101
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Kaplan R, Adhikari MH, Hindriks R, Mantini D, Murayama Y, Logothetis NK, Deco G. Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripples Influence Selective Activation of the Default Mode Network. Curr Biol 2016; 26:686-91. [PMID: 26898464 PMCID: PMC4791429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a commonly observed resting-state network (RSN) that includes medial temporal, parietal, and prefrontal regions involved in episodic memory [1, 2, 3]. The behavioral relevance of endogenous DMN activity remains elusive, despite an emerging literature correlating resting fMRI fluctuations with memory performance [4, 5]—particularly in DMN regions [6, 7, 8]. Mechanistic support for the DMN’s role in memory consolidation might come from investigation of large deflections (sharp-waves) in the hippocampal local field potential that co-occur with high-frequency (>80 Hz) oscillations called ripples—both during sleep [9, 10] and awake deliberative periods [11, 12, 13]. Ripples are ideally suited for memory consolidation [14, 15], since the reactivation of hippocampal place cell ensembles occurs during ripples [16, 17, 18, 19]. Moreover, the number of ripples after learning predicts subsequent memory performance in rodents [20, 21, 22] and humans [23], whereas electrical stimulation of the hippocampus after learning interferes with memory consolidation [24, 25, 26]. A recent study in macaques showed diffuse fMRI neocortical activation and subcortical deactivation specifically after ripples [27]. Yet it is unclear whether ripples and other hippocampal neural events influence endogenous fluctuations in specific RSNs—like the DMN—unitarily. Here, we examine fMRI datasets from anesthetized monkeys with simultaneous hippocampal electrophysiology recordings, where we observe a dramatic increase in the DMN fMRI signal following ripples, but not following other hippocampal electrophysiological events. Crucially, we find increases in ongoing DMN activity after ripples, but not in other RSNs. Our results relate endogenous DMN fluctuations to hippocampal ripples, thereby linking network-level resting fMRI fluctuations with behaviorally relevant circuit-level neural dynamics. Behavioral relevance of offline fluctuations in the default mode network is unclear Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples during rest are linked with memory consolidation Default mode network signal increases after ripples, but not other hippocampal events Other neocortical resting-state networks do not show similar changes after ripples
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kaplan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació I les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mohit H Adhikari
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació I les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rikkert Hindriks
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació I les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yusuke Murayama
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikos K Logothetis
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació I les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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102
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A ventral salience network in the macaque brain. Neuroimage 2016; 132:190-197. [PMID: 26899785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful navigation of the environment requires attending and responding efficiently to objects and conspecifics with the potential to benefit or harm (i.e., that have value). In humans, this function is subserved by a distributed large-scale neural network called the "salience network". We have recently demonstrated that there are two anatomically and functionally dissociable salience networks anchored in the dorsal and ventral portions of the human anterior insula (Touroutoglou et al., 2012). In this paper, we test the hypothesis that these two subnetworks exist in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We provide evidence that a homologous ventral salience network exists in macaques, but that the connectivity of the dorsal anterior insula in macaques is not sufficiently developed as a dorsal salience network. The evolutionary implications of these finding are considered.
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103
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Moeller SJ, London ED, Northoff G. Neuroimaging markers of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in drug addiction: Relationships to resting-state functional connectivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 61:35-52. [PMID: 26657968 PMCID: PMC4731270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is characterized by widespread abnormalities in brain function and neurochemistry, including drug-associated effects on concentrations of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. In healthy individuals, these neurotransmitters drive the resting state, a default condition of brain function also disrupted in addiction. Here, our primary goal was to review in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography studies that examined markers of glutamate and GABA abnormalities in human drug addiction. Addicted individuals tended to show decreases in these markers compared with healthy controls, but findings also varied by individual characteristics (e.g., abstinence length). Interestingly, select corticolimbic brain regions showing glutamatergic and/or GABAergic abnormalities have been similarly implicated in resting-state functional connectivity deficits in drug addiction. Thus, our secondary goals were to provide a brief review of this resting-state literature, and an initial rationale for the hypothesis that abnormalities in glutamatergic and/or GABAergic neurotransmission may underlie resting-state functional deficits in drug addiction. In doing so, we suggest future research directions and possible treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Edythe D London
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georg Northoff
- Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada.
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104
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Schroeder MP, Weiss C, Procissi D, Disterhoft JF, Wang L. Intrinsic connectivity of neural networks in the awake rabbit. Neuroimage 2016; 129:260-267. [PMID: 26774609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which the brain is functionally connected into different networks has emerged as an important research topic in order to understand normal neural processing and signaling. Since some experimental manipulations are difficult or unethical to perform in humans, animal models are better suited to investigate this topic. Rabbits are a species that can undergo MRI scanning in an awake and conscious state with minimal preparation and habituation. In this study, we characterized the intrinsic functional networks of the resting New Zealand White rabbit brain using BOLD fMRI data. Group independent component analysis revealed seven networks similar to those previously found in humans, non-human primates and/or rodents including the hippocampus, default mode, cerebellum, thalamus, and visual, somatosensory, and parietal cortices. For the first time, the intrinsic functional networks of the resting rabbit brain have been elucidated demonstrating the rabbit's applicability as a translational animal model. Without the confounding effects of anesthetics or sedatives, future experiments may employ rabbits to understand changes in neural connectivity and brain functioning as a result of experimental manipulation (e.g., temporary or permanent network disruption, learning-related changes, and drug administration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Ward Building 7-140, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Craig Weiss
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Ward Building 7-140, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Ward Building 7-140, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall 1322, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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105
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Hindriks R, Adhikari MH, Murayama Y, Ganzetti M, Mantini D, Logothetis NK, Deco G. Can sliding-window correlations reveal dynamic functional connectivity in resting-state fMRI? Neuroimage 2015; 127:242-256. [PMID: 26631813 PMCID: PMC4758830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last several years, the focus of research on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shifted from the analysis of functional connectivity averaged over the duration of scanning sessions to the analysis of changes of functional connectivity within sessions. Although several studies have reported the presence of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC), statistical assessment of the results is not always carried out in a sound way and, in some studies, is even omitted. In this study, we explain why appropriate statistical tests are needed to detect dFC, we describe how they can be carried out and how to assess the performance of dFC measures, and we illustrate the methodology using spontaneous blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI recordings of macaque monkeys under general anesthesia and in human subjects under resting-state conditions. We mainly focus on sliding-window correlations since these are most widely used in assessing dFC, but also consider a recently proposed non-linear measure. The simulations and methodology, however, are general and can be applied to any measure. The results are twofold. First, through simulations, we show that in typical resting-state sessions of 10 min, it is almost impossible to detect dFC using sliding-window correlations. This prediction is validated by both the macaque and the human data: in none of the individual recording sessions was evidence for dFC found. Second, detection power can be considerably increased by session- or subject-averaging of the measures. In doing so, we found that most of the functional connections are in fact dynamic. With this study, we hope to raise awareness of the statistical pitfalls in the assessment of dFC and how they can be avoided by using appropriate statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hindriks
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M H Adhikari
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y Murayama
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Ganzetti
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - D Mantini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N K Logothetis
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Instituci Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avanats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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106
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Reid AT, Lewis J, Bezgin G, Khundrakpam B, Eickhoff SB, McIntosh AR, Bellec P, Evans AC. A cross-modal, cross-species comparison of connectivity measures in the primate brain. Neuroimage 2015; 125:311-331. [PMID: 26515902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In systems neuroscience, the term "connectivity" has been defined in numerous ways, according to the particular empirical modality from which it is derived. Due to large differences in the phenomena measured by these modalities, the assumptions necessary to make inferences about axonal connections, and the limitations accompanying each, brain connectivity remains an elusive concept. Despite this, only a handful of studies have directly compared connectivity as inferred from multiple modalities, and there remains much ambiguity over what the term is actually referring to as a biological construct. Here, we perform a direct comparison based on the high-resolution and high-contrast Enhanced Nathan Klein Institute (NKI) Rockland Sample neuroimaging data set, and the CoCoMac database of tract tracing studies. We compare four types of commonly-used primate connectivity analyses: tract tracing experiments, compiled in CoCoMac; group-wise correlation of cortical thickness; tractographic networks computed from diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI); and correlational networks obtained from resting-state BOLD (fMRI). We find generally poor correspondence between all four modalities, in terms of correlated edge weights, binarized comparisons of thresholded networks, and clustering patterns. fMRI and DWI had the best agreement, followed by DWI and CoCoMac, while other comparisons showed striking divergence. Networks had the best correspondence for local ipsilateral and homotopic contralateral connections, and the worst correspondence for long-range and heterotopic contralateral connections. k-Means clustering highlighted the lowest cross-modal and cross-species consensus in lateral and medial temporal lobes, anterior cingulate, and the temporoparietal junction. Comparing the NKI results to those of the lower resolution/contrast International Consortium for Brain Imaging (ICBM) dataset, we find that the relative pattern of intermodal relationships is preserved, but the correspondence between human imaging connectomes is substantially better for NKI. These findings caution against using "connectivity" as an umbrella term for results derived from single empirical modalities, and suggest that any interpretation of these results should account for (and ideally help explain) the lack of multimodal correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Reid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - John Lewis
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Budhachandra Khundrakpam
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anthony R McIntosh
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de Montréal CRIUGM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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107
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Dehaene S, Meyniel F, Wacongne C, Wang L, Pallier C. The Neural Representation of Sequences: From Transition Probabilities to Algebraic Patterns and Linguistic Trees. Neuron 2015; 88:2-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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108
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Hellyer PJ, Jachs B, Clopath C, Leech R. Local inhibitory plasticity tunes macroscopic brain dynamics and allows the emergence of functional brain networks. Neuroimage 2015; 124:85-95. [PMID: 26348562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rich, spontaneous brain activity has been observed across a range of different temporal and spatial scales. These dynamics are thought to be important for efficient neural functioning. A range of experimental evidence suggests that these neural dynamics are maintained across a variety of different cognitive states, in response to alterations of the environment and to changes in brain configuration (e.g., across individuals, development and in many neurological disorders). This suggests that the brain has evolved mechanisms to maintain rich dynamics across a broad range of situations. Several mechanisms based around homeostatic plasticity have been proposed to explain how these dynamics emerge from networks of neurons at the microscopic scale. Here we explore how a homeostatic mechanism may operate at the macroscopic scale: in particular, focusing on how it interacts with the underlying structural network topology and how it gives rise to well-described functional connectivity networks. We use a simple mean-field model of the brain, constrained by empirical white matter structural connectivity where each region of the brain is simulated using a pool of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show, as with the microscopic work, that homeostatic plasticity regulates network activity and allows for the emergence of rich, spontaneous dynamics across a range of brain configurations, which otherwise show a very limited range of dynamic regimes. In addition, the simulated functional connectivity of the homeostatic model better resembles empirical functional connectivity network. To accomplish this, we show how the inhibitory weights adapt over time to capture important graph theoretic properties of the underlying structural network. Therefore, this work presents suggests how inhibitory homeostatic mechanisms facilitate stable macroscopic dynamics to emerge in the brain, aiding the formation of functional connectivity networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hellyer
- Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Barbara Jachs
- Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Room B435, Bessemer Building, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Robert Leech
- Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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109
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Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K. A Shared Molecular and Genetic Basis for Food and Drug Addiction: Overcoming Hypodopaminergic Trait/State by Incorporating Dopamine Agonistic Therapy in Psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2015; 38:419-62. [PMID: 26300032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the shared molecular and neurogenetics of food and drug addiction tied to the understanding of reward deficiency syndrome. Reward deficiency syndrome describes a hypodopaminergic trait/state that provides a rationale for commonality in approaches for treating long-term reduced dopamine function across the reward brain regions. The identification of the role of DNA polymorphic associations with reward circuitry has resulted in new understanding of all addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway South East, Suite 210S, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA; Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Radiochemistry and Molecular and Functioning Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Community Mental Health Institute, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Division of Applied Clinical Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, Atlanta, GA, USA
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110
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Jarrahi B, Mantini D, Balsters JH, Michels L, Kessler TM, Mehnert U, Kollias SS. Differential functional brain network connectivity during visceral interoception as revealed by independent component analysis of fMRI TIME-series. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4438-68. [PMID: 26249369 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influential theories of brain-viscera interactions propose a central role for interoception in basic motivational and affective feeling states. Recent neuroimaging studies have underlined the insula, anterior cingulate, and ventral prefrontal cortices as the neural correlates of interoception. However, the relationships between these distributed brain regions remain unclear. In this study, we used spatial independent component analysis (ICA) and functional network connectivity (FNC) approaches to investigate time course correlations across the brain regions during visceral interoception. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed in thirteen healthy females who underwent viscerosensory stimulation of bladder as a representative internal organ at different prefill levels, i.e., no prefill, low prefill (100 ml saline), and high prefill (individually adapted to the sensations of persistent strong desire to void), and with different infusion temperatures, i.e., body warm (∼37°C) or ice cold (4-8°C) saline solution. During Increased distention pressure on the viscera, the insula, striatum, anterior cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdalo-hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellar components showed increased activation. A second group of components encompassing the insula and anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices and temporal-parietal junction showed increased activity with innocuous temperature stimulation of bladder mucosa. Significant differences in the FNC were found between the insula and amygdalo-hippocampus, the insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and temporal-parietal junction as the distention pressure on the viscera increased. These results provide new insight into the supraspinal processing of visceral interoception originating from an internal organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Jarrahi
- Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuro-Urology Spinal Cord Injury Center and Research, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dante Mantini
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Henk Balsters
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Kessler
- Neuro-Urology Spinal Cord Injury Center and Research, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Mehnert
- Neuro-Urology Spinal Cord Injury Center and Research, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Spyros S Kollias
- Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
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111
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Wang L, Uhrig L, Jarraya B, Dehaene S. Representation of numerical and sequential patterns in macaque and human brains. Curr Biol 2015. [PMID: 26212883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to extract deep structures from auditory sequences is a fundamental prerequisite of language acquisition. Using fMRI in untrained macaques and humans, we investigated the brain areas involved in representing two abstract properties of a series of tones: total number of items and tone-repetition pattern. Both species represented the number of tones in intraparietal and dorsal premotor areas and the tone-repetition pattern in ventral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. However, we observed a joint sensitivity to both parameters only in humans, within bilateral inferior frontal and superior temporal regions. In the left hemisphere, those sites coincided with areas involved in language processing. Thus, while some abstract properties of auditory sequences are available to non-human primates, a recently evolved circuit may endow humans with a unique ability for representing linguistic and non-linguistic sequences in a unified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE and STCSM), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, 200062 Shanghai, China.
| | - Lynn Uhrig
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Inserm Avenir-Bettencourt-Schueller Team, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bechir Jarraya
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Inserm Avenir-Bettencourt-Schueller Team, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78000 Versailles, France; Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
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112
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Vemuri K, Surampudi BR. An Exploratory Investigation of Functional Network Connectivity of Empathy and Default Mode Networks in a Free-Viewing Task. Brain Connect 2015; 5:384-400. [PMID: 25891898 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analysis on time courses of putative empathy networks-cognitive, emotional, and motor-and the default mode network (DMN) identified from independent components (ICs) derived by the group independent component analysis (ICA) method. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 15 subjects watching movies of three genres, an animation (S1), Indian Hindi (S2), and a Hollywood English (S3) movie. The hypothesis of the study is that empathic engagement in a movie narrative would modulate the activation with the DMN. The clippings were individually rated for emotional expressions, context, and empathy self-response by the fMRI subjects post scanning and by 40 participants in an independent survey who rated at four time intervals in each clipping. The analysis illustrates the following: (a) the ICA method separated ICs with areas reported for empathy response and anterior/posterior DMNs. An IC indicating insula region activation reported to be crucial for the emotional empathy network was separated for S2 and S3 movies only, but not for S1, (b) the dFNC between DMN and ICs corresponding to cognitive empathy network showed higher positive periodical fluctuating correlations for all three movies, while ICs with areas crucial to motor or emotional empathy display lower positive or negative correlation values with no distinct periodicity. A possible explanation for the lower values and anticorrelation between the DMN and emotional empathy networks could possibly be inhibition due to internal self-reflections, attributed to DMN, while processing and preparing a response to external emotional content. The positive higher correlation values for cognitive empathy networks may reflect a functional overlap with DMN for enhanced internal self-reflections, inferring beliefs and intentions about the 'other', all triggered by the external stimuli. The findings are useful in the study of deviations in functional synergies of large complex networks associated with empathy responses and DMN in clinical applications like autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Vemuri
- 1 International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad, India
| | - Bapi Raju Surampudi
- 1 International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad, India .,2 University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad, India
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113
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Abstract
Macaques are often used as a model system for invasive investigations of the neural substrates of cognition. However, 25 million years of evolution separate humans and macaques from their last common ancestor, and this has likely substantially impacted the function of the cortical networks underlying cognitive processes, such as attention. We examined the homology of frontoparietal networks underlying attention by comparing functional MRI data from macaques and humans performing the same visual search task. Although there are broad similarities, we found fundamental differences between the species. First, humans have more dorsal attention network areas than macaques, indicating that in the course of evolution the human attention system has expanded compared with macaques. Second, potentially homologous areas in the dorsal attention network have markedly different biases toward representing the contralateral hemifield, indicating that the underlying neural architecture of these areas may differ in the most basic of properties, such as receptive field distribution. Third, despite clear evidence of the temporoparietal junction node of the ventral attention network in humans as elicited by this visual search task, we did not find functional evidence of a temporoparietal junction in macaques. None of these differences were the result of differences in training, experimental power, or anatomical variability between the two species. The results of this study indicate that macaque data should be applied to human models of cognition cautiously, and demonstrate how evolution may shape cortical networks.
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114
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Camus S, Ko WKD, Pioli E, Bezard E. Why bother using non-human primate models of cognitive disorders in translational research? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 124:123-9. [PMID: 26135120 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although everyone would agree that successful translation of therapeutic candidates for central nervous disorders should involve non-human primate (nhp) models of cognitive disorders, we are left with the paucity of publications reporting either the target validation or the actual preclinical testing in heuristic nhp models. In this review, we discuss the importance of nhps in translational research, highlighting the advances in technological/methodological approaches for 'bridging the gap' between preclinical and clinical experiments. In this process, we acknowledge that nhps remain a vital tool for the investigation of complex cognitive functions, given their resemblance to humans in aspects of behaviour, anatomy and physiology. The recent improvements made for a suitable nhp model in cognitive research, including new surrogates of disease and application of innovative methodological approaches, are continuous strides for reaching efficient translation for human benefit. This will ultimately aid the development of innovative treatments against the current and future threat of neurological and psychiatric disorders to the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Kin D Ko
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa Pioli
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom; Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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115
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Caminiti R, Innocenti GM, Battaglia-Mayer A. Organization and evolution of parieto-frontal processing streams in macaque monkeys and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:73-96. [PMID: 26112130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional organization of the parieto-frontal system is crucial for understanding cognitive-motor behavior and provides the basis for interpreting the consequences of parietal lesions in humans from a neurobiological perspective. The parieto-frontal connectivity defines some main information streams that, rather than being devoted to restricted functions, underlie a rich behavioral repertoire. Surprisingly, from macaque to humans, evolution has added only a few, new functional streams, increasing however their complexity and encoding power. In fact, the characterization of the conduction times of parietal and frontal areas to different target structures has recently opened a new window on cortical dynamics, suggesting that evolution has amplified the probability of dynamic interactions between the nodes of the network, thanks to communication patterns based on temporally-dispersed conduction delays. This might allow the representation of sensory-motor signals within multiple neural assemblies and reference frames, as to optimize sensory-motor remapping within an action space characterized by different and more complex demands across evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio M Innocenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Brain and Mind Institute, Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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116
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Franciotti R, Delli Pizzi S, Perfetti B, Tartaro A, Bonanni L, Thomas A, Weis L, Biundo R, Antonini A, Onofrj M. Default mode network links to visual hallucinations: A comparison between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1237-47. [PMID: 26094856 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying default mode network activity or connectivity in different parkinsonisms, with or without visual hallucinations, could highlight its roles in clinical phenotypes' expression. Multiple system atrophy is the archetype of parkinsonism without visual hallucinations, variably appearing instead in Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to evaluate default mode network functions in multiple system atrophy in comparison with PD. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging evaluated default mode network activity and connectivity in 15 multiple system atrophy patients, 15 healthy controls, 15 early PD patients matched for disease duration, 30 severe PD patients (15 with and 15 without visual hallucinations), matched with multiple system atrophy for disease severity. Cortical thickness and neuropsychological evaluations were also performed. RESULTS Multiple system atrophy had reduced default mode network activity compared with controls and PD with hallucinations, and no differences with PD (early or severe) without hallucinations. In PD with visual hallucinations, activity and connectivity was preserved compared with controls and higher than in other groups. In early PD, connectivity was lower than in controls but higher than in multiple system atrophy and severe PD without hallucinations. Cortical thickness was reduced in severe PD, with and without hallucinations, and correlated only with disease duration. Higher anxiety scores were found in patients without hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS Default mode network activity and connectivity was higher in PD with visual hallucinations and reduced in multiple system atrophy and PD without visual hallucinations. Cortical thickness comparisons suggest that functional, rather than structural, changes underlie the activity and connectivity differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Franciotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.,ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.,ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Bernardo Perfetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Armando Tartaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.,ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Weis
- Department for Parkinson's Disease, "Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo", I.R.C.C.S, Venice, Italy
| | - Roberta Biundo
- Department for Parkinson's Disease, "Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo", I.R.C.C.S, Venice, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department for Parkinson's Disease, "Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo", I.R.C.C.S, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University and Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
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117
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Hutchison RM, Culham JC, Flanagan JR, Everling S, Gallivan JP. Functional subdivisions of medial parieto-occipital cortex in humans and nonhuman primates using resting-state fMRI. Neuroimage 2015; 116:10-29. [PMID: 25970649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on its diverse and wide-spread patterns of connectivity, primate posteromedial cortex (PMC) is well positioned to support roles in several aspects of sensory-, cognitive- and motor-related processing. Previous work in both humans and non-human primates (NHPs) using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) suggests that a subregion of PMC, the medial parieto-occipital cortex (mPOC), by virtue of its intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) with visual cortex, may only play a role in higher-order visual processing. Recent neuroanatomical tracer studies in NHPs, however, demonstrate that mPOC also has prominent cortico-cortical connections with several frontoparietal structures involved in movement planning and control, a finding consistent with increasing observations of reach- and grasp-related activity in the mPOC of both NHPs and humans. To reconcile these observations, here we used rs-fMRI data collected from both awake humans and anesthetized macaque monkeys to more closely examine and compare parcellations of mPOC across species and explore the FC patterns associated with these subdivisions. Seed-based and voxel-wise hierarchical cluster analyses revealed four broad spatially separated functional boundaries that correspond with graded differences in whole-brain FC patterns in each species. The patterns of FC observed are consistent with mPOC forming a critical hub of networks involved in action planning and control, spatial navigation, and working memory. In addition, our comparison between species indicates that while there are several similarities, there may be some species-specific differences in functional neural organization. These findings and the associated theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Hutchison
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jody C Culham
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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118
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Wager TD, Kang J, Johnson TD, Nichols TE, Satpute AB, Barrett LF. A Bayesian model of category-specific emotional brain responses. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004066. [PMID: 25853490 PMCID: PMC4390279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding emotion is critical for a science of healthy and disordered brain function, but the neurophysiological basis of emotional experience is still poorly understood. We analyzed human brain activity patterns from 148 studies of emotion categories (2159 total participants) using a novel hierarchical Bayesian model. The model allowed us to classify which of five categories--fear, anger, disgust, sadness, or happiness--is engaged by a study with 66% accuracy (43-86% across categories). Analyses of the activity patterns encoded in the model revealed that each emotion category is associated with unique, prototypical patterns of activity across multiple brain systems including the cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and other structures. The results indicate that emotion categories are not contained within any one region or system, but are represented as configurations across multiple brain networks. The model provides a precise summary of the prototypical patterns for each emotion category, and demonstrates that a sufficient characterization of emotion categories relies on (a) differential patterns of involvement in neocortical systems that differ between humans and other species, and (b) distinctive patterns of cortical-subcortical interactions. Thus, these findings are incompatible with several contemporary theories of emotion, including those that emphasize emotion-dedicated brain systems and those that propose emotion is localized primarily in subcortical activity. They are consistent with componential and constructionist views, which propose that emotions are differentiated by a combination of perceptual, mnemonic, prospective, and motivational elements. Such brain-based models of emotion provide a foundation for new translational and clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Nichols
- Department of Statistics and Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB) Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay B. Satpute
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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119
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Ponce-Alvarez A, Deco G, Hagmann P, Romani GL, Mantini D, Corbetta M. Resting-state temporal synchronization networks emerge from connectivity topology and heterogeneity. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004100. [PMID: 25692996 PMCID: PMC4333573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial patterns of coherent activity across different brain areas have been identified during the resting-state fluctuations of the brain. However, recent studies indicate that resting-state activity is not stationary, but shows complex temporal dynamics. We were interested in the spatiotemporal dynamics of the phase interactions among resting-state fMRI BOLD signals from human subjects. We found that the global phase synchrony of the BOLD signals evolves on a characteristic ultra-slow (<0.01Hz) time scale, and that its temporal variations reflect the transient formation and dissolution of multiple communities of synchronized brain regions. Synchronized communities reoccurred intermittently in time and across scanning sessions. We found that the synchronization communities relate to previously defined functional networks known to be engaged in sensory-motor or cognitive function, called resting-state networks (RSNs), including the default mode network, the somato-motor network, the visual network, the auditory network, the cognitive control networks, the self-referential network, and combinations of these and other RSNs. We studied the mechanism originating the observed spatiotemporal synchronization dynamics by using a network model of phase oscillators connected through the brain’s anatomical connectivity estimated using diffusion imaging human data. The model consistently approximates the temporal and spatial synchronization patterns of the empirical data, and reveals that multiple clusters that transiently synchronize and desynchronize emerge from the complex topology of anatomical connections, provided that oscillators are heterogeneous. The spontaneous or resting-state activity of the brain is organized into multiple spatial patterns of correlated activity. These patterns have been associated with functional interacting brain networks. Recent studies show that the correlations among brain regions are not stationary, but evolve over time, and have refocused the study of spontaneous brain activity on characterizing these time-varying functional interactions. In this article, we show that the synchrony between the BOLD activities of different brain regions displays global slow fluctuations that reflect the dynamical association and dissociation of functional synchronized clusters. Using a network of anatomically connected phase oscillators, we show that transiently synchronized patterns emerge from the interplay between nonlinear dynamics and the complex, but static, network topology. Our results suggest that the brain constantly explores its dynamical repertoire during rest, which allows for an all-around visitation of functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ponce-Alvarez
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Signal Processing Lab 5, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gian Luca Romani
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies—G. d’Annunzio University Foundation, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Anatomy of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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120
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Touroutoglou A, Lindquist KA, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF. Intrinsic connectivity in the human brain does not reveal networks for 'basic' emotions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1257-65. [PMID: 25680990 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested two competing models for the brain basis of emotion, the basic emotion theory and the conceptual act theory of emotion, using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI). The basic emotion view hypothesizes that anger, sadness, fear, disgust and happiness each arise from a brain network that is innate, anatomically constrained and homologous in other animals. The conceptual act theory of emotion hypothesizes that an instance of emotion is a brain state constructed from the interaction of domain-general, core systems within the brain such as the salience, default mode and frontoparietal control networks. Using peak coordinates derived from a meta-analysis of task-evoked emotion fMRI studies, we generated a set of whole-brain rs-fcMRI 'discovery' maps for each emotion category and examined the spatial overlap in their conjunctions. Instead of discovering a specific network for each emotion category, variance in the discovery maps was accounted for by the known domain-general network. Furthermore, the salience network is observed as part of every emotion category. These results indicate that specific networks for each emotion do not exist within the intrinsic architecture of the human brain and instead support the conceptual act theory of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Touroutoglou
- Department of Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, and Psychiatric Neuroimaging Division, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,USA,
| | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA, and
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, and Psychiatric Neuroimaging Division, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,USA, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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121
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Russ BE, Leopold DA. Functional MRI mapping of dynamic visual features during natural viewing in the macaque. Neuroimage 2015; 109:84-94. [PMID: 25579448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral visual pathway of the primate brain is specialized to respond to stimuli in certain categories, such as the well-studied face selective patches in the macaque inferotemporal cortex. To what extent does response selectivity determined using brief presentations of isolated stimuli predict activity during the free viewing of a natural, dynamic scene, where features are superimposed in space and time? To approach this question, we obtained fMRI activity from the brains of three macaques viewing extended video clips containing a range of social and nonsocial content and compared the fMRI time courses to a family of feature models derived from the movie content. Starting with more than two dozen feature models extracted from each movie, we created functional maps based on features whose time courses were nearly orthogonal, focusing primarily on faces, motion content, and contrast level. Activity mapping using the face feature model readily yielded functional regions closely resembling face patches obtained using a block design in the same animals. Overall, the motion feature model dominated responses in nearly all visually driven areas, including the face patches as well as ventral visual areas V4, TEO, and TE. Control experiments presenting dynamic movies, whose content was free of animals, demonstrated that biological movement critically contributed to the predominance of motion in fMRI responses. These results highlight the value of natural viewing paradigms for studying the brain's functional organization and also underscore the paramount contribution of magnocellular input to the ventral visual pathway during natural vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Russ
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892, United States.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892, United States; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892, United States
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122
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Functional specialization in the human brain estimated by intrinsic hemispheric interaction. J Neurosci 2015; 34:12341-52. [PMID: 25209275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0787-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain demonstrates functional specialization, including strong hemispheric asymmetries. Here specialization was explored using fMRI by examining the degree to which brain networks preferentially interact with ipsilateral as opposed to contralateral networks. Preferential within-hemisphere interaction was prominent in the heteromodal association cortices and minimal in the sensorimotor cortices. The frontoparietal control network exhibited strong within-hemisphere interactions but with distinct patterns in each hemisphere. The frontoparietal control network preferentially coupled to the default network and language-related regions in the left hemisphere but to attention networks in the right hemisphere. This arrangement may facilitate control of processing functions that are lateralized. Moreover, the regions most linked to asymmetric specialization also display the highest degree of evolutionary cortical expansion. Functional specialization that emphasizes processing within a hemisphere may allow the expanded hominin brain to minimize between-hemisphere connectivity and distribute domain-specific processing functions.
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123
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Munakomi S, Kumar BM. Neuroanatomical Basis of Glasgow Coma Scale—A Reappraisal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/nm.2015.63019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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124
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Abstract
In 1998 several groups reported the feasibility of fMRI experiments in monkeys, with the goal to bridge the gap between invasive nonhuman primate studies and human functional imaging. These studies yielded critical insights in the neuronal underpinnings of the BOLD signal. Furthermore, the technology has been successful in guiding electrophysiological recordings and identifying focal perturbation targets. Finally, invaluable information was obtained concerning human brain evolution. We here provide a comprehensive overview of awake monkey fMRI studies mainly confined to the visual system. We review the latest insights about the topographic organization of monkey visual cortex and discuss the spatial relationships between retinotopy and category- and feature-selective clusters. We briefly discuss the functional layout of parietal and frontal cortex and continue with a summary of some fascinating functional and effective connectivity studies. Finally, we review recent comparative fMRI experiments and speculate about the future of nonhuman primate imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Qi Zhu
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy A Orban
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, 43125, Italy
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125
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Striedter GF, Belgard TG, Chen CC, Davis FP, Finlay BL, Güntürkün O, Hale ME, Harris JA, Hecht EE, Hof PR, Hofmann HA, Holland LZ, Iwaniuk AN, Jarvis ED, Karten HJ, Katz PS, Kristan WB, Macagno ER, Mitra PP, Moroz LL, Preuss TM, Ragsdale CW, Sherwood CC, Stevens CF, Stüttgen MC, Tsumoto T, Wilczynski W. NSF workshop report: discovering general principles of nervous system organization by comparing brain maps across species. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1445-53. [PMID: 24596113 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to understand nervous system structure and function have received new impetus from the federal Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. Comparative analyses can contribute to this effort by leading to the discovery of general principles of neural circuit design, information processing, and gene-structure-function relationships that are not apparent from studies on single species. We here propose to extend the comparative approach to nervous system 'maps' comprising molecular, anatomical, and physiological data. This research will identify which neural features are likely to generalize across species, and which are unlikely to be broadly conserved. It will also suggest causal relationships between genes, development, adult anatomy, physiology, and, ultimately, behavior. These causal hypotheses can then be tested experimentally. Finally, insights from comparative research can inspire and guide technological development. To promote this research agenda, we recommend that teams of investigators coalesce around specific research questions and select a set of 'reference species' to anchor their comparative analyses. These reference species should be chosen not just for practical advantages, but also with regard for their phylogenetic position, behavioral repertoire, well-annotated genome, or other strategic reasons. We envision that the nervous systems of these reference species will be mapped in more detail than those of other species. The collected data may range from the molecular to the behavioral, depending on the research question. To integrate across levels of analysis and across species, standards for data collection, annotation, archiving, and distribution must be developed and respected. To that end, it will help to form networks or consortia of researchers and centers for science, technology, and education that focus on organized data collection, distribution, and training. These activities could be supported, at least in part, through existing mechanisms at NSF, NIH, and other agencies. It will also be important to develop new integrated software and database systems for cross-species data analyses. Multidisciplinary efforts to develop such analytical tools should be supported financially. Finally, training opportunities should be created to stimulate multidisciplinary, integrative research into brain structure, function, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Striedter
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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126
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Bentley WJ, Li JM, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Snyder LH. Oxygen Level and LFP in Task-Positive and Task-Negative Areas: Bridging BOLD fMRI and Electrophysiology. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:346-57. [PMID: 25385710 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human default mode network (DMN) shows decreased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals in response to a wide range of attention-demanding tasks. Our understanding of the specifics regarding the neural activity underlying these "task-negative" BOLD responses remains incomplete. We paired oxygen polarography, an electrode-based oxygen measurement technique, with standard electrophysiological recording to assess the relationship of oxygen and neural activity in task-negative posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a hub of the DMN, and visually responsive task-positive area V3 in the awake macaque. In response to engaging visual stimulation, oxygen, LFP power, and multi-unit activity in PCC showed transient activation followed by sustained suppression. In V3, oxygen, LFP power, and multi-unit activity showed an initial phasic response to the stimulus followed by sustained activation. Oxygen responses were correlated with LFP power in both areas, although the apparent hemodynamic coupling between oxygen level and electrophysiology differed across areas. Our results suggest that oxygen responses reflect changes in LFP power and multi-unit activity and that either the coupling of neural activity to blood flow and metabolism differs between PCC and V3 or computing a linear transformation from a single LFP band to oxygen level does not capture the true physiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Bentley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jingfeng M Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Radiology Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marcus E Raichle
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA Department of Radiology Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lawrence H Snyder
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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127
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Jakab A, Schwartz E, Kasprian G, Gruber GM, Prayer D, Schöpf V, Langs G. Fetal functional imaging portrays heterogeneous development of emerging human brain networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:852. [PMID: 25374531 PMCID: PMC4205819 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional connectivity architecture of the adult human brain enables complex cognitive processes, and exhibits a remarkably complex structure shared across individuals. We are only beginning to understand its heterogeneous structure, ranging from a strongly hierarchical organization in sensorimotor areas to widely distributed networks in areas such as the parieto-frontal cortex. Our study relied on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 32 fetuses with no detectable morphological abnormalities. After adapting functional magnetic resonance acquisition, motion correction, and nuisance signal reduction procedures of resting-state functional data analysis to fetuses, we extracted neural activity information for major cortical and subcortical structures. Resting fMRI networks were observed for increasing regional functional connectivity from 21st to 38th gestational weeks (GWs) with a network-based statistical inference approach. The overall connectivity network, short range, and interhemispheric connections showed sigmoid expansion curve peaking at the 26-29 GW. In contrast, long-range connections exhibited linear increase with no periods of peaking development. Region-specific increase of functional signal synchrony followed a sequence of occipital (peak: 24.8 GW), temporal (peak: 26 GW), frontal (peak: 26.4 GW), and parietal expansion (peak: 27.5 GW). We successfully adapted functional neuroimaging and image post-processing approaches to correlate macroscopical scale activations in the fetal brain with gestational age. This in vivo study reflects the fact that the mid-fetal period hosts events that cause the architecture of the brain circuitry to mature, which presumably manifests in increasing strength of intra- and interhemispheric functional macro connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Jakab
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Schwartz
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division for Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Department of Systematic Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Division for Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Division for Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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128
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Mars RB, Neubert FX, Verhagen L, Sallet J, Miller KL, Dunbar RIM, Barton RA. Primate comparative neuroscience using magnetic resonance imaging: promises and challenges. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:298. [PMID: 25339857 PMCID: PMC4186285 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate comparative anatomy is an established field that has made rich and substantial contributions to neuroscience. However, the labor-intensive techniques employed mean that most comparisons are often based on a small number of species, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn. In this review we explore how new developments in magnetic resonance imaging have the potential to apply comparative neuroscience to a much wider range of species, allowing it to realize an even greater potential. We discuss (1) new advances in the types of data that can be acquired, (2) novel methods for extracting meaningful measures from such data that can be compared between species, and (3) methods to analyse these measures within a phylogenetic framework. Together these developments will allow researchers to characterize the relationship between different brains, the ecological niche they occupy, and the behavior they produce in more detail than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier B. Mars
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxford, UK
| | | | - Lennart Verhagen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Karla L. Miller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxford, UK
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129
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Abstract
Imaging studies suggest that individual differences in cognition and behavior might relate to differences in brain connectivity, particularly in the higher order association regions. Understanding the extent to which two brains can differ is crucial in clinical and basic neuroscience research. Here we highlight two major sources of variance that contribute to intersubject variability in connectivity measurements but are often mixed: the spatial distribution variability and the connection strength variability. We then offer a hypothesis about how the cortical surface expansion during human evolution may have led to remarkable intersubject variability in brain connectivity. We propose that a series of changes in connectivity architecture occurred in response to the pressure for processing efficiency in the enlarged brain. These changes not only distinguish us from our evolutionary ancestors, but also enable each individual to develop more uniquely. This hypothesis may gain support from the significant spatial correlations among evolutionary cortical expansion, the density of long-range connections, hemispheric functional specialization, and intersubject variability in connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhong Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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130
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The retinotopic organization of macaque occipitotemporal cortex anterior to V4 and caudoventral to the middle temporal (MT) cluster. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10168-91. [PMID: 25080580 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3288-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinotopic organization of macaque occipitotemporal cortex rostral to area V4 and caudorostral to the recently described middle temporal (MT) cluster of the monkey (Kolster et al., 2009) is not well established. The proposed number of areas within this region varies from one to four, underscoring the ambiguity concerning the functional organization in this region of extrastriate cortex. We used phase-encoded retinotopic functional MRI mapping methods to reveal the functional topography of this cortical domain. Polar-angle maps showed one complete hemifield representation bordering area V4 anteriorly, split into dorsal and ventral counterparts corresponding to the lower and upper visual field quadrants, respectively. The location of this hemifield representation corresponds to area V4A. More rostroventrally, we identified three other complete hemifield representations. Two of these correspond to the dorsal and the ventral posterior inferotemporal areas (PITd and PITv, respectively) as identified in the Felleman and Van Essen (1991) scheme. The third representation has been tentatively named dorsal occipitotemporal area (OTd). Areas V4A, PITd, PITv, and OTd share a central visual field representation, similar to the areas constituting the MT cluster. Furthermore, they vary widely in size and represent the complete contralateral visual field. Functionally, these four areas show little motion sensitivity, unlike those of the MT cluster, and two of them, OTd and PITd, displayed pronounced two-dimensional shape sensitivity. In general, these results suggest that retinotopically organized tissue extends farther into rostral occipitotemporal cortex of the monkey than generally assumed.
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131
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Abstract
The spontaneous activity of the brain shows different features at different scales. On one hand, neuroimaging studies show that long-range correlations are highly structured in spatiotemporal patterns, known as resting-state networks, on the other hand, neurophysiological reports show that short-range correlations between neighboring neurons are low, despite a large amount of shared presynaptic inputs. Different dynamical mechanisms of local decorrelation have been proposed, among which is feedback inhibition. Here, we investigated the effect of locally regulating the feedback inhibition on the global dynamics of a large-scale brain model, in which the long-range connections are given by diffusion imaging data of human subjects. We used simulations and analytical methods to show that locally constraining the feedback inhibition to compensate for the excess of long-range excitatory connectivity, to preserve the asynchronous state, crucially changes the characteristics of the emergent resting and evoked activity. First, it significantly improves the model's prediction of the empirical human functional connectivity. Second, relaxing this constraint leads to an unrealistic network evoked activity, with systematic coactivation of cortical areas which are components of the default-mode network, whereas regulation of feedback inhibition prevents this. Finally, information theoretic analysis shows that regulation of the local feedback inhibition increases both the entropy and the Fisher information of the network evoked responses. Hence, it enhances the information capacity and the discrimination accuracy of the global network. In conclusion, the local excitation-inhibition ratio impacts the structure of the spontaneous activity and the information transmission at the large-scale brain level.
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132
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Hutchison RM, Hutchison M, Manning KY, Menon RS, Everling S. Isoflurane induces dose-dependent alterations in the cortical connectivity profiles and dynamic properties of the brain's functional architecture. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5754-75. [PMID: 25044934 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their widespread use, the effect of anesthetic agents on the brain's functional architecture remains poorly understood. This is particularly true of alterations that occur beyond the point of induced unconsciousness. Here, we examined the distributed intrinsic connectivity of macaques across six isoflurane levels using resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) following the loss of consciousness. The results from multiple analysis strategies showed stable functional connectivity (FC) patterns between 1.00% and 1.50% suggesting this as a suitable range for anesthetized nonhuman primate resting-state investigations. Dose-dependent effects were evident at moderate to high dosages showing substantial alteration of the functional topology and a decrease or complete loss of interhemispheric cortical FC strength including that of contralateral homologues. The assessment of dynamic FC patterns revealed that the functional repertoire of brain states is related to anesthesia depth and most strikingly, that the number of state transitions linearly decreases with increased isoflurane dosage. Taken together, the results indicate dose-specific spatial and temporal alterations of FC that occur beyond the typically defined endpoint of consciousness. Future work will be necessary to determine how these findings generalize across anesthetic types and extend to the transition between consciousness and unconsciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Hutchison
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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133
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Bridging the gap between the human and macaque connectome: a quantitative comparison of global interspecies structure-function relationships and network topology. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5552-63. [PMID: 24741045 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4229-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) may provide a powerful and noninvasive "bridge" for comparing brain function between patients and experimental animal models; however, the relationship between human and macaque rs-fcMRI remains poorly understood. Here, using a novel surface deformation process for species comparisons in the same anatomical space (Van Essen, 2004, 2005), we found high correspondence, but also unique hub topology, between human and macaque functional connectomes. The global functional connectivity match between species was moderate to strong (r = 0.41) and increased when considering the top 15% strongest connections (r = 0.54). Analysis of the match between functional connectivity and the underlying anatomical connectivity, derived from a previous retrograde tracer study done in macaques (Markov et al., 2012), showed impressive structure-function correspondence in both the macaque and human. When examining the strongest structural connections, we found a 70-80% match between structural and functional connectivity matrices in both species. Finally, we compare species on two widely used metrics for studying hub topology: degree and betweenness centrality. The data showed topological agreement across the species, with nodes of the posterior cingulate showing high degree and betweenness centrality. In contrast, nodes in medial frontal and parietal cortices were identified as having high degree and betweenness in the human as opposed to the macaque. Our results provide: (1) a thorough examination and validation for a surface-based interspecies deformation process, (2) a strong theoretical foundation for making interspecies comparisons of rs-fcMRI, and (3) a unique look at topological distinctions between the species.
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134
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Smucny J, Wylie KP, Tregellas JR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of intrinsic brain networks for translational drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:397-403. [PMID: 24906509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing translational biomarkers is a priority for psychiatry research. Task-independent functional brain imaging is a relatively novel technique that allows examination of the brain's intrinsic networks, defined as functionally and (often) structurally connected populations of neurons whose properties reflect fundamental neurobiological organizational principles of the central nervous system. The ability to study the activity and organization of these networks has opened a promising new avenue for translational investigation, because they can be analogously examined across species and disease states. Interestingly, imaging studies have revealed shared spatial and functional characteristics of the intrinsic network architecture of the brain across species, including mice, rats, non-human primates, and humans. Using schizophrenia as an example, we show how intrinsic networks may show similar abnormalities in human diseases and animal models of these diseases, supporting their use as biomarkers in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Korey P Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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135
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Zaidel DW. Creativity, brain, and art: biological and neurological considerations. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:389. [PMID: 24917807 PMCID: PMC4041074 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Creativity is commonly thought of as a positive advance for society that transcends the status quo knowledge. Humans display an inordinate capacity for it in a broad range of activities, with art being only one. Most work on creativity’s neural substrates measures general creativity, and that is done with laboratory tasks, whereas specific creativity in art is gleaned from acquired brain damage, largely in observing established visual artists, and some in visual de novo artists (became artists after the damage). The verb “to create” has been erroneously equated with creativity; creativity, in the classic sense, does not appear to be enhanced following brain damage, regardless of etiology. The turning to communication through art in lieu of language deficits reflects a biological survival strategy. Creativity in art, and in other domains, is most likely dependent on intact and healthy knowledge and semantic conceptual systems, which are represented in several pathways in the cortex. It is adversely affected when these systems are dysfunctional, for congenital reasons (savant autism) or because of acquired brain damage (stroke, dementia, Parkinson’s), whereas inherent artistic talent and skill appear less affected. Clues to the neural substrates of general creativity and specific art creativity can be gleaned from considering that art is produced spontaneously mainly by humans, that there are unique neuroanatomical and neurofunctional organizations in the human brain, and that there are biological antecedents of innovation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia W Zaidel
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Los Angeles, CA, USA
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136
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Roelfsema P, Treue S. Basic Neuroscience Research with Nonhuman Primates: A Small but Indispensable Component of Biomedical Research. Neuron 2014; 82:1200-4. [PMID: 24945764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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137
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Fjell AM, McEvoy L, Holland D, Dale AM, Walhovd KB. What is normal in normal aging? Effects of aging, amyloid and Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 117:20-40. [PMID: 24548606 DOI: 10.1016/pneurobio.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
What can be expected in normal aging, and where does normal aging stop and pathological neurodegeneration begin? With the slow progression of age-related dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is difficult to distinguish age-related changes from effects of undetected disease. We review recent research on changes of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in aging and the borders between normal aging and AD. We argue that prominent cortical reductions are evident in fronto-temporal regions in elderly even with low probability of AD, including regions overlapping the default mode network. Importantly, these regions show high levels of amyloid deposition in AD, and are both structurally and functionally vulnerable early in the disease. This normalcy-pathology homology is critical to understand, since aging itself is the major risk factor for sporadic AD. Thus, rather than necessarily reflecting early signs of disease, these changes may be part of normal aging, and may inform on why the aging brain is so much more susceptible to AD than is the younger brain. We suggest that regions characterized by a high degree of life-long plasticity are vulnerable to detrimental effects of normal aging, and that this age-vulnerability renders them more susceptible to additional, pathological AD-related changes. We conclude that it will be difficult to understand AD without understanding why it preferably affects older brains, and that we need a model that accounts for age-related changes in AD-vulnerable regions independently of AD-pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Linda McEvoy
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Holland
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
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138
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Blank I, Kanwisher N, Fedorenko E. A functional dissociation between language and multiple-demand systems revealed in patterns of BOLD signal fluctuations. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1105-18. [PMID: 24872535 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00884.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the relationship between language and other high-level cognitive functions? Neuroimaging studies have begun to illuminate this question, revealing that some brain regions are quite selectively engaged during language processing, whereas other "multiple-demand" (MD) regions are broadly engaged by diverse cognitive tasks. Nonetheless, the functional dissociation between the language and MD systems remains controversial. Here, we tackle this question with a synergistic combination of functional MRI methods: we first define candidate language-specific and MD regions in each subject individually (using functional localizers) and then measure blood oxygen level-dependent signal fluctuations in these regions during two naturalistic conditions ("rest" and story-comprehension). In both conditions, signal fluctuations strongly correlate among language regions as well as among MD regions, but correlations across systems are weak or negative. Moreover, data-driven clustering analyses based on these inter-region correlations consistently recover two clusters corresponding to the language and MD systems. Thus although each system forms an internally integrated whole, the two systems dissociate sharply from each other. This independent recruitment of the language and MD systems during cognitive processing is consistent with the hypothesis that these two systems support distinct cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Blank
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy Kanwisher
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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139
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MacLean EL, Hare B, Nunn CL, Addessi E, Amici F, Anderson RC, Aureli F, Baker JM, Bania AE, Barnard AM, Boogert NJ, Brannon EM, Bray EE, Bray J, Brent LJN, Burkart JM, Call J, Cantlon JF, Cheke LG, Clayton NS, Delgado MM, DiVincenti LJ, Fujita K, Herrmann E, Hiramatsu C, Jacobs LF, Jordan KE, Laude JR, Leimgruber KL, Messer EJE, Moura ACDA, Ostojić L, Picard A, Platt ML, Plotnik JM, Range F, Reader SM, Reddy RB, Sandel AA, Santos LR, Schumann K, Seed AM, Sewall KB, Shaw RC, Slocombe KE, Su Y, Takimoto A, Tan J, Tao R, van Schaik CP, Virányi Z, Visalberghi E, Wade JC, Watanabe A, Widness J, Young JK, Zentall TR, Zhao Y. The evolution of self-control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2140-8. [PMID: 24753565 PMCID: PMC4034204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323533111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognition presents evolutionary research with one of its greatest challenges. Cognitive evolution has been explained at the proximate level by shifts in absolute and relative brain volume and at the ultimate level by differences in social and dietary complexity. However, no study has integrated the experimental and phylogenetic approach at the scale required to rigorously test these explanations. Instead, previous research has largely relied on various measures of brain size as proxies for cognitive abilities. We experimentally evaluated these major evolutionary explanations by quantitatively comparing the cognitive performance of 567 individuals representing 36 species on two problem-solving tasks measuring self-control. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that absolute brain volume best predicted performance across species and accounted for considerably more variance than brain volume controlling for body mass. This result corroborates recent advances in evolutionary neurobiology and illustrates the cognitive consequences of cortical reorganization through increases in brain volume. Within primates, dietary breadth but not social group size was a strong predictor of species differences in self-control. Our results implicate robust evolutionary relationships between dietary breadth, absolute brain volume, and self-control. These findings provide a significant first step toward quantifying the primate cognitive phenome and explaining the process of cognitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Hare
- Departments of Evolutionary Anthropology,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience
| | | | - Elsa Addessi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Amici
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research andDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Amanda E Bania
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008
| | | | - Neeltje J Boogert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland
| | | | - Emily E Bray
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel Bray
- Departments of Evolutionary Anthropology
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Judith M Burkart
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josep Call
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lucy G Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Louis J DiVincenti
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Kazuo Fujita
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Esther Herrmann
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology andHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Jennifer R Laude
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | | | - Emily J E Messer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland
| | - Antonio C de A Moura
- Departamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ljerka Ostojić
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Picard
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Platt
- Departments of Evolutionary Anthropology,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;Neurobiology, and
| | - Joshua M Plotnik
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;Think Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484
| | - Friederike Range
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;Wolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria
| | - Simon M Reader
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Rachna B Reddy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Aaron A Sandel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Laurie R Santos
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Katrin Schumann
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amanda M Seed
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland
| | | | - Rachael C Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Slocombe
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Yanjie Su
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ayaka Takimoto
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Ruoting Tao
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsófia Virányi
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Jordan C Wade
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Arii Watanabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Widness
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Julie K Young
- Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Thomas R Zentall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Yini Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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140
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Abstract
The description of the mirror neuron system provided by Cook et al. is incomplete for the macaque, and incorrect for humans. This is relevant to exaptation versus associative learning as the underlying mechanism generating mirror neurons, and to the sensorimotor learning as evidence for the authors' viewpoint. The proposed additional testing of the mirror system in rodents is unrealistic.
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141
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Shine JM, Shine R. Delegation to automaticity: the driving force for cognitive evolution? Front Neurosci 2014; 8:90. [PMID: 24808820 PMCID: PMC4010745 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to delegate control over repetitive tasks from higher to lower neural centers may be a fundamental innovation in human cognition. Plausibly, the massive neurocomputational challenges associated with the mastery of balance during the evolution of bipedality in proto-humans provided a strong selective advantage to individuals with brains capable of efficiently transferring tasks in this way. Thus, the shift from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion may have driven the rapid evolution of distinctive features of human neuronal functioning. We review recent studies of functional neuroanatomy that bear upon this hypothesis, and identify ways to test our ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Shine
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R. Shine
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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142
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Comparative analysis of the macroscale structural connectivity in the macaque and human brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003529. [PMID: 24676052 PMCID: PMC3967942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The macaque brain serves as a model for the human brain, but its suitability is challenged by unique human features, including connectivity reconfigurations, which emerged during primate evolution. We perform a quantitative comparative analysis of the whole brain macroscale structural connectivity of the two species. Our findings suggest that the human and macaque brain as a whole are similarly wired. A region-wise analysis reveals many interspecies similarities of connectivity patterns, but also lack thereof, primarily involving cingulate regions. We unravel a common structural backbone in both species involving a highly overlapping set of regions. This structural backbone, important for mediating information across the brain, seems to constitute a feature of the primate brain persevering evolution. Our findings illustrate novel evolutionary aspects at the macroscale connectivity level and offer a quantitative translational bridge between macaque and human research. What are the commonalities and differences of human brains when compared to the brains of other primates? The brain can be conceived as a complex network. Its topological properties constrain its function. Ethical and technical reasons necessitate the use of animal brains, like the macaque monkey, as models for the human brain. However, evolutionary changes, including “brain rewiring”, might result in unique human features. Hence, a detailed and quantitative comparative analysis of the connectivity of the brains of the two species is needed. Here, we undertake this task by adopting techniques analogous to those used in comparative studies in other scientific fields. Our approach reveals converging but also diverging wiring patterns. The brain of the two species as a whole is similarly wired. The majority of the brain regions appear to have evolutionary conserved connectivity patterns while for certain regions this appears not to be the case. We also uncover an evolutionary conserved “structural backbone” in the brain of the two species. Our findings highlight common and unique “wiring properties” of the brains of these two primate species and offer a quantitative basis for translating findings from macaque research to human research.
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143
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Fjell AM, Amlien IK, Sneve MH, Grydeland H, Tamnes CK, Chaplin TA, Rosa MGP, Walhovd KB. The Roots of Alzheimer's Disease: Are High-Expanding Cortical Areas Preferentially Targeted?†. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2556-65. [PMID: 24658616 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded a human-specific condition, and it has been suggested that brain regions highly expanded in humans compared with other primates are selectively targeted. We calculated shared and unique variance in the distribution of AD atrophy accounted for by cortical expansion between macaque and human, affiliation to the default mode network (DMN), ontogenetic development and normal aging. Cortical expansion was moderately related to atrophy, but a critical discrepancy was seen in the medial temporo-parietal episodic memory network. Identification of "hotspots" and "coldspots" of expansion across several primate species did not yield compelling evidence for the hypothesis that highly expanded regions are specifically targeted. Controlling for distribution of atrophy in aging substantially attenuated the expansion-AD relationship. A path model showed that all variables explained unique variance in AD atrophy but were generally mediated through aging. This supports a systems-vulnerability model, where critical networks are subject to various negative impacts, aging in particular, rather than being selectively targeted in AD. An alternative approach is suggested, focused on the interplay of the phylogenetically old and preserved medial temporal lobe areas with more highly expanded association cortices governed by different principles of plasticity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Norway
| | - Inge K Amlien
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Markus H Sneve
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Håkon Grydeland
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Tristan A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology and Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Norway Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Norway
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144
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Benítez-Burraco A, Boeckx C. Universal Grammar and Biological Variation: An EvoDevo Agenda for Comparative Biolinguistics. BIOLOGICAL THEORY 2014; 9:122-134. [PMID: 24955079 PMCID: PMC4052002 DOI: 10.1007/s13752-014-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and neurobiology have greatly increased the degree of variation that one finds in what is taken to provide the biological foundations of our species-specific linguistic capacities. In particular, this variation seems to cast doubt on the purportedly homogeneous nature of the language faculty traditionally captured by the concept of "Universal Grammar." In this article we discuss what this new source of diversity reveals about the biological reality underlying Universal Grammar. Our discussion leads us to support (1) certain hypotheses advanced in evolutionary developmental biology that argue for the existence of robust biological mechanisms capable of canalizing variation at different levels, and (2) a bottom-up perspective on comparative cognition. We conclude by sketching future directions for what we call "comparative biolinguistics," specifying which experimental directions may help us succeed in this new research avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) & Department of Linguistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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145
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Striedter GF, Belgard TG, Chen CC, Davis FP, Finlay BL, Güntürkün O, Hale ME, Harris JA, Hecht EE, Hof PR, Hofmann HA, Holland LZ, Iwaniuk AN, Jarvis ED, Karten HJ, Katz PS, Kristan WB, Macagno ER, Mitra PP, Moroz LL, Preuss TM, Ragsdale CW, Sherwood CC, Stevens CF, Stüttgen MC, Tsumoto T, Wilczynski W. NSF workshop report: discovering general principles of nervous system organization by comparing brain maps across species. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 83:1-8. [PMID: 24603302 DOI: 10.1159/000360152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to understand nervous system structure and function have received new impetus from the federal Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. Comparative analyses can contribute to this effort by leading to the discovery of general principles of neural circuit design, information processing, and gene-structure-function relationships that are not apparent from studies on single species. We here propose to extend the comparative approach to nervous system 'maps' comprising molecular, anatomical, and physiological data. This research will identify which neural features are likely to generalize across species, and which are unlikely to be broadly conserved. It will also suggest causal relationships between genes, development, adult anatomy, physiology, and, ultimately, behavior. These causal hypotheses can then be tested experimentally. Finally, insights from comparative research can inspire and guide technological development. To promote this research agenda, we recommend that teams of investigators coalesce around specific research questions and select a set of 'reference species' to anchor their comparative analyses. These reference species should be chosen not just for practical advantages, but also with regard for their phylogenetic position, behavioral repertoire, well-annotated genome, or other strategic reasons. We envision that the nervous systems of these reference species will be mapped in more detail than those of other species. The collected data may range from the molecular to the behavioral, depending on the research question. To integrate across levels of analysis and across species, standards for data collection, annotation, archiving, and distribution must be developed and respected. To that end, it will help to form networks or consortia of researchers and centers for science, technology, and education that focus on organized data collection, distribution, and training. These activities could be supported, at least in part, through existing mechanisms at NSF, NIH, and other agencies. It will also be important to develop new integrated software and database systems for cross-species data analyses. Multidisciplinary efforts to develop such analytical tools should be supported financially. Finally, training opportunities should be created to stimulate multidisciplinary, integrative research into brain structure, function, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Striedter
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Calif., USA
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146
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Fjell AM, McEvoy L, Holland D, Dale AM, Walhovd KB. What is normal in normal aging? Effects of aging, amyloid and Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 117:20-40. [PMID: 24548606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
What can be expected in normal aging, and where does normal aging stop and pathological neurodegeneration begin? With the slow progression of age-related dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is difficult to distinguish age-related changes from effects of undetected disease. We review recent research on changes of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in aging and the borders between normal aging and AD. We argue that prominent cortical reductions are evident in fronto-temporal regions in elderly even with low probability of AD, including regions overlapping the default mode network. Importantly, these regions show high levels of amyloid deposition in AD, and are both structurally and functionally vulnerable early in the disease. This normalcy-pathology homology is critical to understand, since aging itself is the major risk factor for sporadic AD. Thus, rather than necessarily reflecting early signs of disease, these changes may be part of normal aging, and may inform on why the aging brain is so much more susceptible to AD than is the younger brain. We suggest that regions characterized by a high degree of life-long plasticity are vulnerable to detrimental effects of normal aging, and that this age-vulnerability renders them more susceptible to additional, pathological AD-related changes. We conclude that it will be difficult to understand AD without understanding why it preferably affects older brains, and that we need a model that accounts for age-related changes in AD-vulnerable regions independently of AD-pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Linda McEvoy
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Holland
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
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147
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Neubert FX, Mars R, Thomas A, Sallet J, Rushworth M. Comparison of Human Ventral Frontal Cortex Areas for Cognitive Control and Language with Areas in Monkey Frontal Cortex. Neuron 2014; 81:700-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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148
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149
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O’Donnell S, Clifford MR, Bulova SJ, DeLeon S, Papa C, Zahedi N. A test of neuroecological predictions using paperwasp caste differences in brain structure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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150
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Perez SE, Raghanti MA, Hof PR, Kramer L, Ikonomovic MD, Lacor PN, Erwin JM, Sherwood CC, Mufson EJ. Alzheimer's disease pathology in the neocortex and hippocampus of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:4318-38. [PMID: 23881733 PMCID: PMC6317365 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two major histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid beta protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Aβ pathology is a common feature in the aged nonhuman primate brain, whereas NFT are found almost exclusively in humans. Few studies have examined AD-related pathology in great apes, which are the closest phylogenetic relatives of humans. In the present study, we examined Aβ and tau-like lesions in the neocortex and hippocampus of aged male and female western lowland gorillas using immunohistochemistry and histochemistry. Analysis revealed an age-related increase in Aβ-immunoreactive plaques and vasculature in the gorilla brain. Aβ plaques were more abundant in the neocortex and hippocampus of females, whereas Aβ-positive blood vessels were more widespread in male gorillas. Plaques were also Aβ40-, Aβ42-, and Aβ oligomer-immunoreactive, but only weakly thioflavine S- or 6-CN-PiB-positive in both sexes, indicative of the less fibrillar (diffuse) nature of Aβ plaques in gorillas. Although phosphorylated neurofilament immunostaining revealed a few dystrophic neurites and neurons, choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive fibers were not dystrophic. Neurons stained for the tau marker Alz50 were found in the neocortex and hippocampus of gorillas at all ages. Occasional Alz50-, MC1-, and AT8-immunoreactive astrocyte and oligodendrocyte coiled bodies and neuritic clusters were seen in the neocortex and hippocampus of the oldest gorillas. This study demonstrates the spontaneous presence of both Aβ plaques and tau-like lesions in the neocortex and hippocampus in old male and female western lowland gorillas, placing this species at relevance in the context of AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | | | - Milos D. Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Pascale N. Lacor
- Neurobiology Department and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Joseph M. Erwin
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
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