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Reynés B, Palou M, Palou A. Gene expression modulation of lipid and central energetic metabolism related genes by high-fat diet intake in the main homeostatic tissues. Food Funct 2017; 8:629-650. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HF diet feeding affects the energy balance by transcriptional metabolic adaptations, based in direct gene expression modulation, perinatal programing and transcriptional factor regulation, which could be affected by the animal model, gender or period of dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Nutrition and Biotechnology
- Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Alimentómica SL (Spin off no. 001 from UIB)
- Palma Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Nutrition and Biotechnology
- Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
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102
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Antidepressant-Like Effect of Lipid Extract of Channa striatus in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2986090. [PMID: 28074100 PMCID: PMC5203926 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2986090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of lipid extract of C. striatus in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression in male rats and its mechanism of action. The animals were subjected to CUMS for six weeks by using variety of stressors. At the end of CUMS protocol, animals were subjected to forced swimming test (FST) and open field test followed by biochemical assay. The CUMS protocol produced depressive-like behavior in rats by decreasing the body weight, decreasing the sucrose preference, and increasing the duration of immobility in FST. The CUMS protocol increased plasma corticosterone and decreased hippocampal and prefrontal cortex levels of monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Further, the CUMS protocol increased interleukin-6 (in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) and nuclear factor-kappa B (in prefrontal cortex but not in hippocampus). The lipid extract of C. striatus (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reversed all the above parameters in rats subjected to CUMS, thus exhibiting antidepressant-like effect. The mechanism was found to be mediated through decrease in plasma corticosterone, increase in serotonin levels in prefrontal cortex, increase in dopamine and noradrenaline levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, increase in BDNF in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and decrease in IL-6 and NF-κB in prefrontal cortex.
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103
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Sun HY, Lin CC, Tsai PJ, Tsai WJ, Lee JC, Tsao CW, Cheng PN, Wu IC, Chiu YC, Chang TT, Young KC. Lipoprotein lipase liberates free fatty acids to inhibit HCV infection and prevent hepatic lipid accumulation. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27665576 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been identified as an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) host factor, but the cellular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanism of LPL involving in anti-HCV. The functional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α signal by LPL transducing into hepatocytes was investigated in HCV-infected cells, primary human hepatocytes, and in HCV-core transgenic mice. The result showed that the levels of transcriptional transactivity and nuclear translocation of PPARα in Huh7 cells and primary human hepatocytes were elevated by physiologically ranged LPL treatment of either very-low density lipoprotein or HCV particles. The LPL-induced hepatic PPARα activation was weakened by blocking the LPL enzymatic activity, and by preventing the cellular uptake of free unsaturated fatty acids with either albumin chelator or silencing of CD36 translocase. The knockdowns of PPARα and CD36 reversed the LPL-mediated suppression of HCV infection. Furthermore, treatment with LPL, like the direct activation of PPARα, not only reduced the levels of apolipoproteins B, E, and J, which are involved in assembly and release of HCV virions, but also alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation induced by core protein. HCV-core transgenic mice exhibited more hepatic miR-27b, which negatively regulates PPARα expression, than did the wild-type controls. The induction of LPL activity by fasting in the core transgenic mice activated PPARα downstream target genes that are involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Taken together, our study reveals dual beneficial outcomes of LPL in anti-HCV and anti-steatosis and shed light on the control of chronic hepatitis C in relation to LPL modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Tsao
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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104
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Echeverría F, Ortiz M, Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids regulation of PPARs, signaling: Relationship to tissue development and aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 114:28-34. [PMID: 27926461 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that function as ligand-dependent transcription factors that can be activated by different types of fatty acids (FAs). Three isoforms of PPARs have been identify, namely, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which are able to bind long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LCPUFAs), n-3 LCPUFAs being bound with greater affinity to achieve activation. FA binding induces a conformational change of the nuclear receptors, triggering the transcription of specific genes including those encoding for various metabolic and cellular processes such as FA β-oxidation and adipogenesis, thus representing key mediators of lipid homeostasis. In addition, PPARs have important roles during placental, embryonal, and fetal development, and in the regulation of processes related to aging comprising oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprotection. The aim of this review was to assess the role of FAs as PPARs ligands, in terms of their main functions associated with FA metabolism and their relevance in the prevention and treatment of related pathologies during human life span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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105
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Valenzuela R, Espinosa A, Llanos P, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Barrera C, Vergara D, Romero N, Pérez F, Ruz M, Videla LA. Anti-steatotic effects of an n-3 LCPUFA and extra virgin olive oil mixture in the liver of mice subjected to high-fat diet. Food Funct 2016; 7:140-50. [PMID: 26471014 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by liver steatosis, oxidative stress, and drastic depletion of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA), which trigger lipolysis stimulation and lipogenesis inhibition. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has important antioxidant effects. This study evaluated the anti-steatotic effects of n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO in the liver of male C57BL/6J mice subjected to a control diet (CD) (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrate) or high fat diet (HFD) (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrate), without and with supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA (100 mg per kg per day) plus EVOO (100 mg per kg per day) for 12 weeks. HFD induced (i) liver steatosis (increased total fat, triacylglycerols, and free fatty acid total contents), (ii) higher fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and HOMA index, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and TNF-α and IL-6, (iii) liver and plasma oxidative stress enhancement, (iv) depletion of the n-3 LCPUFA hepatic content, and (v) increment in lipogenic enzyme activity and reduction in lipolytic enzyme activity. These changes were either reduced (p < 0.05) or normalized to control the values in animals subjected to HFD supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO. In conclusion, n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO intervention exerts anti-steatotic effects underlying antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, improved insulin sensitivity, and recovery of the lipolytic/lipogenic status of the liver altered by HFD, and supports the potential therapeutic use of n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO supplementation in the treatment of human liver steatosis induced by nutritional factors or other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cynthia Barrera
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniela Vergara
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Nalda Romero
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Manuel Ruz
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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106
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Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:1459790. [PMID: 27651787 PMCID: PMC5019889 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1459790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (n-3 PUFAs) in lowering liver fat, liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels), and blood lipids (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL)) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods. MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Science Citation Index (ISI Web of Science), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with NAFLD from inception to May 2015. Ten studies were included in this meta-analysis. Results. 577 cases of NAFLD/NASH in ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that benefit changes in liver fat favored PUFA treatment, and it was also beneficial for GGT, but it was not significant on ALT, AST, TC, and LDL. Conclusions. In this meta-analysis, omega-3 PUFAs improved liver fat, GGT, TG, and HDL in patients with NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, n-3 PUFAs may be a new treatment option for NAFLD.
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107
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Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Valenzuela R, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Barrera C, Espinosa A, Marambio M, Valenzuela A. Vegetable oils rich in alpha linolenic acid increment hepatic n-3 LCPUFA, modulating the fatty acid metabolism and antioxidant response in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 111:25-35. [PMID: 26995676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the metabolic precursor of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from the n-3 family with relevant physiological and metabolic roles: eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA). Western diet lacks of suitable intake of n-3 LCPUFA and there are recommendations to increase the dietary supply of such nutrients. Seed oils rich in ALA such as those from rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa), sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubis) and chia (Salvia hispanica) may constitute an alternative that merits research. This study evaluated hepatic and epididymal accretion and biosynthesis of n-3 LCPUFA, the activity and expression of Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase enzymes, the expression and DNA-binding activity of PPAR-α and SREBP-1c, oxidative stress parameters and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in rats fed sunflower oil (SFO, 1% ALA) as control group, canola oil (CO, 10% ALA), rosa mosqueta oil (RMO, 33% ALA), sacha inchi oil (SIO, 49% ALA) and chia oil (ChO, 64% ALA) as single lipid source. A larger supply of ALA increased the accretion of n-3 LCPUFA, the activity and expression of desaturases, the antioxidative status, the expression and DNA-binding of PPAR-α, the oxidation of fatty acids and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, whereas the expression and DNA-binding activity of SREBP-1c transcription factor and the biosynthetic activity of fatty acids declined. Results showed that oils rich in ALA such as SIO and ChO may trigger metabolic responses in rats such as those produced by n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Cynthia Barrera
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Marambio
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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108
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Lim SY, Kim EJ, Kim A, Lee HJ, Choi HJ, Yang SJ. Nutritional Factors Affecting Mental Health. Clin Nutr Res 2016; 5:143-52. [PMID: 27482518 PMCID: PMC4967717 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2016.5.3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake and nutritional status of individuals are important factors affecting mental health and the development of psychiatric disorders. Majority of scientific evidence relating to mental health focuses on depression, cognitive function, and dementia, and limited evidence is available about other psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. As life span of human being is increasing, the more the prevalence of mental disorders is, the more attention rises. Lists of suggested nutritional components that may be beneficial for mental health are omega-3 fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Saturated fat and simple sugar are considered detrimental to cognitive function. Evidence on the effect of cholesterol is conflicting; however, in general, blood cholesterol levels are negatively associated with the risk of depression. Collectively, the aims of this review are to introduce known nutritional factors for mental health, and to discuss recent issues of the nutritional impact on cognitive function and healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Arang Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
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109
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The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6906712. [PMID: 27433289 PMCID: PMC4940554 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6906712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third commonest cause of death following cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In particular, in recent years, the morbidity and mortality of stroke keep remarkable growing. However, stroke still captures people attention far less than cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Past studies have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the progress of cerebral injury induced by stroke. Evidence is accumulating that the dietary supplementation of fish oil exhibits beneficial effects on several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), the major component of fish oil, have been found against oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. And the potential of n-3 PUFAs in stroke treatment is attracting more and more attention. In this review, we will review the effects of n-3 PUFAs on stroke and mainly focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs.
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110
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Rincón-Cervera MA, Valenzuela R, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Marambio M, Espinosa A, Mayer S, Romero N, Barrera M Sc C, Valenzuela A, Videla LA. Supplementation with antioxidant-rich extra virgin olive oil prevents hepatic oxidative stress and reduction of desaturation capacity in mice fed a high-fat diet: Effects on fatty acid composition in liver and extrahepatic tissues. Nutrition 2016; 32:1254-67. [PMID: 27346714 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in mice on the reduction of desaturase and antioxidant enzymatic activities in liver, concomitantly with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) profiles in liver and extrahepatic tissues induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Male mice C57 BL/6 J were fed with a control diet (CD; 10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates) or an HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates) for 12 wk. Animals were supplemented with 100 mg/d EVOO with different antioxidant contents (EVOO I, II, and III). RESULTS After the intervention, blood and several tissues were analyzed. Dietary supplementation with EVOO with the highest antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity (EVOO III) significantly reduced fat accumulation in liver and the plasmatic metabolic alterations caused by HFD and produced a normalization of oxidative stress-related parameters, desaturase activities, and LCPUFA content in tissues. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that dietary supplementation with EVOO III may prevent oxidative stress and reduction of biosynthesis and accretion of ω-3 LCPUFA in the liver of HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Macarena Marambio
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Mayer
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nalda Romero
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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111
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Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits intestinal β-carotene absorption by downregulation of lipid transporter expression via PPAR-α dependent mechanism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 590:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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112
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da Silva EP, Nachbar RT, Levada-Pires AC, Hirabara SM, Lambertucci RH. Omega-3 fatty acids differentially modulate enzymatic anti-oxidant systems in skeletal muscle cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:87-95. [PMID: 26386577 PMCID: PMC4679743 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During physical activity, increased reactive oxygen species production occurs, which can lead to cell damage and in a decline of individual's performance and health. The use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a supplement to protect the immune system has been increasing; however, their possible benefit to the anti-oxidant system is not well described. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) can be beneficial to the anti-oxidant system in cultured skeletal muscle cells. C2C12 myocytes were differentiated and treated with either eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid for 24 h. Superoxide content was quantified using the dihydroethidine oxidation method and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, and expression was quantified. We observed that the docosahexaenoic fatty acids caused an increase in superoxide production. Eicosapentaenoic acid induced catalase activity, while docosahexaenoic acid suppressed superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, we found an increased protein expression of the total manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes when cells were treated with eicosapentaenoic acid. Taken together, these data indicate that the use of eicosapentaenoic acid may present both acute and chronic benefits; however, the treatment with DHA may not be beneficial to muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P da Silva
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Galvao Bueno, 868, Sao Paulo, 01506-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - A C Levada-Pires
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Galvao Bueno, 868, Sao Paulo, 01506-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Galvao Bueno, 868, Sao Paulo, 01506-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R H Lambertucci
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Galvao Bueno, 868, Sao Paulo, 01506-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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113
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Jiang F, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yu L, Liu S. L-carnitine ameliorates the liver inflammatory response by regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferase I-dependent PPARγ signaling. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1320-8. [PMID: 26647854 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is crucial for systemic inflammation in cancer cachexia. Previous studies have shown that L-carnitine, as the key regulator of lipid metabolism, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in several diseases, and ameliorates the symptoms of cachexia by regulating the expression and activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in the liver. However, the effect of L-carnitine on the liver inflammatory response in cancer cachexia remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the CPT I-dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ signaling pathway in the ameliorative effect of L-carnitine on the liver inflammatory response. This was investigated in a colon-26 tumor-bearing mouse model with cancer cachexia. Liver sections were immunohistochemically analyzed, and mRNA and protein levels of representative molecules of the CPT-associated PPARγ signaling pathway were assessed using PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that oral administration of L-carnitine in these mice improved hepatocyte necrosis, liver cell cord derangement and hydropic or fatty degeneration of the liver cells in the liver tissues, decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde, increased serum levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and elevated the expression levels of PPARα and PPARγ at the mRNA and protein levels. These changes induced by L-carnitine were reversed by treatment with etomoxir, an inhibitor of CPT I. The inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the increased expression level of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was markedly weakened by GW9662, a selective inhibitor of PPAR-γ. GW9662 also eliminated the inhibitory effect of L-carnitine on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in the liver, and on the serum expression levels of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the cancer cachexia model mice. This reversing effect of GW9662 on L-carnitine was restored by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a specific inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrated that L-carnitine ameliorated liver inflammation and serum pro-inflammatory markers in cancer cachexia through regulating CPT I-dependent PPARγ signaling, including the downstream molecules of NF-κB p65 and Cox-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
| | - Zongqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, No. 3 People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
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KIRAC EBRU, ÖZCAN FILIZ, TUZCU HAZAL, ELPEK GULSUMO, ASLAN MUTAY. Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the omega-6 inflammatory pathway in hepatic ischemia/re-perfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4149-4156. [PMID: 26062838 PMCID: PMC4526095 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in liver tissue and evaluate changes in the n‑6-associated inflammatory pathway following liver ischemia/re‑perfusion (IR) injury. Male Wistar rats which were allowed free access to standard rat chow were included in the study. Blood vessels supplying the median and left lateral hepatic lobes were occluded with an arterial clamp for 60 min, followed by 60 min of re‑perfusion. Levels of arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n‑6), dihomo‑gamma‑linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n‑6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n‑3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n‑3) in liver tissue were determined by an optimized multiple reaction monitoring method using ultra fast‑liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in tissue samples to evaluate changes in the n‑6 inflammatory pathway. Total histopathological score of cellular damage were significantly increased following hepatic IR injury. n‑3 and n‑6 PUFA levels were significantly increased in post‑ischemic liver tissue compared to those in non‑ischemic controls. No significant difference was observed in the AA/DHA and AA/EPA ratio in post‑ischemic liver tissues compared with that in the control. Tissue activity of PLA2 and COX as well as PGE2 levels were significantly increased in post‑ischemic liver tissues compared to those in non‑ischemic controls. The results of the present study suggested that increased hydrolysis of fatty acids via PLA2 triggers the activity of COX and leads to increased PGE2 levels. Future studies evaluating agents which block the formation of eicosanoids derived from n‑6 PUFAs may facilitate the development and application of treatment strategies in liver injury following IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- EBRU KIRAC
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - FILIZ ÖZCAN
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - HAZAL TUZCU
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - GULSUM O ELPEK
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - MUTAY ASLAN
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Correspondence to: Professor Mutay Aslan, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Dumlupinar Bulvari, Antalya 07070, Turkey, E-mail:
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115
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The Deleterious Effects of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress on Palmitoylation, Membrane Lipid Rafts and Lipid-Based Cellular Signalling: New Drug Targets in Neuroimmune Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4638-58. [PMID: 26310971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) is causatively implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, schizophrenia and depression. Many of the consequences stemming from O&NS, including damage to proteins, lipids and DNA, are well known, whereas the effects of O&NS on lipoprotein-based cellular signalling involving palmitoylation and plasma membrane lipid rafts are less well documented. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the mechanisms involved in lipid-based signalling, including palmitoylation, membrane/lipid raft (MLR) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) functions, the effects of O&NS processes on these processes and their role in the abovementioned diseases. S-palmitoylation is a post-translational modification, which regulates protein trafficking and association with the plasma membrane, protein subcellular location and functions. Palmitoylation and MRLs play a key role in neuronal functions, including glutamatergic neurotransmission, and immune-inflammatory responses. Palmitoylation, MLRs and n-3 PUFAs are vulnerable to the corruptive effects of O&NS. Chronic O&NS inhibits palmitoylation and causes profound changes in lipid membrane composition, e.g. n-3 PUFA depletion, increased membrane permeability and reduced fluidity, which together lead to disorders in intracellular signal transduction, receptor dysfunction and increased neurotoxicity. Disruption of lipid-based signalling is a source of the neuroimmune disorders involved in the pathophysiology of the abovementioned diseases. n-3 PUFA supplementation is a rational therapeutic approach targeting disruptions in lipid-based signalling.
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Palanisamy K, Krishnaswamy R, Paramasivan P, Chih-Yang H, Vishwanadha VP. Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents TCDD-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response by modulating MAP kinases and redox-sensitive transcription factors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4726-40. [PMID: 26177858 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress and subsequent activation of inflammatory responses is a widely accepted consequence of exposure to environmental toxins. TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), a well-known environmental toxin, exerts its toxicity through many signalling mechanisms, with liver being the principal organ affected. However, an effective antidote to TCDD-induced toxicity is unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an n3 fatty acid, on TCDD-induced toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In cultures of HepG2 cells, the EPA/AA ratio was determined using gas chromatography, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant status, [Ca(2+) ]i , nuclear migration of two redox-sensitive transcription factors, NF-κB p65 and Nrf-2, expression of MAP kinase (p-Erk, p-p38), NF-κB p65, COX-2 and Nrf-2. Cellular changes in ΔΨm, acidic vesicular organelle formation, cell cycle analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed. KEY RESULTS EPA offered significant cytoprotection by increasing EPA/AA ratios in cell membranes, inhibiting ROS generation, enhancing antioxidant status and modulating nuclear translocation of redox-sensitive transcription factors (NF-κB p65 and Nrf-2) and expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2 and Nrf-2. Furthermore, TCDD-induced upstream events of MAPK phosphorylation, the increase in [Ca(2+) ]i levels and cell surface changes in microvilli were significantly inhibited by EPA. EPA treatment maintained ΔΨm and prevented formation of acidic vesicular organelles. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The present study demonstrates for the first time some underlying molecular mechanisms of cytoprotection exerted by EPA against TCDD-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rajashree Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Poornima Paramasivan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Huang Chih-Yang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vijaya Padma Vishwanadha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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117
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N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammation in Obesity: Local Effect and Systemic Benefit. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:581469. [PMID: 26339623 PMCID: PMC4538411 DOI: 10.1155/2015/581469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming consensus emerges among countless evidences that obesity is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation in the adipose tissue (AT), which subsequently develops into a systemic inflammatory state contributing to obesity-associated diseases. N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), known as important modulators participating in inflammatory process, turn out to be an effective mitigating strategy dealing with local and systemic inflammation observed in obesity. Some of the effects of n-3 PUFA are brought about by regulation of gene expression through interacting with nuclear receptors and transcription factors; other effects are elicited by modulation of the amount and type of mediator derived from PUFAs. The metabolic effects of n-3 PUFA mainly result from their interactions with several organ systems, not limited to AT. Notably, the attenuation of inflammation in hard-hit AT, in turn, contributes to reducing circulating concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and detrimental metabolic derivatives, which is beneficial for the function of other involved organs. The present review highlights a bridging mechanism between n-3 PUFA-mediated inflammation relief in AT and systemic benefits.
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118
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Chang YF, Hou YC, Pai MH, Yeh SL, Liu JJ. Effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Homeostasis of CD4+ T Cells and Lung Injury in Mice With Polymicrobial Sepsis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 41:805-814. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115597670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hui Pai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ling Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jen Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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119
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Bentley-Hewitt KL, De Guzman CE, Ansell J, Mandimika T, Narbad A, Lund EK. How fish oils could support our friendly bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L. Bentley-Hewitt
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Norfolk NR4 7UA UK
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North 4410 New Zealand
| | - Cloe Erika De Guzman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North 4410 New Zealand
| | - Juliet Ansell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North 4410 New Zealand
- Zespri International; Mount Maunganui 3116 New Zealand
| | - Tafadzwa Mandimika
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North 4410 New Zealand
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Norfolk NR4 7UA UK
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Yao M, Li J, Xie T, He T, Fang L, Shi Y, Hou L, Lian K, Wang R, Jiang L. Polymorphisms of rs174616 in the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in northern Han Chinese people. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:206-12. [PMID: 25981324 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several studies have shown associations between the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in various tissues and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in European populations. Genetic variants of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) contribute to the variations of PUFA composition. Here we have explored whether similar correlations are also true among Chinese Han people. METHODS A case-control study was employed to examine this correlation in Han Chinese people. The study included 421 healthy adults and 331 T2DM patients. RESULTS The ratio of arachidonic acid/linoleic acid (AA/LA), which reflects Δ6 desaturase activity, was significantly increased in T2DM patients. Furthermore, the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid/α-linolenic acid (EPA/ALA), which reflects Δ5 desaturase activity, was markedly decreased in T2DM patients. Importantly, among four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs174545, rs2072114, rs174602 and rs174616) in the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster, only minor allele (T) of rs174616 was associated with decreased risk of T2DM in both codominant and dominant models after adjustment for age, gender and BMI. Furthermore, the ratio of AA/LA in both controls and T2DM was reduced in T carriers while an increased proportion of LA was seen in T2DM patients compared with control patients. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in northern Han Chinese people, the minor allele (T) of rs174616 in the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster is associated with a decreased conversion rate of LA to AA, which may contribute to decreased reduced risk of developing T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Tianbo He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lijia Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lianguo Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Montero D, Terova G, Rimoldi S, Tort L, Negrin D, Zamorano MJ, Izquierdo M. Modulation of adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH)-induced expression of stress-related genes by PUFA in inter-renal cells from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e16. [PMID: 26090096 PMCID: PMC4463938 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids have been shown to exert a clear effect on the stress response, modulating the release of cortisol. The role of fatty acids on the expression of steroidogenic genes has been described in mammals, but little is known in fish. The effect of different fatty acids on the release of cortisol and expression of stress-related genes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney, induced by a pulse of adenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH), was studied. Tissue was maintained in superfusion with 60 min of incubation with EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid (ALA) during 490 min. Cortisol was measured by RIA. The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. There was an effect of the type of fatty acid on the ACTH-induced release of cortisol, values from ALA treatment being elevated within all of the experimental period. The expression of some steroidogenic genes, such as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and c-fos, were affected by fatty acids, ALA increasing the expression of StAR after 1 h of ACTH stimulation whereas DHA, ARA and ALA increased the expression of c-fos after 20 min. ARA increased expression of the 11β-hydroxylase gene. Expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was increased in all the experimental treatments except for ARA. Results corroborate previous studies of the effect of different fatty acids on the release of cortisol in marine fish and demonstrate that those effects are mediated by alteration of the expression of steroidogenic genes.
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Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotrophin hormone
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ARA, arachidonic acid
- Adrenocorticotrophin hormone-induced stress response
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- CYP11b, cytochrome P450 11β
- Dicentrarchus labrax
- Fatty acids
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HSP, heat shock protein
- LA, linoleic acid
- LOX, lipo-oxygenase
- Nutritional modulation of steroidogenesis
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- Stress-related gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montero
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Genciana Terova
- University of Insubria,
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Via
Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- University of Insubria,
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Via
Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Lluis Tort
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,
Department de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i
immunologia, Edifici M. 08193,
Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davinia Negrin
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Jesús Zamorano
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
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122
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Diet high in α-linolenic acid up-regulate PPAR-α gene expression in the liver of goats. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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123
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Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a subgroup of fatty acids with broad health benefits, such as lowering blood triglycerides and decreasing the risk of some types of cancer. A beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs in diabetes is indicated by results from some studies. Defective insulin secretion is a fundamental pathophysiological change in both types 1 and 2 diabetes. Emerging studies have provided evidence of a connection between n-3 PUFAs and improved insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. This review summarizes the recent findings in this regard and discusses the potential mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs influence insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of omega 3 fatty acids for the treatment of diabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 49:137-44. [PMID: 24583757 PMCID: PMC4147029 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is common and severe in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although, there are no effective treatments for NASH in diabetic patients, preliminary reports suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may be beneficial in these patients. AIM A prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study (NCT 00323414) was performed in NASH patients with diabetes. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00323414). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 37 patients (50.6 ± 9.8 y) with well-controlled diabetes (HbA1C<8.5%) were randomized to receive either PUFA containing eicosapentaenoic acid (2160 mg) and docosahexaenoic acid (1440 mg) daily or an isocaloric, identical placebo containing corn oil for 48 weeks under CONSORT guidelines. Clinical, demographics, biochemical laboratory tests, body composition using DEXA, and liver biopsy were performed at randomization and at the end of treatment. Liver biopsy was scored by the NASH CRN criteria. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS At inclusion, sex, age, body weight, biochemical tests, glucose control, and liver histology were similar in the 2 treatment groups. There was no change in liver enzymes, body weight, or body composition during the study in either group. At the end of the treatment, hepatic steatosis and the activity score improved (P<0.05) and lobular inflammation worsened (P<0.001) with placebo but was unchanged with PUFA. At the end of the treatment, insulin resistance (serum glucose and HOMA) worsened with PUFA but not placebo. CONCLUSIONS PUFA provided no benefit over placebo in NASH patients with diabetes. The effects of PUFA on histology and insulin resistance were inferior to placebo. These data provide no support for PUFA supplements in NASH.
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Shewchuk BM. Prostaglandins and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:277-87. [PMID: 25287609 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis integrates complex physiological and environmental signals and responds to these cues by modulating the synthesis and secretion of multiple pituitary hormones to regulate peripheral tissues. Prostaglandins are a component of this regulatory system, affecting multiple hormone synthesis and secretion pathways in the H-P axis. The implications of these actions are that physiological processes or disease states that alter prostaglandin levels in the hypothalamus or pituitary can impinge on H-P axis function. Considering the role of prostaglandins in mediating inflammation, the potential for neuroinflammation to affect H-P axis function in this manner may be significant. In addition, the mitigating effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on the inflammation-associated synthesis of prostaglandins and their role as substrates for pro-resolving lipid mediators may also include effects in the H-P axis. One context in which neuroinflammation may play a role is in the etiology of diet-induced obesity, which also correlates with altered pituitary hormone levels. This review will survey evidence for the actions of prostaglandins and other lipid mediators in the H-P axis, and will address the potential for obesity-associated inflammation and n-3 PUFA to impinge on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Shewchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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Zhang R, He GZ, Wang YK, Zhou KG, Ma EL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the increase in cytokines and chemotactic factors induced in vitro by lymph fluid from an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Nutrition 2014; 31:508-14. [PMID: 25701342 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the active factors and the intervention effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which causes the inflammation of monocytes-macrophages cultured in lymph fluid and stimulated with ω-3 PUFAs. METHODS Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into the following two groups: A. (N + D) group and B. (I/R + D) group. The rats in the (N + D) group were drained of lymph for 180 min; the rats in the (I/R + D) group were subjected to 60 min ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery followed by 120 min reperfusion and 180 min of lymph draining. Lymph fluid from each group was further divided into 4 subgroups, respectively: lymph group (A1, B1); eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA)-treated group (A2, B2); EPA + docosahexaeonic acid (DHA)-treated group (A3, B3); and DHA-treated group (A4, B4), then cultured monocyte-macrophage cell line. RESULTS The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-6, soluble cell adhesion molecule-1, chemotactic factors macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and high mobility group box protein 1 in the B1 group were significantly higher than in the A1 group. Importantly, addition of EPA, EPA + DHA, and DHA to the culture media significantly reduced the levels of the above-mentioned factors. Cell stimulation with EPA, EPA + DHA, and DHA also significantly decreased the expression of Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor-κB p65, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 with the combined treatment of EPA and DHA showing the strongest effect. CONCLUSIONS The factors induced in lymph during intestinal I/R injury can cause inflammation in vitro. These data provide in vitro evidence that ω-3 PUFAs provide a protective effect by reducing the inflammatory response caused by intestinal I/R lymph. Moreover, the synergism of EPA and DHA had the greatest effect, which is possibly mediated through Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-κB p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-zhen He
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu-kang Wang
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-guo Zhou
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - En-ling Ma
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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de Souza MDGC, Conde CMS, Laflôr CM, Sicuro FL, Bouskela E. n-3 PUFA induce microvascular protective changes during ischemia/reperfusion. Lipids 2014; 50:23-37. [PMID: 25344627 PMCID: PMC4282880 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can occur in consequence of myocardial infarction, stroke and multiple organ failure, the most prevalent cause of death in critically ill patients. I/R injury encompass impairment of endothelial dependent relaxation, increase in macromolecular permeability and leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) found in fish oil have several anti-inflammatory properties and their potential benefits against I/R injury were investigated using the hamster cheek pouch preparation before and after ischemia. Before the experiments, hamsters were treated orally with saline, olive oil, fish oil and triacylglycerol (TAG) and ethyl ester (EE) forms of EPA and DHA at different daily doses for 14 days. Fish oil restored the arteriolar diameter to pre ischemic values during reperfusion. At onset and during reperfusion, Fish oil and DHA TAG significantly reduced the number of rolling leukocytes compared to saline and olive oil treatments. Fish oil, EPA TAG and DHA TAG significantly prevented the rise on leukocyte adhesion compared to saline. Fish oil (44.83 ± 3.02 leaks/cm(2)), EPA TAG (31.67 ± 2.65 leaks/cm(2)), DHA TAG (41.14 ± 3.63 leaks/cm(2)), and EPA EE (30.63 ± 2.25 leaks/cm(2)), but not DHA EE (73.17 ± 2.82 leaks/cm(2)) prevented the increase in macromolecular permeability compared to saline and olive oil (134.80 ± 1.49 and 121.00 ± 4.93 leaks/cm(2), respectively). On the basis of our findings, we may conclude that consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially in the triacylglycerol form, could be a promising therapy to prevent microvascular damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion and its consequent clinical sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria das Graças Coelho de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão Reitor Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha térreo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil,
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Penna-de-Carvalho A, Graus-Nunes F, Rabelo-Andrade J, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. Enhanced pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene and protein expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice treated with telmisartan. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1663-78. [PMID: 25326526 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telmisartan has previously been used to target obesity, showing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ-related effects in white adipose tissue (WAT). We sought to evaluate whether telmisartan enhances gene and protein expression of all PPAR isoforms in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as their downstream effects upon insulin resistance, adipokine profile and adaptive thermogenesis. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed standard chow (SC; 10% lipids) or high-fat diet (HF; 50% lipids) for 10 weeks. Animals were then randomly allocated into the following four groups: SC, SC-T, HF and HF-T. Telmisartan [10 mg (kg diet)(-1)] was administered for 4 weeks in the diet. Animals in the HF group were overweight and exhibited hypertension, insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile and abnormal fat pad mass distribution. Animals in the HF group showed decreased expression of PPARα, β/δ and γ in WAT and BAT, resulting in impaired glucose uptake and insufficient thermogenesis. Due to the improvement in the adipokine profile and enhanced insulin sensitivity with adequate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after treatment with telmisartan, the activation of all PPAR isoforms in WAT was beneficial. In BAT, telmisartan induced sustained sympathetic activation, because the β3-adrenergic receptor was induced by PPARβ/δ, while uncoupling protein 1 was induced by PPARα to promote thermogenesis. Telmisartan exerted anti-obesity effects through higher pan-PPAR gene and protein expression. Upon PPARα, β/δ and γ (pan-PPAR) agonism in adipose tissue of obese mice, telmisartan ameliorates inflammation and insulin resistance, as well as inducing non-shivering thermogenesis. Our results point to new therapeutic targets for the control of obesity and comorbidities through pan-PPAR-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Penna-de-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francielle Graus-Nunes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Júlia Rabelo-Andrade
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhao J, Zhang Z, Dai J, wang L, Zhang C, Ye Y, Li L. Synergistic protective effect of chlorogenic acid, apigenin and caffeic acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sellinger M, Xu W, Pathil A, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide inhibits cholestasis- and hypoxia-induced apoptosis by upregulating antiapoptosis proteins. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:252-60. [PMID: 25125499 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214547157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase of toxic bile acids such as glycochenodeoxycholic acid occurs during warm ischemia reperfusion causing cholestasis and damage in hepatocytes and intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. We aim to test antiapoptosis effects of ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide under cholestatic induction by glycochenodeoxycholic acid treatment of mouse hepatocytes and hypoxia induction by cobalt chloride treatment of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cancer Mz-ChA-1cell line. Such treatments caused marked increases in apoptosis as evidenced by activation of caspase 3, caspase 8 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Co-treatment with ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide significantly inhibited these increases. Interestingly, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide was able to increase expression of antiapoptotic cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein in both cell types. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide also prevented the decreases of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 protein in both experimental systems, and this protection was due to ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide's ability to inhibit ubiquitination-mediated degradation of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1, and to increase the phosphorylation of GSK-3β. In addition, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide was able to prevent the decreased expression of another antiapoptotic cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 in cobalt chloride-treated Mz-ChA-1 cells. Hence, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide mediated cytoprotection against apoptosis during toxic bile-acid and ischemic stresses by a mechanism involving accumulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 proteins. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide may thus be used as an agent to prevent hepatic ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Sellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Pathil
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Camara-Lemarroy CR. Reply: Regarding the Article: Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Is Diminished by Atorvastatin in Wistar Rats. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:441-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Manti S, Romano C, Chirico V, Filippelli M, Cuppari C, Loddo I, Salpietro C, Arrigo T. Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in childhood: endocrine-metabolic "mal-programming". HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e17641. [PMID: 24829591 PMCID: PMC4013495 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.17641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the major chronic liver disease in the pediatric population. NAFLD includes a broad spectrum of abnormalities (inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis), ranging from accumulation of fat (also known as steatosis) towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The development of NAFLD in children is significantly increased. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search of electronic databases was undertaken for the major studies published from 1998 to today. The databases searched were: PubMed, EMBASE, Orphanet, Midline and Cochrane Library. We used the key words: "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, children, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fatty liver". RESULTS NAFLD/NASH is probably promoted by "multiple parallel hits": environmental and genetic factors, systemic immunological disorders (oxidative stress, persistent-low grade of inflammation) as well as obesity and metabolic alterations (insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome). However its exact cause still underdiagnosed and unknown. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric NAFLD/NASH is emerging problem. Longitudinal follow-up studies, unfortunately still insufficient, are needed to better understand the natural history and outcome of NAFLD in children. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, environmental, genetic and metabolic factors of disease. The review also highlights the importance of studying the underlying mechanisms of pediatric NAFLD and the need for complete and personalized approach in the management of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudio Romano
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Chirico
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Filippelli
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Cuppari
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Italia Loddo
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Salpietro
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Corresponding Author: Teresa Arrigo, Department of Pediatric Science, Genetics and Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. Tel +39-902213130, Fax: +39-902213788, E-mail:
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133
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Bargut TCL, Frantz EDC, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Effects of a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatic lipogenesis and beta-oxidation in mice. Lipids 2014; 49:431-44. [PMID: 24627299 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigate whether a diet rich in fish oil can lead to the development of hepatic alterations associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To achieve this goal, we provided, for 8 weeks, four different diets to 3-month-old C57BL/6 mice: (a) standard-chow diet (SC; 40 g soybean oil/kg diet, 10 % of the total energy content from lipids), (b) fish oil diet (FO; 4 g soybean oil and 36 g fish oil/kg diet, 10 % of the total energy content from lipids), (c) high-fat diet (HF; 40 g soybean oil and 238 g lard/kg diet, 50 % of the total energy content from lipids), and (d) high-fish oil diet (HFO; 40 g soybean oil and 238 g fish oil/kg diet, 50 % of the total energy content from lipids). Biochemical analyses, stereology, western-blotting and RT-qPCR were used. In the HF group, we found evidence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and liver damage, along with hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic insulin resistance, and steatosis. On the other hand, the HFO group did not present these alterations and remained similar to the controls. The changes observed in the animals fed the HF diet were accompanied by an increase in hepatic lipogenesis and a decrease in beta-oxidation; meanwhile, in the HFO group, the opposite results were found, that is, reduced lipogenesis and elevated beta-oxidation, were most likely responsible for the prevention of deleterious hepatic alterations and liver damage. In conclusion, a diet rich in fish oil has beneficial effects on hepatic insulin resistance, lipogenesis and beta-oxidation and prevents hepatic tissue from liver damage and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza C Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomedico Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 Fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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134
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GPR120 on Kupffer cells mediates hepatoprotective effects of ω3-fatty acids. J Hepatol 2014; 60:625-32. [PMID: 24262133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Many of the beneficial effects of ω3-fatty acids (ω3FAs) are being attributed to their anti-inflammatory properties. In animal models, ω3FAs also protect from hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), a significant cause of complications following liver surgery. Omegaven®, a clinical ω3FA-formulation, might counteract the exaggerated inflammatory response underlying IRI, but the according mechanisms are unresearched. Recently, GPR120 has been identified as a first receptor for ω3FAs, mediating their anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we sought to investigate whether Omegaven® protects from hepatic IRI through GPR120. METHODS Using a mouse model of liver IRI, we compared the effects of a GPR120 agonist with those of Omegaven®. RESULTS GPR120 in liver was located to Kupffer cells (KCs). Agonist and Omegaven® provided similar protection from IRI, which was abolished by clodronate-depletion of KCs or by pretreatment with an αGpr120-siRNA. In vitro and in vivo, both agents dampened the NFκB/JNK-mediated inflammatory response. Dampening was associated with an M1>M2 macrophage polarization shift as assessed by marker expression. In αGpr120-siRNA-pretreated mice with or without ischemia, Omegaven® was no more able to promote M2 marker expression, indicating its anti-inflammatory properties are dependent on GPR120 in liver. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish KC-GPR120 as a key mediator of Omegaven® effects and suggest GPR120 as a therapeutic target to mitigate inflammatory stress in liver.
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135
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Scorletti E, Byrne CD. Omega-3 fatty acids, hepatic lipid metabolism, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 33:231-48. [PMID: 23862644 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids belong to a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to have important beneficial effects on metabolism and inflammation. Such effects may confer a benefit in specific chronic noncommunicable diseases that are becoming very prevalent in Westernized societies [e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)]. Typically, with a Westernized diet, long-chain omega-6 fatty acid consumption is markedly greater than omega-3 fatty acid consumption. The potential consequences of an alteration in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid consumption are increased production of proinflammatory arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and impaired regulation of hepatic and adipose function, predisposing to NAFLD. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver fat-related conditions that originates with ectopic fat accumulation in liver (hepatic steatosis) and progresses, with the development of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). If the adipose tissue is inflamed with widespread macrophage infiltration, the production of adipokines may act to exacerbate liver inflammation and NASH. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment may have beneficial effects in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, adipose tissue function, and inflammation. Recent studies testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD are showing promise and suggesting that these fatty acids may be useful in the treatment of NAFLD. To date, further research is needed in NAFLD to (a) establish the dose of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment, (b) determine the duration of therapy, and (c) test whether there is benefit on the different component features of NAFLD (hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scorletti
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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136
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Tapia G, Valenzuela R, Espinosa A, Romanque P, Dossi C, Gonzalez-Mañán D, Videla LA, D'Espessailles A. N-3 long-chain PUFA supplementation prevents high fat diet induced mouse liver steatosis and inflammation in relation to PPAR-α upregulation and NF-κB DNA binding abrogation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1333-41. [PMID: 24436018 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary n-3 long-chain PUFAs (n-3 LCPUFAs) supplementation was studied in an HFD-induced (HFD is high-fat diet) steatosis and inflammation in relation to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice received (i) control diet (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrate), (ii) control diet plus n-3 LCPUFAs (daily doses of 108 mg/kg body weight of eicosapentaenoic acid plus 92 mg/kg body weight of docosahexaenoic acid), (iii) HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrate), or (iv) HFD plus n-3 LCPUFAs for 12 wk. PPAR-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1β mRNA expression, acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and carnitine-acyl-CoA transferase 1 (CAT-I) protein contents, and NF-κB DNA binding activity were measured. HFD significantly decreased liver PPAR-α, ACOX1, and CAT-I levels with NF-κB activation, higher TNF-α and IL-1β expression, and steatosis development. These changes were either reduced or normalized to control values in animals subjected to HFD plus n-3 LCPUFAs, with establishment of an inverse association between NF-κB activation and PPAR-α mRNA expression (r = -0.66, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Data presented indicate that n-3 LCPUFAs supplementation prevents liver steatosis and inflammation induced by HFD, with underlying mechanisms involving enhanced PPAR-α signaling and diminished NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Tapia
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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137
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Morales P, Vargas R, Videla LA, Fernández V. Nrf2 activation in the liver of rats subjected to a preconditioning sub-chronic iron protocol. Food Funct 2014; 5:243-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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138
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Russell KL, Berman NEJ, Gregg PRA, Levant B. Fish oil improves motor function, limits blood-brain barrier disruption, and reduces Mmp9 gene expression in a rat model of juvenile traumatic brain injury. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:5-11. [PMID: 24342130 PMCID: PMC3906920 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an oral fish oil treatment regimen on sensorimotor, blood-brain barrier, and biochemical outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were investigated in a juvenile rat model. Seventeen-day old Long-Evans rats were given a 15mL/kg fish oil (2.01g/kg EPA, 1.34g/kg DHA) or soybean oil dose via oral gavage 30min prior to being subjected to a controlled cortical impact injury or sham surgery, followed by daily doses for seven days. Fish oil treatment resulted in less severe hindlimb deficits after TBI as assessed with the beam walk test, decreased cerebral IgG infiltration, and decreased TBI-induced expression of the Mmp9 gene one day after injury. These results indicate that fish oil improved functional outcome after TBI resulting, at least in part from decreased disruption of the blood-brain barrier through a mechanism that includes attenuation of TBI-induced expression of Mmp9.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA.
| | - N E J Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - P R A Gregg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA.
| | - B Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA.
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139
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Peralta C, Jiménez-Castro MB, Gracia-Sancho J. Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury: effects on the liver sinusoidal milieu. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1094-106. [PMID: 23811302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction post-transplantation. Cellular and biochemical processes occurring during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion are diverse and complex, and include the deregulation of the healthy phenotype of all liver cellular components. Nevertheless, a significant part of these processes are still unknown or unclear. The present review aims at summarizing the current knowledge in liver ischemia-reperfusion, but specifically focusing on liver cell phenotype and paracrine interaction deregulations. Moreover, the most updated therapeutic strategies including pharmacological, genetic and surgical interventions, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Finally, the importance of considering the subclinical situation of liver grafts when translating basic knowledge to the bedside is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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140
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Chang CY, Kuan YH, Li JR, Chen WY, Ou YC, Pan HC, Liao SL, Raung SL, Chang CJ, Chen CJ. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces cellular inflammatory response following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:2127-37. [PMID: 24139673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular inflammatory response plays an important role in ischemic brain injury and anti-inflammatory treatments in stroke are beneficial. Dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. However, its effectiveness and its precise modes of neuroprotective action remain incompletely understood. This study provides evidence of an alternative target for DHA and sheds light on the mechanism of its physiological benefits. We report a global inhibitory effect of 3 consecutive days of DHA preadministration on circulating and intracerebral cellular inflammatory responses in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia. DHA exhibited a neuroprotective effect against ischemic deficits by reduction of behavioral disturbance, brain infarction, edema and blood-brain barrier disruption. The results of enzymatic assay, Western blot, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometric analysis revealed that DHA reduced central macrophages/microglia activation, leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and peripheral leukocyte activation after cerebral ischemia. In parallel with these immunosuppressive phenomena, DHA attenuated post-stroke oxidative stress, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, c-Jun phosphorylation and activating protein-1 (AP-1) activation but further elevated ischemia-induced NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. DHA treatment also had an immunosuppressive effect in lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-stimulated glial cultures by attenuating JNK phosphorylation, c-Jun phosphorylation and AP-1 activation and augmenting Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. In summary, we have shown that DHA exhibited neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects against ischemic brain injury and these effects were accompanied by decreased oxidative stress and JNK/AP-1 signaling as well as enhanced Nrf2/HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Fong Yuan Hospital, Taichung 420, Taiwan
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141
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Conlon BA, Beasley JM, Aebersold K, Jhangiani SS, Wylie-Rosett J. Nutritional management of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2013; 5:4093-114. [PMID: 24152749 PMCID: PMC3820061 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health concern. It is the most common form of chronic liver disease in Western countries, affecting both adults and children. NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of fatty liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. First-line therapy for NAFLD includes weight loss achieved through diet and physical activity. However, there is a lack of evidenced-based dietary recommendations. The American Diabetes Association's (ADA) recommendations that aim to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease may also be applicable to the NAFLD population. The objectives of this review are to: (1) provide an overview of NAFLD in the context of insulin resistance, and (2) provide a rationale for applying relevant aspects of the ADA recommendations to the nutritional management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Conlon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Jeannette M. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Karin Aebersold
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Sunil S. Jhangiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center (Wakefield), 2425 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10469, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
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142
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Antagonistic crosstalk between NF-κB and SIRT1 in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic disorders. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1939-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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143
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Tang WX, Wang LK, Wang YQ, Zong ZJ, Gao ZX, Liu XS, Shen YJ, Shen YX, Li YH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 385:179-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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144
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Fandel D, Wasmuht D, Avila-Martín G, Taylor JS, Galán-Arriero I, Mey J. Spinal cord injury induced changes of nuclear receptors PPARα and LXRβ and modulation with oleic acid/albumin treatment. Brain Res 2013; 1535:89-105. [PMID: 23958344 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies with animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) pharmacological activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) were used to reduce tissue damage and promote behavioral recovery in animal models. We have studied the endogenous expression of the transcription factors PPARα and LXRβ in the chronic stage after SCI in rats. The immunohistochemical investigation revealed a long lasting increase in the level of PPARα in white matter in the vicinity of the lesion site. The source of this signal was identified in a subpopulation of astrocytes outside of the glial scar area. Intrathecal injections of oleic acid/albumin reduced the lesion-induced PPARα immunoreactivity. In addition, ependymal cells displayed a prominent PPARα signal in the non-injured spinal cord, and continued to express the receptor as they proliferated and migrated within the damaged tissue. The nuclear receptor LXRβ was detected at similar levels after SCI as in sham operated animals. We found high levels of immunoreactivity in the gray matter, while in the white matter it was present in subpopulations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Macrophages that had accumulated within the center of the lesion contained LXRβ in their cell nuclei. Possible endogenous functions of PPARα and LXRβ after SCI are discussed, specifically the control of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism and the regulation of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fandel
- Laboratorio Regeneración Nerviosa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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145
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Du DS, Zhu T, Ren ST, Xie GL, Li SB, Chu DC, Liu XT, Liu M, Ma XB, Zhou MH, Zhu DN, Deng ZX, Wang J. γ-Aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in cerebellar-hypothalamic circuit attenuates gastric mucosal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:313-e249. [PMID: 23279161 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive greater splanchnic nerve (GSN) activation contributes to the progression of gastric ischemia-reperfusion (GI-R) injury. This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanism of cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) stimulation against GI-R injury. METHODS The GI-R injury model was induced in rats by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min, and then reperfusion for 30 min, 1, 3, 6, or 24 h, respectively. KEY RESULTS Microinjection of L-Glu (3, 6, 12 μg) into the FN dose-dependently attenuated GI-R injury and GSN activity. In addition, there was an enhancement of gastric mucosal blood flow in GI-R rats. Pretreatment with the glutamic acid decarboxylase antagonist into the FN, the GABAA receptor antagonist into the lateral hypothalamic area or lesion of superior cerebellar peduncle all reversed the protective effects of the FN stimulation. Furthermore, the FN stimulation reduced the TUNEL-positive gastric mucosal cell and Bax-positive gastric mucosal cell in GI-R rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results indicate that the protective effects of the FN stimulation against GI-R injury may be mediated by attenuation of the excessive GSN activation, gastric mucosal cell apoptosis, and Bax expression in GI-R rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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146
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García-Heredia A, Kensicki E, Mohney RP, Rull A, Triguero I, Marsillach J, Tormos C, Mackness B, Mackness M, Shih DM, Pedro-Botet J, Joven J, Sáez G, Camps J. Paraoxonase-1 deficiency is associated with severe liver steatosis in mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet: a metabolomic approach. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1946-55. [PMID: 23448543 DOI: 10.1021/pr400050u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a determinant of liver steatosis and the progression to more severe forms of disease. The present study investigated the effect of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) deficiency on histological alterations and hepatic metabolism in mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet. We performed nontargeted metabolomics on liver tissues from 8 male PON1-deficient mice and 8 wild-type animals fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 22 weeks. We also measured 8-oxo-20-deoxyguanosine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostanes and protein carbonyl concentrations. Results indicated lipid droplets in 14.5% of the hepatocytes of wild-type mice and in 83.3% of the PON1-deficient animals (P < 0.001). The metabolomic assay included 322 biochemical compounds, 169 of which were significantly decreased and 16 increased in PON1-deficient mice. There were significant increases in lipid peroxide concentrations and oxidative stress markers. We also found decreased glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The urea cycle was decreased, and the pyrimidine cycle had a significant increase in orotate. The pathways of triglyceride and phospholipid synthesis were significantly increased. We conclude that PON1 deficiency is associated with oxidative stress and metabolic alterations leading to steatosis in the livers of mice receiving a high-fat high-cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel García-Heredia
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
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147
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Chen F, Liu Y, Zhu H, Hong Y, Wu Z, Hou Y, Li Q, Ding B, Yi D, Chen H. Fish oil attenuates liver injury caused by LPS in weaned pigs associated with inhibition of TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling pathways. Innate Immun 2013; 19:504-15. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425912472003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated whether fish oil exerted a hepatoprotective effect in a LPS-induced liver injury model via regulation of TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD) signaling pathways. Twenty-four piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, and the main factors included diet (5% corn oil or 5% fish oil) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). Fish oil resulted in enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and total (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver. Less severe liver injury was observed in pigs fed fish oil, as evidenced by improved serum biochemical parameters and less severe histological liver damage. In addition, higher expression of liver tight junction proteins, and lower hepatocyte proliferation and higher hepatocyte apoptosis were observed in pigs fed fish oil. The improved liver integrity in pigs fed fish oil was concurrent with reduced hepatic mRNA expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF- α receptor-associated factor 6, and NOD1, NOD2 and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2, as well as reduced hepatic protein expression of NF-κB p65, leading to reduced hepatic pro-inflammatory mediators. These results indicate that fish oil improves liver integrity partially via inhibition of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathways under an inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Hong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binying Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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148
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Abstract
Farnesoid x receptor (FXR) is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor, belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It is activated by bile acids (BAs) and is expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney, and adrenal gland. Upon activation by endogenous ligand (BAs), FXR can regulate triglyceride (TG) metabolism by modulating the activity of related enzymes, lipoprotein and receptors, and maintaining the balance between the contents of TG in the liver and circulation. This review aims to elucidate the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by FXR.
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149
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Antioxidant Stress and Anti-Inflammation of PPARα on Warm Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:738785. [PMID: 23213319 PMCID: PMC3503442 DOI: 10.1155/2012/738785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a serious clinical problem. Minimizing the adverse effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver surgery or trauma is an urgent need. It has been proved that besides the effect of regulating the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, PPARα also undertakes the task of organ protection. In this paper, related literature has been summarized and we come to the conclusion that administration of PPARα agonists can strengthen the antioxidant and anti-inflammation defense system by the upregulation of the expression of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of NF-κB activity. This may provide a potential clinical treatment for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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150
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Videla LA, Fernández V, Cornejo P, Vargas R. Metabolic basis for thyroid hormone liver preconditioning: upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:475675. [PMID: 22919323 PMCID: PMC3417194 DOI: 10.1100/2012/475675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major organ responsible for most functions of cellular metabolism and a mediator between dietary and endogenous sources of energy for extrahepatic tissues. In this context, adenosine-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase (AMPK) constitutes an intrahepatic energy sensor regulating physiological energy dynamics by limiting anabolism and stimulating catabolism, thus increasing ATP availability. This is achieved by mechanisms involving direct allosteric activation and reversible phosphorylation of AMPK, in response to signals such as energy status, serum insulin/glucagon ratio, nutritional stresses, pharmacological and natural compounds, and oxidative stress status. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to cellular AMPK activation and downstream signaling under several experimental conditions. Thyroid hormone (L-3,3′,5-triiodothyronine, T3) administration, a condition that enhances liver ROS generation, triggers the redox upregulation of cytoprotective proteins affording preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) liver injury. Data discussed in this work suggest that T3-induced liver activation of AMPK may be of importance in the promotion of metabolic processes favouring energy supply for the induction and operation of preconditioning mechanisms. These include antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, repair or resynthesis of altered biomolecules, induction of the homeostatic acute-phase response, and stimulation of liver cell proliferation, which are required to cope with the damaging processes set in by IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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