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Slaker M, Barnes J, Sorg BA, Grimm JW. Impact of Environmental Enrichment on Perineuronal Nets in the Prefrontal Cortex following Early and Late Abstinence from Sucrose Self-Administration in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168256. [PMID: 27977779 PMCID: PMC5158028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are aggregates of extracellular matrix that form structures surrounding a subset of GABAergic interneurons. The staining intensity of PNNs appears to be related to plasticity. Environmental enrichment (EE) influences plasticity during adulthood: EE decreases the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse and diminishes both drug- and sucrose-seeking behavior. We determined the impact of EE on PNN intensity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in rats trained to self-administer sucrose. We examined the number and intensity of PNNs within the prelimbic (PL), infralimbic (IL), and orbitofrontal (OF) regions of the mPFC of adult Long-Evans rats that were trained for sucrose self-administration followed by acute or chronic EE during abstinence and a cue-induced reinstatement test. Rats exposed to EE prior to a cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking had an increase in PNN staining compared with rats in standard housing. Conversely, naïve rats given 1 day of EE had a decrease in PNN intensity in the PL, no change in the IL, and an increase in the OF. Our findings demonstrate that EE increases PNN intensity in the mPFC after sucrose training, suggesting that training enhances the ability of EE to increase PNN intensity. We further demonstrate an interaction between time of abstinence, duration of EE exposure, and cue-induced reinstatement. Our results suggest that increased PNN intensity after EE may alter the excitatory/inhibitory balance of mPFC neurons such that rats are less responsive to a sucrose cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Slaker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey W. Grimm
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
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102
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Slaker ML, Harkness JH, Sorg BA. A standardized and automated method of perineuronal net analysis using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin staining intensity. IBRO Rep 2016; 1:54-60. [PMID: 28713865 PMCID: PMC5507617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are aggregations of extracellular matrix molecules that are critical for plasticity. Their altered development or changes during adulthood appear to contribute to a wide range of diseases/disorders of the brain. An increasing number of studies examining the contribution of PNN to various behaviors and types of plasticity have analyzed the fluorescence intensity of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) as an indirect measure of the maturity of PNNs, with brighter WFA staining corresponding to a more mature PNN and dim WFA staining corresponding to an immature PNN. However, a clearly-defined and unified method for assessing the intensity of PNNs is critical to allow us to make comparisons across studies and to advance our understanding of how PNN plasticity contributes to normal brain function and brain disease states. Here we examined methods of PNN intensity quantification and demonstrate that creating a region of interest around each PNN and subtracting appropriate background is a viable method for PNN intensity quantification that can be automated. This method produces less variability and bias across experiments compared to other published analyses, and this method increases reproducibility and reliability of PNN intensity measures, which is critical for comparisons across studies in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Slaker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
| | - John H Harkness
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
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103
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AMPA Receptor Antagonist NBQX Decreased Seizures by Normalization of Perineuronal Nets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166672. [PMID: 27880801 PMCID: PMC5120819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious brain disorder with diverse seizure types and epileptic syndromes. AMPA receptor antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzoquinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX) attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures in rats. However, the anti-epileptic effect of NBQX in chronic epilepsy model is poorly understood. Perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized extracellular matrix structures, surround parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons, and play a critical role in neuronal cell development and synaptic plasticity. Here, we focused on the potential involvement of PNNs in the treatment of epilepsy by NBQX. Rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 50 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days to establish chronic epilepsy models. Subsequently, NBQX (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected for 3 days for the observation of behavioral measurements of epilepsy. The Wisteria floribundi agglutinin (WFA)-labeled PNNs were measured by immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the PNNs. The levels of three components of PNNs such as tenascin-R, aggrecan and neurocan were assayed by Western blot assay. The results showed that there are reduction of PNNs and decrease of tenascin-R, aggrecan and neurocan in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rats injected with PTZ. However, NBQX treatment normalized PNNs, tenascin-R, aggrecan and neurocan levels. NBQX was sufficient to decrease seizures through increasing the latency to seizures, decrease the duration of seizure onset, and reduce the scores for the severity of seizures. Furthermore, the degradation of mPFC PNNs by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) exacerbated seizures in PTZ-treated rats. Finally, the anti-epileptic effect of NBQX was reversed by pretreatment with ChABC into mPFC. These findings revealed that PNNs degradation in mPFC is involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and enhancement of PNNs may be effective for the treatment of epilepsy.
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104
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Mauney SA, Woo TUW. Weaving a Net of Neurobiological Mechanisms in Schizophrenia and Unraveling the Underlying Pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:589-98. [PMID: 27113498 PMCID: PMC5017894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are enigmatic structures composed of extracellular matrix molecules that encapsulate the soma, dendrites, and axon segments of neurons in a lattice-like fashion. Although most PNNs condense around parvalbumin-expressing gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons, some glutamatergic pyramidal cells in the brain are also surrounded by PNNs. Experimental findings suggest pivotal roles of PNNs in the regulation of synaptic formation and function. Also, an increasing body of evidence links PNN abnormalities to schizophrenia. The number of PNNs progressively increases during postnatal development until plateauing around the period of late adolescence and early adulthood, which temporally coincides with the age of onset of schizophrenia. Given the established role of PNNs in modulating developmental plasticity, the PNN represents a possible candidate for altering the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Similarly, the reported function of PNNs in regulating the trafficking of glutamate receptors places them in a critical position to modulate synaptic pathology, considered a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. We discuss the physiologic role of PNNs in neural function, synaptic assembly, and plasticity as well as how they interface with circuit/system mechanisms of cognition. An integrated understanding of these neurobiological processes should provide a better basis to elucidate how PNN abnormalities influence brain function and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah A Mauney
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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105
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Lasek AW. Effects of Ethanol on Brain Extracellular Matrix: Implications for Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2030-2042. [PMID: 27581478 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) occupies the space between cells and is involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. However, in addition to providing structural support to brain tissue, the ECM activates cell signaling and controls synaptic transmission. The expression and activity of brain ECM components are regulated by alcohol exposure. This review will discuss what is currently known about the effects of alcohol on the activity and expression of brain ECM components. An interpretation of how these changes might promote alcohol use disorder (AUD) will be also provided. Ethanol (EtOH) exposure decreases levels of structural proteins involved in the interstitial matrix and basement membrane, with a concomitant increase in proteolytic enzymes that degrade these components. In contrast, EtOH exposure generally increases perineuronal net components. Because the ECM has been shown to regulate both synaptic plasticity and behavioral responses to drugs of abuse, regulation of the brain ECM by alcohol may be relevant to the development of alcoholism. Although investigation of the function of brain ECM in alcohol abuse is still in early stages, a greater understanding of the interplay between ECM and alcohol might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for treating AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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106
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Mulholland PJ, Chandler LJ, Kalivas PW. Signals from the Fourth Dimension Regulate Drug Relapse. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:472-485. [PMID: 27173064 PMCID: PMC4930682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the enormous societal burden of alcohol and drug addiction and abundant research describing drug-induced maladaptive synaptic plasticity, there are few effective strategies for treating substance use disorders. Recent awareness that synaptic plasticity involves astroglia and the extracellular matrix is revealing new possibilities for understanding and treating addiction. We first review constitutive corticostriatal adaptations that are elicited by and shared between all abused drugs from the perspective of tetrapartite synapses, and integrate recent discoveries regarding cell type-specificity in striatal neurons. Next, we describe recent discoveries that drug-seeking is associated with transient synaptic plasticity that requires all four synaptic elements and is shared across drug classes. Finally, we prognosticate how considering tetrapartite synapses can provide new treatment strategies for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - L Judson Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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107
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Zarrinkalam E, Heidarianpour A, Salehi I, Ranjbar K, Komaki A. Effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise on learning and memory after morphine withdrawal in rats. Life Sci 2016; 157:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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108
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Liu JF, Thorn DA, Zhang Y, Li JX. Effects of Trace Amine-associated Receptor 1 Agonists on the Expression, Reconsolidation, and Extinction of Cocaine Reward Memory. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw009. [PMID: 26822713 PMCID: PMC4966273 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a modulator of dopaminergic system, trace amine-associated receptor 1 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating the rewarding properties of additive drugs. It has been demonstrated that activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 decreased the abuse-related behaviors of cocaine in rats. However, the role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in specific stages of cocaine reward memory is still unclear. METHODS Here, using a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference model, we tested the effects of a selective trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist RO5166017 on the expression, reconsolidation, and extinction of cocaine reward memory. RESULTS We found that RO5166017 inhibited the expression but not retention of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. RO5166017 had no effect on the reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory. Pretreatment with RO5166017 before extinction hindered the formation of extinction long-term memory. RO5166017 did not affect the movement during the conditioned place preference test, indicating the inhibitory effect of RO5166017 on the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was not caused by locomotion inhibition. Using a cocaine i.v. self-administration model, we found that the combined trace amine-associated receptor 1 partial agonist RO5263397 with extinction had no effect on the following cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Repeated administration of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist during extinction showed a continually inhibitory effect on the expression of cocaine reward memory both in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and cocaine self-administration models. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 specifically inhibited the expression of cocaine reward memory. The inhibitory effect of trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists on cocaine reward memory suggests that trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists could be a promising agent to prevent cocaine relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (Drs Liu, Thorn, and Li); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Zhang).
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109
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Caught in the Net: Perineuronal Nets and Addiction. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7538208. [PMID: 26904301 PMCID: PMC4745418 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7538208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drugs of abuse induces plasticity in the brain and creates persistent drug-related memories. These changes in plasticity and persistent drug memories are believed to produce aberrant motivation and reinforcement contributing to addiction. Most studies have explored the effect drugs of abuse have on pre- and postsynaptic cells and astrocytes; however, more recently, attention has shifted to explore the effect these drugs have on the extracellular matrix (ECM). Within the ECM are unique structures arranged in a net-like manner, surrounding a subset of neurons called perineuronal nets (PNNs). This review focuses on drug-induced changes in PNNs, the molecules that regulate PNNs, and the expression of PNNs within brain circuitry mediating motivation, reward, and reinforcement as it pertains to addiction.
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110
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Otx2-PNN Interaction to Regulate Cortical Plasticity. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7931693. [PMID: 26881132 PMCID: PMC4736602 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7931693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the environment to shape cortical function is at its highest during critical periods of postnatal development. In the visual cortex, critical period onset is triggered by the maturation of parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons, which gradually become surrounded by a specialized glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix: the perineuronal nets. Among the identified factors regulating cortical plasticity in the visual cortex, extracortical homeoprotein Otx2 is transferred specifically into parvalbumin interneurons and this transfer regulates both the onset and the closure of the critical period of plasticity for binocular vision. Here, we review the interaction between the complex sugars of the perineuronal nets and homeoprotein Otx2 and how this interaction regulates cortical plasticity during critical period and in adulthood.
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111
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Velázquez-Sánchez C, Santos JW, Smith KL, Ferragud A, Sabino V, Cottone P. Seeking behavior, place conditioning, and resistance to conditioned suppression of feeding in rats intermittently exposed to palatable food. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:219-24. [PMID: 25798634 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder is characterized by excessive consumption of highly palatable food within short periods of time accompanied by loss of control over eating. Extensive evidence provides support for the consideration of binge eating disorder as an addiction-like disorder. In this study, we wanted to determine whether rats undergoing an operant binge-like eating procedure could develop maladaptive forms of conditioned feeding behaviors. For this purpose, we trained male rats to self-administer either a sugary, highly palatable diet ("Palatable" rats) or a chow diet ("Chow" rats) for 1 hour a day. After escalation and stabilization of palatable food intake, we tested Chow and Palatable rats in (a) a conditioned place preference test, (b) a second-order schedule of reinforcement, (c) a cue-induced suppression of feeding test. In the conditioned place preference task, Palatable rats spent significantly more time in the compartment that was previously paired with the palatable food, compared to Chow controls. Furthermore, in the second-order schedule of reinforcement task, Palatable rats exhibited active lever responding 4- to 6-fold higher than Chow control rats. Finally, in the cue-induced suppression of feeding test, although Chow control subjects reduced responding by 32% in the presence of the conditioned punishment, Palatable rats persevered in responding despite the aversive cue. These results further characterize this animal model of binge-like eating and provide additional evidence for the addictive properties of highly palatable food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Velázquez-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey W Santos
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Karen L Smith
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
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112
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Transportation in the Interstitial Space of the Brain Can Be Regulated by Neuronal Excitation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17673. [PMID: 26631412 PMCID: PMC4668547 DOI: 10.1038/srep17673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transportation of substances in the interstitial space (ISS) is crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis, however its link to neuronal activity remains unclear. Here, we report a marked reduction in substance transportation in the ISS after neuronal excitation. Using a tracer-based method, water molecules in the interstitial fluid (ISF) could be specifically visualized in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We first observed the flow of ISF in the thalamus and caudate nucleus of a rat. The ISF flow was then modulated using a painful stimulation model. We demonstrated that the flow of ISF slowed significantly following neuronal activity in the thalamus. This reduction in ISF flow continued for hours and was not accompanied by slow diffusion into the ISS. This observation suggests that the transportation of substances into the ISS can be regulated with a selective external stimulation.
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113
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Cocaine-induced plasticity in the cerebellum of sensitised mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4455-67. [PMID: 26482898 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior research has accumulated a substantial amount of evidence on the ability of cocaine to produce short- and long-lasting molecular and structural plasticity in the corticostriatal-limbic circuitry. However, traditionally, the cerebellum has not been included in the addiction circuitry, even though growing evidence supports its involvement in the behavioural changes observed after repeated drug experiences. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we explored the ability of seven cocaine administrations to alter plasticity in the cerebellar vermis. METHODS After six cocaine injections, one injection every 48 h, mice remained undisturbed for 1 month in their home cages. Following this withdrawal period, they received a new cocaine injection of a lower dose. Locomotion, behavioural stereotypes and several molecular and structural cerebellar parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Cerebellar proBDNF and mature BDNF levels were both enhanced by cocaine. The high BDNF expression was associated with dendritic sprouting and increased terminal size in Purkinje neurons. Additionally, we found a reduction in extracellular matrix components that might facilitate the subsequent remodelling of Purkinje-nuclear neuron synapses. CONCLUSIONS Although speculative, it is possible that these cocaine-dependent cerebellar changes were incubated during withdrawal and manifested by the last drug injection. Importantly, the present findings indicate that cocaine is able to promote plasticity modifications in the cerebellum of sensitised animals similar to those in the basal ganglia.
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114
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Oohashi T, Edamatsu M, Bekku Y, Carulli D. The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:134-44. [PMID: 26387938 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan and proteoglycanbinding link protein (Hapln) is a key molecule in the formation and control of hyaluronan-based condensed perineuronal matrix in the adult brain. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the role of Haplns in the formation and control of two distinct types of perineuronal matrices, one for "classical" PNN and the other for the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) at the node of Ranvier in the central nervous system (CNS). We introduce the structural components of each ECM organization including the basic concept of supramolecular structure named "HLT model". We furthermore summarize the developmental and physiological role of perineuronal ECMs from the studies of Haplns and related molecules. Finally, we also discuss the potential mechanism modulating PNNs in the adult CNS. This layer of organized matrices may exert a direct effect via core protein or sugar moiety from the structure or by acting as a binding site for biologically active molecules, which are important for neuronal plasticity and saltatory conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Midori Edamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoko Bekku
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Carulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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115
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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116
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Berretta S, Pantazopoulos H, Markota M, Brown C, Batzianouli ET. Losing the sugar coating: potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:18-27. [PMID: 25601362 PMCID: PMC4504843 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) were shown to be markedly altered in subjects with schizophrenia. In particular, decreases of PNNs have been detected in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex and prefrontal cortex. The formation of these specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) aggregates during postnatal development, their functions, and association with distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons, bear great relevance to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PNNs gradually mature in an experience-dependent manner during late stages of postnatal development, overlapping with the prodromal period/age of onset of schizophrenia. Throughout adulthood, PNNs regulate neuronal properties, including synaptic remodeling, cell membrane compartmentalization and subsequent regulation of glutamate receptors and calcium channels, and susceptibility to oxidative stress. With the present paper, we discuss evidence for PNN abnormalities in schizophrenia, the potential functional impact of such abnormalities on inhibitory circuits and, in turn, cognitive and emotion processing. We integrate these considerations with results from recent genetic studies showing genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia associated with genes encoding for PNN components, matrix-regulating molecules and immune system factors. Notably, the composition of PNNs is regulated dynamically in response to factors such as fear, reward, stress, and immune response. This regulation occurs through families of matrix metalloproteinases that cleave ECM components, altering their functions and affecting plasticity. Several metalloproteinases have been proposed as vulnerability factors for schizophrenia. We speculate that the physiological process of PNN remodeling may be disrupted in schizophrenia as a result of interactions between matrix remodeling processes and immune system dysregulation. In turn, these mechanisms may contribute to the dysfunction of GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matej Markota
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eleni T Batzianouli
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chen H, He D, Lasek AW. Repeated Binge Drinking Increases Perineuronal Nets in the Insular Cortex. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1930-8. [PMID: 26332441 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol exposure leads to changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain, which profoundly impacts neuronal plasticity. Perineuronal nets (PNs) are specialized ECM structures that enclose subpopulations of neurons in the cortex. Adolescent exposure to alcohol induces long-lasting increases in the expression of PN components in the cortex in adult mice. However, it has not been determined whether binge alcohol exposure in young adults alters PNs. Here, we examined PNs and their core components in the insula and primary motor cortex after repeated binge-like ethanol (EtOH) consumption in adult mice. METHODS The 4-day drinking in the dark (DID) procedure was performed in mice for 1 or 6 weeks to model binge alcohol consumption. The impact of EtOH drinking on PNs was examined by fluorescent staining of brain sections using a marker for PNs, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA). In another set of experiments, cortex was dissected and Western blots and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate the expression of the PN proteins aggrecan, brevican, and phosphacan. RESULTS Binge-like EtOH drinking for 6 weeks caused a significant increase in PNs in the insula, as measured by WFA binding. Aggrecan, brevican, and phosphacan protein expression, and aggrecan mRNA expression, were also elevated in the insula after 6 weeks of EtOH drinking. In contrast, expression of PN components did not change after 1 week of DID. The increase in PNs appears to be specific to the insula, because alterations were not observed in the primary motor cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that insular PNs increase after long-term binge drinking. The insula mediates compulsive alcohol use. As PNs influence neuronal firing and plasticity, increased PNs in the insula after multiple binge cycles may contribute to restricted neuronal plasticity and lead to the development of compulsive alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donghong He
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy W Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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118
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Xue YX, Zhu ZZ, Han HB, Liu JF, Meng SQ, Chen C, Yang JL, Wu P, Lu L. Overexpression of Protein Kinase Mζ in the Prelimbic Cortex Enhances the Formation of Long-Term Fear Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2146-56. [PMID: 25722116 PMCID: PMC4613603 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after fear conditioning has been suggested to regulate the formation and expression of fear memory. Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), an isoform of protein kinase C with persistent activity, is involved in the formation and maintenance of memory. However, less is known about the role of PKMζ in the PFC in the formation of fear memory. We investigated whether the overexpression of PKMζ enhances the formation of auditory fear memory in rats. We found that microinfusion of lentiviral vector-expressing PKMζ into the prelimbic cortex (PrL) selectively enhanced the expression of PKMζ without influencing the expression of other isoforms of PKC. The overexpression of PKMζ in the PrL enhanced the formation of long-term fear memory without affecting short-term fear memory, whereas the overexpression of PKMζ in the infralimbic cortex had no effect on either short-term or long-term fear memory. The overexpression of PKMζ in the PrL had no effect on anxiety-like behavior or locomotor activity. We also found that PKMζ overexpression potentiated the fear conditioning-induced increase in the membrane levels of glutamate subunit 2 of AMPA receptors in the PrL. These results demonstrate that the overexpression of PKMζ in the PrL but not infralimbic cortex selectively enhanced the formation of long-term fear memory, and PKMζ in the PrL may be involved in the formation of fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Center of Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Bin Han
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Center of Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Center of Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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119
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A novel UCS memory retrieval-extinction procedure to inhibit relapse to drug seeking. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7675. [PMID: 26169171 PMCID: PMC4510700 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a conditioned stimulus (CS) memory retrieval-extinction procedure decreases reinstatement of cocaine and heroin seeking in rats and heroin craving in humans. Here we show that non-contingent cocaine or methylphenidate injections (UCS retrieval) 1 h before the extinction sessions decreases cocaine-priming-induced reinstatement, spontaneous recovery, and renewal of cocaine seeking in rats. Unlike the CS-based memory retrieval-extinction procedure, the UCS memory retrieval manipulation decreases renewal and reinstatement of cocaine seeking in the presence of cocaine cues that were not present during extinction training and also decreases cocaine seeking when the procedure commences after 28 days of abstinence. The inhibitory effect of the UCS retrieval manipulation on cocaine-priming-induced reinstatement is mediated by regulation of AMPA-receptor endocytosis in the basolateral amygdala. The UCS memory retrieval-extinction procedure has superior relapse prevention characteristics than the CS memory retrieval-extinction procedure and could be a promising method for decreasing relapse in human addicts. Cue-based therapies for treating drug addiction have proven to be only partially effective. Here the authors demonstrate a new memory retrieval based treatment protocol for drug addiction that results in long-lasting inhibition of drug seeking behavior in rodents.
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120
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Slaker M, Churchill L, Todd RP, Blacktop JM, Zuloaga DG, Raber J, Darling RA, Brown TE, Sorg BA. Removal of perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal cortex impairs the acquisition and reconsolidation of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference memory. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4190-202. [PMID: 25762666 PMCID: PMC4355195 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3592-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) critically contribute to cocaine-seeking behavior in humans and rodents. Activity of these neurons is significantly modulated by GABAergic, parvalbumin-containing, fast-spiking interneurons, the majority of which are enveloped by specialized structures of extracellular matrix called perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are integral to the maintenance of many types of plasticity. Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, we found that removal of PNNs primarily from the prelimbic region of the mPFC of adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats impaired the acquisition and reconsolidation of a cocaine-induced CPP memory. This impairment was accompanied by a decrease in the number of c-Fos-positive cells surrounded by PNNs. Following removal of PNNs, the frequency of inhibitory currents in mPFC pyramidal neurons was decreased; but following cocaine-induced CPP, both frequency and amplitude of inhibitory currents were decreased. Our findings suggest that cocaine-induced plasticity is impaired by removal of prelimbic mPFC PNNs and that PNNs may be a therapeutic target for disruption of cocaine CPP memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Slaker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington 98686
| | - Lynn Churchill
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Ryan P Todd
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington 98686
| | - Jordan M Blacktop
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington 98686
| | - Damian G Zuloaga
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, and
| | - Rebecca A Darling
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
| | - Travis E Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington 98686,
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121
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Silver J, Schwab ME, Popovich PG. Central nervous system regenerative failure: role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a020602. [PMID: 25475091 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are now showing the exciting potential to achieve significant functional recovery following central nervous system (CNS) injury by manipulating both the inefficient intracellular growth machinery in neurons, as well as the extracellular barriers, which further limit their regenerative potential. In this review, we have focused on the three major glial cell types: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia/macrophages, in addition to some of their precursors, which form major extrinsic barriers to regrowth in the injured CNS. Although axotomized neurons in the CNS have, at best, a limited capacity to regenerate or sprout, there is accumulating evidence that even in the adult and, especially after boosting their growth motor, neurons possess the capacity for considerable circuit reorganization and even lengthy regeneration when these glial obstacles to neuronal regrowth are modified, eliminated, or overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44140
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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122
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Mechanisms for modulation of neural plasticity and axon regeneration by chondroitin sulphate. J Biochem 2014; 157:13-22. [PMID: 25381371 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), consisting of core proteins linked to one or more chondroitin sulphate (CS) chains, are major extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the central nervous system (CNS). Multi-functionality of CSPGs can be explained by the diversity in structure of CS chains that undergo dynamic changes during development and under pathological conditions. CSPGs, together with other ECM components, form mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets around a subset of neurons. Enzymatic digestion or genetic manipulation of CSPGs reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain and improves regeneration of damaged axons after CNS injury. Recent studies have shown that CSPGs not only act as non-specific physical barriers that prevent rearrangement of synaptic connections but also regulate neural plasticity through specific interaction of CS chains with its binding partners in a manner that depends on the structure of the CS chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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123
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eIF2α dephosphorylation in basolateral amygdala mediates reconsolidation of drug memory. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10010-21. [PMID: 25057203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0934-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive memories elicited by exposure to environmental stimuli associated with drugs of abuse are often responsible for relapse among addicts. Interference with the reconsolidation of drug memory can inhibit drug seeking. Previous studies have indicated that the dephosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α-subunit (eIF2α) plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory consolidation, but its role in the reconsolidation of drug memory remains unknown. The amygdala is required for the reconsolidation of a destabilized drug memory after retrieval of drug-paired stimuli. Here, we used conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration procedures to determine whether amygdala eIF2α dephosphorylation is required for the reconsolidation of morphine and cocaine memories in rats. We found that the levels of eIF2α phosphorylation (Ser51) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) were decreased after reexposure to a previously morphine- or cocaine-paired context (i.e., a memory retrieval procedure) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) but not in the central amygdala. Intra-BLA infusions of Sal003, a selective inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation, immediately after memory retrieval disrupted the reconsolidation of morphine- or cocaine-induced CPP, leading to a long-lasting suppression of drug-paired stimulus-induced craving. Advanced knockdown of ATF4 expression in the BLA by lentivirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA blocked the disruption of the reconsolidation of morphine-induced CPP induced by Sal003 treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation in the BLA immediately after light/tone stimulus retrieval decreased subsequent cue-induced heroin-seeking behavior in the self-administration procedure. These results demonstrate that eIF2α dephosphorylation in the BLA mediates the memory reconsolidation of drug-paired stimuli.
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124
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Tsai LH, Gräff J. On the resilience of remote traumatic memories against exposure therapy-mediated attenuation. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:853-61. [PMID: 25027989 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
How to attenuate traumatic memories has long been the focus of intensive research efforts, as traumatic memories are extremely persistent and heavily impinge on the quality of life. Despite the fact that traumatic memories are often not readily amenable to immediate intervention, surprisingly few studies have investigated treatment options for remote traumata in animal models. The few that have unanimously concluded that exposure therapy-based approaches, the most successful behavioral intervention for the attenuation of recent forms of traumata in humans, fail to effectively reduce remote fear memories. Here, we provide an overview of these animal studies with an emphasis on why remote traumatic memories might be refractory to behavioral interventions: A lack of neuroplasticity in brain areas relevant for learning and memory emerges as a common denominator of such resilience. We then outline the findings of a recent study in mice showing that by combining exposure therapy-like approaches with small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis), even remote memories can be persistently attenuated. This pharmacological intervention reinstated neuroplasticity to levels comparable to those found upon successful attenuation of recent memories. Thus, HDACis-or any other agent capable of heightening neuroplasticity-in conjunction with exposure therapy-based treatments might constitute a promising approach to overcome remote traumata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Gräff
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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125
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Neural ECM molecules in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:53-80. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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126
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a prominent role in brain development, maturation of neural circuits, and adult neuroplasticity. This multifactorial role of the ECM suggests that processes that affect composition or turnover of ECM in the brain could lead to altered brain function, possibly underlying conditions of impaired mental health, such as neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disease. In support of this, in the last two decades, clinical and preclinical research provided evidence of correlations and to some degree causal links, between aberrant ECM function and neuropsychiatric disorders, the most prominent being addiction and schizophrenia. Based on these initial observations of involvement of different classes of ECM molecules (laminin, reelin, and their integrin receptors, as well as tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans), ECM targets have been suggested as a novel entry point in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Hence, understanding how ECM molecules contribute to proper neuronal functioning and how this is dysregulated in conditions of mental illness is of pivotal importance. In this chapter, we will review available literature that implicates the different classes of brain ECM molecules in psychiatric disorders, with a primary focus on addiction (opiates, psychostimulants, and alcohol), and we will compare these ECM adaptations with those implicated in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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