101
|
Kosai S, Yamasue E. Global warming potential and total material requirement in metal production: Identification of changes in environmental impact through metal substitution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1764-1775. [PMID: 30316094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In view of the increasing demand for metal use, it is of significant importance to evaluate the environmental impact of metal production. The global warming potential (GWP) in the process of metal production has often been focused upon as a major indicator for evaluating the burden on the environment. Moreover, the environmental impact and mineral exploitation arising from metal ore mining activities, which generate unavoidable mine wastes and have an impact on the ecological biodiversity, cannot be ignored. The major factors for determining the intensity of resource exploitation being the ore grades and strip ratio, the existing indicators for land use employed in the life cycle assessment (LCA) may not fully cover the criteria of the impact of metal mining on the environmental system. Therefore, this study employs the method of total material requirement (TMR) assessment, involving not only the direct and indirect material inputs but also the hidden flows, which are particularly associated with mine wastes. Firstly, the methodology of computing the TMR in the process of metal production is developed. Next, the relation between the GWP and TMR for 58 metals is assessed and finally, the environmental impact through metal substitutes is evaluated from the perspectives of the GWP and TMR. This analysis could identify some of the aspects overlooked in the previous environmental criteria that were concentrating on greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The developed algorithm may be useful in identifying appropriate metal substitutes, considering the environmental impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Kosai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Eiji Yamasue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
|
103
|
Yamada M, Rajiv Gandhi M, Shibayama A. Rapid and selective recovery of palladium from platinum group metals and base metals using a thioamide-modified calix[4]arene extractant in environmentally friendly hydrocarbon fluids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16909. [PMID: 30442956 PMCID: PMC6238000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel macrocyclic calix[4]arene extractant having a long alkyl chain thioamide, 25,26,27,28-tetrakis(N-n-octylthiocarbamoyl)methoxy-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (1), was synthesized from 25,26,27,28-tetrakis(N-n-octylcarbamoyl)methoxy-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (2) using Lawesson's reagent. Extractant 1 was characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The Pd(II) extraction abilities of 1 and 2 were studied in high-boiling-point and environmentally friendly hydrocarbon diluents. Pd(II) extraction experiments were conducted using single-metal Pd(II) solutions, simulated mixed palladium group metal (PGM) solutions, and acid-leached automotive catalyst residue solutions. Different experimental conditions, including the shaking time, HCl/HNO3 concentration, Pd(II) concentration, extractant concentration, and the organic/aqueous phase ratio, were studied systematically. Extractant 1 showed very selective (> 99.9%) Pd(II) extraction from the mixed PGM/base metal solutions and the acid-leached automotive catalyst residue solution. Conversely, the Pd(II) extraction ability of extractant 2 was found to be negligible. Extractant 1 showed very fast extraction kinetics and a high extraction capacity as compared to those of the commercial extractant di-n-octyl sulfide. Effective stripping of Pd(II) from 1 was performed using HCI, HNO3, NH3, and HCl-thiourea solutions. Furthermore, 1 was successfully recycled over five extraction/stripping cycles. The Pd(II) extraction mechanism of 1 was studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. Extractant 1 exhibited very selective Pd(II) extraction and high acid stability, demonstrating its industrial applicability for the extraction of Pd(II) from leached automotive catalyst liquors containing PGMs and base metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamada
- Research Center of Advanced Materials for Breakthrough Technology, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan.
| | - Muniyappan Rajiv Gandhi
- Graduate School of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan.,Quality Control Department, Panipat Refinery & Petrochemical Complex, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Haryana, 132140, India
| | - Atsushi Shibayama
- Graduate School of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Hayler JD, Leahy DK, Simmons EM. A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective on Sustainable Metal Catalysis. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Hayler
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Leahy
- Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Metal Mining’s Environmental Pressures: A Review and Updated Estimates on CO2 Emissions, Water Use, and Land Requirements. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The significant increase in metal mining and the inevitability of the continuation of this trend suggests that environmental pressures, as well as related impacts, have become an issue of global relevance. Yet the scale of the impact remains, to a large extent, unknown. This paper examines the mining sector’s demands on CO2 emissions, water use, as well as demands on land use focusing on four principal metals: iron, aluminium (i.e., bauxite ore), copper, and gold. These materials represent a large proportion of all metallic materials mined in terms of crude tonnage and economic value. This paper examines how the main providers of mining data, the United Nations, government sources of some main metal producing and consuming countries, the scientific literature, and company reports report environmental pressures in these three areas. The authors conclude that, in the global context, the pressure brought about by metal mining is relatively low. The data on this subject are still very limited and there are significant gaps in consistency on criteria such as boundary descriptions, input parameter definitions, and allocation method descriptions as well as a lack of commodity and/or site specific reporting of environmental data at a company level.
Collapse
|
106
|
Electroplating for Decorative Applications: Recent Trends in Research and Development. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroplating processes are widely employed in industrial environments for a large variety of metallic coatings, ranging from technological to decorative applications. Even if the galvanic electrodeposition is certainly a mature technology, new concepts, novel applications, environmental legislation and the new material requirements for next-generation devices make the scientific research in this field still very active. This review focuses mostly at the decorative and wearable applications, and aims to create a bridge between the past knowledge and the future direction that this process, i.e., electrodeposition, is taking. Both the theoretical fundamentals as well as some of the most widespread practical applications—limited to metallic and alloy coatings—are explored. As an integral part of the industrial process, we take a look at the main techniques thought which the quality control of deposits and surfaces is carried out. Finally, global industrial performance and research directions towards sustainable solutions are highlighted.
Collapse
|
107
|
Environmental Screening of Electrode Materials for a Rechargeable Aluminum Battery with an AlCl₃/EMIMCl Electrolyte. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11060936. [PMID: 29865218 PMCID: PMC6025533 DOI: 10.3390/ma11060936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recently, rechargeable aluminum batteries have received much attention due to their low cost, easy operation, and high safety. As the research into rechargeable aluminum batteries with a room-temperature ionic liquid electrolyte is relatively new, research efforts have focused on finding suitable electrode materials. An understanding of the environmental aspects of electrode materials is essential to make informed and conscious decisions in aluminum battery development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the relative environmental performance of electrode material candidates for rechargeable aluminum batteries with an AlCl3/EMIMCl (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) room-temperature ionic liquid electrolyte. To this end, we used a lifecycle environmental screening framework to evaluate 12 candidate electrode materials. We found that all of the studied materials are associated with one or more drawbacks and therefore do not represent a “silver bullet” for the aluminum battery. Even so, some materials appeared more promising than others did. We also found that aluminum battery technology is likely to face some of the same environmental challenges as Li-ion technology but also offers an opportunity to avoid others. The insights provided here can aid aluminum battery development in an environmentally sustainable direction.
Collapse
|
108
|
Knight A, Kan SBJ, Lewis RD, Brandenberg OF, Chen K, Arnold FH. Diverse Engineered Heme Proteins Enable Stereodivergent Cyclopropanation of Unactivated Alkenes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:372-377. [PMID: 29632883 PMCID: PMC5879470 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing catalysts that produce each stereoisomer of a desired product selectively is a longstanding synthetic challenge. Biochemists have addressed this challenge by screening nature's diversity to discover enzymes that catalyze the formation of complementary stereoisomers. We show here that the same approach can be applied to a new-to-nature enzymatic reaction, alkene cyclopropanation via carbene transfer. By screening diverse native and engineered heme proteins, we identified globins and serine-ligated "P411" variants of cytochromes P450 with promiscuous activity for cyclopropanation of unactivated alkene substrates. We then enhanced their activities and stereoselectivities by directed evolution: just 1-3 rounds of site-saturation mutagenesis and screening generated enzymes that transform unactivated alkenes and electron-deficient alkenes into each of the four stereoisomeric cyclopropanes with up to 5,400 total turnovers and 98% enantiomeric excess. These fully genetically encoded biocatalysts function in whole Escherichia coli cells in mild, aqueous conditions and provide the first example of enantioselective, intermolecular iron-catalyzed cyclopropanation of unactivated alkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders
M. Knight
- Division
of Biology and Bioengineering and Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - S. B. Jennifer Kan
- Division
of Biology and Bioengineering and Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Russell D. Lewis
- Division
of Biology and Bioengineering and Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Oliver F. Brandenberg
- Division
of Biology and Bioengineering and Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Division
of Biology and Bioengineering and Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division
of Biology and Bioengineering and Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Life cycle assessment of optimised chemical looping air separation systems for electricity production. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
110
|
Nuss P, Blengini GA. Towards better monitoring of technology critical elements in Europe: Coupling of natural and anthropogenic cycles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:569-578. [PMID: 28926811 PMCID: PMC5681708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of elemental cycles has a rich history in biogeochemistry. Well known examples include the global carbon cycle, or the cycles of the 'grand nutrients' nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. More recently, efforts have increased to better understand the natural cycling of technology critical elements (TCEs), i.e. elements with a high supply risk and economic importance in the EU. On the other hand, tools such as material-flow analysis (MFA) can help to understand how substances and goods are transported and accumulated in man-made technological systems ('anthroposphere'). However, to date both biogeochemical cycles and MFA studies suffer from narrow system boundaries, failing to fully illustrate relative anthropogenic and natural flow magnitude and the degree to which human activity has perturbed the natural cycling of elements. We discuss important interconnections between natural and anthropogenic cycles and relevant EU raw material dossiers. Increased integration of both cycles could help to better capture the transport and fate of elements in nature including their environmental/human health impacts, highlight potential future material stocks in the anthroposphere (in-use stocks) and in nature (e.g., in soils, tailings, or mining wastes), and estimate anticipated emissions of TCEs to nature in the future (based on dynamic stock modeling). A preliminary assessment of natural versus anthropogenic element fluxes indicates that anthropogenic fluxes induced by the EU-28 of palladium, platinum, and antimony (as a result of materials uses) might be greater than the respective global natural fluxes. Increased combination of MFA and natural cycle data at EU level could help to derive more complete material cycles and initiate a discussion between the research communities of biogeochemists and material flow analysts to more holistically address the issues of sustainable resource management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Nuss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Ispra 21027, Italy.
| | - Gian Andrea Blengini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Ispra 21027, Italy; Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Vahidi E, Zhao F. Environmental life cycle assessment on the separation of rare earth oxides through solvent extraction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 203:255-263. [PMID: 28783022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have gained special interests due to their significance in many industrial applications, especially those related to clean energy. While REEs production is known to cause damage to the ecosystem, only a handful of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) investigations have been conducted in recent years, mainly due to lack of data and information. This is especially true for the solvent extraction separation of REEs from aqueous solution which is a challenging step in the REEs production route. In the current investigation, an LCA is carried out on a typical REE solvent extraction process using P204/kerosene and the energy/material flows and emissions data were collected from two different solvent extraction facilities in Inner Mongolia and Fujian provinces in China. In order to develop life cycle inventories, Ecoinvent 3 and SimaPro 8 software together with energy/mass stoichiometry and balance were utilized. TRACI and ILCD were applied as impact assessment tools and LCA outcomes were employed to examine and determine ecological burdens of the REEs solvent extraction operation. Based on the results, in comparison with the production of generic organic solvent in the Ecoinvent dataset, P204 production has greater burdens on all TRACI impact categories. However, due to the small amount of consumption, the contribution of P204 remains minimal. Additionally, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are the two impactful chemicals on most environmental categories used in the solvent extraction operation. On average, the solvent extraction step accounts for 30% of the total environmental impacts associated with individual REOs. Finally, opportunities and challenges for an enhanced environmental performance of the REEs solvent extraction operation were investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Vahidi
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Ecological Sciences and Engineering Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - Fu Zhao
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Ecological Sciences and Engineering Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Henríquez-Hernández LA, Boada LD, Carranza C, Pérez-Arellano JL, González-Antuña A, Camacho M, Almeida-González M, Zumbado M, Luzardo OP. Blood levels of toxic metals and rare earth elements commonly found in e-waste may exert subtle effects on hemoglobin concentration in sub-Saharan immigrants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:20-28. [PMID: 28923461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by heavy metals and more recently by rare earth elements (REE) and other minor elements (ME) has increased due in part to their high use in technological and electronic devices. This contamination can become very relevant in those sites where e-waste is improperly processed, as it is the case in many countries of the African continent. Exposure to some toxic elements has been associated to certain hematological disorders, specifically anemia. In this study, the concentrations of 48 elements (including REE and other ME) were determined by ICP-MS in whole blood samples of sub-Saharan immigrants with anemia (n=63) and without anemia (n=78). We found that the levels of Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Se were significantly higher in the control group than in the anemia group, suggesting that anemia was mainly due to nutritional deficiencies. However, since other authors have suggested that in addition to nutritional deficiency, exposure to some elements may influence hemoglobin levels, we wanted to explore the role of a broad panel of toxic and "emerging" elements in hemoglobin deficiency. We found that the levels of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Ce, Eu, Er, Ga, La, Nb, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sm, Sn, Ta, Th, Tl, U and V were higher in anemic participants than in controls. For most of these elements an inverse correlation with hemoglobin concentration was found. Some of them also correlated inversely with blood iron levels, pointing to the possibility that a higher rate of intestinal uptake of these could exist in relation to a nutritional deficiency of iron. However, the higher levels of Pb, and the group of REE and other ME in anemic participants were independent of iron levels, pointing to the possibility that these elements could play a role in the development of anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Cristina Carranza
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Medical Sciences and Surgery Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez-Arellano
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Medical Sciences and Surgery Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana González-Antuña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Maira Almeida-González
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Dai H, Guan H. Iron Dihydride Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Applications. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiguang Dai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172 USA
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172 USA
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
|
115
|
A Review of the Carbon Footprint of Cu and Zn Production from Primary and Secondary Sources. MINERALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/min7090168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
116
|
Nakamura S, Kondo Y, Nakajima K, Ohno H, Pauliuk S. Quantifying Recycling and Losses of Cr and Ni in Steel Throughout Multiple Life Cycles Using MaTrace-Alloy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9469-9476. [PMID: 28806506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alloying metals are indispensable ingredients of high quality alloy steel such as austenitic stainless steel, the cyclical use of which is vital for sustainable resource management. Under the current practice of recycling, however, different metals are likely to be mixed in an uncontrolled manner, resulting in function losses and dissipation of metals with distinctive functions, and in the contamination of recycled steels. The latter could result in dilution loss, if metal scrap needed dilution with virgin iron to reduce the contamination below critical levels. Management of these losses resulting from mixing in repeated recycling of metals requires tracking of metals over multiple life cycles of products with compositional details. A new model (MaTrace-alloy) was developed that tracks the fate of metals embodied in each of products over multiple life cycles of products, involving accumulation, discard, and recycling, with compositional details at the level of both alloys and products. The model was implemented for the flow of Cr and Ni in the Japanese steel cycle involving 27 steel species and 115 final products. It was found that, under a high level of scrap sorting, greater than 70% of the initial functionality of Cr and Ni could be retained over a period of 100 years, whereas under a poor level of sorting, it could plunge to less than 30%, demonstrating the relevance of waste management technology in circular economy policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasushi Kondo
- Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University , Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakajima
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Stefan Pauliuk
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, 79085, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Modelling Global Wolfram Mining, Secondary Extraction, Supply, Stocks-in-Society, Recycling, Market Price and Resources, Using the WORLD6 System Dynamics Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41247-017-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
118
|
Valorisation of post-sorption materials: Opportunities, strategies, and challenges. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 242:35-58. [PMID: 28256201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is a facile, economic, eco-friendly and low-energy requiring technology that aims to separate diverse compounds (ions and molecules) from one phase to another using a wide variety of adsorbent materials. To date, this technology has been used most often for removal/recovery of pollutants from aqueous solutions; however, emerging post-sorption technologies are now enabling the manufacture of value-added key adsorption products that can subsequently be used for (i) fertilizers, (ii) catalysis, (iii) carbonaceous metal nanoparticle synthesis, (iv) feed additives, and (v) biologically active compounds. These new strategies ensure the sustainable valorisation of post-sorption materials as an economically viable alternative to the engineering of other green chemical products because of the ecological affability, biocompatibility, and widespread accessibility of post-sorption materials. Fertilizers and feed additives manufactured using sorption technology contain elements such as N, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn, which improve soil fertility and provide essential nutrients to animals and humans. This green and effective approach to managing post-sorption materials is an important step in reaching the global goals of sustainability and healthy human nutrition. Post-sorbents have also been utilized for the harvesting of metal nanoparticles via modern catalytic pyrolysis techniques. The resulting materials exhibited a high surface area (>1000m2/g) and are further used as catalysts and adsorbents. Together with the above possibilities, energy production from post-sorbents is under exploration. Many of the vital 3E (energy, environment, and economy) problems can be addressed using post-sorption materials. In this review, we summarize a new generation of applications of post-adsorbents as value-added green chemical products. At the end of each section, scientific challenges, further opportunities, and issues related to toxicity are discussed. We believe this critical evaluation not only delivers essential contextual information to researchers in the field but also stimulates new ideas and applications to further advance post-sorbent applications.
Collapse
|
119
|
Sverdrup HU, Ragnarsdottir KV, Koca D. Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41247-017-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
120
|
Harumain ZAS, Parker HL, Muñoz García A, Austin MJ, McElroy CR, Hunt AJ, Clark JH, Meech JA, Anderson CWN, Ciacci L, Graedel TE, Bruce NC, Rylott EL. Toward Financially Viable Phytoextraction and Production of Plant-Based Palladium Catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2992-3000. [PMID: 28191957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a promising technique, phytoextraction has yet to see significant commercialization. Major limitations include metal uptake rates and subsequent processing costs. However, it has been shown that liquid-culture-grown Arabidopsis can take up and store palladium as nanoparticles. The processed plant biomass has catalytic activity comparable to that of commercially available catalysts, creating a product of higher value than extracted bulk metal. We demonstrate that the minimum level of palladium in Arabidopsis dried tissues for catalytic activity comparable to commercially available 3% palladium-on-carbon catalysts was achieved from dried plant biomass containing between 12 and 18 g·kg-1 Pd. To advance this technology, species suitable for in-the-field application: mustard, miscanthus, and 16 willow species and cultivars, were tested. These species were able to grow, and take up, palladium from both synthetic and mine-sourced tailings. Although levels of palladium accumulation in field-suitable species are below that required for commercially available 3% palladium-on-carbon catalysts, this study both sets the target, and is a step toward, the development of field-suitable species that concentrate catalytically active levels of palladium. Life cycle assessment on the phytomining approaches described here indicates that the use of plants to accumulate palladium for industrial applications has the potential to decrease the overall environmental impacts associated with extracting palladium using present-day mining processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakuan A S Harumain
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York , Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University of Malaysia , Kuantan Campus, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Helen L Parker
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Andrea Muñoz García
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Michael J Austin
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Con Robert McElroy
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Andrew J Hunt
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - James H Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - John A Meech
- NBK Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher W N Anderson
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University , Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Luca Ciacci
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - T E Graedel
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York , Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Elizabeth L Rylott
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York , Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Shen WZ, Cetinel S, Sharma K, Borujeny ER, Montemagno C. Peptide-functionalized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle for gold mining. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 19:74. [PMID: 28260966 PMCID: PMC5315719 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-017-3752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present our work on preparing a novel nanomaterial composed of inorganic binding peptides and magnetic nanoparticles for inorganic mining. Two previously selected and well-characterized gold-binding peptides from cell surface display, AuBP1 and AuBP2, were exploited. This nanomaterial (AuBP-MNP) was designed to fulfill the following two significant functions: the surface conjugated gold-binding peptide will recognize and selectively bind to gold, while the magnetic nano-sized core will respond and migrate according to the applied external magnetic field. This will allow the smart nanomaterial to mine an individual material (gold) from a pool of mixture, without excessive solvent extraction, filtration, and concentration steps. The working efficiency of AuBP-MNP was determined by showing a dramatic reduction of gold nanoparticle colloid concentration, monitored by spectroscopy. The binding kinetics of AuBP-MNP onto the gold surface was determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, which exhibits around 100 times higher binding kinetics than peptides alone. The binding capacity of AuBP-MNP was demonstrated by a bench-top mining test with gold microparticles. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zheng Shen
- Ingenuity Lab, 1-070C, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, T6G 2M9, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Departement of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Sibel Cetinel
- Ingenuity Lab, 1-070C, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, T6G 2M9, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Departement of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Kumakshi Sharma
- Ingenuity Lab, 1-070C, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, T6G 2M9, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Departement of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Elham Rafie Borujeny
- Ingenuity Lab, 1-070C, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, T6G 2M9, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Departement of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Carlo Montemagno
- Ingenuity Lab, 1-070C, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, T6G 2M9, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Departement of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 2V4, Edmonton, AB Canada
- National Institute of Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, T6G 2M9, Edmonton, AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Ellingsen LAW, Hung CR, Majeau-Bettez G, Singh B, Chen Z, Whittingham MS, Strømman AH. Nanotechnology for environmentally sustainable electromobility. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:1039-1051. [PMID: 27920441 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) or proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer important potential climate change mitigation effects when combined with clean energy sources. The development of novel nanomaterials may bring about the next wave of technical improvements for LIBs and PEMFCs. If the next generation of EVs is to lead to not only reduced emissions during use but also environmentally sustainable production chains, the research on nanomaterials for LIBs and PEMFCs should be guided by a life-cycle perspective. In this Analysis, we describe an environmental life-cycle screening framework tailored to assess nanomaterials for electromobility. By applying this framework, we offer an early evaluation of the most promising nanomaterials for LIBs and PEMFCs and their potential contributions to the environmental sustainability of EV life cycles. Potential environmental trade-offs and gaps in nanomaterials research are identified to provide guidance for future nanomaterial developments for electromobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christine Roxanne Hung
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guillaume Majeau-Bettez
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- CIRAIG, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 3333 chemin Queen-Mary, Bureau 310, CP 6079 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Bhawna Singh
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, E6-2006, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M Stanley Whittingham
- NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Anders Hammer Strømman
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Baxter J, Lyng KA, Askham C, Hanssen OJ. High-quality collection and disposal of WEEE: Environmental impacts and resultant issues. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 57:17-26. [PMID: 26873014 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment of the collection, transport and recycling of various types of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Norway shows that small amounts of critical materials (refrigerants, precious/trace metals) are vital for the overall environmental accounts of the value chains. High-quality recycling ensures that materials and energy are effectively recovered from WEEE. This recovery means that responsible waste handling confers net environmental benefits in terms of global warming potential (GWP), for all types of WEEE analysed. For refrigeration equipment, the potential reduction of GWP by high-quality recycling is so large as to be of national significance. For all waste types, the magnitude of the net benefit from recovering materials and energy exceeds the negative consequences of irresponsible disposal. One outcome of this may be widespread misunderstanding of the need for recycling. Furthermore, framing public communication on recycling in terms of avoiding negative consequences, as is essentially universal, may not convey an appropriate message. The issue is particularly important where the consumer regards products as relatively disposable and environmentally benign, and/or where the "null option" of retaining the product at end-of-life is especially prevalent. The paper highlights the implications of all these issues for policy-makers, waste collectors and recyclers, and consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Baxter
- Ostfold Research, Stadion 4, 1671 Kråkerøy, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Ciacci L, Harper EM, Nassar NT, Reck BK, Graedel TE. Metal Dissipation and Inefficient Recycling Intensify Climate Forcing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11394-11402. [PMID: 27662206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the metals industry, recycling is commonly included among the most viable options for climate change mitigation, because using secondary (recycled) instead of primary sources in metal production carries both the potential for significant energy savings and for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Secondary metal production is, however, limited by the relative quantity of scrap available at end-of-life for two reasons: long product lifespans during use delay the availability of the material for reuse and recycling; and end-of-life recycling rates are low, a result of inefficient collection, separation, and processing. For a few metals, additional losses exist in the form of in-use dissipation. The sum of these lost material flows forms the theoretical maximum potential for future efficiency improvements. Based on a dynamic material flow analysis, we have evaluated these factors from an energy perspective for 50 metals and calculated the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions associated with the supply of lost material from primary sources that would otherwise be used to satisfy demand. A use-by-use examination demonstrates the potential emission gains associated with major application sectors. The results show that minimizing in-use dissipation and constraints to metal recycling have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the metal industry by about 13-23%, corresponding to 1% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ciacci
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research "Energy & Environment", University of Bologna , Via Angherà 22, Rimini, Italy
| | - E M Harper
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - N T Nassar
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Barbara K Reck
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - T E Graedel
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Gómez P, Elduque D, Sarasa J, Pina C, Javierre C. Influence of Composition on the Environmental Impact of a Cast Aluminum Alloy. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9060412. [PMID: 28773536 PMCID: PMC5456811 DOI: 10.3390/ma9060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of alloy composition on the environmental impact of the production of six aluminum casting alloys (Al Si12Cu1(Fe), Al Si5Mg, Al Si9Cu3Zn3Fe, Al Si10Mg(Fe), Al Si9Cu3(Fe)(Zn) and Al Si9) has been analyzed. In order to perform a more precise environmental impact calculation, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with ReCiPe Endpoint methodology has been used, with the EcoInvent v3 AlMg3 aluminum alloy dataset as a reference. This dataset has been updated with the material composition ranges of the mentioned alloys. The balanced, maximum and minimum environmental impact values have been obtained. In general, the overall impact of the studied aluminum alloys varies from 5.98 × 10-1 pts to 1.09 pts per kg, depending on the alloy composition. In the analysis of maximum and minimum environmental impact, the alloy that has the highest uncertainty is AlSi9Cu3(Fe)(Zn), with a range of ±9%. The elements that contribute the most to increase its impact are Copper and Tin. The environmental impact of a specific case, an LED luminaire housing made out of an Al Si12Cu1(Fe) cast alloy, has been studied, showing the importance of considering the composition. Significant differences with the standard datasets that are currently available in EcoInvent v3 have been found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gómez
- BSH Electrodomésticos España, S.A., Avda. de la Industria, 49, Zaragoza 50016, Spain.
| | - Daniel Elduque
- i+ (i3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
| | - Judith Sarasa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
| | - Carmelo Pina
- BSH Electrodomésticos España, S.A., Avda. de la Industria, 49, Zaragoza 50016, Spain.
| | - Carlos Javierre
- i+ (i3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Nuss P, Chen WQ, Ohno H, Graedel TE. Structural Investigation of Aluminum in the U.S. Economy using Network Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4091-4101. [PMID: 26926990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metals are used in numerous products and are sourced via increasingly global and complex supply chains. Monetary input-output tables (MIOT) and network analysis can be applied to intersectoral supply chains and used to analyze structural aspects. We first provide a concise review of the literature related to network analysis applied to MIOTs. On the basis of a physical input-output table (PIOT) table of aluminum in the United States economy in 2007, we identify key sectors and discuss the overall topology of the aluminum network using tools of network analysis. Sectors highly dependent on metal product inputs or sales are identified using weighted degree centrality and their hierarchical organization is explored via clustering. Betweenness centrality and random walk centrality (page rank) are explored as means to identify network bottlenecks and relative sector importance. Aluminum, even though dominated by uses in the automobile, beverage and containers, and construction industries, finds application in a wide range of sectors. Motor vehicle parts manufacturing relies on a large number of upstream and downstream suppliers to function. We conclude by analyzing structural aspects of a subnetwork for automobile manufacturing and discuss how the use of network analysis relates to current criticality analyses of metal and mineral resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Nuss
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hajime Ohno
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-04, Aramaki Aza Aoba Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - T E Graedel
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Ohno H, Nuss P, Chen WQ, Graedel TE. Deriving the Metal and Alloy Networks of Modern Technology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4082-4090. [PMID: 26927531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metals have strongly contributed to the development of the human society. Today, large amounts of and various metals are utilized in a wide variety of products. Metals are rarely used individually but mostly together with other metals in the form of alloys and/or other combinational uses. This study reveals the intersectoral flows of metals by means of input-output (IO) based material flow analysis (MFA). Using the 2007 United States IO table, we calculate the flows of eight metals (i.e., manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, tungsten, and cobalt) and simultaneously visualize them as a network. We quantify the interrelationship of metals by means of flow path sharing. Furthermore, by looking at the flows of alloys into metal networks, the networks of the major metals iron, aluminum, and copper together with those of the eight alloying metals can be categorized into alloyed-, nonalloyed-(i.e., individual), and both mixed. The result shows that most metals are used primarily in alloy form and that functional recycling thereby requires identification, separation, and alloy-specific reprocessing if the physical properties of the alloys are to be retained for subsequent use. The quantified interrelation of metals helps us consider better metal uses and develop a sustainable cycle of metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ohno
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-04, Aramaki Aza Aoba Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Philip Nuss
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Thomas E Graedel
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 195 Prospect St, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D "criticality space" consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentration of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The metals of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and possessing no effective substitutes.
Collapse
|
129
|
Fryday S, Tiede K, Stein J. Scientific services to support EFSA systematic reviews: Lot 5 Systematic literature review on the neonicotinoids (namely active substances clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) and the risks to bees (Tender specifications RC/EFSA/PRAS/2013/03). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|