing drugs. The identification of proteins susceptible to electrophiles at early steps of oxidative and electrophilic stress is a promising way to offer rational strategies for dealing with stress-related malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehary Sakanyan
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, IICiMed, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France.
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112
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Turner MC, Vineis P, Seleiro E, Dijmarescu M, Balshaw D, Bertollini R, Chadeau-Hyam M, Gant T, Gulliver J, Jeong A, Kyrtopoulos S, Martuzzi M, Miller GW, Nawrot T, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Phillips DH, Probst-Hensch N, Samet J, Vermeulen R, Vlaanderen J, Vrijheid M, Wild C, Kogevinas M. EXPOsOMICS: final policy workshop and stakeholder consultation. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:260. [PMID: 29448939 PMCID: PMC5815236 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The final meeting of the EXPOsOMICS project “Final Policy Workshop and Stakeholder Consultation” took place 28–29 March 2017 to present the main results of the project and discuss their implications both for future research and for regulatory and policy activities. This paper summarizes presentations and discussions at the meeting related with the main results and advances in exposome research achieved through the EXPOsOMICS project; on other parallel research initiatives on the study of the exposome in Europe and in the United States and their complementarity to EXPOsOMICS; lessons learned from these early studies on the exposome and how they may shape the future of research on environmental exposure assessment; and finally the broader implications of exposome research for risk assessment and policy development on environmental exposures. The main results of EXPOsOMICS in relation to studies of the external exposome and internal exposome in relation to both air pollution and water contaminants were presented as well as new technologies for environmental health research (adductomics) and advances in statistical methods. Although exposome research strengthens the scientific basis for policy development, there is a need in terms of showing added value for public health to: improve communication of research results to non-scientific audiences; target research to the broader landscape of societal challenges; and draw applicable conclusions. Priorities for future work include the development and standardization of methodologies and technologies for assessing the external and internal exposome, improved data sharing and integration, and the demonstration of the added value of exposome science over conventional approaches in answering priority policy questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK.
| | | | - Michaela Dijmarescu
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - David Balshaw
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roberto Bertollini
- Former WHO Chief Scientist and Representative to the European Union, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | | | - John Gulliver
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Ayoung Jeong
- University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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113
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Johnson CH, Athersuch TJ, Collman GW, Dhungana S, Grant DF, Jones DP, Patel CJ, Vasiliou V. Yale school of public health symposium on lifetime exposures and human health: the exposome; summary and future reflections. Hum Genomics 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 29221465 PMCID: PMC5723043 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The exposome is defined as "the totality of environmental exposures encountered from birth to death" and was developed to address the need for comprehensive environmental exposure assessment to better understand disease etiology. Due to the complexity of the exposome, significant efforts have been made to develop technologies for longitudinal, internal and external exposure monitoring, and bioinformatics to integrate and analyze datasets generated. Our objectives were to bring together leaders in the field of exposomics, at a recent Symposium on "Lifetime Exposures and Human Health: The Exposome," held at Yale School of Public Health. Our aim was to highlight the most recent technological advancements for measurement of the exposome, bioinformatics development, current limitations, and future needs in environmental health. In the discussions, an emphasis was placed on moving away from a one-chemical one-health outcome model toward a new paradigm of monitoring the totality of exposures that individuals may experience over their lifetime. This is critical to better understand the underlying biological impact on human health, particularly during windows of susceptibility. Recent advancements in metabolomics and bioinformatics are driving the field forward in biomonitoring and understanding the biological impact, and the technological and logistical challenges involved in the analyses were highlighted. In conclusion, further developments and support are needed for large-scale biomonitoring and management of big data, standardization for exposure and data analyses, bioinformatics tools for co-exposure or mixture analyses, and methods for data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Toby J. Athersuch
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Gwen W. Collman
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Morrisville, NC USA
| | - Suraj Dhungana
- Waters Corporation, Metabolomics and Translational Research, Milford, MA USA
| | - David F. Grant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Chirag J. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
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114
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Turner MC, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Anderson K, Balshaw D, Cui Y, Dunton G, Hoppin JA, Koutrakis P, Jerrett M. Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health 2017; 38:215-239. [PMID: 28384083 PMCID: PMC7161939 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona 08003, Spain; , .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 3Z7, Canada
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona 08003, Spain; , .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Kim Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331;
| | - David Balshaw
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; ,
| | - Yuxia Cui
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; ,
| | - Genevieve Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033;
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695;
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94704; .,Department of Environmental Health Science, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772;
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115
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Heffernan AL, Gómez-Ramos MM, Gaus C, Vijayasarathy S, Bell I, Hof C, Mueller JF, Gómez-Ramos MJ. Non-targeted, high resolution mass spectrometry strategy for simultaneous monitoring of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds in green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1251-1262. [PMID: 28521388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination poses a threat to ecosystem, biota and human health, and identifying these hazards is a complex challenge. Traditional hazard identification relies on a priori-defined targets of limited chemical scope, and is generally inappropriate for exploratory studies such as explaining toxicological effects in environmental systems. Here we present a non-target high resolution mass spectrometry environmental monitoring study with multivariate statistical analysis to simultaneously detect biomarkers of exposure (e.g. xenobiotics) and biomarkers of effect in whole turtle blood. Borrowing the concept from clinical chemistry, a case-control sampling approach was used to investigate the potential influence of xenobiotics of anthropogenic origin on free-ranging green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from a remote, offshore 'control' site; and two coastal 'case' sites influenced by urban/industrial and agricultural activities, respectively, on the Great Barrier Reef in North Queensland, Australia. Multiple biomarkers of exposure, including sulfonic acids (n=9), a carbamate insecticide metabolite, and other industrial chemicals; and five biomarkers of effect (lipid peroxidation products), were detected in case sites. Additionally, two endogenous biomarkers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were identified, and showed moderate-to-strong correlations with clinical measures of inflammation and liver dysfunction. Our data filtering strategy overcomes limitations of traditional a priori selection of target compounds, and adds to the limited environmental xenobiotic metabolomics literature. To our knowledge this is the first case-control study of xenobiotics in marine megafauna, and demonstrates the utility of green sea turtles to link internal and external exposure, to explain potential toxicological effects in environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Heffernan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Maria M Gómez-Ramos
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables, Almería, Spain
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Soumini Vijayasarathy
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian Bell
- Aquatic Species Program, Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Townsville, Australia
| | - Christine Hof
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Species Conservation and Indigenous Partnerships Unit, World Wildlife Fund for Nature-Australia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria J Gómez-Ramos
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables, Almería, Spain
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116
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Warth B, Spangler S, Fang M, Johnson CH, Forsberg EM, Granados A, Martin RL, Domingo-Almenara X, Huan T, Rinehart D, Montenegro-Burke JR, Hilmers B, Aisporna A, Hoang LT, Uritboonthai W, Benton HP, Richardson SD, Williams AJ, Siuzdak G. Exposome-Scale Investigations Guided by Global Metabolomics, Pathway Analysis, and Cognitive Computing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11505-11513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott Spangler
- IBM Almaden Research Lab, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Caroline H. Johnson
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public
Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | | | - Richard L. Martin
- IBM Almaden Research Lab, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- National Center
for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander
Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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117
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McAllister K, Mechanic LE, Amos C, Aschard H, Blair IA, Chatterjee N, Conti D, Gauderman WJ, Hsu L, Hutter CM, Jankowska MM, Kerr J, Kraft P, Montgomery SB, Mukherjee B, Papanicolaou GJ, Patel CJ, Ritchie MD, Ritz BR, Thomas DC, Wei P, Witte JS. Current Challenges and New Opportunities for Gene-Environment Interaction Studies of Complex Diseases. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:753-761. [PMID: 28978193 PMCID: PMC5860428 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, many new approaches, study designs, and statistical and analytical methods have emerged for studying gene-environment interactions (G×Es) in large-scale studies of human populations. There are opportunities in this field, particularly with respect to the incorporation of -omics and next-generation sequencing data and continual improvement in measures of environmental exposures implicated in complex disease outcomes. In a workshop called "Current Challenges and New Opportunities for Gene-Environment Interaction Studies of Complex Diseases," held October 17-18, 2014, by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Cancer Institute in conjunction with the annual American Society of Human Genetics meeting, participants explored new approaches and tools that have been developed in recent years for G×E discovery. This paper highlights current and critical issues and themes in G×E research that need additional consideration, including the improved data analytical methods, environmental exposure assessment, and incorporation of functional data and annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leah E. Mechanic
- Correspondence to Dr. Leah E. Mechanic, Genomic Epidemiology Branch, Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E104, MSC 9763, Bethesda, MD 20892 (e-mail: )
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118
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Patel CJ, Kerr J, Thomas DC, Mukherjee B, Ritz B, Chatterjee N, Jankowska M, Madan J, Karagas MR, McAllister KA, Mechanic LE, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Blair IA, Teitelbaum SL, Amos CI. Opportunities and Challenges for Environmental Exposure Assessment in Population-Based Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1370-1380. [PMID: 28710076 PMCID: PMC5581729 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number and increasing diversity of factors are available for epidemiological studies. These measures provide new avenues for discovery and prevention, yet they also raise many challenges for adoption in epidemiological investigations. Here, we evaluate 1) designs to investigate diseases that consider heterogeneous and multidimensional indicators of exposure and behavior, 2) the implementation of numerous methods to capture indicators of exposure, and 3) the analytical methods required for discovery and validation. We find that case-control studies have provided insights into genetic susceptibility but are insufficient for characterizing complex effects of environmental factors on disease development. Prospective and two-phase designs are required but must balance extended data collection with follow-up of study participants. We discuss innovations in assessments including the microbiome; mass spectrometry and metabolomics; behavioral assessment; dietary, physical activity, and occupational exposure assessment; air pollution monitoring; and global positioning and individual sensors. We claim the the availability of extensive correlated data raises new challenges in disentangling specific exposures that influence cancer risk from among extensive and often correlated exposures. In conclusion, new high-dimensional exposure assessments offer many new opportunities for environmental assessment in cancer development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(9); 1370-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag J Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jacqueline Kerr
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Duncan C Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of Biostatistics and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marta Jankowska
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Juliette Madan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Kimberly A McAllister
- Susceptibility and Population Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Leah E Mechanic
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ian A Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Penn SRP Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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119
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The Children's Health Exposure Analysis Resource: enabling research into the environmental influences on children's health outcomes. Curr Opin Pediatr 2017; 29:385-389. [PMID: 28383342 PMCID: PMC5491986 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Children's Health Exposure Analysis Resource (CHEAR) is a new infrastructure supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to expand the ability of children's health researchers to include analysis of environmental exposures in their research and to incorporate the emerging concept of the exposome. RECENT FINDINGS There is extensive discussion of the potential of the exposome to advance understanding of the totality of environmental influences on human health. Children's health is a logical choice to demonstrate the exposome concept due to the extensive existing knowledge of individual environmental exposures affecting normal health and development and the short latency between exposures and observable phenotypes. Achieving this demonstration will require access to extensive analytical capabilities to measure a suite of exposures through traditional biomonitoring approaches and to cross-validate these with emerging exposomic approaches. SUMMARY CHEAR is a full-service exposure assessment resource, linking up-front consultation with both laboratory and data analysis. Analyses of biological samples are intended to enhance studies by including targeted analysis of specific exposures and untargeted analysis of small molecules associated with phenotypic endpoints. Services provided by CHEAR are made available without cost but require a brief application and adherence to policies detailed on the CHEAR web page at https://chearprogram.org/.
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120
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Stieb DM, Boot CR, Turner MC. Promise and pitfalls in the application of big data to occupational and environmental health. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:372. [PMID: 28482822 PMCID: PMC5422881 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David M Stieb
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 420-757 West Hastings St. - Federal Tower, Vancouver, BC, V6C 1A1, Canada. .,School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Cécile R Boot
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), 4c/ Rosselló, 132, 5th 2nd, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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121
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Human exposure to chemical mixtures: Challenges for the integration of toxicology with epidemiology data in risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:188-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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122
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Cernansky R. A Blend of Old and New: Biomonitoring Methods to Study the Exposome. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:A74. [PMID: 28362625 PMCID: PMC5382008 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.125-a74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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123
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Andra SS, Austin C, Patel D, Dolios G, Awawda M, Arora M. Trends in the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry for human biomonitoring: An analytical primer to studying the environmental chemical space of the human exposome. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 100:32-61. [PMID: 28062070 PMCID: PMC5322482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Global profiling of xenobiotics in human matrices in an untargeted mode is gaining attention for studying the environmental chemical space of the human exposome. Defined as the study of a comprehensive inclusion of environmental influences and associated biological responses, human exposome science is currently evolving out of the metabolomics science. In analogy to the latter, the development and applications of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has shown potential and promise to greatly expand our ability to capture the broad spectrum of environmental chemicals in exposome studies. HRMS can perform both untargeted and targeted analysis because of its capability of full- and/or tandem-mass spectrum acquisition at high mass accuracy with good sensitivity. The collected data from target, suspect and non-target screening can be used not only for the identification of environmental chemical contaminants in human matrices prospectively but also retrospectively. This review covers recent trends and advances in this field. We focus on advances and applications of HRMS in human biomonitoring studies, and data acquisition and mining. The acquired insights provide stepping stones to improve understanding of the human exposome by applying HRMS, and the challenges and prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Christine Austin
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mahmoud Awawda
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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124
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Stingone JA, Buck Louis GM, Nakayama SF, Vermeulen RCH, Kwok RK, Cui Y, Balshaw DM, Teitelbaum SL. Toward Greater Implementation of the Exposome Research Paradigm within Environmental Epidemiology. Annu Rev Public Health 2017; 38:315-327. [PMID: 28125387 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigating a single environmental exposure in isolation does not reflect the actual human exposure circumstance nor does it capture the multifactorial etiology of health and disease. The exposome, defined as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, may advance our understanding of environmental contributors to disease by more fully assessing the multitude of human exposures across the life course. Implementation into studies of human health has been limited, in part owing to theoretical and practical challenges including a lack of infrastructure to support comprehensive exposure assessment, difficulty in differentiating physiologic variation from environmentally induced changes, and the need for study designs and analytic methods that accommodate specific aspects of the exposome, such as high-dimensional exposure data and multiple windows of susceptibility. Recommendations for greater data sharing and coordination, methods development, and acknowledgment and minimization of multiple types of measurement error are offered to encourage researchers to embark on exposome research to promote the environmental health and well-being of all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette A Stingone
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; ,
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20817;
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053, Japan;
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Environmental Epidemiology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CM, Netherlands;
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709;
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; ,
| | - David M Balshaw
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; ,
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; ,
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125
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Metz TO, Baker ES, Schymanski EL, Renslow RS, Thomas DG, Causon TJ, Webb IK, Hann S, Smith RD, Teeguarden JG. Integrating ion mobility spectrometry into mass spectrometry-based exposome measurements: what can it add and how far can it go? Bioanalysis 2017; 9:81-98. [PMID: 27921453 PMCID: PMC5674211 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring the exposome remains a challenge due to the range and number of anthropogenic molecules that are encountered in our daily lives, as well as the complex systemic responses to these exposures. One option for improving the coverage, dynamic range and throughput of measurements is to incorporate ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) into current MS-based analytical methods. The implementation of IMS in exposomics studies will lead to more frequent observations of previously undetected chemicals and metabolites. LC-IMS-MS will provide increased overall measurement dynamic range, resulting in detections of lower abundance molecules. Alternatively, the throughput of IMS-MS alone will provide the opportunity to analyze many thousands of longitudinal samples over lifetimes of exposure, capturing evidence of transitory accumulations of chemicals or metabolites. The volume of data corresponding to these new chemical observations will almost certainly outpace the generation of reference data to enable their confident identification. In this perspective, we briefly review the state-of-the-art in measuring the exposome, and discuss the potential use for IMS-MS and the physico-chemical property of collisional cross section in both exposure assessment and molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ryan S Renslow
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Tim J Causon
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences (BOKU Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian K Webb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Stephan Hann
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences (BOKU Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Justin G Teeguarden
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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126
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Kim KN, Hong YC. The exposome and the future of epidemiology: a vision and prospect. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:e2017009. [PMID: 28494538 PMCID: PMC5575673 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2017009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that a relatively small proportion of chronic disease can be explained by genetic factors alone. Although information about environmental exposure is important to comprehensively evaluate chronic diseases, this information is not sufficiently or accurately assessed by comparison with genomic factors. To emphasize the importance of more complete evaluation of environmental exposure, the concept of the exposome, which indicates the entirety of environmental exposure from conception onwards, was introduced in 2005. Since the 2010s several epidemiological studies, such as the Human Early-Life Exposome project, have applied the exposome concept. The exposome consists of three overlapping domains: the general external, the specific external, and the internal environments. General external factors include the broader socioeconomic environment, and specific external factors include lifestyles, occupations, and pollutant exposures. Internal factors include biological effects and responses. Because the exposome covers exposures from conception to death, the birth cohort is an important part of the exposome study. Although there is not yet an established consensus in selecting what, when, and where to measure concerning the exposome, the use of omics analyses, especially analysis of the metabolome, should be considered in order to implement the exposome concept in the birth cohort. The exposome needs to be measured repeatedly in certain important phases of life, such as during pregnancy and infancy. To perform exposome-informed epidemiological studies, untargeted data-driven approaches in conjunction with dimension reduction techniques need to be developed and refined. The exposome concept has the potential to make a breakthrough in overcoming some of the limitations of conventional epidemiology. Concerted national and international efforts are required for future exposome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Institute of Public Health and Medical Service, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence: Yun-Chul Hong Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seou 03080, Korea E-mail:
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Uppal K, Walker DI, Liu K, Li S, Go YM, Jones DP. Computational Metabolomics: A Framework for the Million Metabolome. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1956-1975. [PMID: 27629808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
"Sola dosis facit venenum." These words of Paracelsus, "the dose makes the poison", can lead to a cavalier attitude concerning potential toxicities of the vast array of low abundance environmental chemicals to which humans are exposed. Exposome research teaches that 80-85% of human disease is linked to environmental exposures. The human exposome is estimated to include >400,000 environmental chemicals, most of which are uncharacterized with regard to human health. In fact, mass spectrometry measures >200,000 m/z features (ions) in microliter volumes derived from human samples; most are unidentified. This crystallizes a grand challenge for chemical research in toxicology: to develop reliable and affordable analytical methods to understand health impacts of the extensive human chemical experience. To this end, there appears to be no choice but to abandon the limitations of measuring one chemical at a time. The present review looks at progress in computational metabolomics to provide probability-based annotation linking ions to known chemicals and serve as a foundation for unambiguous designation of unidentified ions for toxicologic study. We review methods to characterize ions in terms of accurate mass m/z, chromatographic retention time, correlation of adduct, isotopic and fragment forms, association with metabolic pathways and measurement of collision-induced dissociation products, collision cross section, and chirality. Such information can support a largely unambiguous system for documenting unidentified ions in environmental surveillance and human biomonitoring. Assembly of this data would provide a resource to characterize and understand health risks of the array of low-abundance chemicals to which humans are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Uppal
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Hercules Exposome Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ken Liu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Hercules Exposome Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Hercules Exposome Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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128
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Dennis KK, Auerbach SS, Balshaw DM, Cui Y, Fallin MD, Smith MT, Spira A, Sumner S, Miller GW. The Importance of the Biological Impact of Exposure to the Concept of the Exposome. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1504-1510. [PMID: 27258438 PMCID: PMC5047763 DOI: 10.1289/ehp140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term "exposome" was originally coined in 2005 and defined as the totality of exposures throughout the lifetime. The exposome provides an excellent scientific framework for studying human health and disease. Recently, it has been suggested that how exposures affect our biology and how our bodies respond to such exposures should be part of the exposome. OBJECTIVES The authors describe the biological impact of the exposome and outline many of the targets and processes that can be assessed as part of a comprehensive analysis of the exposome. DISCUSSION The processes that occur downstream from the initial interactions with exogenous and endogenous compounds determine the biological impact of exposures. If the effects are not considered in the same context as the exposures, it will be difficult to determine cause and effect. The exposome and biology are interactive-changes in biology due to the environment change one's vulnerability to subsequent exposures. Additionally, highly resilient individuals are able to withstand environmental exposures with minimal effects to their health. We expect that the vast majority of exposures are transient, and chemicals underlying exposures that occurred weeks, months, or years ago are long gone from the body. However, these past chemical exposures often leave molecular fingerprints that may be able to provide information on these past exposures. CONCLUSIONS Through linking exposures to specific biological responses, exposome research could serve to improve understanding of the mechanistic connections between exposures and health to help mitigate adverse health outcomes across the lifespan. CITATION Dennis KK, Auerbach SS, Balshaw DM, Cui Y, Fallin MD, Smith MT, Spira A, Sumner S, Miller GW. 2016. The importance of the biological impact of exposure to the concept of the exposome. Environ Health Perspect 124:1504-1510; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine K. Dennis
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, and
| | - David M. Balshaw
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Resources, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Resources, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Address correspondence to G.W. Miller, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop: 1518-002-8BB, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Telephone: (404) 712-8582. E-mail:
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Cui Y, Balshaw DM, Kwok RK, Thompson CL, Collman GW, Birnbaum LS. The Exposome: Embracing the Complexity for Discovery in Environmental Health. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A137-40. [PMID: 27479988 PMCID: PMC4977033 DOI: 10.1289/ehp412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures are ubiquitous and play a fundamental role in the development of complex human diseases. The exposome, which is defined as the totality of environmental exposures over the life course, allows for systematic evaluation of the relationship between exposures and associated biological consequences, and represents a powerful approach for discovery in environmental health research. However, implementing the exposome concept is challenged by the ability to accurately assess multiple exposures and the ability to integrate information across the exposure–disease continuum. On 14–15 January 2015, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) held the Exposome Workshop where a group of international and U.S. scientists from different disciplines gathered to review the state of the science in research areas related to the exposome and to provide recommendations for incorporating the exposome concept into each research area. To move the field forward, the NIEHS is establishing a Children’s Health Exposure Analysis Resource (CHEAR) to provide infrastructure support for access to laboratory and statistical analyses to children’s health studies. It is recognized that incorporating the exposome concept into exposure and environmental health research will be a long journey and will require significant collaborative efforts from different scientific disciplines, nations, and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Cui
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. Balshaw
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.M. Balshaw, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K3-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-2448.
| | - Richard K. Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claudia L. Thompson
- Population Health Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gwen W. Collman
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Office of the Director, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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