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Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that causes an economically important disease in ruminants. BTV infection is a strong inducer of type I interferon (IFN-I) in multiple cell types. It has been shown recently that BTV and, more specifically, the nonstructural protein NS3 of BTV are able to modulate the IFN-I synthesis pathway. However, nothing is known about the ability of BTV to counteract IFN-I signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of BTV on the IFN-I response pathway and, more particularly, the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT) signaling pathway. We found that BTV infection triggered the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in A549 cells. However, when BTV-infected cells were stimulated with external IFN-I, we showed that activation of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter and expression of ISGs were inhibited. We found that this inhibition involved two different mechanisms that were dependent on the time of infection. After overnight infection, BTV blocked specifically the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1. This inhibition correlated with the redistribution of STAT1 in regions adjacent to the nucleus. At a later time point of infection, BTV was found to interfere with the activation of other key components of the JAK/STAT pathway and to induce the downregulation of JAK1 and TYK2 protein expression. Overall, our study indicates for the first time that BTV is able to interfere with the JAK/STAT pathway to modulate the IFN-I response. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes a severe disease in ruminants and has an important impact on the livestock economy in areas of endemicity such as Africa. The emergence of strains, such as serotype 8 in Europe in 2006, can lead to important economic losses due to commercial restrictions and prophylactic measures. It has been known for many years that BTV is a strong inducer of type I interferon (IFN-I) in vitro and in vivo in multiple cell types. However, the ability of BTV to interact with the IFN-I system remains unclear. Here, we report that BTV is able to modulate the IFN-I response by interfering with the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT) signaling pathway. These findings contribute to knowledge of how BTV infection interferes with the host's innate immune response and becomes pathogenic. This will also be important for the design of efficacious vaccine candidates.
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102
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Abstract
Bluetongue is a major infectious disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides. Here, we assessed virus and host factors influencing the clinical outcome of BTV infection using a single experimental framework. We investigated how mammalian host species, breed, age, BTV serotypes, and strains within a serotype affect the clinical course of bluetongue. Results obtained indicate that in small ruminants, there is a marked difference in the susceptibility to clinical disease induced by BTV at the host species level but less so at the breed level. No major differences in virulence were found between divergent serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2). However, we observed striking differences in virulence between closely related strains of the same serotype collected toward the beginning and the end of the European BTV-8 outbreak. As observed previously, differences in disease severity were also observed when animals were infected with either blood from a BTV-infected animal or from the same virus isolated in cell culture. Interestingly, with the exception of two silent mutations, full viral genome sequencing showed identical consensus sequences of the virus before and after cell culture isolation. However, deep sequencing analysis revealed a marked decrease in the genetic diversity of the viral population after passaging in mammalian cells. In contrast, passaging in Culicoides cells increased the overall number of low-frequency variants compared to virus never passaged in cell culture. Thus, Culicoides might be a source of new viral variants, and viral population diversity can be another factor influencing BTV virulence. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants. It is caused by an arbovirus known as bluetongue virus (BTV). The clinical outcome of BTV infection is extremely variable. We show that there are clear links between the severity of bluetongue and the mammalian host species infected, while at the breed level differences were less evident. No differences were observed in the virulence of two different BTV serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2). In contrast, we show that the European BTV-8 strain isolated at the beginning of the bluetongue outbreak in 2006 was more virulent than a strain isolated toward the end of the outbreak. In addition, we show that there is a link between the variability of the BTV population as a whole and virulence, and our data also suggest that Culicoides cells might function as an “incubator” of viral variants.
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103
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Mohd Jaafar F, Belhouchet M, Vitour D, Adam M, Breard E, Zientara S, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Immunisation with bacterial expressed VP2 and VP5 of bluetongue virus (BTV) protect α/β interferon-receptor knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mice from homologous lethal challenge. Vaccine 2014; 32:4059-67. [PMID: 24886956 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BTV-4 structural proteins VP2 (as two domains: VP2D1 and VP2D2), VP5 (lacking the first 100 amino acids: VP5Δ1-100) and full-length VP7, expressed in bacteria as soluble glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion-proteins, were used to immunise Balb/c and α/β interferon receptor knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mice. Neutralising antibody (NAbs) titres (expressed as log10 of the reciprocal of the last dilution of mouse serum which reduced plaque number by ≥50%) induced by the VP2 domains ranged from 1.806 to 2.408 in Balb/c and IFNAR(-/-) mice. The immunised IFNAR(-/-) mice challenged with a homologous live BTV-4 survived and failed to develop signs of infection (ocular discharge and apathy). Although subsequent attempts to isolate virus were unsuccessful (possibly reflecting presence of neutralising antibodies), a transient/low level viraemia was detected by real time RT-PCR. In contrast, mice immunised with the two VP2 domains with or without VP5Δ1-100 and VP7, then challenged with the heterologous serotype, BTV-8, all died by day 7 post-infection. We conclude that immunisation with bacterially-expressed VP2 domains can induce strong serotype-specific NAb responses. Bacterial expression could represent a cost effective and risk-free alternative to the use of live or inactivated vaccines, particularly if viruses prove to be difficult to propagate in cell culture (like BTV-25). A vaccine based on bacterially expressed VP2 and VP5 of BTV is also DIVA-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Vitour
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Micheline Adam
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom.
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104
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Palmarini M. Bluetongue: a rich history filled with many landmarks in virology……and more to be uncovered! Virus Res 2014; 182:3-4. [PMID: 24656400 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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105
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Legisa DM, Gonzalez FN, Dus Santos MJ. Bluetongue virus in South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Virus Res 2014; 182:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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106
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Roger M, Sailleau C, Rieau L, Zientara S, Bréard E, Viarouge C, Beral M, Esnault O, Cardinale E. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Reunion Island: evidence for the circulation of a new serotype and associated risk factors. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:383-90. [PMID: 24636165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are members of the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family transmitted between ruminants by the bites of Culicoides midges. BTV went undetected in Reunion Island between its first documented emergence in 1979 and two other serious outbreaks with both BTV-3 and EHDV-6 in 2003, and both EHDV-6 and BTV-2 in 2009. In these outbreaks, infected animals developed symptoms including hyperthermia, anorexia, congestion, prostration and nasal discharge. Samples were collected in 2011 to assess the prevalence of BT and EHD in ruminants native to Reunion Island by serological analysis. A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 67 farms, including a total of 276 cattle, 142 sheep and 71 goats. The prevalence rates of BT and EHD were 58% (95% CI [54.03-62.94]) and 38% (95% CI [33.85-42.63], respectively. Two further suspected outbreaks were confirmed to involve EHDV and BTV/EHDV. A new circulating EHDV serotype 1 of unknown origin was isolated. Our results confirm that the prevalence of both BT and EHD is high and that both are likely currently circulating. A high risk of BTV and EHDV infections was associated with the introduction of ruminants from neighbouring farms without quarantine, the presence of organic and other waste on the farm, and treatment against ectoparasites and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Matthieu Roger
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Lorène Rieau
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Marina Beral
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Esnault
- GDS, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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107
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Chakraborty C, Doss CGP, Patra BC, Bandyopadhyay S. DNA barcoding to map the microbial communities: current advances and future directions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3425-36. [PMID: 24522727 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, the DNA barcode development towards microbial community has increased dramatically. DNA barcode development is related to error-free and quick species identification which aid in understanding the microbial biodiversity, as well as the diseases related to microbial species. Here, we seek to evaluate the so-called barcoding initiatives for the microbial communities and the emerging trends in this field. In this paper, we describe the development of DNA marker-based DNA barcoding system, comparison between routine species identification and DNA barcode, and microbial biodiversity and DNA barcode for microbial communities. Two major topics, such as the molecular diversity of viruses and barcode for viruses have been discussed at the same time. We demonstrate the current status and the maker of DNA barcode for bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. Furthermore, we argue about the promises, limitations, and present and future challenges of microbial barcode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India,
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108
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Lee F, Lin YL, Tsai HJ. Comparison of primer sets and one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits for the detection of bluetongue viral RNA. J Virol Methods 2014; 200:6-9. [PMID: 24503041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is the etiological agent of bluetongue, one of the most important insect-transmitted animal diseases in the world. To establish a feasible diagnostic procedure for detecting the viral RNA, seven commercially available one-step RT-PCR kits in combination with three primer sets were evaluated. Results of this study showed remarkable differences in analytical sensitivity between the examined RT-PCR kits. In addition, it was found that a World Organization for Animal Health-recommended primer set may not be effective in detecting most BTV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan.
| | - Yeou-Liang Lin
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan.
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109
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Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Bréard E, Perrin JB, Doceul V, Vitour D, Zientara S. Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in French Corsica Island in September 2013. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 62:e89-91. [PMID: 24456375 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, French Corsica Island has been exposed to the emergence of three different BT virus (BTV) serotypes: serotype 2 in 2000 and 2001, serotype 4 in 2003 and serotype 16 in 2004. Between 2005 and August 2013, no outbreaks have been reported in the French Island. At the beginning of September 2013, sheep located in the south of the island showed clinical signs suggestive of BTV infection. Laboratory analyses identified the virus as BTV serotype 1. Phylogenetic studies showed that the sequences of this strain are closely related to the BTV-1 strain that was circulating in the Mediterranean basin and in Sardinia in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sailleau
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Viarouge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Bréard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J B Perrin
- Ministry of Agriculture, General Directorate for Food Safety, Animal Health Bureau, Paris, France
| | - V Doceul
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Vitour
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), UPEC, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA Laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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110
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The role of wildlife in bluetongue virus maintenance in Europe: lessons learned after the natural infection in Spain. Virus Res 2014; 182:50-8. [PMID: 24394295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a re-emergent vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus. A complex multi-host, multi-vector and multi-pathogen (26 serotypes) transmission and maintenance network has recently emerged in Europe, and wild ruminants are regarded as an important node in this network. This review analyses the reservoir role of wild ruminants in Europe, identifying gaps in knowledge and proposing actions. Wild ruminant species are indicators of BTV circulation. Excepting the mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), European wild ungulates do not develop clinical disease. Diagnostic techniques used in wildlife do not differ from those used in domestic ruminants provided they are validated. Demographic, behavioural and physiological traits of wild hosts modulate their relationship with BTV vectors and with the virus itself. While BTV has been eradicated from central and northern Europe, it is still circulating in the Mediterranean Basin. We propose that currently two BTV cycles coexist in certain regions of the Mediterranean Basin, a wild one largely driven by deer of the subfamily Cervinae and a domestic one. These are probably linked through shared Culicoides vectors of several species. We suggest that wildlife might be contributing to this situation through vector maintenance and virus maintenance. Additionally, differences in temperature and other environmental factors add complexity to the Mediterranean habitats as compared to central and northern European ones. Intervention options in wildlife populations are limited. There is a need to know the role of wildlife in maintaining Culicoides populations, and to know which Culicoides species mediate the wildlife-livestock-BTV transmission events. There is also a clear need to study more in depth the links between Cervinae deer densities, environmental factors and BTV maintenance. Regarding disease control, we suggest that research efforts should be focused on wildlife population and wildlife disease monitoring.
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111
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The molecular biology of Bluetongue virus replication. Virus Res 2013; 182:5-20. [PMID: 24370866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The members of Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family are arthropod-borne viruses which are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) which causes disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle) has been in the forefront of molecular studies for the last three decades and now represents the best understood orbivirus at a molecular and structural level. The complex nature of the virion structure has been well characterised at high resolution along with the definition of the virus encoded enzymes required for RNA replication; the ordered assembly of the capsid shell as well as the protein and genome sequestration required for it; and the role of host proteins in virus entry and virus release. More recent developments of Reverse Genetics and Cell-Free Assembly systems have allowed integration of the accumulated structural and molecular knowledge to be tested at meticulous level, yielding higher insight into basic molecular virology, from which the rational design of safe efficacious vaccines has been possible. This article is centred on the molecular dissection of BTV with a view to understanding the role of each protein in the virus replication cycle. These areas are important in themselves for BTV replication but they also indicate the pathways that related viruses, which includes viruses that are pathogenic to man and animals, might also use providing an informed starting point for intervention or prevention.
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112
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Vaccination induces long-lasting neutralising antibodies against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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113
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Maan S, Ghosh A, Batra K, Kumar A, Maan NS. Genomic diversity among eastern and western topotypes of bluetongue virus serotype 16 based on whole genome sequence analysis. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.960-962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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114
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Full Genome Sequence of a Western Reference Strain of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 16 from Nigeria. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/5/e00684-13. [PMID: 24051311 PMCID: PMC3778194 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00684-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The genome of NIG1982/10, a Nigerian bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16) strain, was sequenced (19,193 bp). Comparisons to BTV strains from other areas of the world show that all 10 genome segments of NIG1982/10 are derived from a western lineage (w), indicating that it represents a suitable reference strain of BTV-16w.
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115
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Lorusso A, Sghaier S, Carvelli A, Di Gennaro A, Leone A, Marini V, Pelini S, Marcacci M, Rocchigiani AM, Puggioni G, Savini G. Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in Sardinia during autumn 2012: New incursions or re-infection with old strains? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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116
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Pérez de Diego AC, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Pedrera M, Martínez-López B, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The use of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for fever detection in sheep infected with bluetongue virus. Vet J 2013; 198:182-6. [PMID: 24053993 PMCID: PMC7110885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fever, which is closely linked to viraemia, is considered to be both the main and the earliest clinical sign in sheep infected with bluetongue virus (BTV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of infrared thermography (IRT) for early detection of fever in sheep experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) and serotype 8 (BTV-8). This would reduce animal stress during experimental assays and assist in the development of a screening method for the identification of fever in animals suspected of being infected with BTV. Rectal and infrared eye temperatures were collected before and after BTV inoculation. The two temperature measures were positively correlated (r=0.504, P<0.05). The highest correlation between rectal and infrared temperatures was observed when temperatures were above physiological levels. IRT discriminated between febrile and non-febrile sheep with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 97%. The results showed that eye temperature measured using IRT was a useful non-invasive method for the assessment of fever in sheep infected with BTV under experimental conditions. Further research is required to evaluate the use of IRT under field conditions to identify potentially infected animals in bluetongue surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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117
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Rasmussen LD, Savini G, Lorusso A, Bellacicco A, Palmarini M, Caporale M, Rasmussen TB, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Transplacental transmission of field and rescued strains of BTV-2 and BTV-8 in experimentally infected sheep. Vet Res 2013; 44:75. [PMID: 24007601 PMCID: PMC3848766 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplacental transmission of bluetongue virus has been shown previously for the North European strain of serotype 8 (BTV-8) and for tissue culture or chicken egg-adapted vaccine strains but not for field strains of other serotypes. In this study, pregnant ewes (6 per group) were inoculated with either field or rescued strains of BTV-2 and BTV-8 in order to determine the ability of these viruses to cross the placental barrier. The field BTV-2 and BTV-8 strains was passaged once in Culicoides KC cells and once in mammalian cells. All virus inoculated sheep became infected and seroconverted against the different BTV strains used in this study. BTV RNA was detectable in the blood of all but two ewes for over 28 days but infectious virus could only be detected in the blood for a much shorter period. Interestingly, transplacental transmission of BTV-2 (both field and rescued strains) was demonstrated at high efficiency (6 out of 13 lambs born to BTV-2 infected ewes) while only 1 lamb of 12 born to BTV-8 infected ewes showed evidence of in utero infection. In addition, evidence for horizontal transmission of BTV-2 between ewes was observed. As expected, the parental BTV-2 and BTV-8 viruses and the viruses rescued by reverse genetics showed very similar properties to each other. This study showed, for the first time, that transplacental transmission of BTV-2, which had been minimally passaged in cell culture, can occur; hence such transmission might be more frequent than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Dam Rasmussen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 4771 Kalvehave, Lindholm, Denmark.
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118
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Comparative study of clinical courses, gross lesions, acute phase response and coagulation disorders in sheep inoculated with bluetongue virus serotype 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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119
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Guimera M, Brownlie J, Tesh R, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Full genome sequencing of Corriparta virus, identifies California mosquito pool virus as a member of the Corriparta virus species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70779. [PMID: 24015178 PMCID: PMC3754974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The species Corriparta virus (CORV), within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, currently contains six virus strains: corriparta virus MRM1 (CORV-MRM1); CS0109; V654; V370; Acado virus and Jacareacanga virus. However, lack of neutralization assays, or reference genome sequence data has prevented further analysis of their intra-serogroup/species relationships and identification of individual serotypes. We report whole-genome sequence data for CORV-MRM1, which was isolated in 1960 in Australia. Comparisons of the conserved, polymerase (VP1), sub-core-shell 'T2' and core-surface 'T13' proteins encoded by genome segments 1, 2 and 8 (Seg-1, Seg-2 and Seg-8) respectively, show that this virus groups with the other mosquito borne orbiviruses. However, highest levels of nt/aa sequence identity (75.9%/91.6% in Seg-2/T2: 77.6%/91.7% in Seg-8/T13, respectively) were detected between CORV-MRM1 and California mosquito pool virus (CMPV), an orbivirus isolated in the USA in 1974, showing that they belong to the same virus species. The data presented here identify CMPV as a member of the Corriparta virus species and will facilitate identification of additional CORV isolates, diagnostic assay design and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Maan
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Narender S. Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Guimera
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Houssam Attoui
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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120
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Complete genome sequence analysis of a reassortant strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16 from Italy. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00622-13. [PMID: 23969049 PMCID: PMC3751604 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00622-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a reassortant field strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16), isolated from cattle in the Apulia region of Italy in 2002, has been determined by Illumina sequencing. Sequence comparisons of segment 1 (Seg-1) to Seg-10, except Seg-5, show that BTV-16 strain ITL2002 belongs to the major eastern topotype of BTV.
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121
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El Hage J, Lorusso A, Carmine I, Di Gennaro A, Portanti O, Olivieri S, Casaccia C, Pisciella M, Teodori L, Sghaier S, Savini G. Bluetongue virus in Lebanon. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60:390-4. [PMID: 23870037 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, several incursions of bluetongue virus (BTV) occurred in the Mediterranean Basin involving European and surrounding Countries. The Middle East represents one of the most important gateways for the access of BTV in Europe. Limited data on the BTV situation in this area are available. In this perspective, an epidemiological survey on the presence of BTV in Lebanon was conducted. Of the 181 serum samples tested, 97 (mean = 53.6%; 95% CI: 46.3-60.7) resulted positive when tested for the presence of BTV antibodies by c-ELISA, of these 42 (mean = 42%; 95% CI: 32.8-51.8) serum samples were from sheep and 55 (mean = 67.9%; 95% CI: 57.1-77.1) serum samples were from goats. Fourteen blood samples (14/110; mean = 12.7%; 95% CI: 7.8-20.3), 6 (6/66; mean = 9.1%; 95% CI: 4.4-18.5) from sheep and 8 (8/44; mean = 18.2%; 95% CI: 9.6-32.0) from goats, were positive by qRT-PCR. The results with serum-neutralization assay and typing performed by RT-PCR confirmed that six BTV serotypes are currently circulating in Lebanon, and these serotypes are as follows: 1, 4, 6, 8, 16 and 24. This study is the first report that confirms the presence and circulation of BTV in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J El Hage
- Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon
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122
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Evidence of transplacental transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in goats. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:394-404. [PMID: 23890676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the incursion of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 in Europe, an increase in the number of abortions in ruminants was observed. Transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in cattle and sheep, with subsequent foetal infection, is a feature of this specific bluetongue serotype. In this study, BTV-8 ability to cross the placental barrier at the beginning of the second third of pregnancy and at the end of pregnancy was investigated in goats in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, nine goats were experimentally infected with BTV-8 at 61 days of pregnancy. Foetuses were collected 21 dpi. BTV-8 was evidenced by real time RT-PCR and by viral isolation using blood from the umbilical cord and the spleens of 3 out of the 13 foetuses. All dams were viraemic (viral isolation) at the moment of sampling of the foetuses. Significant macroscopic or histological lesions could not be observed in foetuses or in their infected dams (notably at the placenta level). In the second experiment, 10 goats were infected with BTV-8 at 135 days of pregnancy. Kids were born by caesarean section at the programmed day of birth (15 dpi). BTV-8 could not be detected by rt-RT-PCR in blood or spleen samples from the kids. This study showed for the first time that BTV-8 transplacental transmission can occur in goats that have been infected at 61 days of pregnancy, with infectious virus recovered from the caprine foetuses. The observed transmission rate was quite high (33%) at this stage of pregnancy. However, it was not possible to demonstrate the existence of BTV-8 transplacental transmission when infection occurred at the end of the goat pregnancy.
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123
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Evaluation of the immunogenicity of an experimental subunit vaccine that allows differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1115-22. [PMID: 23720365 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00229-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in northern Europe. The 2006 outbreak of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe was marked by an unusual teratogenic effect and a high frequency of clinical signs in cattle. Conventional control strategies targeting small ruminants were therefore extended to include cattle. Since cattle were not routinely vaccinated before 2006, the immune responses to BTV have not been studied extensively in this species. With the aims of developing a subunit vaccine against BTV-8 for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals based on viral protein 7 (VP7) antibody detection and of improving the current understanding of the immunogenicity of BTV proteins in cattle, the immune responses induced by recombinant VP2 (BTV-8) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and NS2 (BTV-2) were studied. Cows were immunized twice (with a 3-week interval) with the experimental vaccine, a commercial inactivated vaccine, or a placebo. The two vaccines induced similar neutralizing antibody responses to BTV-8. Furthermore, the antibody responses detected against VP2, NS1, and NS2 were strongest in the animals immunized with the experimental vaccine, and for the first time, a serotype cross-reactive antibody response to NS2 was shown in cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine. The two vaccines evoked measurable T cell responses against NS1, thereby supporting a bovine cross-reactive T cell response. Finally, VP7 seroconversion was observed after vaccination with the commercial vaccine, as in natural infections, but not after vaccination with the experimental vaccine, indicating that the experimental vaccine may allow the differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals regardless of BTV serotype. The experimental vaccine will be further evaluated during a virulent challenge in a high-containment facility.
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124
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Qin YL, Sun EC, Liu NH, Yang T, Xu QY, Zhao J, Wang WS, Wei P, Feng YF, Li JP, Wu DL. Identification of a linear B-cell epitope within the Bluetongue virus serotype 8 NS2 protein using a phage-displayed random peptide library. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:93-101. [PMID: 23747319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NS2 protein of Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an important non-structural protein and plays important roles in viral replication and assembly. In this study, one monoclonal antibody (mAb), 4D4, was raised against BTV8 NS2. Phage display technology was used and identified the consensus binding motif SNYD recognized by mAb 4D4. To define the minimal region required for antibody binding, a panel of synthetic peptides encompassing SNYD derived from the BTV8 NS2 was then used to more specifically define the 4D4 epitope as (149)RSNYDV(154). Furthermore, amino acid sequence alignments of different BTV serotypes and other orbiviruses suggested that this epitope is highly conserved among the BTV serotypes. The mAb reagent generated in this study may be applied to the development of BTV diagnosis and surveillance programs and the epitope defined here can lead to important insights into how BTV might interact with the sheep's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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125
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Eagles D, Walker PJ, Zalucki MP, Durr PA. Modelling spatio-temporal patterns of long-distance Culicoides dispersal into northern Australia. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:312-22. [PMID: 23642857 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel arboviruses, including new serotypes of bluetongue virus, are isolated intermittently from cattle and insects in northern Australia. These viruses are thought to be introduced via windborne dispersal of Culicoides from neighbouring land masses to the north. We used the HYSPLIT particle dispersal model to simulate the spatio-temporal patterns of Culicoides dispersal into northern Australia from nine putative source sites across Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. Simulated dispersal was found to be possible from each site, with the islands of Timor and Sumba highlighted as the likely principal sources and February the predominant month of dispersal. The results of this study define the likely spatial extent of the source and arrival regions, the relative frequency of dispersal from the putative sources and the temporal nature of seasonal winds from source sites into arrival regions. Importantly, the methodology and results may be applicable to other insect and pathogen incursions into northern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eagles
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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126
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Jabbar TK, Calvo-Pinilla E, Mateos F, Gubbins S, Bin-Tarif A, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Alpar O, Ortego J, Takamatsu HH, Mertens PPC, Castillo-Olivares J. Protection of IFNAR (-/-) mice against bluetongue virus serotype 8, by heterologous (DNA/rMVA) and homologous (rMVA/rMVA) vaccination, expressing outer-capsid protein VP2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60574. [PMID: 23593251 PMCID: PMC3625202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of recombinant vaccines expressing serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) capsid proteins was tested in a mouse model. The recombinant vaccines comprised plasmid DNA or Modified Vaccinia Ankara viruses encoding BTV VP2, VP5 or VP7 proteins. These constructs were administered alone or in combination using either a homologous prime boost vaccination regime (rMVA/rMVA) or a heterologous vaccination regime (DNA/rMVA). The DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA prime-boost were administered at a three week interval and all of the animals that received VP2 generated neutralising antibodies. The vaccinated and non-vaccinated-control mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of BTV-8. Mice vaccinated with VP7 alone were not protected. However, mice vaccinated with DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA expressing VP2, VP5 and VP7 or VP2 alone were all protected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Mateos
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Oya Alpar
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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127
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de Diego ACP, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Bluetongue in Spain: From the First Outbreak to 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department; Veterinary Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - P. J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Department of Comparative Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - J. M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department; Veterinary Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
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128
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Identification of a novel bluetongue virus 1-specific B-cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody against the VP2 protein. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1099-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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129
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Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 9: implications for serotyping. J Virol 2012; 86:8333. [PMID: 22787266 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01101-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The second complete genome of bluetongue virus serotype 9 (BTV-9) is presented in this report. The sequence analysis points to continued circulation in India of a mixed topotype virus apparently belonging to the BTV-9 serotype, and it raises questions about approaches for serotyping bluetongue viruses.
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130
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Lehmann K, Werner D, Hoffmann B, Kampen H. PCR identification of culicoid biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of the Obsoletus complex including putative vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:213. [PMID: 23013614 PMCID: PMC3508804 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biting midges of the Obsoletus species complex of the ceratopogonid genus Culicoides were assumed to be the major vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) in northern and central Europe during the 2006 outbreak of bluetongue disease (BT). Most recently, field specimens of the same group of species have also been shown to be infected with the newly emerged Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Europe. A reliable identification of the cryptic species of this group is fundamental for both understanding the epidemiology of the diseases and for targeted vector control. In the absence of classical morphological characters unambiguously identifying the species, DNA sequence-based tests have been established for the distinction of selected species in some parts of Europe. Since specificity and sensitivity of these tests have been shown to be in need of improvement, an alternative PCR assay targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was developed for the identification of the three Obsoletus complex species endemic to Germany (C. obsoletus, C. scoticus, C. chiopterus) plus the isomorphic species C. dewulfi. METHODS Biting midges of the genus Culicoides caught by UV light traps all over Germany were morphologically pre-identified to species or complex level. The COI region was amplified from their extracted DNA and sequenced. Final species assignment was done by sequence comparison to GenBank entries and to morphologically identified males. Species-specific consensus sequences were aligned and polymorphisms were utilized to design species-specific primers to PCR-identify specimens when combined with a universal primer. RESULTS The newly developed multiplex PCR assay was successfully tested on genetically defined Obsoletus complex material as well as on morphologically pre-identified field material. The intended major advantage of the assay as compared to other PCR approaches, namely the production of only one single characteristic band for each species, could be realized with high specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSION To elucidate the biological characteristics of potential vectors of disease agents, such as ecology, behaviour and vector competence, and the role of these haematophagous arthropods in the epidemiology of the diseases, simple, cost-effective and, most importantly, reliable identification techniques are necessary. The PCR assay presented will help to identify culicoid vector species and therefore add to bluetongue and Schmallenberg disease research including vector control and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lehmann
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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131
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Savini G, Lorusso A, Paladini C, Migliaccio P, Di Gennaro A, Di Provvido A, Scacchia M, Monaco F. Bluetongue serotype 2 and 9 modified live vaccine viruses as causative agents of abortion in livestock: a retrospective analysis in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:69-74. [PMID: 22937914 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak caused by Schmallenberg virus, which affected sheep, goats and cattle in Europe, highlighted the importance of having a robust surveillance plan capable of monitoring abortions and malformations in the livestock offspring. In this context, bluetongue viruses (BTVs) represented and represent one of the major threats to the European livestock industry. Aiming to improve the understanding on BTV cross placental transmission and serotype involvement, in this retrospective study foetal spleens and/or brains of 663 ovines, 429 bovines, 155 goats and 17 buffaloes were tested for the presence of BTV by virus isolation. BTV vaccine strains were isolated from 31 foetuses (2.4%; 95% CI: 1.7-3.4%): 24 (3.6%; 95% CI: 2.4-5.3%) from ovine foetal tissues; 6 (1.4%; 95% CI: 0.6-3.0%) from bovine foetal tissues and 1 (0.6%; 95% CI: 0.2-3.5%) from the spleen of a caprine foetus. All foetuses were from animals vaccinated with either BTV-2 or BTV-2, and BTV-9 modified live vaccines (MLVs) produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP), South Africa. Among the 31 isolated vaccine strains, serotype 9 (n = 28) was more frequently isolated (P < 0.05) than serotype 2 (n = 3). In two cases infectious vaccine strains were found in the foetal tissues 2 months after the vaccine administration. Other pathogens known to be causative agents of abortion in ruminants were not detected nor isolated. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that BTV-2 and BTV-9 vaccine strains are able to cross the placental barrier of sheep, cattle and goats. BTV-2 and BTV-9 vaccine strains are able to infect foetuses and cause abortions or malformations depending on the period of pregnancy at the time of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Savini
- Department of Virology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
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132
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Genome sequence of a reassortant strain of bluetongue virus serotype 23 from western India. J Virol 2012; 86:7011-2. [PMID: 22628397 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00731-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The full genome sequence (19,177 bp) of an Indian strain (IND1988/02) of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 23 was determined. This virus was isolated from a sheep that had been killed during a severe bluetongue outbreak that occurred in Rahuri, Maharashtra State, western India, in 1988. Phylogenetic analyses of these data demonstrate that most of the genome segments from IND1988/02 belong to the major "eastern" BTV topotype. However, genome segment 5 belongs to the major "western" BTV topotype, demonstrating that IND1988/02 is a reassortant. This may help to explain the increased virulence that was seen during this outbreak in 1988. Genome segment 5 of IND1988/02 shows >99% sequence identity with some other BTV isolates from India (e.g., BTV-3 IND2003/08), providing further evidence of the existence and circulation of reassortant strains on the subcontinent.
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133
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Abstract
All 10 genome segments (Seg-1 to 10-a total of 19,188 bp) were sequenced from a strain of bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) from India (strain IND2003/08). Sequence comparisons showed that nine of the genome segments from this virus group with other eastern topotype strains. Genome Seg-2 and Seg-6 group with eastern BTV-3 strains from Japan. However, Seg-5 (the NS1 gene) from IND2003/08 belongs to a western lineage, demonstrating that IND2003/08 is a reassortant between eastern and western topotype bluetongue viruses. This confirms that western BTV strains have been imported and are circulating within the subcontinent.
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134
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Abstract
We report the full-genome sequence of an Indian isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1), strain IND1992/01. This is the first report of the entire genome sequence (Seg-1 to Seg-10) of an Eastern (e) strain of BTV-1. These sequence data provide a reference for BTV-1e that will help to define the phylogenetic relationships and geographic origins of distinct Indian lineages of BTV-1 as well as their relationships with other BTV strains from around the world. The availability of data for all 10 genome segments of this strain will also help to identify reassortment events involving this and other virus lineages.
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135
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Lorca-Oró C, Pujols J, García-Bocanegra I, Mentaberre G, Granados JE, Solanes D, Fandos P, Galindo I, Domingo M, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in a subclinical experimental infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36380. [PMID: 22666321 PMCID: PMC3364256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many wild ruminants such as Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, which causes disease mainly in domestic sheep and cattle. Outbreaks involving either BTV serotypes 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) are currently challenging Europe. Inclusion of wildlife vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered in certain species. In the present study, four out of fifteen seronegative Spanish ibexes were immunized with a single dose of inactivated vaccine against BTV-1, four against BTV-8 and seven ibexes were non vaccinated controls. Seven ibexes (four vaccinated and three controls) were inoculated with each BTV serotype. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses were evaluated until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated ibexes showed significant (P<0.05) neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination compared to non vaccinated ibexes. The non vaccinated ibexes remained seronegative until challenge and showed neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of non vaccinated ibexes from 2 to the end of the study (28 dpi) and in target tissue samples obtained at necropsy (8 and 28 dpi). BTV-1 was successfully isolated on cell culture from blood and target tissues of non vaccinated ibexes. Clinical signs were unapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. Our results show for the first time that Spanish ibex is susceptible and asymptomatic to BTV infection and also that a single dose of vaccine prevents viraemia against BTV-1 and BTV-8 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorca-Oró
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Genomic sequences of Australian bluetongue virus prototype serotypes reveal global relationships and possible routes of entry into Australia. J Virol 2012; 86:6724-31. [PMID: 22514341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00182-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.). It causes disease mainly in sheep and occasionally in cattle and other species. BTV has spread into northern Europe, causing disease in sheep and cattle. The introduction of new serotypes, changes in vector species, and climate change have contributed to these changes. Ten BTV serotypes have been isolated in Australia without apparent associated disease. Simplified methods for preferential isolation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and template preparation enabled high-throughput sequencing of the 10 genome segments of all Australian BTV prototype serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis reinforced the Western and Eastern topotypes previously characterized but revealed unique features of several Australian BTVs. Many of the Australian BTV genome segments (Seg-) were closely related, clustering together within the Eastern topotypes. A novel Australian topotype for Seg-5 (NS1) was identified, with taxa spread across several serotypes and over time. Seg-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -9, and -10 of BTV_2_AUS_2008 were most closely related to the cognate segments of viruses from Taiwan and Asia and not other Australian viruses, supporting the conclusion that BTV_2 entered Australia recently. The Australian BTV_15_AUS_1982 prototype was revealed to be unusual among the Australian BTV isolates, with Seg-3 and -8 distantly related to other BTV sequences from all serotypes.
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Pritchard I, Lunt R, Kirkland PD, Attoui H, Brownlie J, Mertens PPC. Full genome sequencing and genetic characterization of Eubenangee viruses identify Pata virus as a distinct species within the genus Orbivirus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31911. [PMID: 22438872 PMCID: PMC3305294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eubenangee virus has previously been identified as the cause of Tammar sudden death syndrome (TSDS). Eubenangee virus (EUBV), Tilligery virus (TILV), Pata virus (PATAV) and Ngoupe virus (NGOV) are currently all classified within the Eubenangee virus species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Full genome sequencing confirmed that EUBV and TILV (both of which are from Australia) show high levels of aa sequence identity (>92%) in the conserved polymerase VP1(Pol), sub-core VP3(T2) and outer core VP7(T13) proteins, and are therefore appropriately classified within the same virus species. However, they show much lower amino acid (aa) identity levels in their larger outer-capsid protein VP2 (<53%), consistent with membership of two different serotypes - EUBV-1 and EUBV-2 (respectively). In contrast PATAV showed significantly lower levels of aa sequence identity with either EUBV or TILV (with <71% in VP1(Pol) and VP3(T2), and <57% aa identity in VP7(T13)) consistent with membership of a distinct virus species. A proposal has therefore been sent to the Reoviridae Study Group of ICTV to recognise 'Pata virus' as a new Orbivirus species, with the PATAV isolate as serotype 1 (PATAV-1). Amongst the other orbiviruses, PATAV shows closest relationships to Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV), with 80.7%, 72.4% and 66.9% aa identity in VP3(T2), VP1(Pol), and VP7(T13) respectively. Although Ngoupe virus was not available for these studies, like PATAV it was isolated in Central Africa, and therefore seems likely to also belong to the new species, possibly as a distinct 'type'. The data presented will facilitate diagnostic assay design and the identification of additional isolates of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pritchard
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Lunt
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide a description of the first epidemic of bluetongue and the first survey on midges of the genus Culicoides in Croatia. Clinical signs were firstly observed on November 2001 in sheep in Konavle, Dubrovnik – Neretva County. During this epizootic the overall sheep morbidity and mortality were 5.2% (95% confidence interval (c.i.), 4.1-6.6%) and 2.29% (95% c.i., 1.6-3.3%), respectively. After the outbreak, 3,318 serum samples of ruminants from 53 villages of the Dubrovnik – Neretva County were examined for bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). In forty nine (92.45%, 95% c.i., 82.11-96.92%) of the 53 villages, animals with antibodies against bluetongue virus were found. In particular, a total of 178 cattle (49.86%, 95% c.i., 44.7-55.0%), 174 sheep (13.72%, 95% c.i., 11.9-15.7%) and 270 goats (15.95%, 95% c.i., 14.3-17.8%) were seropositive. Antibodies to bluetongue virus serotype 9 were detected in 212 positive sera by serum neutralization test. The percentage of positive animals decreased (P > 0.05) from the east to the west suggesting a possible east westward spreading of BTV infection. Fourteen light-trap midge collections from seven different sites were examined. Of the 4872 Culicoides spp. collected, 4,492 (92%, 95% c.i., 91.4-92.9%) of them belonged to the species of Obsoletus complex. This study showed for the first time that a pathogenic strain of BTV-9, probably from Montenegro, entered Croatia causing disease and death in local sheep and that C. obsoletus and C. scoticus were likely the major vectors of infection.
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Maan NS, Maan S, Belaganahalli MN, Ostlund EN, Johnson DJ, Nomikou K, Mertens PPC. Identification and differentiation of the twenty six bluetongue virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32601. [PMID: 22389711 PMCID: PMC3289656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease, which primarily affects ruminants in tropical and temperate regions of the world. Twenty six bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes have been recognised worldwide, including nine from Europe and fifteen in the United States. Identification of BTV serotype is important for vaccination programmes and for BTV epidemiology studies. Traditional typing methods (virus isolation and serum or virus neutralisation tests (SNT or VNT)) are slow (taking weeks, depend on availability of reference virus-strains or antisera) and can be inconclusive. Nucleotide sequence analyses and phylogenetic comparisons of genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encoding BTV outer-capsid protein VP2 (the primary determinant of virus serotype) were completed for reference strains of BTV-1 to 26, as well as multiple additional isolates from different geographic and temporal origins. The resulting Seg-2 database has been used to develop rapid (within 24 h) and reliable RT-PCR-based typing assays for each BTV type. Multiple primer-pairs (at least three designed for each serotype) were widely tested, providing an initial identification of serotype by amplification of a cDNA product of the expected size. Serotype was confirmed by sequencing of the cDNA amplicons and phylogenetic comparisons to previously characterised reference strains. The results from RT-PCR and sequencing were in perfect agreement with VNT for reference strains of all 26 BTV serotypes, as well as the field isolates tested. The serotype-specific primers showed no cross-amplification with reference strains of the remaining 25 serotypes, or multiple other isolates of the more closely related heterologous BTV types. The primers and RT-PCR assays developed in this study provide a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for the identification and differentiation of the twenty-six BTV serotypes, and will be updated periodically to maintain their relevance to current BTV distribution and epidemiology (http://www.reoviridae.org/dsRNA_virus_proteins/ReoID/rt-pcr-primers.htm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender S. Maan
- Arbovirus Molecular Research Group, Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Maan
- Arbovirus Molecular Research Group, Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- Arbovirus Molecular Research Group, Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen N. Ostlund
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Donna J. Johnson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Arbovirus Molecular Research Group, Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Arbovirus Molecular Research Group, Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Batten CA, Henstock MR, Bin-Tarif A, Steedman HM, Waddington S, Edwards L, Oura CAL. Bluetongue virus serotype 26: infection kinetics and pathogenesis in Dorset Poll sheep. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:119-24. [PMID: 22177889 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 26 (BTV-26) has recently been isolated from sheep in Kuwait. The aim of this study was to assess the pathogenicity and infection kinetics of BTV-26 in Dorset Poll sheep. Six sheep were experimentally infected with BTV-26 and samples taken throughout the study were used to determine the kinetics of infection using a pan specific BTV real time RT-PCR assay and two group specific ELISAs. Five of the six sheep showed mild clinical signs characteristic of bluetongue including conjunctivitis, reddening of the mouth mucosal membranes, slight oedema of the face and nasal discharge. Viral RNA was detected in 5 of the 6 sheep by real time RT-PCR, however the levels of viral RNA detected in the samples were lower and of shorter duration than seen with other field strains of BTV. Virus was isolated from the blood of infected animals at the peak of viraemia at around 9 dpi. Antibodies against BTV were first detected by 7 dpi using the early detection BTV ELISA and a little later (7-14 dpi) using a BTV specific competitive ELISA. Four of the five remaining sheep developed neutralising antibodies to BTV-26, measured by a serum neutralisation test (SNT), with titres (log(10)) ranging from 1.40 to 2.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Batten
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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