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Helmreich I, Kunzler A, Chmitorz A, König J, Binder H, Wessa M, Lieb K. Psychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Helmreich
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
| | - Angela Kunzler
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
| | - Jochem König
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI); Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
| | - Harald Binder
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI); Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
| | - Michèle Wessa
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology; Wallstraße 3 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55122
| | - Klaus Lieb
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
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Ryff CD, Heller AS, Schaefer SM, van Reekum C, Davidson RJ. Purposeful Engagement, Healthy Aging, and the Brain. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2016; 3:318-327. [PMID: 28534002 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-016-0096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Research on psychological well-being in later life has identified strengths and vulnerabilities that occur with aging. We review the conceptual and philosophical foundations of a eudaimonic model of well-being and its empirical translation into six key dimensions of positive functioning. We also consider its implications for health, broadly defined. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous findings from national longitudinal samples of U.S. adults are described. They show declining scores on purpose in life and personal growth with aging, but also underscore the notable variability among older persons in these patterns. Recently, health benefits have been identified among older adults who maintain high levels of a particular aspect of well-being, namely, purposeful life engagement. These benefits include extended longevity, reduced risk for various disease outcomes, reduced physiological dysregulation, and gene expression linked to better inflammatory profiles. The brain mechanisms that underlie such outcomes are also examined via a focus on affective style. Adults with higher levels of purpose in life show more rapid recovery from negative stimulus provocation, whereas those with higher well-being overall show sustained activation of reward circuitry in response to positive stimuli, and this pattern is associated with lower diurnal cortisol output. Volumetric findings (right insular gray matter volume) have also been linked with eudaimonic well-being. SUMMARY Eudaimonic well-being predicts better health and longer lives, and thus constitutes an important direction for future research and practice. Intervention studies designed to promote well-being, including among those suffering from psychological disorders, are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Ryff
- Institute on Aging/Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Stacey M Schaefer
- Psychology/Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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The Role of Stress Management in the Relationship between Purpose in Life and Self-Rated Health in Teachers: A Mediation Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070719. [PMID: 27438843 PMCID: PMC4962260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: To examine whether stress management mediates the relationship between purpose in life and self-rated health status (SRH). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 6840 teachers in 2013 in Guangzhou, China. Purpose in life was assessed through the Purpose in Life Subscale of the Psychological Well-being Scale. Stress management was assessed using the eight-item questionnaire adapted from the Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile II. SRH was assessed by the Suboptimal Health Measurement Scale Version 1.0. The mediation hypothesis was tested by the structural equation model for path analysis. Results: It was found that purpose in life had direct and indirect effects on SRH. The path analysis showed the total effect (β = 0.563) of purpose in life on SRH was comprised of a direct effect (β = 0.319) and an indirect effect (β = 0.244), which was mediated by stress management. Conclusions: By supporting the mediation hypothesis, our results indicate that stress management mediated the effect of purpose in life on SRH. Enhancement of teachers’ purpose in life and improvement of training skills of stress management should be incorporated in the strategy of improving teachers’ health.
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Boylan JM, Jennings JR, Matthews KA. Childhood socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery among Black and White men: Mitigating effects of psychological resources. Health Psychol 2016; 35:957-66. [PMID: 27054298 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a possible physiological mechanism underlying links between low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and poor adult health by (a) testing whether childhood SES is prospectively related to cardiovascular responses to laboratory stress in adulthood, and (b) by determining whether psychological resources buffer cardiovascular reactivity and promote better recovery from stress. METHOD Participants (n = 246; 55% Black; mean age = 32 years) were from a population-based sample of men in Pittsburgh, PA. Childhood SES was measured through the Hollingshead index (parental education and occupation) across 10 waves between the ages of 6 and 16. In adulthood, cardiovascular measures, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), were taken during and following standardized laboratory psychological stressors. Participants completed measures of optimism, purpose in life, self-esteem, positive affect, and self-mastery, which were combined into a psychological resource factor. RESULTS Lower childhood SES predicted higher HR and SBP at recovery, independent of age, race, body mass index, current smoking, task demand, and current SES. Psychological resources moderated the association between childhood SES and SBP. Lower childhood SES predicted SBP recovery only among men with fewer psychological resources. CONCLUSIONS Psychological resources may buffer the relation between low childhood SES and cardiovascular recovery from stress. This buffering may improve adult health to the extent that cardiovascular recovery contributes to the risk of low childhood SES for subsequent disease. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the net impact of purpose in life on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO were systematically searched through June 2015 to identify all studies investigating the relationship between purpose in life, mortality, and cardiovascular events. Articles were selected for inclusion if, a) they were prospective, b) evaluated the association between some measure of purpose in life and all-cause mortality and/or cardiovascular events, and c) unadjusted and/or adjusted risk estimates and confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS Ten prospective studies with a total of 136,265 participants were included in the analysis. A significant association was observed between having a higher purpose in life and reduced all-cause mortality (adjusted pooled relative risk = 0.83 [CI = 0.75-0.91], p < .001) and cardiovascular events (adjusted pooled relative risk = 0.83 [CI = 0.75-0.92], p = .001). Subgroup analyses by study country of origin, questionnaire used to measure purpose in life, age, and whether or not participants with baseline cardiovascular disease were included in the study all yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS Possessing a high sense of purpose in life is associated with a reduced risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. Future research should focus on mechanisms linking purpose in life to health outcomes, as well as interventions to assist individuals identified as having a low sense of purpose in life.
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Kubzansky LD, Boehm JK, Segerstrom SC. Positive Psychological Functioning and the Biology of Health. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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107
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Ryff CD, Radler BT, Friedman EM. Persistent Psychological Well-being Predicts Improved Self-Rated Health Over 9-10 Years: Longitudinal Evidence from MIDUS. Health Psychol Open 2015. [PMID: 26617988 DOI: 10.1177/2055102915601582.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological well-being has been linked with better health, but mostly with cross-sectional evidence. Using MIDUS, a national sample of U.S. adults (N = 4,963), longitudinal profiles of well-being were used to predict in cross-time change over a 9-10 years in self-reported health. Well-being was largely stable, although adults differed in whether they had persistently high versus persistently low or moderate levels of well-being. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, those with persistently high well-being reported better health (subjective health, chronic conditions, symptoms, functional impairment) across time compared to those with persistently low well-being. Further, persistently high well-being was protective of improved health especially among the educationally disadvantaged. The findings underscore the importance of intervention and educational programs designed to promote well-being for greater segments of society.
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Sadati AK, Salehzade H, Hemmati S, Darvish M, Heydari ST, Tabrizi R. The Causal Factors Associated with the Loving Care of the Mothers of Children with Multiple Disabilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY BASED NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 2015; 3:309-17. [PMID: 26448958 PMCID: PMC4591571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Families with disabled children need more psycho-social considerations. Motherhood care of the children with multiple disabilities is difficult. Due to its importance, the aim of this study was to investigate the causal factors affecting loving care of mothers of children with multiple disabilities. METHODS The study used a cross-sectional method in which 75 mothers of exceptional children with multiple disabilities (physical and mental) in elementary schools in Shiraz, Iran. The data were collected through questionnaires which, besides demographical factors, evaluated the relationship between mothers' loving care of children with multiple disabilities and four other variables including purpose in life, life satisfaction, religious attitude, and sense of coherence. Mann-Whitney U was used for comparison between mothers' loving care and other variables. RESULTS Results revealed that demographic variables did not have a significant relationship with loving care. In the case of social variables, there was a significant relationship between mothers' loving care and purpose in life (P<0.001), religious attitude (P<0.001), and life satisfaction (P=0.01). CONCLUSION Motherhood care of disabled children is a unique phenomenon which is due to attachment of mother-child situation. Nevertheless, these mothers are vulnerable and marginalized people who need more attention and social supports provided by related governmental institutions and also NGOs actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kalateh Sadati
- Department of Sociology, Yazd University, Yazd Iran
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamze Salehzade
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soroor Hemmati
- Department General of Fars Province Education, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manijeh Darvish
- School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Taghi Heydari
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Tabrizi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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'Purpose in Life' as a psychosocial resource in healthy aging: an examination of cortisol baseline levels and response to the Trier Social Stress Test. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2015; 1:15006. [PMID: 28721255 PMCID: PMC5514985 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Purpose in Life’ (Purpose) is associated with healthy aging, but it is unknown whether this association is causal. Conceptualizing Purpose as a form of psychosocial resource, one mechanism promoting health could be the regulation of stress hormones. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 44 older community-dwelling adults to examine the association between Purpose and cortisol at baseline, in response to, and recovery from, an acute social laboratory stressor. Purpose did not predict cortisol baseline or reactivity, but did predict a faster recovery to pre-stress baseline levels. The health benefits of Purpose in aging may therefore reflect the combination of a normal stress response, which serves an adaptive benefit of allostasis, with an accelerated stress recovery, which reduces the burden of allostatic load. This model should be tested in future studies using larger samples, multiple related constructs, and longitudinal designs that include participants’ health records.
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Ryff CD, Radler BT, Friedman EM. Persistent Psychological Well-being Predicts Improved Self-Rated Health Over 9-10 Years: Longitudinal Evidence from MIDUS. Health Psychol Open 2015; 2. [PMID: 26617988 PMCID: PMC4662422 DOI: 10.1177/2055102915601582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological well-being has been linked with better health, but mostly with cross-sectional evidence. Using MIDUS, a national sample of US adults (N = 4963), longitudinal profiles of well-being were used to predict cross-time change in self-reported health over 9–10 years. Well-being was largely stable, although adults differed in whether they had persistently high versus persistently low or moderate levels of well-being. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, those with persistently high well-being reported better health (subjective health, chronic conditions, symptoms, and functional impairment) across time compared to those with persistently low well-being. Furthermore, persistently high well-being was protective of improved health especially among the educationally disadvantaged. The findings underscore the importance of intervention and educational programs designed to promote well-being for greater segments of society.
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The Relationship between Impulsivity and Internet Addiction in Chinese College Students: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Meaning in Life and Self-Esteem. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131597. [PMID: 26171860 PMCID: PMC4501566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction (IA) has increasingly been recognized as a serious psychological malady among college students. Impulsivity has been shown to be associated to addictive behaviors, also to IA, and that the purpose of the study is to investigate whether or not there are variables modulating the relation between impulsivity and IA. “Meaning in life” is regarded as a desirable attribute, with positive mental health outcomes. “Self-esteem” is often regarded as an important component of psychological health which has relation to IA. Therefore, we examined meaning in life and self-esteem’s possible effects in this relationship. A total of 1068 Chinese college students ranging in age from 18 to 25 years were recruited for this cross-sectional survey study. Correlations and multivariate regressions were used to calculate the possible mediation and moderation relationship among the variables of meaning in life, self-esteem, impulsivity, and IA. In the analyses that we conducted, IA was shown to be prevalent among Chinese university students. The relationship between impulsivity and IA was partially mediated by meaning in life, and the relationship between meaning in life and IA was moderated by self-esteem. Our findings demonstrate that meaning in life and self-esteem can be useful buffers to IA for highly impulsive individuals. Further randomized trials to confirm these results are needed.
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Abstract
The articles in this special section attest to the vibrancy of research on affective dynamics. In this article, I raise a number of fundamental questions about affective chronometry that remain unanswered and largely unasked. These questions are: (a) What is the relation between the time course of positive and negative affect?; (b) What is the relation among measures that operate at different time scales?; (c) What underlies the duration of subjectively experienced emotion?; (d) Which parameters of affective chronometry matter most for psychological and physical health and well-being?; and (e) Which interventions might specifically relieve suffering and promote well-being via impact on affective chronometry? The article concludes with some recommendations for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Davidson
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychological well-being predicts favorable cardiovascular outcomes, but less evidence addresses biological mediators underlying these effects. Therefore, associations among well-being and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) were examined in a national sample. METHODS Survey of Midlife in the US participants (MIDUS; n = 1205) provided survey assessments of hedonic (positive affect, life satisfaction) and eudaimonic well-being (e.g., personal growth and purpose in life) at two waves 9 to 10 years apart. MetSyn components were measured during an overnight clinic visit at Time 2 only. Outcomes included the number of MetSyn risk factors and a binary outcome reflective of MetSyn status. RESULTS The unadjusted prevalence of MetSyn was 36.6%. Life satisfaction (B [standard error {SE}] = -0.12 [0.04], p = .005), positive affect (B [SE] = -0.10 [0.04], p = .009), and personal growth (B [SE] = -0.10 [0.04], p = .012) predicted fewer MetSyn components and lower risk of meeting diagnostic criteria in fully adjusted models. Results were unchanged by adjustments for depressive symptoms, and were not moderated by age, sex, race, or socioeconomic status. Life satisfaction (B [SE] = -0.11 [0.05], p = .023) and a eudaimonic well-being composite (B [SE] = -0.11 [0.05], p = .045) also predicted fewer components and lower risk of meeting diagnostic criteria in longitudinal models. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial resources, including positive affect, life satisfaction, and personal growth, predicted reduced risk for MetSyn both cross sectionally and longitudinally. Further work should examine consequences of these linkages for cardiovascular outcomes in intervention contexts.
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Kim ES, Hershner SD, Strecher VJ. Purpose in life and incidence of sleep disturbances. J Behav Med 2015; 38:590-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-015-9635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Culture, inequality, and health: evidence from the MIDUS and MIDJA comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:1-20. [PMID: 25750852 PMCID: PMC4342505 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-015-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article seeks to forge scientific connections between three overarching themes (culture, inequality, health). Although the influence of cultural context on human experience has gained notable research prominence, it has rarely embraced another large arena of science focused on the influence social hierarchies have on how well and how long people live. That literature is increasingly focused psychosocial factors, working interactively with biological and brain-based mechanisms, to account for why those with low socioeconomic standing have poorer health. Our central question is whether and how these processes might vary by cultural context. We draw on emerging findings from two parallel studies, Midlife in the U.S. and Midlife in Japan, to illustrate the cultural specificity evident in how psychosocial and neurobiological factors are linked with each other as well as how position in social hierarchies matters for psychological experience and biology. We conclude with suggestions for future multidisciplinary research seeking to understand how social hierarchies matter for people's health, albeit in ways that may possibly differ across cultural contexts.
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Davidson RJ. One of a kind: the neurobiology of individuality. CEREBRUM : THE DANA FORUM ON BRAIN SCIENCE 2014; 2014:8. [PMID: 26000075 PMCID: PMC4436197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
What processes in the brain are responsible for individuality? Mounting imaging evidence suggests that brain circuits involved in our emotional responses are highly plastic and change with experience, affecting our temperament. Moreover, new research suggests that psychological interventions can further harness brain plasticity to promote positive behavioral changes that increase resilience and well-being.
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