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Chiang CC, Huang SJ, Immanuel PN, Lan JH, Lo FY, Young KC. Using a 3D Silicon Micro-Channel Device and Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Whole Blood and Abnormal Blood. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 15:21. [PMID: 38258140 PMCID: PMC10819504 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Blood testing is a crucial application in the field of clinical studies for disease diagnosis and screening, biomarker discovery, organ function assessment, and the personalization of medication. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to collect precise data in a short time. In this study, we utilized Raman spectroscopy to analyze blood samples for the extraction of comprehensive biological information, including the primary components and compositions present in the blood. Short-wavelength (532 nm green light) Raman scattering spectroscopy was applied for the analysis of the blood samples, plasma, and serum for detection of the biological characteristics in each sample type. Our results indicated that the whole blood had a high hemoglobin content, which suggests that hemoglobin is a major component of blood. The characteristic Raman peaks of hemoglobin were observed at 690, 989, 1015, 1182, 1233, 1315, and 1562-1649 cm-1. Analysis of the plasma and serum samples indicated the presence of β-carotene, which exhibited characteristic peaks at 1013, 1172, and 1526 cm-1. This novel 3D silicon micro-channel device technology holds immense potential in the field of medical blood testing. It can serve as the basis for the detection of various diseases and biomarkers, providing real-time data to help medical professionals and patients better understand their health conditions. Changes in biological data collected in this manner could potentially be used for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ching Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (P.N.I.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Song-Jeng Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (P.N.I.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Philip Nathaniel Immanuel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (P.N.I.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Jun-Han Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (P.N.I.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Fang-Yuh Lo
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10611, Taiwan;
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Duan S, Qin N, Pi J, Sun P, Gao Y, Liu L, Li Z, Li Y, Shi L, Gao Q, Qiu Y, Tang S, Wang CH, Chen TY, Wang ST, Young KC, Sun HY. Antagonizing apolipoprotein J chaperone promotes proteasomal degradation of mTOR and relieves hepatic lipid deposition. Hepatology 2023; 78:1182-1199. [PMID: 37013405 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overnutrition-induced activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dysregulates intracellular lipid metabolism and contributes to hepatic lipid deposition. Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) is a molecular chaperone and participates in pathogen-induced and nutrient-induced lipid accumulation. This study investigates the mechanism of ApoJ-regulated ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of mTOR, and a proof-of-concept ApoJ antagonist peptide is proposed to relieve hepatic steatosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS By using omics approaches, upregulation of ApoJ was found in high-fat medium-fed hepatocytes and livers of patients with NAFLD. Hepatic ApoJ level associated with the levels of mTOR and protein markers of autophagy and correlated positively with lipid contents in the liver of mice. Functionally, nonsecreted intracellular ApoJ bound to mTOR kinase domain and prevented mTOR ubiquitination by interfering FBW7 ubiquitin ligase interaction through its R324 residue. In vitro and in vivo gain-of-function or loss-of-function analysis further demonstrated that targeting ApoJ promotes proteasomal degradation of mTOR, restores lipophagy and lysosomal activity, thus prevents hepatic lipid deposition. Moreover, an antagonist peptide with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.54 µM interacted with stress-induced ApoJ and improved hepatic pathology, serum lipid and glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity in mice with NAFLD or type II diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS ApoJ antagonist peptide might be a potential therapeutic against lipid-associated metabolic disorders through restoring mTOR and FBW7 interaction and facilitating ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangdi Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nong Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Pi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Pei Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zenghui Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Songqing Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Hsiang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Tian Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chen KW, Chen TY, Wang ST, Hou TY, Wang SW, Young KC. Establishment of quantitative and recovery method for detection of dengue virus in wastewater with noncognate spike control. J Virol Methods 2023; 314:114687. [PMID: 36736703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) represents an efficient approach for public pathogen surveillance as it provides early warning of disease outbreaks; however, it has not yet been applied to dengue virus (DENV), which might cause endemics via mosquito spread. In this study, a working platform was established to provide direct virus recovery and qPCR quantification from wastewater samples that were artificially loaded with target DENV serotypes I to IV and noncognate spike control viral particles. The results showed qPCR efficiencies of 91.2 %, 94.8 %, 92.6 % and 88.7 % for DENV I, II, III, and IV, respectively, and a broad working range over 6 orders of magnitude using the preferred primer sets. Next, the results revealed that the ultrafiltration method was superior to the skimmed milk flocculation method for recovering either DENV or control viral particles from wastewater. Finally, DENV-2 was loaded simultaneously with the noncognate spike control and could be recovered at comparable levels either in PBS or in wastewater, indicating the applicability of noncognate spike control particles to reflect the efficiency of experimental steps. In conclusion, our data suggest that DENV particles in wastewater could be recovered and quantitatively detected in absolute amounts, indicating the feasibility of DENV surveillance using the WBE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wei Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Tian Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Hou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shainn-Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Cheng PN, Sun HY, Feng IC, Wang ST, Chiu YC, Chiu HC, Chien SC, Young KC. Post-therapeutic reversibility of oxidative-stress markers in chronic hepatitis C patients receiving direct-acting antiviral agents. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100318. [PMID: 37065432 PMCID: PMC10091014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis C (HCV) is associated with extra-hepatic involvment, morbidity as well as metabolic changes. Whether these might be reversible if sustained virologic response (SVR) is achieved by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy remains unknown. Methods Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) individuals receiving DAA treatment with SVR were compared to those who underwent spontaneous clearance (SC) of HCV infection at the 2-year follow-up. Plasma oxidative stress markers (oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)) as well as progression of liver fibrosis were evaluated. Results Compared to SC individuals, those in the CHC group exhibited at baseline higher levels of oxLDL, 8-OHdG and IMA but not of MDA. In the SC group, 8-OHdG levels were elevated at 2-year post-SVR (p = 0.0409), while the DAA-treated CHC group showed decrease in oxLDL (p < 0.0001) and 8-OHdG (p = 0.0255) levels, approaching those of the SC group, but increased MDA (p = 0.0055) levels. Additionally, oxLDL levels were positively correlated with liver stiffness measurements at SVR (p = 0.017) and at 1 year post- SVR (p = 0.002). Conclusions Plasma oxLDL showed post-SVR normalization after clearance of HCV viremia with DAAs and was associated with levels of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Che Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Tian Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chien
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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Cheng PN, Sun HY, Feng IC, Chiu YC, Wang ST, Tan DC, Chiu HC, Chien SC, Young KC. Interdependence of glycemic and lipid modulation in cured chronic hepatitis C patients by direct-acting antiviral agents. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2023; 56:20-30. [PMID: 35842406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes various liver diseases and metabolic disorders. With direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), which effectively eradicate pan-genotypic HCV, hepatic and concomitant metabolic restorations are achieved. The study aims to evaluate the posttherapeutic benefits of lipid and glycemic homeostasis. METHODS Nighty-five chronic hepatitis C patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) by using DAAs were enrolled to collect plasma samples and fractionated lipoproteins at baseline, SVR, and during the post-SVR follow-ups for 6 months (pS6m) and 1 year (pS1yr). The lipid and glycemic parameters were analyzed to establish muturally modulatory relationships. RESULTS Plasma cholesterol (Chol) and glucose were elevated at SVR from baseline, whereas plasma Chol remained increased until pS1yr; however, glucose returned to the basal level. The post-SVR responses included a peak elevation of glycated hemoglobin at pS6m, a sustained elevation of triglyceride (Tg), and sustained declines in insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance, and HOMA-beta levels until pS1yr. The changes in plasma Chol and high-density-lipoprotein Chol showed positive correlations, as did the plasma Tg with low-density-lipoprotein Tg and very-low-density-lipoprotein Tg per particle load. Very-low-density-lipoprotein was found to be loaded with increased Tg and Chol and underwent efficient Tg catabolism in the form of conversion into low-density-lipoprotein. Additionally, the posttherapeutic dynamics exhibited correlations of high-density-lipoprotein Chol with plasma glucose and HOMA-beta. CONCLUSION Irrespective of the baseline metabolic status, the posttherapeutic interdependent modulation of blood glycemic and lipid metabolic parameters were revealed in chronic hepatitis C patients following clearance of HCV viremia by DAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Che Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Tian Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dyoness Charmaine Tan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chih Chien
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Sun HY, Chen TY, Tan YC, Wang CH, Young KC. Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 chaperoned by apolipoprotein J facilitates hepatic lipid accumulation following viral and nutrient stresses. Commun Biol 2021; 4:564. [PMID: 33980978 PMCID: PMC8115332 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The risks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include obese and non-obese stresses such as chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the regulatory determinants remain obscure. Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) served as an ER-Golgi contact-site chaperone near lipid droplet (LD), facilitating HCV virion production. We hypothesized an interplay between hepatic ApoJ, cholesterol esterification and lipid deposit in response to NAFLD inducers. Exposures of HCV or free-fatty acids exhibited excess LDs along with increased ApoJ expression, whereas ApoJ silencing alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation. Both stresses could concomitantly disperse Golgi, induce closer ApoJ and sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) contacts via the N-terminal intrinsically disordered regions, and increase cholesteryl-ester. Furthermore, serum ApoJ correlated positively with cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels in normal glycaemic HCV patients, NAFLD patients and in mice with steatosis. Taken together, hepatic ApoJ might activate SOAT2 to supply cholesteryl-ester for lipid loads, thus providing a therapeutic target of stress-induced steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Tan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Chang TT, Cheng JH, Tsai HW, Young KC, Hsieh SY, Ho CH. Plasma proteome plus site-specific N-glycoprofiling for hepatobiliary carcinomas. J Pathol Clin Res 2019; 5:199-212. [PMID: 31136099 PMCID: PMC6648390 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Appropriate markers for early diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and prediction of postsurgical outcome are still lacking. As the majority of circulating N‐glycoproteins are originated from the hepatobiliary system, we sought to explore new markers by assessing the dynamics of N‐glycoproteome in plasma samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or combined HCC and CCA (cHCC‐CCA). Using a mass spectrometry‐based quantitative proteomic approach, we found that 57 of 5358 identified plasma proteins were differentially expressed in hepatobiliary cancers. The levels of four essential proteins, including complement C3 and apolipoprotein C‐III in HCC, galectin‐3‐binding protein in CCA, and 72 kDa inositol polyphosphate 5‐phosphatase in cHCC‐CCA, were highly correlated with tumor stage, tumor grade, recurrence‐free survival, and overall survival. Postproteomic site‐specific N‐glycan analyses showed that human complement C3 bears high‐mannose and hybrid glycoforms rather than complex glycoforms at Asn85. The abundance of complement C3 with mannose‐5 or mannose‐6 glycoform at Asn85 was associated with HCC tumor grade. Furthermore, stepwise Cox regression analyses revealed that HCC patients with a hybrid glycoform at Asn85 of complement C3 had a lower postsurgery tumor recurrence rate or mortality rate than those with a low amount of complement C3 protein. In conclusion, our data show that particular plasma N‐glycoproteins with specific N‐glycan compositions could be potential noninvasive markers to evaluate oncological status and prognosis of hepatobiliary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hong Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sun-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Tsai P, Lin TY, Cheng SL, Sun HY, Chen SF, Young KC. Differential dynamics of hepatic protein expressions with long-term cultivated hepatitis C virus infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2019; 53:715-723. [PMID: 30837187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver maintains blood chemical homeostasis by active uptake and secretion through endocytosis, exocytosis, and intracellular trafficking between the plasma and intracellular membranes. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects the host membrane architecture and might thus impair the regulation of the cellular transportation machinery. Additionally, the hepatic expressions of differential protein dynamics with long-term HCV infection remain fully recover. METHODS In this study, comparative proteomic analysis was performed in HCV-infected and mock-control Huh7 cells according to the viral dynamics of exponential, plateau, declined, and silencing phases at the acute stage, and the chronic stage. The proteins with <0.8-fold and ≥1.25-fold changes in expression were analyzed using functional pathway clustering prediction. RESULTS The combined experimental repetitions identified full-spectrum cellular proteins in each of 5 sample sets from acute exponential, plateau, declined, and silencing phases, and the chronic stage. The clustering results revealed that HCV infection might differentiate regulatory pathways involving extracellular exosome, cadherin, melanosome, and RNA binding. Overall host proteins in HCV-infected cells exhibited kinetic pattern 1, in which cellular expression was downregulated from the acute exponential to plateau phases, reached a nadir, and was then elevated at the chronic stage. The proteins involved in the membrane-budding pathway exhibited kinetic pattern 2, in which their expressions were distinctly downregulated at the chronic stage. CONCLUSION The current comparative proteomics revealed the differential regulatory effects of HCV infection on host intracellular transport functional pathways, which might contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of HCV in hepatocytes that sustain long-term infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiju Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Lin Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Sun HY, Cheng PN, Tseng CY, Tsai WJ, Chiu YC, Young KC. Favouring modulation of circulating lipoproteins and lipid loading capacity by direct antiviral agents grazoprevir/elbasvir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment against chronic HCV infection. Gut 2018; 67:1342-1350. [PMID: 28615303 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid homoeostasis is disturbed in patients with HCV infection. Direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) treatment eradicates chronic HCV viraemia, but the dynamics of lipid components remain elusive. This study investigates the clinical manifestation and mechanistic relevance of plasma triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), lipoproteins and apolipoproteins (apos) after DAA treatment. DESIGN Twenty-four patients with chronic genotype 1 (GT1) HCV treated with elbasvir/grazoprevir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for 12 weeks, and followed-up thereafter, were recruited. Their TG, Chol, apoAI and apoB levels were quantified in plasma samples and individually fractionated lipoprotein of various classes. Liver fibrosis was evaluated using the FIB-4 Score. The TG and Chol loading capacities were calculated with normalisation to apoB, which represents per very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL particle unit RESULTS: DAA treatment achieved a sustained virological response rate of 91.7% and reduced the FIB-4 Score. Relative to the baseline, the plasma TG level was reduced but the Chol level increased gradually. Plasma apoB levels and apoB/apoAI ratio were transiently downregulated as early as the first 4 weeks of treatment. The TG and Chol loading capacities in VLDL were elevated by ~20% during the period of DAA treatment and had steadily increased by 100% at follow-up. Furthermore, the TG-to-Chol ratio in VLDL was increased, while the ratio in LDL was reduced, indicating an efficient catabolism. CONCLUSION The DAA treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C might lead to efficient HCV eradication and hepatic improvement concomitantly evolving with favouring lipoprotein/apo metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ying Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Lin YM, Sun HY, Chiu WT, Su HC, Chien YC, Chong LW, Chang HC, Bai CH, Young KC, Tsao CW. Calcitriol Inhibits HCV Infection via Blockade of Activation of PPAR and Interference with Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020057. [PMID: 29385741 PMCID: PMC5850364 DOI: 10.3390/v10020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has been identified as an innate anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agent but the possible mechanisms for this issue remain unclear. Here, we clarified the mechanisms of calcitriol-mediated inhibition of HCV infection. Calcitriol partially inhibited HCV infection, nitric oxide (NO) release and lipid accumulation in Huh7.5 human hepatoma cells via the activation of vitamin D receptor (VDR). When cells were pretreated with the activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α (Wy14643) and -γ (Ly171883), the calcitriol-mediated HCV suppression was reversed. Otherwise, three individual stimulators of PPAR-α/β/γ blocked the activation of VDR. PPAR-β (linoleic acid) reversed the inhibition of NO release, whereas PPAR-γ (Ly171883) reversed the inhibitions of NO release and lipid accumulation in the presence of calcitriol. The calcitriol-mediated viral suppression, inhibition of NO release and activation of VDR were partially blocked by an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), kifunensine. Furthermore, calcitriol blocked the HCV-induced expressions of apolipoprotein J and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, which was restored by pretreatment of kifunensine. These results indicated that the calcitriol-mediated HCV suppression was associated with the activation of VDR, interference with ERAD process, as well as blockades of PPAR, lipid accumulation and nitrative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Chien
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
- Department of Long Term Care, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Won Chong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Chuen Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan.
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Wen Tsao
- Department of Long Term Care, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan.
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11
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Shi GY, Chang BI, Su SW, Young KC, Wu DH, Chang LC, Tsai YS, Wu HL. Preparation of a Novel Streptokinase Mutant with Improved Stability. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1615108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe novel mutant streptokinase, SK-K59E, can activate human plasminogen as efficiently as the purified commercially available streptokinase. Several peptide bonds including Lys59-Ser60 in native streptokinase were hydrolyzed in reaction with plasmin and peptides of small molecular masses were generated. The plasminogen activator activity of native streptokinase in reaction with human plasmin declined to 25% of the original activity in a 120-min incubation. On the other hand, the NH2-terminal peptide of SK-K59E remained intact in reaction with plasmin and the activator activity of streptokinase decreased to 75% of the original activity in 120 min. The major degraded peptide fragments of native streptokinase in reaction with plasmin had molecular masses of 36 and 30 kDa. However, two major peptide fragments of 42 and 34 kDa were observed in the reaction of SK-K59E with human plasmin. The 42 kDa peptide fragment, which contained NH2-terminal of streptokinase, could activate human plasminogen as efficiently as the native streptokinase. SK-K59E can induce greater degree of caseinolysis and fibrinolysis than the native streptokinase. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the prevention of cleavage at Lys59 of streptokinase prolongs the half-life of streptokinase in complex with plasmin and that the NH2-terminal of streptokinase (Ile1-Lys59) plays an important role in maintaining its stability.
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12
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Tseng CK, Hsu SP, Lin CK, Wu YH, Lee JC, Young KC. Celastrol inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 via the JNK MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:191-200. [PMID: 28935193 PMCID: PMC7113881 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
background and purpose Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpene isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii, can greatly induce the gene expression activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to achieve disease prevention and control. HO-1 induction was recently shown to result in anti-HCV activity by inducing type I interferon and inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease activity. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-HCV activity of celastrol and characterize its mechanism of inhibition. Methods The anti-HCV activity of celastrol was evaluated using the HCV subgenomic replicon and HCVcc infection systems. The anti-HCV mechanism of celastrol targeting HO-1 expression was clarified using specific inhibitors against several signaling pathways. The transcriptional regulation of celastrol on target gene expression was determined using promoter-based reporter activity assay. The synergistic effect of celastrol and a numbers of clinically used anti-HCV drugs was determined via a drug combination assay. Results Celastrol inhibited HCV replication in both the HCV subgenomic and HCVcc infection systems with EC50 values of 0.37 ± 0.022 and 0.43 ± 0.019 μM, respectively. Celastrol-induced heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression promoted antiviral interferon responses and inhibition of NS3/4A protease activity, thereby blocking HCV replication. These antiviral effects were abrogated by treatment with the HO-1-specific inhibitor SnMP or silencing of HO-1 expression by transfection of shRNA, which indicates that HO-1 induction contributes to the anti-HCV activity of celastrol. JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were confirmed to be involved in the inductive effect of celastrol on HO-1 expression. Celastrol exhibited synergistic effects in combination with interferon-alpha, the NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir, and the NS5B inhibitor sofosbuvir. Conclusion Celastrol can serve as a potential supplement for blocking HCV replication. Targeting the JNK/Nrf2/HO-1 axis presents a promising strategy against HCV infection. Celastrol inhibits HCV replication. Celastrol induces HO-1 production. Celastrol induces interferon-α production and inhibits HCV NS3/4A protease. Celastrol synergistically inhibits HCV replication in combination with IFN-α, sofosbuvir or daclatasvir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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13
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Warren LM, Halling-Brown MD, Looney PT, Dance DR, Wallis MG, Given-Wilson RM, Wilkinson L, McAvinchey R, Young KC. Image processing can cause some malignant soft-tissue lesions to be missed in digital mammography images. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:799.e1-799.e8. [PMID: 28457521 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of image processing on cancer detection in mammography. METHODS AND MATERIALS An observer study was performed using 349 digital mammography images of women with normal breasts, calcification clusters, or soft-tissue lesions including 191 subtle cancers. Images underwent two types of processing: FlavourA (standard) and FlavourB (added enhancement). Six observers located features in the breast they suspected to be cancerous (4,188 observations). Data were analysed using jackknife alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic (JAFROC) analysis. Characteristics of the cancers detected with each image processing type were investigated. RESULTS For calcifications, the JAFROC figure of merit (FOM) was equal to 0.86 for both types of image processing. For soft-tissue lesions, the JAFROC FOM were better for FlavourA (0.81) than FlavourB (0.78); this difference was significant (p=0.001). Using FlavourA a greater number of cancers of all grades and sizes were detected than with FlavourB. FlavourA improved soft-tissue lesion detection in denser breasts (p=0.04 when volumetric density was over 7.5%) CONCLUSIONS: The detection of malignant soft-tissue lesions (which were primarily invasive) was significantly better with FlavourA than FlavourB image processing. This is despite FlavourB having a higher contrast appearance often preferred by radiologists. It is important that clinical choice of image processing is based on objective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Warren
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK.
| | - M D Halling-Brown
- Scientific Computing, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - P T Looney
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - D R Dance
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7JP, UK
| | - M G Wallis
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - R M Given-Wilson
- Department of Radiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Tooting, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - L Wilkinson
- Department of Radiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Tooting, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - R McAvinchey
- Jarvis Breast Screening and Diagnostic Centre, Guildford, GU1 1LJ, UK
| | - K C Young
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7JP, UK
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14
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Bouwman RW, Goffi M, van Engen RE, Broeders MJM, Dance DR, Young KC, Veldkamp WJH. Can the channelized Hotelling observer including aspects of the human visual system predict human observer performance in mammography? Phys Med 2017; 33:95-105. [PMID: 28040401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In mammography, images are processed prior to display. Model observers (MO) are candidates to objectively evaluate processed images if they can predict human observer performance for detail detection. The aim of this study was to investigate if the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) can be configured to predict human observer performance in mammography like images. METHODS The performance correlation between human observers and CHO has been evaluated using different channel-sets and by including aspects of the human visual system (HVS). The correlation was investigated for the detection of disk-shaped details in simulated white noise (WN) and clustered lumpy backgrounds (CLB) images, representing respectively quantum noise limited and mammography like images. The images were scored by the MO and five human observers in 2-alternative forced choice experiments. RESULTS For WN images the most useful formulation of the CHO to predict human observer performance was obtained using three difference of Gaussian channels without adding HVS aspects (RLR2=0.62). For CLB images the most useful formulation was the partial least square channel-set without adding HVS aspects (RLR2=0.71). The correlation was affected by detail size and background. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that the CHO can predict human observer performance. Due to object size and background dependency it is important that the range of object sizes and allowed variability in background are specified and validated carefully before the CHO can be implemented for objective image quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bouwman
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | - M Goffi
- Department of Medical Physics, Elisabeth TweeSteden ziekenhuis, The Netherlands
| | - R E van Engen
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Broeders
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - D R Dance
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - K C Young
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - W J H Veldkamp
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), The Netherlands
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15
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Bouwman RW, van Engen RE, Broeders MJM, den Heeten GJ, Dance DR, Young KC, Veldkamp WJH. Can the non-pre-whitening model observer, including aspects of the human visual system, predict human observer performance in mammography? Phys Med 2016; 32:1559-1569. [PMID: 27889130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In mammography, images are processed prior to display. Current methodologies based on physical image quality measurements are however not designed for the evaluation of processed images. Model observers (MO) might be suitable for this evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the non-pre-whitening (NPW) MO can be used to predict human observer performance in mammography-like images by including different aspects of the human visual system (HVS). METHODS The correlation between human and NPW MO performance has been investigated for the detection of disk shaped objects in simulated white noise (WN) and clustered lumpy backgrounds (CLB), representing quantum noise limited and mammography-like images respectively. The images were scored by the MO and five human observers in a 2-alternative forced choice experiment. RESULTS For WN images it was found that the log likelihood ratio (RLR2), which expresses the goodness of fit, was highest (0.44) for the NPW MO without addition of HVS aspects. For CLB the RLR2 improved from 0.46 to 0.65 with addition of HVS aspects. The correlation was affected by object size and background. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that by including aspects of the HVS, the performance of the NPW MO can be improved to better predict human observer performance. This demonstrates that the NPW MO has potential for image quality assessment. However, due to the dependencies found in the correlation, the NPW MO can only be used for image quality assessment for a limited range of object sizes and background variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bouwman
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | - R E van Engen
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Broeders
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - G J den Heeten
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), The Netherlands
| | - D R Dance
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - K C Young
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - W J H Veldkamp
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), The Netherlands
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16
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Sun HY, Lin CC, Tsai PJ, Tsai WJ, Lee JC, Tsao CW, Cheng PN, Wu IC, Chiu YC, Chang TT, Young KC. Lipoprotein lipase liberates free fatty acids to inhibit HCV infection and prevent hepatic lipid accumulation. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27665576 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been identified as an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) host factor, but the cellular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanism of LPL involving in anti-HCV. The functional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α signal by LPL transducing into hepatocytes was investigated in HCV-infected cells, primary human hepatocytes, and in HCV-core transgenic mice. The result showed that the levels of transcriptional transactivity and nuclear translocation of PPARα in Huh7 cells and primary human hepatocytes were elevated by physiologically ranged LPL treatment of either very-low density lipoprotein or HCV particles. The LPL-induced hepatic PPARα activation was weakened by blocking the LPL enzymatic activity, and by preventing the cellular uptake of free unsaturated fatty acids with either albumin chelator or silencing of CD36 translocase. The knockdowns of PPARα and CD36 reversed the LPL-mediated suppression of HCV infection. Furthermore, treatment with LPL, like the direct activation of PPARα, not only reduced the levels of apolipoproteins B, E, and J, which are involved in assembly and release of HCV virions, but also alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation induced by core protein. HCV-core transgenic mice exhibited more hepatic miR-27b, which negatively regulates PPARα expression, than did the wild-type controls. The induction of LPL activity by fasting in the core transgenic mice activated PPARα downstream target genes that are involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Taken together, our study reveals dual beneficial outcomes of LPL in anti-HCV and anti-steatosis and shed light on the control of chronic hepatitis C in relation to LPL modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Tsao
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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Chen PC, Chen CC, Young KC. Characterization of thermoplastic microfiltration chip for the separation of blood plasma from human blood. Biomicrofluidics 2016; 10:054112. [PMID: 27733893 PMCID: PMC5055531 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a fully thermoplastic microfiltration chip for the separation of blood plasma from human blood. Spiral microchannels were manufactured on a PMMA substrate using a micromilling machine, and a commercial polycarbonate membrane was bonded between two thermoplastic substrates. To achieve an excellent bonding between the commercial membrane and the thermoplastic substrates, we used a two-step injection and curing procedure of UV adhesive into a ring-shaped structure around the microchannel to efficiently prevent leakage during blood filtration. We performed multiple filtration experiments using human blood to compare the influence of three factors on separation efficiency: hematocrit level (40%, 23.2%, and 10.9%), membrane pore size (5 μm, 2 μm, and 1 μm), and flow rate (0.02 ml/min, 0.06 ml/min, 0.1 ml/min). To prevent hemolysis, the pressure within the microchannel was kept below 0.5 bars throughout all filtration experiments. The experimental results clearly demonstrated the following: (1) The proposed microfiltration chip is able to separate white blood cells and red blood cells from whole human blood with a separation efficiency that exceeds 95%; (2) no leakage occurred during any of the experiments, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of bonding a commercial membrane with a thermoplastic substrate using UV adhesive in a ring-shaped structure; (3) separation efficiency can be increased by using a membrane with smaller pore size, by using diluted blood with lower hematocrit, or by injecting blood into the microfiltration chip at a lower flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Tseng CK, Lin CK, Wu YH, Chen YH, Chen WC, Young KC, Lee JC. Human heme oxygenase 1 is a potential host cell factor against dengue virus replication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32176. [PMID: 27553177 PMCID: PMC4995454 DOI: 10.1038/srep32176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection and replication induces oxidative stress, which further contributes to the progression and pathogenesis of the DENV infection. Modulation of host antioxidant molecules may be a useful strategy for interfering with DENV replication. In this study, we showed that induction or exogenous overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme, effectively inhibited DENV replication in DENV-infected Huh-7 cells. This antiviral effect of HO-1 was attenuated by its inhibitor tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), suggesting that HO-1 was an important cellular factor against DENV replication. Biliverdin but not carbon monoxide and ferrous ions, which are products of the HO-1 on heme, mediated the HO-1-induced anti-DENV effect by non-competitively inhibiting DENV protease, with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 8.55 ± 0.38 μM. Moreover, HO-1 induction or its exogenous overexpression, rescued DENV-suppressed antiviral interferon response. Moreover, we showed that HO-1 induction by cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) and andrographolide, a natural product, as evidenced by a significant delay in the onset of disease and mortality, and virus load in the infected mice’s brains. These findings clearly revealed that a drug or therapy that induced the HO-1 signal pathway was a promising strategy for treating DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu, Taiwan.,Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lin YM, Yu BC, Chiu WT, Sun HY, Chien YC, Su HC, Yen SY, Lai HW, Bai CH, Young KC, Tsao CW. Fluoxetine regulates cell growth inhibition of interferon-α. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1746-54. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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20
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Looney PT, Young KC, Halling-Brown MD. MEDXVIEWER: PROVIDING A WEB-ENABLED WORKSTATION ENVIRONMENT FOR COLLABORATIVE AND REMOTE MEDICAL IMAGING VIEWING, PERCEPTION STUDIES AND READER TRAINING. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 169:32-7. [PMID: 26628613 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MedXViewer (Medical eXtensible Viewer) has been developed to address the need for workstation-independent, picture archiving and communication system (PACS)-less viewing and interaction with anonymised medical images. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and features of MedXViewer as well as to introduce the new features available in the latest release (version 1.2). MedXViewer currently supports digital mammography and tomosynthesis. The flexible software design used to develop MedXViewer allows it to be easily extended to support other imaging modalities. Regions of interest can be drawn by a user, and any associated information about a mark, an image or a study can be added. The questions and settings can be easily configured depending on the need of the research allowing both ROC and FROC studies to be performed. Complex tree-like questions can be asked where a given answer presents the user to new questions. The hanging protocol can be specified for each study. Panning, windowing, zooming and moving through slices are all available while modality-specific features can be easily enabled, e.g. quadrant zooming in digital mammography and tomosynthesis studies. MedXViewer can integrate with a web-based image database OPTIMAM Medical Image Database allowing results and images to be stored centrally. The software can, alternatively, run without a network connection where the images and results can be encrypted and stored locally on a machine or external drive. MedXViewer has been used for running remote paper-less observer studies and is capable of providing a training infrastructure and coordinating remote collaborative viewing sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Looney
- NCCPM, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK
| | - K C Young
- NCCPM, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - M D Halling-Brown
- Scientific Computing, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK
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21
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Bouwman RW, Binst J, Dance DR, Young KC, Broeders MJM, den Heeten GJ, Veldkamp WJH, Bosmans H, van Engen RE. SIMULATING LOCAL DENSE AREAS USING PMMA TO ASSESS AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL IN DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 169:143-50. [PMID: 26977073 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Current digital mammography (DM) X-ray systems are equipped with advanced automatic exposure control (AEC) systems, which determine the exposure factors depending on breast composition. In the supplement of the European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis, a phantom-based test is included to evaluate the AEC response to local dense areas in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This study evaluates the proposed test in terms of SNR and dose for four DM systems. The glandular fraction represented by the local dense area was assessed by analytic calculations. It was found that the proposed test simulates adipose to fully glandular breast compositions in attenuation. The doses associated with the phantoms were found to match well with the patient dose distribution. In conclusion, after some small adaptations, the test is valuable for the assessment of the AEC performance in terms of both SNR and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bouwman
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), PO Box 6873, Nijmegen 6503 GJ, The Netherlands
| | - J Binst
- Department of Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49 Box 7003, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - D R Dance
- National Coordinating Centre for Physics in Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - K C Young
- National Coordinating Centre for Physics in Mammography (NCCPM), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - M J M Broeders
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), PO Box 6873, Nijmegen 6503 GJ, The Netherlands
| | - G J den Heeten
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), PO Box 6873, Nijmegen 6503 GJ, The Netherlands
| | - W J H Veldkamp
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), PO Box 6873, Nijmegen 6503 GJ, The Netherlands Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - H Bosmans
- Department of Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49 Box 7003, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - R E van Engen
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening (LRCB), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), PO Box 6873, Nijmegen 6503 GJ, The Netherlands
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22
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Abe T, Loenneke JP, Young KC, Nahar VK, Hollaway KM, Stover CD, Ford MA, Bass MA, Owens SG, Loftin M. Site-specific associations of muscle thickness with bone mineral density in middle-aged and older men and women. Physiol Int 2016. [PMID: 28639858 DOI: 10.1556/036.103.2016.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether age-related site-specific muscle loss is associated with areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in older adults. To examine the relationships between aBMD and whole-body muscle thickness distribution, 97 healthy adults (46 women and 51 men) aged 50-78 years volunteered. Total and appendicular lean soft tissue mass, aBMD of the lumbar spine (LS-aBMD) and femoral neck (FN-aBMD) were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscle thickness (MT) was measured by ultrasound at nine sites of the body (forearm, upper arm, trunk, upper leg, and lower leg). Relationships of each co-variate with aBMD were tested partialling out the effect of age. aBMD was not correlated with either MT of the trunk or anterior lower leg in either sex. In men, significant and relatively strong correlations were observed between anterior and posterior upper arms, posterior lower leg, and anterior upper leg MT and LS-aBMD or FN-aBMD. In women, significant correlations were observed between anterior and posterior upper legs, posterior lower leg, and anterior upper arm MT and FN-aBMD. LS-aBMD was only correlated with forearm and posterior upper leg MT in women. In conclusion, the site-specific association of MT and aBMD differs between sexes and may be associated with the participants' daily physical activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA.,Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya , Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - K C Young
- Department of Human Performance Studies, College of Education, Wichita State University , Wichita, KS, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus , Auburn, AL, USA
| | - V K Nahar
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA.,Department of Health, Physical Education, and Exercise Science, Lincoln Memorial University , Harrogate, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS, USA
| | - K M Hollaway
- Department of Human Performance Studies, College of Education, Wichita State University , Wichita, KS, USA
| | - C D Stover
- Department of Human Performance Studies, College of Education, Wichita State University , Wichita, KS, USA
| | - M A Ford
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - M A Bass
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - S G Owens
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - M Loftin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
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23
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Chang CS, Lu YJ, Chang HH, Hsu SH, Kuo PH, Shieh CC, Yao WJ, Hsu MC, Young KC, Lin WY, Huang KC, Wu CH, Tsai YS. Role of adiponectin gene variants, adipokines and hydrometry-based percent body fat in metabolically healthy and abnormal obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 12:49-61. [PMID: 27236826 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) subjects have better metabolic parameters than metabolically abnormal obesity (MAO) subjects, but the possible mechanisms underlying this remain unknown. Our study was designed to investigate the interrelationships among genes, adipokines, body fat and its distribution in MHO and MAO. METHODS From 2007 to 2009, 103 males and 131 females aged 18-50 years were enrolled by an intention-to-treat design in a weight management clinic. Participants were divided into MHO and MAO groups. Percent body fat (PBF) was measured by a deuterium oxide dilution method. Four polymorphic variants, including PPARγ2 (Pro12Ala and C1431T) and adiponectin (T45G and G276T) genes, and three adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) were obtained. RESULTS Of the 234 obese subjects, 130 (55.6%) were MHO. In the univariate analysis, the MAO group has significantly higher anthropometric, metabolic indices and leptin levels than the MHO group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, male gender, the T allele of adiponectin T45G polymorphism, leptin and PBF were positively associated with MAO. ANCOVA analysis revealed that the T allele of adiponectin T45G polymorphism was associated with higher fasting and postprandial glucose levels. We further found that TT genotype has a lower high molecular weight (HMW)/low molecular weight (LMW) adiponectin ratio than GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS The factors associated with MAO are age, male gender, the T allele of adiponectin T45G polymorphism, leptin, and PBF. The net effects of T45G polymorphism on the MAO phenotype may be achieved by changes in the adiponectin oligomer ratio and glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sung Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jia Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hao Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Shieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Gerontology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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24
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Young KC. Commentary on: A comparison of two digital mammography systems: are there any differences? Clin Radiol 2016; 71:25-6. [PMID: 26683091 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Young
- National Coordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK.
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25
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Bouwman RW, van Engen RE, Young KC, den Heeten GJ, Broeders MJM, Schopphoven S, Jeukens CRLPN, Veldkamp WJH, Dance DR. Average glandular dose in digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis: comparison of phantom and patient data. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:7893-907. [PMID: 26407015 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/20/7893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For the evaluation of the average glandular dose (AGD) in digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) phantoms simulating standard model breasts are used. These phantoms consist of slabs of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or a combination of PMMA and polyethylene (PE). In the last decades the automatic exposure control (AEC) increased in complexity and became more sensitive to (local) differences in breast composition. The question is how well the AGD estimated using these simple dosimetry phantoms agrees with the average patient AGD. In this study the AGDs for both dosimetry phantoms and for patients have been evaluated for 5 different x-ray systems in DM and DBT modes. It was found that the ratios between patient and phantom AGD did not differ considerably using both dosimetry phantoms. These ratios averaged over all breast thicknesses were 1.14 and 1.15 for the PMMA and PMMA-PE dosimetry phantoms respectively in DM mode and 1.00 and 1.02 in the DBT mode. These ratios were deemed to be sufficiently close to unity to be suitable for dosimetry evaluation in quality control procedures. However care should be taken when comparing systems for DM and DBT since depending on the AEC operation, ratios for particular breast thicknesses may differ substantially (0.83-1.96). Although the predictions of both phantoms are similar we advise the use of PMMA + PE slabs for both DM and DBT to harmonize dosimetry protocols and avoid any potential issues with the use of spacers with the PMMA phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bouwman
- Dutch reference centre for screening, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), PO Box6873, 6503 GJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Looney P, Halling-Brown MD, Oduko JM, Young KC. A Pilot Study on the Development of Remote Quality Control of Digital Mammography Systems in the NHS Breast Screening Programme. J Digit Imaging 2015; 28:586-93. [PMID: 25582530 PMCID: PMC4570898 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-014-9759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the UK, physicists and radiographers perform routine quality control (QC) of digital mammography equipment at daily, weekly and monthly intervals. The tests performed and tolerances are specified by standard protocols. The manual nature of many of the tests introduces variability due to the positioning of regions of interest (ROIs) and can be time consuming. The tools on workstations provided by manufacturers limit the range of analysis that radiographers can perform and do not allow for a standard set of tools and analysis because they are specific to a given manufacturer. Automated software provides a means of reducing the variability in the analysis and also provides the possibility of additional, more complex analysis than is currently performed on the daily, weekly and monthly checks by radiographers. To this end, a set of tools has been developed to analyse the routine images taken by radiographers. As well as automatically reproducing the usual measurements by radiographers more complex analysis is provided. A QC image collection system has been developed which automatically routes QC data from a clinical site to a centralised server for analysis. A Web-based interface has been created that allows the users to view the performance of the mammographic equipment. The pilot system obtained over 3000 QC images from seven X-ray units at a single screening centre over 2 years. The results show that these tools and methods of analysis can highlight changes in a detector over time that may otherwise go unnoticed with the conventional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Looney
- NCCPM, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.
| | - M D Halling-Brown
- Scientific Computing Section, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - J M Oduko
- NCCPM, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - K C Young
- NCCPM, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, England, UK
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27
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Bouwman RW, van Engen RE, Young KC, Veldkamp WJH, Dance DR. Dose assessment in contrast enhanced digital mammography using simple phantoms simulating standard model breasts. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:N1-7. [PMID: 25500435 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/1/n1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Slabs of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or a combination of PMMA and polyethylene (PE) slabs are used to simulate standard model breasts for the evaluation of the average glandular dose (AGD) in digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). These phantoms are optimized for the energy spectra used in DM and DBT, which normally have a lower average energy than used in contrast enhanced digital mammography (CEDM). In this study we have investigated whether these phantoms can be used for the evaluation of AGD with the high energy x-ray spectra used in CEDM. For this purpose the calculated values of the incident air kerma for dosimetry phantoms and standard model breasts were compared in a zero degree projection with the use of an anti scatter grid. It was found that the difference in incident air kerma compared to standard model breasts ranges between -10% to +4% for PMMA slabs and between 6% and 15% for PMMA-PE slabs. The estimated systematic error in the measured AGD for both sets of phantoms were considered to be sufficiently small for the evaluation of AGD in quality control procedures for CEDM. However, the systematic error can be substantial if AGD values from different phantoms are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bouwman
- Dutch reference centre for screening, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (LRCB), Weg door Jonkerbos 90, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lin CC, Tsai P, Sun HY, Hsu MC, Lee JC, Wu IC, Tsao CW, Chang TT, Young KC. Apolipoprotein J, a glucose-upregulated molecular chaperone, stabilizes core and NS5A to promote infectious hepatitis C virus virion production. J Hepatol 2014; 61:984-93. [PMID: 24996046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to glucose abnormality. HCV depends on lipid droplets (LDs) and very-low density lipoproteins for assembly/releasing; however, the components and locations for this process remain unidentified. Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), upregulated by glucose, functions as Golgi chaperone of secreted proteins and resides abundantly in very-low density lipoproteins. This study investigates the interplay between glucose, ApoJ and HCV virion production. METHODS The effects of high glucose on ApoJ expression and HCV production were evaluated with cultivated HuH7.5, primary human hepatocytes, and in treatment naive chronic hepatitis C patients. How ApoJ affects HCV lifecycle was assessed using siRNA knockdown strategy in JFH1 infected and subgenomic replicon cells. The interactions and locations of ApoJ with viral and host components were examined by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation experiments. RESULTS HCV infection increased ApoJ expression, which in parallel with HCV infectivity was additionally elevated with high glucose treatment. Serum ApoJ correlated positively with fasting blood glucose concentration and HCV-RNA titre in patients. ApoJ silencing reduced intracellular and extracellular HCV infectivity and extracellular HCV-RNA, but accumulated intracellular HCV-RNA in HCV-infected cells. ApoJ interacted with HCV core and NS5A and stabilized the dual protein complex. HCV infection dispersed cytoplasmic ApoJ from the compact zones of the Golgi to encircle LDs, where co-localization of the core, NS5A, HCV-RNA, subcellular markers for LDs, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, and membrane contact sites occurred. CONCLUSIONS ApoJ facilitates infectious HCV particle production via stabilization of core/NS5A, which might surround LDs at the ER-Golgi membrane contact site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Peiju Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Tsao
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Lee JC, Tseng CK, Young KC, Sun HY, Wang SW, Chen WC, Lin CK, Wu YH. Andrographolide exerts anti-hepatitis C virus activity by up-regulating haeme oxygenase-1 via the p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in human hepatoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:237-52. [PMID: 24117426 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity of andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone extracted from Andrographis paniculata, and to identify the signalling pathway involved in its antiviral action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using HCV replicon and HCVcc infectious systems, we identified anti-HCV activity of andrographolide by measuring protein and RNA levels. A reporter activity assay was used to determine transcriptional regulation of anti-HCV agents. A specific inhibitor and short hairpin RNAs were used to investigate the mechanism responsible for the effect of andrographolide on HCV replication. KEY RESULTS In HCV replicon and HCVcc infectious systems, andrographolide time- and dose-dependently suppressed HCV replication. When combined with IFN-α, an inhibitor targeting HCV NS3/4A protease (telaprevir), or NS5B polymerase (PSI-7977), andrographolide exhibited a significant synergistic effect. Andrographolide up-regulated the expression of haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), leading to increased amounts of its metabolite biliverdin, which was found to suppress HCV replication by promoting the antiviral IFN responses and inhibiting NS3/4A protease activity. Significantly, these antiviral effects were attenuated by an HO-1-specific inhibitor or HO-1 gene knockdown, indicating that HO-1 contributed to the anti-HCV activity of andrographolide. Andrographolide activated p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated HO-1 expression, and this was found to be associated with its anti-HCV activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that andrographolide has the potential to control HCV replication and suggest that targeting the Nrf2-HO-1 signalling pathway might be a promising strategy for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a promising technique to overcome the tissue superposition limitations found in planar 2D x-ray mammography. However, as most DBT systems do not employ an anti-scatter grid, the levels of scattered radiation recorded within the image receptor are significantly higher than that observed in planar 2D x-ray mammography. Knowledge of this field is necessary as part of any correction scheme and for computer modelling and optimisation of this examination. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are often used for this purpose, however they are computationally expensive and a more rapid method of calculation is desirable. This issue is addressed in this work by the development of a fast kernel-based methodology for scatter field estimation using a detailed realistic DBT geometry. Thickness-dependent scatter kernels, which were validated against the literature with a maximum discrepancy of 4% for an idealised geometry, have been calculated and a new physical parameter (air gap distance) was used to estimate more accurately the distribution of scattered radiation for a series of anthropomorphic breast phantom models. The proposed methodology considers, for the first time, the effects of scattered radiation from the compression paddle and breast support plate, which can represent more than 30% of the total scattered radiation recorded within the image receptor. The results show that the scatter field estimator can calculate scattered radiation images in an average of 80 min for projection angles up to 25° with equal to or less than a 10% error across most of the breast area when compared with direct MC simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Diaz
- Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Dance DR, Young KC. Estimation of mean glandular dose for contrast enhanced digital mammography: factors for use with the UK, European and IAEA breast dosimetry protocols. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:2127-37. [PMID: 24699200 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/9/2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The UK, European and IAEA protocols for breast dosimetry in mammography use tabulations of conversion factors, which relate measurements of incident air kerma to the mean glandular dose to the breast. To supplement the existing tabulations, a Monte Carlo computer program has been used to calculate conversion factors for the high-energy spectra used for contrast enhanced digital mammography. The calculations were made for the x-ray spectra from a tungsten target (tube voltage range 40-50 kV) filtered by 0.28, 0.30 and 0.32 mm of copper, and from molybdenum and rhodium targets (tube voltage range 40-49 kV), each filtered by 0.30 mm of copper. The g-factors for all of these spectra were plotted for each breast thickness as a function of half value layer (HVL) and were found to lie on smooth curves within 0.3%. These reflect the fact that the characteristic x-rays present in the spectra from molybdenum and rhodium are heavily filtered and all the spectra are essentially Bremsstrahlung. As a consequence, the s-factor previously used in the dosimetry protocols to adjust for different target/filter combinations can be taken as unity for all of the spectra considered. Tables of g-factors and c-factors are provided for breast thicknesses in the range 20-110 mm and HVLs in the range 2.4-3.6 mm of aluminium. The tables of c-factors are given for breast glandularities in the range 0.1%-100% and for typical glandularities for women in the age bands 40-49 and 50-64 attending the UK national breast screening programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Dance
- NCCPM, Medical Physics Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK. Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Lin CF, Young KC, Bai CH, Yu BC, Ma CT, Chien YC, Su HC, Wang HY, Liao CS, Lai HW, Tsao CW. Blockade of reactive oxygen species and Akt activation is critical for anti-inflammation and growth inhibition of metformin in phosphatase and tensin homolog-deficient RAW264.7 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:669-77. [PMID: 24053326 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.837059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metformin is widely used for treatment of type 2 diabetes and has a potential application on the treatment of inflammation and cancer. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays a critical role in cancer cell growth and inflammation; however, precise mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of how PTEN regulates metformin against cell growth and inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established PTEN knockdown in RAW264.7 murine macrophages (shPTEN cells) to detect inflammatory mediators using commercial kits, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry, cell growth by MTT assay and phosphorylated levels of signal molecules by western blot. RESULTS The shPTEN cells had a significant large amount of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)); and also elevated the production of ROS and increased cell proliferation. These effects were accompanied with the activation of Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the inactivation of an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Pretreatment with metformin not only blocked these inflammatory mediators, but also caused growth inhibition induced by significant apoptosis. Furthermore, inactivation of Akt, blockade of ROS generation and independence of activations of AMPK and MAPK by metformin were also observed. CONCLUSION Macrophages with PTEN deficiency developed a continuous inflammatory microenvironment, which further aggravated tumor cell growth. Moreover, metformin affected PTEN-deficient cells dependent of inhibition of ROS production and Akt activation against enlarged inflammatory mediators and/or cell growth in shPTEN cells.
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Sun HY, Lin CC, Lee JC, Wang SW, Cheng PN, Wu IC, Chang TT, Lai MD, Shieh DB, Young KC. Very low-density lipoprotein/lipo-viro particles reverse lipoprotein lipase-mediated inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection via apolipoprotein C-III. Gut 2013; 62:1193-203. [PMID: 22689516 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating hepatitis C virus (HCV) virions are associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, including very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), designated as lipo-viro-particles (LVPs). Previous studies showed that lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a key enzyme for hydrolysing the triglyceride in VLDL to finally become LDL, may suppress HCV infection. This investigation considers the regulation of LPL by lipoproteins and LVPs, and their roles in the LPL-mediated anti-HCV function. DESIGN The lipoproteins were fractionated from normolipidemic blood samples using iodixanol gradients. Subsequent immunoglobulin-affinity purification from the canonical VLDL and LDL yielded the corresponding VLDL-LVP and LDL-LVP. Apolipoprotein (apo) Cs, LPL activity and HCV infection were quantified. RESULTS A higher triglyceride/cholesterol ratio of LDL was found more in HCV-infected donors than in healthy volunteers, and the triglyceride/cholesterol ratio of LDL-LVP was much increased, suggesting that the LPL hydrolysis of triglyceride may be impaired. VLDL, VLDL-LVP, LDL-LVP, but not LDL, suppressed LPL lipolytic activity, which was restored by antibodies that recognised apoC-III/-IV and correlated with the steadily abundant apoC-III/-IV quantities in those particles. In a cell-based system, treatment with VLDL and LVPs reversed the LPL-mediated inhibition of HCV infection in apoC-III/-IV-dependent manners. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that plasma HCV viral loads correlated negatively with LPL lipolytic activity, but positively with the apoC-III content of VLDL. Additionally, apoC-III in VLDL was associated with a higher proportion of HCV-RNA than was IgG. CONCLUSION This study reveals that LPL is an anti-HCV factor, and that apoC-III in VLDL and LVPs reduces the LPL-mediated inhibition of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Yang CL, Huang SJ, Chou CW, Chiou YC, Lin KP, Tsai MS, Young KC. Design and evaluation of a portable optical-based biosensor for testing whole blood prothrombin time. Talanta 2013; 116:704-11. [PMID: 24148464 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostics (POCD) for blood coagulation benefit patients on-site, but available POCD devices are too expensive to be affordable in many countries. Optically based methodologies are cheap and reliable, and have been exploited in bench-top coagulometers to monitor coagulation with plasma, but not whole blood, which contains cellular components that cause massive interference. However, the POCD testing of whole blood gives a more accurate picture of physiological conditions than does testing plasma. In this study, a portable device for performing the prothrombin time (PT) test was designed, comprising an optical sensor, an electrical processing and control circuit to monitor the optical changes that occurred during the coagulation process in whole blood. The PT was when the slope of the first-order derivative of the coagulation curve, recorded from real-time light transmittance signals, was maximal. The POCD PT testing of 167 samples revealed that 153 (91.6%) were successfully detected and the results were highly consistent with the results of whole blood international normalized ratio (INR) (r=0.985, p<0.001) by the conventional manual method and those of plasma INR (r=0.948, p<0.001) with the ACL TOP 700 bench-top coagulometer (Beckman Colter). Hematological parameters were further analyzed, revealing that fibrinogen titers (p=0.036), red blood cell numbers (p=0.017) and distribution of red cell width (p=0.015) affected the effectiveness of the current POCD PT determination. Furthermore, a highly positive correlation was revealed between fibrinogen titers and the maximum speed of change in transmittance (v/t) (r=0.805, p<0.001), suggesting that fibrinogen might be evaluated simultaneously in this POCD testing. In conclusion, the proposed portable optical-based device performs the highly sensitive and accurate determination of whole blood PT and has commercial potential because of its small volume and low fabrication cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lung Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering in National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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Rashidnasab A, Elangovan P, Yip M, Diaz O, Dance DR, Young KC, Wells K. Simulation and assessment of realistic breast lesions using fractal growth models. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:5613-27. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/16/5613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Warren LM, Green FH, Shrestha L, Mackenzie A, Dance DR, Young KC. Validation of simulation of calcifications for observer studies in digital mammography. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:N217-28. [PMID: 23880732 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/16/n217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies using simulated calcifications can be performed to measure the effect of different imaging factors on calcification detection in digital mammography. The simulated calcifications must be inserted into clinical images with realistic contrast and sharpness. MoCa is a program which modifies the contrast and sharpness of simulated calcification clusters extracted from images of mastectomy specimens acquired on a digital specimen cabinet at high magnification for insertion into clinical mammography images. This work determines whether the use of MoCa results in simulated calcifications with the correct contrast and sharpness. Aluminium foils (thickness 0.1-0.4 mm) and 1.60 µm thick gold discs (diameter 0.13-0.8 mm) on 0.5 mm aluminium were imaged with a range of thicknesses of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using an amorphous selenium direct digital (DR) system and a powder phosphor computed radiography (CR) system (real images). Simulated images of the tests objects were also generated using MoCa. The contrast of the aluminium squares and the degradation of the contrast of the gold discs as a function of disc diameter were compared in the real and simulated images. The average ratios of the simulated-to-real aluminium contrasts over all aluminium and PMMA thicknesses were 1.03 ± 0.04 (two standard errors in the mean) and 0.99 ± 0.03 for the DR and CR systems, respectively. The ratio of the simulated-to-real degradations of contrast averaged over all disc diameters and PMMA thicknesses were 1.007 ± 0.008 and 1.002 ± 0.013 for DR and CR, respectively. The use of MoCa was accurate within the experimental errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Warren
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK.
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Hsu MC, Lee KT, Hsiao WC, Wu CH, Sun HY, Lin IL, Young KC. The dyslipidemia-associated SNP on the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster predicts post-surgery poor outcome in Taiwanese breast cancer patients: a 10-year follow-up study. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:330. [PMID: 23829168 PMCID: PMC3708770 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-surgery therapies are given to early-stage breast cancer patients due to the possibility of residual micrometastasis, and optimized by clincopathological parameters such as tumor stage, and hormone receptor/lymph node status. However, current efficacy of post-surgery therapies is unsatisfactory, and may be varied according to unidentified patient genetic factors. Increases of breast cancer occurrence and recurrence have been associated with dyslipidemia, which can attribute to other known risk factors of breast cancer including obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Thus we reasoned that dyslipidemia-associated nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster may predict breast cancer risk and tumor progression. Methods We analyzed the distribution of 5 selected APOA1/C3/A5 SNPs in recruited Taiwanese breast cancer patients (n=223) and healthy controls (n=162). The association of SNP (APOA1 rs670) showing correlation with breast cancer with baseline and follow-up parameters was further examined. Results APOA1 rs670 A allele carriage was higher in breast cancer patients than controls (59.64% vs. 48.77%, p=0.038). The rs670 A allele carrying patients showed less favorable baseline phenotype with positive lymph nodes (G/A: OR=3.32, 95% CI=1.77-6.20, p<0.001; A/A: OR=2.58, 95% CI=1.05-6.32, p=0.039) and negative hormone receptor expression (A/A: OR=4.85, 95%CI=1.83-12.83, p=0.001) in comparison to G/G carriers. Moreover, rs670 A/A carrying patients had higher risks in both tumor recurrence (HR=3.12, 95% CI=1.29-7.56, p=0.012) and mortality (HR=4.36, 95% CI=1.52-12.47, p=0.006) than patients with no A alleles after adjustments for associated baseline parameters. Furthermore, the prognostic effect of rs670 A/A carriage was most evident in lymph node-negative patients, conferring to the highest risks of recurrence (HR=4.98, 95% CI=1.40-17.70, p=0.013) and mortality (HR=9.87, 95%CI=1.60-60.81, p=0.014) than patients with no A alleles. Conclusions APOA1 rs670 A/A carriage showed poor post-surgery prognosis in Taiwanese lymph node-negative breast cancer patients, whose prognosis were considered better and adjuvant treatment might be less stringent according to currently available assessment protocols. Our findings suggest that APOA1 rs670 indicate a post-surgery risk of breast cancer disease progression, and that carriers of this SNP may benefit from more advanced disease monitoring and therapy regimens than the current regular standards. Furthermore, control of lipid homeostasis might protect APOA1 rs670 minor allele carriers from breast cancer occurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Research Center for Medical Laboratory Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Bouwman RW, Diaz O, van Engen RE, Young KC, den Heeten GJ, Broeders MJM, Veldkamp WJH, Dance DR. Phantoms for quality control procedures in digital breast tomosynthesis: dose assessment. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:4423-38. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/13/4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Warren LM, Mackenzie A, Dance DR, Young KC. Comparison of the x-ray attenuation properties of breast calcifications, aluminium, hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:N103-13. [PMID: 23470559 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/7/n103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium is often used as a substitute material for calcifications in phantom measurements in mammography. Additionally, calcium oxalate, hydroxyapatite and aluminium are used in simulation studies. This assumes that these materials have similar attenuation properties to calcification, and this assumption is examined in this work. Sliced mastectomy samples containing calcification were imaged at ×5 magnification using a digital specimen cabinet. Images of the individual calcifications were extracted, and the diameter and contrast of each calculated. The thicknesses of aluminium required to achieve the same contrast as each calcification when imaged under the same conditions were calculated using measurements of the contrast of aluminium foils. As hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate are also used to simulate calcifications, the equivalent aluminium thicknesses of these materials were also calculated using tabulated attenuation coefficients. On average the equivalent aluminium thickness was 0.85 times the calcification diameter. For calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite, the equivalent aluminium thicknesses were 1.01 and 2.19 times the thickness of these materials respectively. Aluminium and calcium oxalate are suitable substitute materials for calcifications. Hydroxyapatite is much more attenuating than the calcifications and aluminium. Using solid hydroxyapatite as a substitute for calcification of the same size would lead to excessive contrast in the mammographic image.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Warren
- National Co-ordinating Centre for the Physics of Mammography, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK.
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Su HC, Ma CT, Yu BC, Chien YC, Tsai CC, Huang WC, Lin CF, Chuang YH, Young KC, Wang JN, Tsao CW. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates anti-inflammatory property of fluoxetine. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:150-6. [PMID: 22749848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine not only is widely used in the treatment of depression but also has an anti-inflammatory property. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) is a vital factor in the inflammation process. How fluoxetine interferes with inflammation via a GSK-3β-dependent pathway remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of fluoxetine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Results showed that fluoxetine decreased mortality rate of the mice. It also inhibited LPS-induced release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in serum and RAW264.7 murine macrophages and expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Upon LPS stimulation, fluoxetine caused a delay but increased in the phosphorylated levels of GSK-3β (ser9), whereas it did not affect LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fluoxetine in combination with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/Akt inhibitors (LY294002 and Wortmannin) did not have a synergistic inhibition on LPS-induced NO release and PGE2 production. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist GW9622 showed no reverse effects of this inhibition of fluoxetine. GSK-3β knockdown blocked the inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on LPS-induced iNOS/NO release and COX-2/PGE2 production. These results indicated that GSK-3β regulated anti-inflammatory property of fluoxetine. However, Akt activation, ROS generation, and altered PPARγ activity were not involved in this inhibition of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Tsao CW, Lin CF, Wu HT, Ma CT, Huang WC, Hsieh CY, Choi PC, Young KC. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is critical for Interferon-α-induced serotonin uptake in human Jurkat T cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2556-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Warren LM, Mackenzie A, Cooke J, Given-Wilson R, Wallis M, Chakraborty D, Dance DR, Young KC. Dependence of detectability of microcalcification clusters on quality of mammography images. Breast Cancer Res 2011. [PMCID: PMC3238260 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Gilbert FJ, Gillan MGC, Michell MJ, Young KC, Dobson HM, Cooke J, Purushothaman H, Lim YY, Astley SM, Duffy SW. TOMMY Trial (a comparison of tomosynthesis with digital mammography in the UK NHS breast screening programme) setting up a multicentre imaging trial. Breast Cancer Res 2011. [PMCID: PMC3238265 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Yip M, Mackenzie A, Lewis E, Dance DR, Young KC, Christmas W, Wells K. Image resampling effects in mammographic image simulation. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:N275-86. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/22/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee JW, Liao PC, Young KC, Chang CL, Chen SSL, Chang TT, Lai MD, Wang SW. Identification of hnRNPH1, NF45, and C14orf166 as Novel Host Interacting Partners of the Mature Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4522-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200338d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Christina L. Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Steve S. L. Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shainn-Wei Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70401, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chang YS, Tsai CT, Huangfu CA, Huang WY, Lei HY, Lin CF, Su IJ, Chang WT, Wu PH, Chen YT, Hung JH, Young KC, Lai MD. ACSL3 and GSK-3β are essential for lipid upregulation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:881-93. [PMID: 21328461 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is essential for lipid biosynthesis, and stress signals in this organelle are thought to alter lipid metabolism. Elucidating the mechanisms that underlie the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of lipid accumulation. We first tested the effects of several inhibitors on lipid dysregulation induced by tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer. Triacsin C, an inhibitor of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) 1, 3, and 4, was the most potent among these inhibitors. We then analyzed the expression of the ACSL family during ER stress. The expression of ACSL3 was induced by ER stress in HuH-7 cells and in mice livers. ACSL3 shRNA, but not ACSL1 shRNA, inhibited the induction of lipid accumulation. GSK-3β inhibitors attenuated ACSL3 expression and the lipid accumulation induced by ER stress in HuH-7 cells. shRNA that target GSK-3β also inhibited the upregulation of ACSL3 and lipid accumulation in HuH-7 and HepG2 cells. The hepatitis B virus mutant large surface protein, which is known to induce ER stress, increased the lipid content of cells. Similarly, Triacsin C, and GSK-3β inhibitors abrogated the lipid dysregulation caused by the hepatitis B virus mutant large surface protein. Altogether, ACSL3 and GSK-3β represent novel therapeutic targets for lipid dysregulation by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chen JS, Su IJ, Leu YW, Young KC, Sun HS. Expression of T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 (TIAM2) promotes proliferation and invasion of liver cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1302-13. [PMID: 21469146 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 (TIAM2) gene is the homolog of human TIAM1, a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that plays important roles in neuron development and human malignancies. Although the role of TIAM1 is well characterized, the physiological and pathological functions of TIAM2 remain unknown. In our study, human cDNA and protein panels were evaluated for endogenous expression of TIAM2. Four hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and 91 HCC samples were used to demonstrate expression of TIAM2S (the short form of TIAM2) in cancer cells. In addition, HepG2 cells stably expressing TIAM2S were used for tumorigenic assays in both cellular and mouse models. We demonstrate that endogenous TIAM2S was induced in several human cancers including HCC. TIAM2S expression was undetectable in normal human liver but was induced in all HCC cell lines and in 86% (78/91) of HCC biopsies. TIAM2S expression was positively associated with TIAM1 expression, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and metastatic phenotype. Expression of recombinant TIAM2S in HepG2 cells promoted growth and invasiveness. In vivo study using a xenografted mouse model demonstrated that induced endogenous expression of TIAM2S converted non-invasive human HCC cells into highly aggressive vascular tumors. Further examination revealed that TIAM2S expression resulted in up-regulation of N-cadherin and vimentin, and in redistribution of E-cadherin. These findings show, for the first time, that human TIAM2S is involved in HCC pathogenesis, and that increased expression of TIAM2S promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and results in proliferation and invasion in liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shing Chen
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Cheng PN, Liu WC, Tsai HW, Wu IC, Chang TT, Young KC. Association of intrahepatic cccDNA reduction with the improvement of liver histology in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving oral antiviral agents. J Med Virol 2011; 83:602-7. [PMID: 21328373 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is difficult to eradicate using current antiviral therapy. This study compares cccDNA reduction with relation to liver histology in nucleoside/nucleotide-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients receiving oral antiviral monotherapy (n=35), including entecavir (ETV, n=13), adefovir dipivoxil (ADV, n=22) or placebo (n=14). Serum HBV DNA, intrahepatic total HBV DNA and cccDNA are quantified. Histological hepatic examination is performed at baseline and at 48 weeks of treatment. Treatment with ETV or ADV shows significant median reduction in serum HBV DNA (-6.21 and -4.27 log(10) copies/mL) and intrahepatic total HBV DNA (-1.69 and -1.23 log(10) copies/cell). Intrahepatic cccDNA levels are reduced slightly in the ETV and the ADV groups, but do not differ statistically from the placebo group (-0.17 vs. -0.01 vs. 0.02 copies/cell). Only the level of intrahepatic cccDNA correlates with Knodell necroinflammation activity (r=0.527, P<0.001) and Ishak fibrosis severity (r=0.348, P=0.015) before treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicates that treatment-induced cccDNA reduction is associated with improved necroinflammation (P=0.041) and fibrosis (P=0.026). In conclusion, baseline intrahepatic cccDNA loads correlate with histologic activity. Although one-year ETV or ADV treatment is insufficient for cccDNA eradication, oral antiviral therapies may improve liver histology, probably by suppressing intrahepatic cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Young KC, Sherk VD, Bemben DA. Inter-limb musculoskeletal differences in competitive ten-pin bowlers: a preliminary analysis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2011; 11:21-26. [PMID: 21364271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare musculoskeletal characteristics of the loaded and non-loaded forearm and upper leg of competitive ten-pin bowlers. METHODS 10 competitive bowlers (30.6∓6.8 yrs) had their areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition measured with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone characteristics were assessed at 4% and 66% of the limb length of each radius and 50% of the limb length of each femur using a pQCT. Bone and muscle characteristics of the loaded and non-loaded limbs were compared and analyzed using paired t-tests. RESULTS The loaded arm of competitive bowlers had significantly (p<0.05) greater bone free lean body mass (BFLBM) (5%) and ultra distal radius site (UD radius) aBMD (6.3%) compared to the non-loaded side. Cortical and trabecular vBMD was significantly (p<0.05) greater (1.3%, 4.8%) at the radius 66% and 4% sites in the loaded forearm, respectively. aBMD of the femoral neck, trochanter, and total hip were significantly greater (12.2-15.6%) in the slide leg. Total (5.2%) and cortical (9.2%) bone areas, total (8.2%) and cortical (8.7%) bone mineral content (BMC), and cortical wall thickness (9%) were significantly greater at the 50% femur site in the slide leg compared to the contralateral side. CONCLUSION The femoral shaft of bowlers adapts by increasing bone area and cortical thickness without a change in vBMD, while the loaded radius adapts by increasing vBMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Young
- Bone Density Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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Young KC, Jahromi BS. Does current practice in the United States of carotid artery stent placement benefit asymptomatic octogenarians? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:170-3. [PMID: 20864521 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CAS or CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis is the focus of recently completed and ongoing randomized clinical trials. These techniques are widely utilized outside the setting of such trials. Therefore, our goal was to analyze the in-hospital stroke or death rates after CAS or CEA for asymptomatic stenosis that reflect current nationwide practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using sample-weighted ANOVA, we analyzed records from the 2006 and 2007 NIS, which are nationally representative cohorts for asymptomatic CAS or CEA. The primary outcome measure was a composite end point of in-hospital stroke, cardiac complications, or death. In-hospital stroke or death was a secondary outcome measure. RESULTS For ≥ 80 years of age, the in-hospital stroke, cardiac complications, or death rate after CAS was 4.9%, while the complication rate after CEA was 3.8%. The stroke or death rate after CAS was 2.7% for ≥ 80 years of age and was 1.5% after CEA for the same age group. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.97-1.3; P < .07) or procedure (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99-1.27; P < .14) was not associated with the composite end point of in-hospital stroke, cardiac complications, or death. In contrast, CAS (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58) and female sex (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.45) were independently associated with in-hospital stroke or death following asymptomatic carotid revascularization. Hospital charges and hospital costs were lower for CEA than CAS (2007 costs: $7779 versus $12,104). CONCLUSIONS CAS is independently associated with increased in-hospital stroke or death (excluding cardiac complications from the composite outcome). In those ≥ 80 years of age, CAS as currently performed may not improve the natural history of asymptomatic carotid stenosis, because in-hospital stroke or death rates following CAS approached 3% in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Young
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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