101
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Identification of a New Cell Population Constitutively Circulating in Healthy Conditions and Endowed with a Homing Ability Toward Injured Sites. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16574. [PMID: 26560420 PMCID: PMC4642305 DOI: 10.1038/srep16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells are the critical units for tissue maintenance, regeneration, and repair. The activation of regenerative events in response to tissue injury has been correlated with mobilization of tissue-resident progenitor cells, which is functional to the wound healing process. However, until now there has been no evidence for the presence of cells with a healing capacity circulating in healthy conditions. We identified a rare cell population present in the peripheral blood of healthy mice that actively participates in tissue repair. These Circulating cells, with a Homing ability and involved in the Healing process (CH cells), were identified by an innovative flowcytometry strategy as small cells not expressing CD45 and lineage markers. Their transcriptome profile revealed that CH cells are unique and present a high expression of key pluripotency- and epiblast-associated genes. More importantly, CH-labeled cells derived from healthy Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP)-transgenic mice and systemically injected into syngeneic fractured wild-type mice migrated and engrafted in wounded tissues, ultimately differentiating into tissue-specific cells. Accordingly, the number of CH cells in the peripheral blood rapidly decreased following femoral fracture. These findings uncover the existence of constitutively circulating cells that may represent novel, accessible, and versatile effectors of therapeutic tissue regeneration.
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102
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Davies OG, Grover LM, Eisenstein N, Lewis MP, Liu Y. Identifying the Cellular Mechanisms Leading to Heterotopic Ossification. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 97:432-44. [PMID: 26163233 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a debilitating condition defined by the de novo development of bone within non-osseous soft tissues, and can be either hereditary or acquired. The hereditary condition, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is rare but life threatening. Acquired HO is more common and results from a severe trauma that produces an environment conducive for the formation of ectopic endochondral bone. Despite continued efforts to identify the cellular and molecular events that lead to HO, the mechanisms of pathogenesis remain elusive. It has been proposed that the formation of ectopic bone requires an osteochondrogenic cell type, the presence of inductive agent(s) and a permissive local environment. To date several lineage-tracing studies have identified potential contributory populations. However, difficulties identifying cells in vivo based on the limitations of phenotypic markers, along with the absence of established in vitro HO models have made the results difficult to interpret. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate current literature within the field in an attempt identify the cellular mechanisms required for ectopic bone formation. The major aim is to collate all current data on cell populations that have been shown to possess an osteochondrogenic potential and identify environmental conditions that may contribute to a permissive local environment. This review outlines the pathology of endochondral ossification, which is important for the development of potential HO therapies and to further our understanding of the mechanisms governing bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Davies
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - L M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - N Eisenstein
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough, UK
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Y Liu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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103
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Kim YH, Tabata Y. Dual-controlled release system of drugs for bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 94:28-40. [PMID: 26079284 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled release systems have been noted to allow drugs to enhance their ability for bone regeneration. To this end, various biomaterials have been used as the release carriers of drugs, such as low-molecular-weight drugs, growth factors, and others. The drugs are released from the release carriers in a controlled fashion to maintain their actions for a long time period. Most research has been focused on the controlled release of single drugs to demonstrate the therapeutic feasibility. Controlled release of two combined drugs, so-called dual release systems, are promising and important for tissue regeneration. This is because the tissue regeneration process of bone formation is generally achieved by multiple bioactive molecules, which are produced from cells by other molecules. If two types of bioactive molecules, (i.e., drugs), are supplied in an appropriate fashion, the regeneration process of living bodies will be efficiently promoted. This review focuses on the bone regeneration induced by dual-controlled release of drugs. In this paper, various dual-controlled release systems of drugs aiming at bone regeneration are overviewed explaining the type of drugs and their release materials.
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104
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Krieger JR, Ogle ME, McFaline-Figueroa J, Segar CE, Temenoff JS, Botchwey EA. Spatially localized recruitment of anti-inflammatory monocytes by SDF-1α-releasing hydrogels enhances microvascular network remodeling. Biomaterials 2015; 77:280-90. [PMID: 26613543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair processes are characterized by the biphasic recruitment of distinct subpopulations of blood monocytes, including classical ("inflammatory") monocytes (IMs, Ly6C(hi)Gr1(+)CX3CR1(lo)) and non-classical anti-inflammatory monocytes (AMs, Ly6C(lo)Gr1(-)CX3CR1(hi)). Drug-eluting biomaterial implants can be used to tune the endogenous repair process by the preferential recruitment of pro-regenerative cells. To enhance recruitment of AMs during inflammatory injury, a novel N-desulfated heparin-containing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel was engineered to deliver exogenous stromal derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), utilizing the natural capacity of heparin to sequester and release growth factors. SDF-1α released from the hydrogels maintained its bioactivity and stimulated chemotaxis of bone marrow cells in vitro. Intravital microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated that SDF-1α hydrogels implanted in a murine dorsal skinfold window chamber promoted spatially-localized recruitment of AMs relative to unloaded internal control hydrogels. SDF-1α delivery stimulated arteriolar remodeling that was correlated with AM enrichment in the injury niche. SDF-1α, but not unloaded control hydrogels, supported sustained arteriogenesis and microvascular network growth through 7 days. The recruitment of AMs correlated with parameters of vascular remodeling suggesting that tuning the innate immune response by biomaterial SDF-1α release is a promising strategy for promoting vascular remodeling in a spatially controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Krieger
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - M E Ogle
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - J McFaline-Figueroa
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - C E Segar
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - J S Temenoff
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - E A Botchwey
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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105
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Yu L, Tu Q, Han Q, Zhang L, Sui L, Zheng L, Meng S, Tang Y, Xuan D, Zhang J, Murray D, Shen Q, Cheng J, Kim SH, Dong LQ, Valverde P, Cao X, Chen J. Adiponectin regulates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell niche through a unique signal transduction pathway: an approach for treating bone disease in diabetes. Stem Cells 2015; 33:240-52. [PMID: 25187480 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is an adipocyte-secreted adipokine that exerts well-characterized antidiabetic properties. Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are characterized by reduced APN levels in circulation and impaired stem cell and progenitor cell mobilization from the bone marrow for tissue repair and remodeling. In this study, we found that APN regulates the mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to participate in tissue repair and regeneration. APN facilitated BMSCs migrating from the bone marrow into the circulation to regenerate bone by regulating stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 in a mouse bone defect model. More importantly, we found that systemic APN infusion ameliorated diabetic mobilopathy of BMSCs, lowered glucose concentration, and promoted bone regeneration in diet-induced obesity mice. In vitro studies allowed us to identify Smad1/5/8 as a novel signaling mediator of APN receptor (AdipoR)-1 in BMSCs and osteoblasts. APN stimulation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells led to Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and nuclear localization and increased SDF-1 mRNA expression. Although APN-mediated phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 occurred independently from adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, pleckstrin homology domain, and leucine zipper containing 1, it correlated with the disassembly of protein kinase casein kinase 2 and AdipoR1 in immunoprecipitation experiments. Taken together, this study identified APN as a regulator of BMSCs migration in response to bone injury. Therefore, our findings suggest APN signaling could be a potential therapeutic target to improve bone regeneration and homeostasis, especially in obese and T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Disease Center, Shanghai, China; Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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106
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Herberg S, Kondrikova G, Hussein KA, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Johnson MH, Elsalanty ME, Shi X, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Hill WD. Total body irradiation is permissive for mesenchymal stem cell-mediated new bone formation following local transplantation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:3212-27. [PMID: 24914464 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal injury is a major clinical challenge accentuated by the decrease of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) with age or disease. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have revealed that BMSCs hold great promise for regenerative therapies due to their direct osteogenic potential and indirect trophic/paracrine actions. Increasing evidence suggests that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is involved in modulating the host response to the injury. Common problems with BMSC therapy include poor cell engraftment, which can be addressed by total body irradiation (TBI) prior to transplantation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that direct tibial transplantation of BMSCs drives endogenous bone formation in a dose-dependent manner, which is enhanced by TBI, and investigated the potential role of SDF-1 in facilitating these events. We found that TBI is permissive for transplanted BMSCs to engraft and contribute to new bone formation. Bone marrow (BM) interstitial fluid analysis revealed no differences of SDF-1 splice variants in irradiated animals compared to controls, despite the increased mRNA and protein levels expressed in whole BM cells. This correlated with increased dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and the failure to induce chemotaxis of BMSCs in vitro. We found increased mRNA expression levels of the major SDF-1-cleaving proteases in whole BM cells from irradiated animals suggesting distinct spatial differences within the BM in which SDF-1 may play different autocrine and paracrine signaling roles beyond the immediate cell surface microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herberg
- 1 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, Georgia
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107
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Herberg S, Aguilar-Perez A, Howie RN, Kondrikova G, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Elsalanty ME, Shi X, Hill WD, Cray JJ. Mesenchymal stem cell expression of SDF-1β synergizes with BMP-2 to augment cell-mediated healing of critical-sized mouse calvarial defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1806-1819. [PMID: 26227988 DOI: 10.1002/term.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone has the potential for spontaneous healing. This process, however, often fails in patients with comorbidities. Tissue engineering combining functional cells, biomaterials and osteoinductive cues may provide alternative treatment strategies. We have recently demonstrated that stromal cell-derived factor-1β (SDF-1β) works in concert with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to potentiate osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs). Here, we test the hypothesis that SDF-1β overexpressed in Tet-Off-SDF-1β BMSCs, delivered on acellular dermal matrix (ADM), synergistically augments BMP-2-induced healing of critical-sized mouse calvarial defects. BMSC therapies alone showed limited bone healing, which was increased with co-delivery of BMP-2. This was further enhanced in Tet-Off-SDF-1β BMSCs + BMP-2. Only limited BMSC retention on ADM constructs was observed after 4 weeks in vivo, which was increased with BMP-2 co-delivery. In vitro cell proliferation studies showed that supplementing BMP-2 to Tet-Off BMSCs significantly increased the cell number during the first 24 h. Consequently, the increased cell numbers decreased the detectable BMP-2 levels in the medium, but increased cell-associated BMP-2. The data suggest that SDF-1β provides synergistic effects supporting BMP-2-induced, BMSC-mediated bone formation and appears suitable for optimization of bone augmentation in combination therapy protocols. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexandra Aguilar-Perez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mohammed E Elsalanty
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xingming Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Centre, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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108
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Das A, Segar CE, Chu Y, Wang TW, Lin Y, Yang C, Du X, Ogle RC, Cui Q, Botchwey EA. Bioactive lipid coating of bone allografts directs engraftment and fate determination of bone marrow-derived cells in rat GFP chimeras. Biomaterials 2015; 64:98-107. [PMID: 26125501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone grafting procedures are performed to treat wounds incurred during wartime trauma, accidents, and tumor resections. Endogenous mechanisms of repair are often insufficient to ensure integration between host and donor bone and subsequent restoration of function. We investigated the role that bone marrow-derived cells play in bone regeneration and sought to increase their contributions by functionalizing bone allografts with bioactive lipid coatings. Polymer-coated allografts were used to locally deliver the immunomodulatory small molecule FTY720 in tibial defects created in rat bone marrow chimeras containing genetically-labeled bone marrow for monitoring cell origin and fate. Donor bone marrow contributed significantly to both myeloid and osteogenic cells in remodeling tissue surrounding allografts. FTY720 coatings altered the phenotype of immune cells two weeks post-injury, which was associated with increased vascularization and bone formation surrounding allografts. Consequently, degradable polymer coating strategies that deliver small molecule growth factors such as FTY720 represent a novel therapeutic strategy for harnessing endogenous bone marrow-derived progenitors and enhancing healing in load-bearing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Das
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Claire E Segar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yihsuan Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chunxi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xeujun Du
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Roy C Ogle
- School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Edward A Botchwey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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109
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Systemic high-mobility group box 1 administration suppresses skin inflammation by inducing an accumulation of PDGFRα(+) mesenchymal cells from bone marrow. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11008. [PMID: 26046579 PMCID: PMC4457135 DOI: 10.1038/srep11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mobilizes platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα+) mesenchymal cells from bone marrow (BM) into circulation. However, whether HMGB1-induced endogenous PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells stimulate skin regeneration has been unclear. Here, we investigated the functions of the HMGB1/BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cell axis in the regeneration of mouse skin grafts. We found that intravenous HMGB1 administration induced an accumulation of endogenous BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells followed by significant inflammatory suppression in the grafts. In contrast, mice with reduced BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells showed massive inflammation of the grafts compared to mice that had normal levels of these cells even after HMGB1 administration, suggesting that BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells contribute to the HMGB1-induced anti-inflammatory effect. We also found that intravenously administered HMGB1 augmented the local migration of BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells from circulation to skin graft by inducing the expression of CXCR4, an SDF-1 receptor, on these cells. Finally, we showed the therapeutic activity of the HMGB1/BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cell axis in an allergic contact dermatitis model. The results illustrated the contribution of the HMGB1/BM-PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cell axis in suppressing the inflammation of injured/inflamed skin. These findings may provide future perspectives on the use of HMGB1-based medicines for intractable diseases.
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110
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Hwang HD, Lee JT, Koh JT, Jung HM, Lee HJ, Kwon TG. Sequential Treatment with SDF-1 and BMP-2 Potentiates Bone Formation in Calvarial Defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2125-35. [PMID: 25919507 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) protein and its receptor, CXCR-4, play an important role in tissue repair and regeneration in various organs, including the bone. SDF-1 is indispensable for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced osteogenic differentiation. However, SDF-1 is not needed after the osteogenic induction has been activated. Since the precise condition for the additive effects of combined DF-1 and BMP-2 in bone healing had not been fully investigated, we aimed to determine the optimal conditions for SDF-1- and BMP-2-mediated bone regeneration. We examined the in vitro osteoblastic differentiation and cell migration after sequential treatments with SDF-1 and BMP-2. Based on the in vitro additive effects of SDF-1 and BMP-2, the critical size defects of mice calvaria were treated with these cytokines in various sequences. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-, SDF-1-, or BMP-2-soaked collagen scaffolds were implanted into the calvarial defects (n=36). Periodic percutaneous injections of PBS or the cytokine SDF-1 and BMP-2 into the implanted scaffolds were performed on days 3 and 6, postoperatively. Six experimental groups were used according to the types and sequences of the cytokine treatments. After 28 days, the mice were euthanized and bone formation was evaluated with microcomputed tomography and histology. The molecular mechanism of the additive effect of SDF-1 and BMP-2 was evaluated by analyzing intracellular signal transduction through Smad and Erk phosphorylation. The in vitro experiments revealed that, among all the treatments, the treatment with BMP-2 after SDF-1 showed the strongest osteoblastic differentiation and enhanced cell migration. Similarly, in the animal model, the treatment with SDF-1 followed by BMP-2 treatment showed the highest degree of new bone regeneration than any other groups, including the one with continuous BMP-2 treatment. This new bone formation can be partially explained by the activation of Smad and Erk pathways and enhanced cell migration. These results suggest that sequential treatment with the cytokines, SDF-1 and BMP-2, may be a promising strategy for accelerating bone regeneration in critical size defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Don Hwang
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Tae Lee
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Moon Jung
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jin Lee
- 3 Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geon Kwon
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
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111
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Herrmann M, Verrier S, Alini M. Strategies to Stimulate Mobilization and Homing of Endogenous Stem and Progenitor Cells for Bone Tissue Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:79. [PMID: 26082926 PMCID: PMC4451737 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for the treatment of critical-size bone defects is autologous or allogenic bone graft. This has several limitations including donor site morbidity and the restricted supply of graft material. Cell-based tissue engineering strategies represent an alternative approach. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered as a source of osteoprogenitor cells. More recently, focus has been placed on the use of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), since vascularization is a critical step in bone healing. Although many of these approaches have demonstrated effectiveness for bone regeneration, cell-based therapies require time consuming and cost-expensive in vitro cell expansion procedures. Accordingly, research is becoming increasingly focused on the homing and stimulation of native cells. The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) - CXCR4 axis has been shown to be critical for the recruitment of MSCs and EPCs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key factor in angiogenesis and has been targeted in many studies. Here, we present an overview of the different approaches for delivering homing factors to the defect site by absorption or incorporation to biomaterials, gene therapy, or via genetically manipulated cells. We further review strategies focusing on the stimulation of endogenous cells to support bone repair. Finally, we discuss the major challenges in the treatment of critical-size bone defects and fracture non-unions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos , Davos , Switzerland
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112
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Baht GS, Silkstone D, Vi L, Nadesan P, Amani Y, Whetstone H, Wei Q, Alman BA. Exposure to a youthful circulaton rejuvenates bone repair through modulation of β-catenin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7131. [PMID: 25988592 PMCID: PMC4479006 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for tissues to repair and regenerate diminishes with age. We sought to determine the age-dependent contribution of native mesenchymal cells and circulating factors on in vivo bone repair. Here we show that exposure to youthful circulation by heterochronic parabiosis reverses the aged fracture repair phenotype and the diminished osteoblastic differentiation capacity of old animals. This rejuvenation effect is recapitulated by engraftment of young haematopoietic cells into old animals. During rejuvenation, β-catenin signalling, a pathway important in osteoblast differentiation, is modulated in the early repair process and required for rejuvenation of the aged phenotype. Temporal reduction of β-catenin signalling during early fracture repair improves bone healing in old mice. Our data indicate that young haematopoietic cells have the capacity to rejuvenate bone repair and this is mediated at least in part through β-catenin, raising the possibility that agents that modulate β-catenin can improve the pace or quality of fracture repair in the ageing population. The reparative capacity of tissues decreases with age. Here, Baht et al. perform parabiosis experiments and provide evidence for the existence of a soluble factor produced by young, but not old, haematopoietic cells that is capable of improving fracture repair in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet S Baht
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - David Silkstone
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Linda Vi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Puviindran Nadesan
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yasha Amani
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Qingxia Wei
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Orthopedics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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113
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Liang X, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Tse HF, Lian Q. Paracrine mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: current status and perspectives. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:1045-59. [PMID: 23676629 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x667709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of a few stem cell types to be applied in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair. In addition to their multipotent differentiation potential, a strong paracrine capacity has been proposed as the principal mechanism that contributes to tissue repair. Apart from cytokine/chemokine secretion, MSCs also display a strong capacity for mitochondrial transfer and microvesicle (exosomes) secretion in response to injury with subsequent promotion of tissue regeneration. These unique properties of MSCs make them an invaluable cell type to repair damaged tissues/organs. Although MSCs offer great promise in the treatment of degenerative diseases and inflammatory disorders, there are still many challenges to overcome prior to their widespread clinical application. Particularly, their in-depth paracrine mechanisms remain a matter for debate and exploration. This review will highlight the discovery of the paracrine mechanism of MSCs, regulation of the paracrine biology of MSCs, important paracrine factors of MSCs in modulation of tissue repair, exosome and mitochondrial transfer for tissue repair, and the future perspective for MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Liang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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114
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signalling is intricately involved in coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis during bone development and repair. Activation of HIFs in response to a hypoxic bone micro-environment stimulates the transcription of multiple genes with effects on angiogenesis, precursor cell recruitment and differentiation. Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which oxygen content regulates the levels and activity of HIFs. In particular, the discovery of the role of oxygen-dependent hydroxylase enzymes in modulating the activity of HIF-1α has sparked interest in potentially promising therapeutic strategies in multiple clinical fields and most recently bone healing. Several small molecules, termed hypoxia mimics, have been identified as activators of the HIF pathway and have demonstrated augmentation of both bone vascularity and bone regeneration in vivo. In this review we discuss key elements of the hypoxic signalling pathway and its role in bone regeneration. Current strategies for the manipulation of this pathway for enhancing bone repair are presented with an emphasis on recent pre-clinical in vivo investigations. These findings suggest promising approaches for the development of therapies to improve bone repair and tissue engineering strategies.
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115
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Lafage-Proust MH, Roche B, Langer M, Cleret D, Vanden Bossche A, Olivier T, Vico L. Assessment of bone vascularization and its role in bone remodeling. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:662. [PMID: 25861447 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a composite organ that fulfils several interconnected functions, which may conflict with each other in pathological conditions. Bone vascularization is at the interface between these functions. The roles of bone vascularization are better documented in bone development, growth and modeling than in bone remodeling. However, every bone remodeling unit is associated with a capillary in both cortical and trabecular envelopes. Here we summarize the most recent data on vessel involvement in bone remodeling, and we present the characteristics of bone vascularization. Finally, we describe the various techniques used for bone vessel imaging and quantitative assessment, including histology, immunohistochemistry, microtomography and intravital microscopy. Studying the role of vascularization in adult bone should provide benefits for the understanding and treatment of metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Lafage-Proust
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrée du Tissu Osseux, INSERM U 1059 , Saint-Etienne, France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Roche
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrée du Tissu Osseux, INSERM U 1059 , Saint-Etienne, France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Max Langer
- Université de Lyon , Lyon, France ; CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220-INSERM U1044 , Lyon, France
| | - Damien Cleret
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrée du Tissu Osseux, INSERM U 1059 , Saint-Etienne, France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Vanden Bossche
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrée du Tissu Osseux, INSERM U 1059 , Saint-Etienne, France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Olivier
- Université de Lyon , Lyon, France ; Laboratoire Hubert Curien , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrée du Tissu Osseux, INSERM U 1059 , Saint-Etienne, France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon, France
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Effect of dual treatment with SDF-1 and BMP-2 on ectopic and orthotopic bone formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120051. [PMID: 25781922 PMCID: PMC4363323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purposes The potent stem cell homing factor stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) actively recruits mesenchymal stem cells from circulation and from local bone marrow. It is well established that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) induces ectopic and orthotopic bone formation. However, the exact synergistic effects of BMP-2 and SDF-1 in ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration models have not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of simultaneous SDF-1 and BMP-2 treatment on bone formation. Materials and Methods Various doses of SDF-1 were loaded onto collagen sponges with or without BMP-2.These sponges were implanted into subcutaneous pockets and critical-size calvarial defects in C57BL/6 mice. The specimens were harvested 4 weeks post-surgery and the degree of bone formation in specimens was evaluated by histomorphometric and radiographic density analyses. Osteogenic potential and migration capacity of mesenchymal cells and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells following dual treatment with SDF-1 and BMP-2 were evaluated with in vitro assays. Results SDF-1-only-treated implants did not yield significant in vivo bone formation and SDF-1 treatment did not enhance BMP-2-induced ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration. In vitro experiments showed that concomitant use of BMP-2 and SDF-1 had no additive effect on osteoblastic differentiation, cell migration or angiogenesis compared to BMP-2 or SDF-1 treatment alone. Conclusions These findings imply that sequence-controlled application of SDF-1 and BMP-2 must be further investigated for the enhancement of robust osteogenesis in bone defects.
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117
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Kaku M, Akiba Y, Akiyama K, Akita D, Nishimura M. Cell-based bone regeneration for alveolar ridge augmentation--cell source, endogenous cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function. J Prosthodont Res 2015; 59:96-112. [PMID: 25749435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar ridge plays a pivotal role in supporting dental prosthesis particularly in edentulous and semi-dentulous patients. However the alveolar ridge undergoes atrophic change after tooth loss. The vertical and horizontal volume of the alveolar ridge restricts the design of dental prosthesis; thus, maintaining sufficient alveolar ridge volume is vital for successful oral rehabilitation. Recent progress in regenerative approaches has conferred marked benefits in prosthetic dentistry, enabling regeneration of the atrophic alveolar ridge. In order to achieve successful alveolar ridge augmentation, sufficient numbers of osteogenic cells are necessary; therefore, autologous osteoprogenitor cells are isolated, expanded in vitro, and transplanted to the specific anatomical site where the bone is required. Recent studies have gradually elucidated that transplanted osteoprogenitor cells are not only a source of bone forming osteoblasts, they appear to play multiple roles, such as recruitment of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells and immunomodulatory function, at the forefront of bone regeneration. This review focuses on the current consensus of cell-based bone augmentation therapies with emphasis on cell sources, transplanted cell survival, endogenous stem cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function of transplanted osteoprogenitor cells. Furthermore, if we were able to control the mobilization of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells, large-scale surgery may no longer be necessary. Such treatment strategy may open a new era of safer and more effective alveolar ridge augmentation treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Akiba
- Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Akiyama
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akita
- Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:202-22. [PMID: 25732057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For this comprehensive review, 257 publications with the keywords "osteopontin" or "OPN" and "vascular endothelial growth factor" or "VEGF" in PubMed were screened (time frame from year 1996 to year 2014). 37 articles were excluded because they were not focused on the interactions between these molecules, and papers relevant for transformation-related phenomena were selected. Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for regulating cell motility and angiogenesis, the response to hypoxia, and apoptosis. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. Their relationships affect the pathogenesis in cancer, where they contribute to progression and angiogenesis and serve as markers for poor prognosis. The inhibition of OPN may reduce VEGF levels and suppress tumor progression. In vascular pathologies, these two cytokines mediate remodeling, but may also perpetuate inflammation and narrowing of the arteries. OPN and VEGF are elevated and contribute to vascularization in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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119
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Yuasa M, Yamada T, Taniyama T, Masaoka T, Xuetao W, Yoshii T, Horie M, Yasuda H, Uemura T, Okawa A, Sotome S. Dexamethasone enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow- and muscle-derived stromal cells and augments ectopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116462. [PMID: 25659106 PMCID: PMC4319911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether dexamethasone augments the osteogenic capability of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) and muscle tissue-derived stromal cells (MuSCs), both of which are thought to contribute to ectopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and determined the underlying mechanisms. Rat BMSCs and MuSCs were cultured in growth media with or without 10-7 M dexamethasone and then differentiated under osteogenic conditions with dexamethasone and BMP-2. The effects of dexamethasone on cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, and also on ectopic bone formation induced by BMP-2, were analyzed. Dexamethasone affected not only the proliferation rate but also the subpopulation composition of BMSCs and MuSCs, and subsequently augmented their osteogenic capacity during osteogenic differentiation. During osteogenic induction by BMP-2, dexamethasone also markedly affected cell proliferation in both BMSCs and MuSCs. In an in vivo ectopic bone formation model, bone formation in muscle-implanted scaffolds containing dexamethasone and BMP-2 was more than two fold higher than that in scaffolds containing BMP-2 alone. Our results suggest that dexamethasone potently enhances the osteogenic capability of BMP-2 and may thus decrease the quantity of BMP-2 required for clinical application, thereby reducing the complications caused by excessive doses of BMP-2. Highlights: 1. Dexamethasone induced selective proliferation of bone marrow- and muscle-derived cells with higher differentiation potential. 2. Dexamethasone enhanced the osteogenic capability of bone marrow- and muscle-derived cells by altering the subpopulation composition. 3. Dexamethasone augmented ectopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yuasa
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniyama
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Masaoka
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Xuetao
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Yoshii
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Hyperbaric Medical Center, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yasuda
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Uemura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sotome
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Research and Development, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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120
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Herberg S, Kondrikova G, Hussein KA, Johnson MH, Elsalanty ME, Shi X, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Hill WD. Mesenchymal stem cell expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1β augments bone formation in a model of local regenerative therapy. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:174-84. [PMID: 25351363 PMCID: PMC4706461 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone has the potential for spontaneous healing. However, this process often fails in patients with co-morbidities requiring clinical intervention. Numerous studies have revealed that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) hold great potential for regenerative therapies. Common problems include poor cell engraftment, which can be addressed by irradiation prior to transplantation. Increasing evidence suggests that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is involved in bone formation. However, osteogenic contributions of the beta splice variant of SDF-1 (SDF-1β), which is highly expressed in bone, remain unclear. Using the tetracycline (Tet)-regulatory system we have shown that SDF-1β enhances BMSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Here we test the hypothesis that SDF-1β augments bone formation in vivo in a model of local BMSC transplantation following irradiation. We found that SDF-1β, expressed at high levels in Tet-Off-SDF-1β BMSCs, augments the cell-mediated therapeutic effects resulting in enhanced bone formation, as evidenced by ex vivo μCT and bone histomorphometry. The data demonstrate the specific contribution of SDF-1β to BMSC-mediated bone formation, and validate the feasibility of the Tet-Off technology to regulate SDF-1β expression in vivo. In conclusion, SDF-1β provides potent synergistic effects supporting BMSC-mediated bone formation and appears a suitable candidate for optimization of bone augmentation in translational protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., CB-1119, Augusta, Georgia 30912,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Khaled A. Hussein
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Maribeth H. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mohammed E. Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xingming Shi
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., CB-1119, Augusta, Georgia 30912,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., CB-1119, Augusta, Georgia 30912,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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121
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Iinuma S, Aikawa E, Tamai K, Fujita R, Kikuchi Y, Chino T, Kikuta J, McGrath JA, Uitto J, Ishii M, Iizuka H, Kaneda Y. Transplanted bone marrow-derived circulating PDGFRα+ cells restore type VII collagen in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa mouse skin graft. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1996-2003. [PMID: 25601922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is an intractable genetic blistering skin disease in which the epithelial structure easily separates from the underlying dermis because of genetic loss of functional type VII collagen (Col7) in the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Recent studies have demonstrated that allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) ameliorates the skin blistering phenotype of RDEB patients by restoring Col7. However, the exact therapeutic mechanism of BMT in RDEB remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of transplanted bone marrow-derived circulating mesenchymal cells in RDEB (Col7-null) mice. In wild-type mice with prior GFP-BMT after lethal irradiation, lineage-negative/GFP-positive (Lin(-)/GFP(+)) cells, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive (PDGFRα(+)) mesenchymal cells, specifically migrated to skin grafts from RDEB mice and expressed Col7. Vascular endothelial cells and follicular keratinocytes in the deep dermis of the skin grafts expressed SDF-1α, and the bone marrow-derived PDGFRα(+) cells expressed CXCR4 on their surface. Systemic administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 markedly decreased the migration of bone marrow-derived PDGFRα(+) cells into the skin graft, resulting in persistent epidermal detachment with massive necrosis and inflammation in the skin graft of RDEB mice; without AMD3100 administration, Col7 was significantly supplemented to ameliorate the pathogenic blistering phenotype. Collectively, these data suggest that the SDF1α/CXCR4 signaling axis induces transplanted bone marrow-derived circulating PDGFRα(+) mesenchymal cells to migrate and supply functional Col7 to regenerate RDEB skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Iinuma
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Eriko Aikawa
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuto Tamai
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Ryo Fujita
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kikuchi
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takenao Chino
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - John A McGrath
- Department of Molecular Dermatology, King's College, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Iizuka
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Singh A, Lester C, Drapp R, Hu DZ, Glimcher LH, Jones D. Tetraspanin CD9 and ectonucleotidase CD73 identify an osteochondroprogenitor population with elevated osteogenic properties. Development 2015; 142:438-43. [PMID: 25564652 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based bone regeneration strategies offer promise for traumatic bone injuries, congenital defects, non-union fractures and other skeletal pathologies. Postnatal bone remodeling and fracture healing provide evidence that an osteochondroprogenitor cell is present in adult life that can differentiate to remodel or repair the fractured bone. However, cell-based skeletal repair in the clinic is still in its infancy, mostly due to poor characterization of progenitor cells and lack of knowledge about their in vivo behavior. Here, we took a combined approach of high-throughput screening, flow-based cell sorting and in vivo transplantation to isolate markers that identify osteochondroprogenitor cells. We show that the presence of tetraspanin CD9 enriches for osteochondroprogenitors within CD105(+) mesenchymal cells and that these cells readily form bone upon transplantation. In addition, we have used Thy1.2 and the ectonucleotidase CD73 to identify subsets within the CD9(+) population that lead to endochondral or intramembranous-like bone formation. Utilization of this unique cell surface phenotype to enrich for osteochondroprogenitor cells will allow for further characterization of the molecular mechanisms that regulate their osteogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Chantel Lester
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Drapp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Dorothy Z Hu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kawakami Y, Ii M, Matsumoto T, Kuroda R, Kuroda T, Kwon SM, Kawamoto A, Akimaru H, Mifune Y, Shoji T, Fukui T, Kurosaka M, Asahara T. SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in Tie2-lineage cells including endothelial progenitor cells contributes to bone fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:95-105. [PMID: 25130304 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a specific receptor for stromal-derived-factor 1 (SDF-1). SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction is reported to play an important role in vascular development. On the other hand, the therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in fracture healing has been demonstrated with mechanistic insight of vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and osteogenesis enhancement at sites of fracture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway in Tie2-lineage cells (including EPCs) in bone formation. We created CXCR4 gene conditional knockout mice using the Cre/loxP system and set two groups of mice: Tie2-Cre(ER) CXCR4 knockout mice (CXCR4(-/-) ) and wild-type mice (WT). We report here that in vitro, EPCs derived from of CXCR4(-/-) mouse bone marrow demonstrated severe reduction of migration activity and EPC colony-forming activity when compared with those derived from WT mouse bone marrow. In vivo, radiological and morphological examinations showed fracture healing delayed in the CXCR4(-/-) group and the relative callus area at weeks 2 and 3 was significantly smaller in CXCR4(-/-) group mice. Quantitative analysis of capillary density at perifracture sites also showed a significant decrease in the CXCR4(-/-) group. Especially, CXCR4(-/-) group mice demonstrated significant early reduction of blood flow recovery at fracture sites compared with the WT group in laser Doppler perfusion imaging analysis. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the gene expressions of angiogenic markers (CD31, VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and osteogenic markers (osteocalcin, collagen 1A1, bone morphogenetic protein 2 [BMP2]) were lower in the CXCR4(-/-) group. In the gain-of-function study, the fracture in the SDF-1 intraperitoneally injected WT group healed significantly faster with enough callus formation compared with the SDF-1 injected CXCR4(-/-) group. We demonstrated that an EPC SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in bone fracture healing using Tie2-Cre(ER) CXCR4 conditional knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawakami
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Herberg S, Kondrikova G, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Howie RN, Elsalanty ME, Weiss L, Campbell P, Hill WD, Cray JJ. Inkjet-based biopatterning of SDF-1β augments BMP-2-induced repair of critical size calvarial bone defects in mice. Bone 2014; 67:95-103. [PMID: 25016095 PMCID: PMC4149833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major problem in craniofacial surgery is non-healing bone defects. Autologous reconstruction remains the standard of care for these cases. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) therapy has proven its clinical utility, although non-targeted adverse events occur due to the high milligram-level doses used. Ongoing efforts explore the use of different growth factors, cytokines, or chemokines, as well as co-therapy to augment healing. METHODS Here we utilize inkjet-based biopatterning to load acellular DermaMatrix delivery matrices with nanogram-level doses of BMP-2, stromal cell-derived factor-1β (SDF-1β), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), or co-therapies thereof. We tested the hypothesis that bioprinted SDF-1β co-delivery enhances BMP-2 and TGF-β1-driven osteogenesis both in-vitro and in-vivo using a mouse calvarial critical size defect (CSD) model. RESULTS Our data showed that BMP-2 bioprinted in low-doses induced significant new bone formation by four weeks post-operation. TGF-β1 was less effective compared to BMP-2, and SDF-1β therapy did not enhance osteogenesis above control levels. However, co-delivery of BMP-2+SDF-1β was shown to augment BMP-2-induced bone formation compared to BMP-2 alone. In contrast, co-delivery of TGF-β1+SDF-1β decreased bone healing compared to TGF-β1 alone. This was further confirmed in vitro by osteogenic differentiation studies using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that sustained release delivery of a low-dose growth factor therapy using biopatterning technology can aid in healing CSD injuries. SDF-1β augments the ability for BMP-2 to drive healing, a result confirmed in vivo and in vitro; however, because SDF-1β is detrimental to TGF-β1-driven osteogenesis, its effect on osteogenesis is not universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herberg
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed E Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA; The Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lee Weiss
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Phil Campbell
- The Institute for Complex Engineered Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA, USA; The Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA, USA; The Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, USA.
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125
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Schmidt-Bleek K, Petersen A, Dienelt A, Schwarz C, Duda GN. Initiation and early control of tissue regeneration - bone healing as a model system for tissue regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:247-59. [PMID: 24397854 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.857653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue regeneration in itself is a fascinating process that promises repeated renewal of tissue and organs. AREAS COVERED This article aims to illustrate the different strategies available to control tissue regeneration at a very early stage, using bone as an exemplary tissue. The aspects of a controlled inflammatory cascade to achieve a balanced immune response, cell therapeutic approaches for improved tissue formation and angiogenesis, guiding the organization of newly formed extracellular matrix by biomaterials, the relevance of mechanical signals for tissue regeneration processes, and the chances and limitations of growth factor treatments are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The currently available knowledge is reviewed and perspectives for potential new targets are given. This is done under the assumption that early identification of risk patients as well as the application of early intervention strategies is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery , Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin , Germany +49 30 450 536196 ; +49 30 450 559969 ;
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126
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Cheng JW, Sadeghi Z, Levine AD, Penn MS, von Recum HA, Caplan AI, Hijaz A. The role of CXCL12 and CCL7 chemokines in immune regulation, embryonic development, and tissue regeneration. Cytokine 2014; 69:277-83. [PMID: 25034237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemotactic factors direct the migration of immune cells, multipotent stem cells, and progenitor cells under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Chemokine ligand 12 and chemokine ligand 7 have been identified and investigated in multiple studies for their role in cellular trafficking in the setting of tissue regeneration. Recent early phase clinical trials have suggested that these molecules may lead to clinical benefit in patients with chronic disease. Importantly, these two proteins may play additional significant roles in directing the migration of multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells. This article reviews the functions of these two chemokines, focusing on recruitment to sites of injury, immune function modulation, and contributions to embryonic development. Additional research would provide valuable insight into the potential clinical application of these two proteins in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie W Cheng
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Zhina Sadeghi
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Alan D Levine
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Marc S Penn
- Skirball Laboratory for Cardiovascular Cellular Therapeutics, Summa Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, 525 East Market Street, Akron, OH 44304, United States
| | - Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Adonis Hijaz
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Abou-Khalil R, Colnot C. Cellular and molecular bases of skeletal regeneration: what can we learn from genetic mouse models? Bone 2014; 64:211-21. [PMID: 24709685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although bone repairs through a very efficient regenerative process in 90% of the patients, many factors can cause delayed or impaired healing. To date, there are no reliable biological parameters to predict or diagnose bone repair defects. Orthopedic surgeons mostly base their diagnoses on radiographic analyses. With the recent progress in our understanding of the bone repair process, new methods may be envisioned. Animal models have allowed us to define the key steps of bone regeneration and the biological and mechanical factors that may influence bone healing in positive or negative ways. Most importantly, small animal models such as mice have provided powerful tools to apprehend the genetic bases of normal and impaired bone healing. The current review presents a state of the art of the genetically modified mouse models that have advanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular components of bone regeneration and repair. The review illustrates the use of these models to define the role of inflammation, skeletal cell lineages, signaling pathways, the extracellular matrix, osteoclasts and angiogenesis. These genetic mouse models promise to change the field of orthopedic surgery to help establish genetic predispositions for delayed repair, develop models of non-union that mimic the human conditions and elaborate new therapeutic approaches to enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abou-Khalil
- INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Céline Colnot
- INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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128
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La WG, Jin M, Park S, Yoon HH, Jeong GJ, Bhang SH, Park H, Char K, Kim BS. Delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and substance P using graphene oxide for bone regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 1:107-16. [PMID: 24872706 PMCID: PMC4024979 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s50742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that graphene oxide (GO) can be used for the delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and substance P (SP), and that this delivery promotes bone formation on titanium (Ti) implants that are coated with GO. GO coating on Ti substrate enabled a sustained release of BMP-2. BMP-2 delivery using GO-coated Ti exhibited a higher alkaline phosphatase activity in bone-forming cells in vitro compared with bare Ti. SP, which is known to recruit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), was co-delivered using Ti or GO-coated Ti to further promote bone formation. SP induced the migration of MSCs in vitro. The dual delivery of BMP-2 and SP using GO-coated Ti showed the greatest new bone formation on Ti implanted in the mouse calvaria compared with other groups. This approach may be useful to improve osteointegration of Ti in dental or orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Geun La
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jin
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saibom Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Hun Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Jae Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Institute of Bioengineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Engineering Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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129
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Jin Q, Giannobile WV. SDF-1 enhances wound healing of critical-sized calvarial defects beyond self-repair capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97035. [PMID: 24800841 PMCID: PMC4011888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host blood circulating stem cells are an important cell source that participates in the repair of damaged tissues. The clinical challenge is how to improve the recruitment of circulating stem cells into the local wound area and enhance tissue regeneration. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been shown to be a potent chemoattractant of blood circulating stem cells into the local wound microenvironment. In order to investigate effects of SDF-1 on bone development and the repair of a large bone defect beyond host self-repair capacity, the BMP-induced subcutaneous ectopic bone formation and calvarial critical-sized defect murine models were used in this preclinical study. A dose escalation of SDF-1 were loaded into collagen scaffolds containing BMP, VEGF, or PDGF, and implanted into subcutaneous sites at mouse dorsa or calvarial critical-sized bone defects for 2 and 4 weeks. The harvested biopsies were examined by microCT and histology. The results demonstrated that while SDF-1 had no effect in the ectopic bone model in promoting de novo osteogenesis, however, in the orthotopic bone model of the critical-sized defects, SDF-1 enhanced calvarial critical-sized bone defect healing similar to VEGF, and PDGF. These results suggest that SDF-1 plays a role in the repair of large critical-sized defect where more cells are needed while not impacting de novo bone formation, which may be associated with the functions of SDF-1 on circulating stem cell recruitment and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Jin
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William V. Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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130
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Kan L, Kessler JA. Evaluation of the cellular origins of heterotopic ossification. Orthopedics 2014; 37:329-40. [PMID: 24810815 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20140430-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), acquired or hereditary, is featured by the formation of bone outside of the normal skeleton. Typical acquired HO is a common, debilitating condition associated with traumatic events. Cardiovascular calcification, an atypical form of acquired HO, is prevalent and associated with high rates of cardiovascular mortality. Hereditary HO syndromes, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and progressive osseous heteroplasia, are rare, progressive, life-threatening disorders. The cellular origins of HO remain elusive. Some bona fide contributing cell populations have been found through genetic lineage tracing and other experiments in vivo, and various other candidate populations have been proposed. Nevertheless, because of the difficulties in establishing cellular phenotypes in vivo and other confounding factors, the true identities of these populations are still uncertain. This review critically evaluates the accumulating data in the field. The major focus is on the candidate populations that may give rise to osteochondrogenic lineage cells directly, not the populations that may contribute to HO indirectly. This issue is important not solely because of the clinical implications, but also because it highlights the basic biological processes that govern bone formation.
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131
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The effect of simvastatin on chemotactic capability of SDF-1α and the promotion of bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4489-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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132
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Wang W, Li C, Pang L, Shi C, Guo F, Chen A, Cao X, Wan M. Mesenchymal stem cells recruited by active TGFβ contribute to osteogenic vascular calcification. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1392-404. [PMID: 24512598 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an actively regulated process that culminates in organized extracellular matrix mineral deposition by osteoblast-like cells. The origins of the osteoblastic cells involved in this process and the underlying mechanisms remain to be defined. We previously revealed that active transforming growth factor (TGFβ) released from the injured arteries mobilizes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the blood stream and recruits the cells to the injured vessels for neointima formation. In this study, we used a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mouse model (ldlr(-/-)), which develop progressive arterial calcification after having fed high-fat western diets (HFD), to examine whether TGFβ is involved in the mobilization of MSCs during vascular calcification. Nestin(+)/Sca1(+) cells were recruited to the diseased aorta at earlier time points, and osteocalcin(+) osteoblasts and the aortic calcification were seen at later time point in these mice. Importantly, we generated parabiotic pairs with shared blood circulation by crossing ldlr(-/-)mice fed HFD with transgenic mice, in which all the MSC-derived cells were fluorescently labeled. The labeled cells were detected not only in the peripheral blood but also in the arterial lesions in ldlr(-/-) mouse partners, and these blood circulation-originated cells gave rise to Ocn(+) osteoblastic cells at the arterial lesions. Both active TGFβ1 levels and MSCs in circulating blood were upregulated at the same time points when these cells appeared at the aortic tissue. Further, conditioned medium prepared by incubating the aortae from ldlr(-/-)mice fed HFD stimulated the migration of MSCs in the ex vivo transwell assays, and either TGFβ neutralizing antibody or the inhibitor of TGFβ Receptor I kinase (TβRI) antagonized this effect. Importantly, treatment of the mice with TβRI inhibitor blocked elevated blood MSC numbers and their recruitment to the arterial lesions. These findings suggest that TGFβ-recruited MSCs to the diseased vasculature contribute to the development of osteogenic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Wang
- 1 Shihezi Medical Collage, Shihezi Univeristy , Xinjiang, China
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133
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Martin TJ. Bone biology and anabolic therapies for bone: current status and future prospects. J Bone Metab 2014; 21:8-20. [PMID: 24707463 PMCID: PMC3970295 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is continuously remodelled at many sites asynchronously throughout the skeleton, with bone formation and resorption balanced at these sites to retain bone structure. Negative balance resulting in bone loss and osteoporosis, with consequent fractures, has mainly been prevented or treated by anti-resorptive drugs that inhibit osteoclast formation and/or activity, with new prospects now of anabolic treatments that restore bone that has been lost. The anabolic effectiveness of parathyroid hormone has been established, and an exciting new prospect is presented of neutralising antibody against the osteocyte protein, sclerostin. The cellular actions of these two anabolic treatments differ, and the mechanisms will need to be kept in mind in devising their best use. On present evidence it seems likely that treatment with either of these anabolic agents will need to be followed by anti-resorptive treatment in order to maintain bone that has been restored. No matter how effective anabolic therapies for the skeleton become, it seems highly likely that there will be a continuing need for safe, effective anti-resorptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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134
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Li X, Hamada T, Ohata C, Furumura M, Hashimoto T. Potential mesenchymal stem cell therapy for skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:515-6. [PMID: 23879810 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-haematopoietic cells that reside in most tissues including adult bone marrow. MSCs have recently been extensively studied and used for clinical therapies, including skin wound healing. However, there are still many questions to be answered. In the viewpoint entitled 'Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in skin: why and what for?', Dr. Khosrotehrani provided a comprehensive overview for MSC properties and current progresses on clinical applications for various skin conditions. This viewpoint is therefore very helpful for both dermatologists and basic skin researchers to understand stem cells researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume University Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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135
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Herberg S, Susin C, Pelaez M, Howie RN, Moreno de Freitas R, Lee J, Cray JJ, Johnson MH, Elsalanty ME, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Wikesjö UME, Hill WD. Low-dose bone morphogenetic protein-2/stromal cell-derived factor-1β cotherapy induces bone regeneration in critical-size rat calvarial defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1444-53. [PMID: 24341891 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) is involved in bone formation, though underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Also, contributions of SDF-1β, the second most abundant splice variant, as an osteogenic mediator remain obscure. We have shown that SDF-1β enhances osteogenesis by regulating bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) signaling in vitro. Here we investigate the dose-dependent contribution of SDF-1β to suboptimal BMP-2-induced local bone formation; that is, a dose that alone would be too low to significantly induce bone formation. We utilized a critical-size rat calvarial defect model and tested the hypotheses that SDF-1β potentiates BMP-2 osteoinduction and that blocking SDF-1 signaling reduces the osteogenic potential of BMP-2 in vivo. In preliminary studies, radiographic analysis at 4 weeks postsurgery revealed a dose-dependent relationship in BMP-2-induced new bone formation. We then found that codelivery of SDF-1β potentiates suboptimal BMP-2 (0.5 μg) osteoinduction in a dose-dependent order, reaching comparable levels to the optimal BMP-2 dose (5.0 μg) without apparent adverse effects. Blocking the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)/SDF-1 signaling axis using AMD3100 attenuated the osteoinductive potential of the optimal BMP-2 dose, confirmed by qualitative histologic analysis. In conclusion, SDF-1β provides potent synergistic effects that support BMP-induced local bone formation and thus appears a suitable candidate for optimization of bone augmentation using significantly lower amounts of BMP-2 in spine, orthopedic, and craniofacial settings.
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136
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Kuroda R, Matsumoto T, Kawakami Y, Fukui T, Mifune Y, Kurosaka M. Clinical impact of circulating CD34-positive cells on bone regeneration and healing. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:190-9. [PMID: 24372338 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Failures in fracture healing after conventional autologous and allogenic bone grafting are mainly due to poor vascularization. To meet the clinical demand, recent attentions in the regeneration and repair of bone have been focused on the use of stem cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and circulating skeletal stem cells. Circulating stem cells are currently paid a lot of attention due to their ease of clinical setting and high potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this report, we focus on the first proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating the collaborative characteristics of circulating CD34(+) cells, known as endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cell-rich population, which are capable to differentiate into both endothelial cells and osteoblasts. Transplantation of circulating CD34(+) cells provides a favorable environment for fracture healing via angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and osteogenesis, finally leading to functional recovery from fracture. Based on a series of basic studies, we performed a phase 1/2 clinical trial of autologous CD34(+) cell transplantation in patients with tibial or femoral nonunions and reported the safety and efficacy of this novel therapy. In this review, the current concepts and strategies in circulating CD34(+) cell-based therapy and its potential applications for bone repair will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
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137
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Marsell R, Steen B, Bais MV, Mortlock DP, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Skeletal trauma generates systemic BMP2 activation that is temporally related to the mobilization of CD73+ cells. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:17-23. [PMID: 24018651 PMCID: PMC4263190 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between BMP2 expression and the recruitment of skeletogenic stem cells was assessed following bone marrow reaming. BMP2 expression was examined using transgenic mice in which β-galactosidase had been inserted into the coding region of BMP2. Stem cell mobilization was analyzed by FACS analysis using CD73, a marker associated with bone marrow stromal stem cells. BMP2 expression was induced in endosteal lining cells, cortical osteocytes and periosteal cells in both the reamed and in contralateral bones. BMP2 mRNA expression in the reamed bone showed an early peak within the first 24 h of reaming followed by a later peak at 7 days, while contralateral bones only showed the 7 days peak of expression. FACS analysis sorting on CD73 positive cells showed a 50% increase of these cells at 3 and 14 days in the marrow of the injured bone and a single peak at 14 days of the marrow cell population of the contralateral bone. A ∼20% increase of CD73 positive cells was seen in the peripheral blood 2 days after reaming. These data showed that traumatic bone injury caused a systemic induction of BMP2 expression and that this increase is correlated with the mobilization of CD73 positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Marsell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center715 Albany Street, R-205, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts
| | - Brandon Steen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center715 Albany Street, R-205, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts
| | - Manish V Bais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center715 Albany Street, R-205, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
| | - Thomas A Einhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center715 Albany Street, R-205, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center715 Albany Street, R-205, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts
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138
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Protective effects of mesenchymal stem cells with CXCR4 up-regulation in a rat renal transplantation model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82949. [PMID: 24386129 PMCID: PMC3875425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The homing of mesenchymal stem cells to injured tissue, which is important for the correction of conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and immunolesions, has been performed previously, but with poor efficiency. Substantial improvements in engraftment are required to derive clinical benefits from MSC transplantation. Chemokines are the most important factors that control cellular migration. Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is up-regulated during tissue/organ ischemia damage, and its cognate receptor, chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), is involved in stem cell migration. The aim of our study was to investigate CXCR4 expression in MSCs and to validate both its role in mediating migration to transplanted kidneys and its immunoregulatory effects in renal protection. Specifically, the present study was designed to investigate the short-term tissue homing of MSCs carrying genetically modified CXCR4 in a rat renal transplantation model. We tested the hypothesis that MSCs with CXCR4 over-expression can more efficiently regulate immunological reactions. Lentiviral vectors were used to over-express CXCR4 or to introduce a short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) construct targeting endogenous CXCR4 in rat MSCs. MSCs were labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). After cell sorting, recipient kidneys were regionally perfused; recipient animals were injected with transduced MSCs, native MSCs, or PBS via tail vein following renal transplantation; and the effects of MSC injection were observed.
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139
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Knaack S, Lode A, Hoyer B, Rösen-Wolff A, Gabrielyan A, Roeder I, Gelinsky M. Heparin modification of a biomimetic bone matrix for controlled release of VEGF. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3500-11. [PMID: 24178515 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration using tissue engineered constructs requires strategies to effectively stimulate vascularization within such a construct that is crucial for its supply and integration with the host tissue. In this work, porous scaffolds of a collagen/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite were modified with heparin to generate biomimetic bone matrices which are able to release angiogenic factors in a controlled manner. Heparin was either integrated during material synthesis (in situ) or added to the scaffolds after their fabrication (post). Both approaches resulted in stable incorporation of heparin into the matrix of mineralized collagen. Investigations of binding and release of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A₁₆₅) loaded onto the scaffolds revealed an enhanced binding capacity as well as a sustained and nearly constant delivery of VEGF as result of both heparin modification methods. The release rate could be controlled by varying the quantity of incorporated heparin and the modification method. Although the biological activity of VEGF released after 7 days from the unmodified scaffolds was reduced in comparison to control VEGF, it was maintained after release from post or even enhanced after release from in situ modified scaffolds. In conclusion, the heparin-modified scaffolds of mineralized collagen exhibited favorable growth factor binding and release properties and may be beneficial to stimulate vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Knaack
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Medical Faculty of Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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140
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Zwingenberger S, Yao Z, Jacobi A, Vater C, Valladares RD, Li C, Nich C, Rao AJ, Christman JE, Antonios JK, Gibon E, Schambach A, Maetzig T, Goodman SB, Stiehler M. Enhancement of BMP-2 induced bone regeneration by SDF-1α mediated stem cell recruitment. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:810-8. [PMID: 24090366 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of critical size bone defects is challenging. Recent studies showed that the cytokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α) has potential to improve the bone regenerative effect of low bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) concentrations. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the combined effect of SDF-1α and BMP-2 on bone regeneration and stem cell recruitment using a critical size femoral bone defect model. A total of 72 mice were randomized to six groups. External fixators were implanted onto the right femur of each mouse and 3 mm defects were created. Depending on the group affiliation, adenovirally activated fat tissue grafts expressing SDF-1α or/and BMP-2 were implanted at the defect site. One day after operation, 1×10⁶ murine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), lentivirally transduced to express the gene enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), firefly luciferase, and CXCR4 were injected systemically in selected groups. Migration of the injected MSCs was observed by bioluminescence imaging on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 21, 28, and 42. After 6 weeks, animals were euthanized and 80 μm CT-scans were performed. For histological investigations, hematoxylin and eosin-, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-, alkaline phosphatase-, and anti-eGFP-stained sections were prepared. BMP-2 and SDF-1α combined at the defect site increased bone volume (BV) (2.72 mm³; 95% CI 1.95-3.49 mm³) compared with the negative control group (1.80 mm³; 95% CI 1.56-2.04 mm³; p<0.05). In addition, histological analysis confirmed a higher degree of bone healing in the BMP-2 and SDF-1α combined group compared with the negative control group. Bioluminescence imaging demonstrated higher numbers of migrated MSCs toward the defect site in the presence of both BMP-2 and SDF-1α at the defect site. Furthermore, eGFP-labeled migrated MSCs were found in all defect areas, when cells were injected. The ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts, assessed by immunohistological staining, was higher and thus showed a trend toward more bone formation for the combined use of BMP-2 and SDF-1α compared with all other groups. This study demonstrated that SDF-1α enhanced BMP-2 mediated bone healing in a critical size segmental bone defect model. Notably, both proteins alone also provided a cumulative effect on MSC attraction toward the site of injury.
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141
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Eman RM, Oner FC, Kruyt MC, Dhert WJA, Alblas J. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 stimulates cell recruitment, vascularization and osteogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:466-73. [PMID: 24004291 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of growth factors in osteogenic constructs to promote recruitment of bone forming endogenous cells is not clear, while the advantage of circumventing cell seeding techniques before implantation is highly recognized. Therefore, the additive effect of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) on endogenous cell recruitment and vascularization was investigated in a hybrid construct, consisting of a ceramic biomaterial, hydrogel, and SDF-1α, in an ectopic mouse model. We demonstrated in vivo that local presence of low concentrations of SDF-1α resulted in a significant increase in recruited endogenous cells, which remained present for several weeks. SDF-1α stimulated vascularization in these hybrid constructs, as shown by the enhanced formation of erythrocyte-filled vessels. The presence of CD31-positive capillaries/small vessels after 6 weeks in vivo substantiated this finding. The SDF-1α treatment showed increased number of cells that could differentiate to the osteogenic lineage after 6 weeks of implantation, demonstrated by expression of collagen I and osteocalcin. Altogether, we show here the beneficial effects of the local application of a single growth factor in a hybrid construct on angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation, which might contribute to the development of cell-free bone substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhandy M Eman
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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142
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Schmitt A, Ehnert S, Ungefroren H, Döbele S, Nussler A. Response to the “Enhancement of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Transplantation-Mediated Bone Formation” by Yang et al. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1955-7. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x663514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmitt
- Department of Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the TU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Traumatology, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Döbele
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Nussler
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Tübingen, Germany
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143
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Dirckx N, Van Hul M, Maes C. Osteoblast recruitment to sites of bone formation in skeletal development, homeostasis, and regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:170-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dirckx
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Christa Maes
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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144
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Yueyi C, Xiaoguang H, Jingying W, Quansheng S, Jie T, Xin F, Yingsheng X, Chunli S. Calvarial defect healing by recruitment of autogenous osteogenic stem cells using locally applied simvastatin. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9373-80. [PMID: 24016857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Local statins implant has been shown to promote bone healing, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of local simvastatin implant on bone defect healing; to evaluate the mobilization, migration, and homing of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) induced by simvastatin. We found that local simvastatin implant increased bone formation by 51.8% (week 6) and 64.8% (week 12) compared with polyglycolic acid controls (P < 0.01), as verified by X-ray, CT, and histology. Simvastatin increased migration capacity of BMSCs and EPCs in vitro (P < 0.05). Local simvastatin implant increased mobilization of EPCs to the peripheral blood by 127% revealed by FACS analysis (P < 0.01), and increased osteogenic BMSCs to the peripheral blood dramatically revealed by Alizarin Red-S staining for mineralized nodules formation. Pre-transplanted GFP-transfected BMSCs as a tracing cell and bioluminescence imaging revealed that local simvastatin implant recruited GFP-labeled BMSC. Also, local simvastatin implant induced the HIF-1α and BMP-2 expression. In conclusion, local simvastatin implantation promotes bone defect healing, where the underlying mechanism appears to involve the higher expression of HIF-1α and BMP-2, thus recruit autogenous osteogenic and angiogenetic stem cells to the bone defect area implanted with simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yueyi
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
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145
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Shu L, Zhang H, Boyce B, Xing L. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast function by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and migration. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1925-35. [PMID: 23553732 PMCID: PMC3749248 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated protein degradation promotes proteasomal degradation of key positive regulators of osteoblast functions. For example, the E3 ligases--SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), Itch, and WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Wwp1)--promote degradation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), transcription factor jun-B (JunB), and chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) proteins to inhibit their functions. However, the role of E3 ligases in age-associated bone loss is unknown. We found that the expression level of Wwp1, but not Smurf1 or Itch, was significantly increased in CD45-negative (CD45(-)) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from 6-month-old and 12-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. Wwp1 knockout (Wwp1(-/-)) mice developed increased bone mass as they aged, associated with increased bone formation rates and normal bone resorption parameters. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from Wwp1(-/-) mice formed increased numbers and areas of alkaline phosphatase(+) and Alizarin red(+) nodules and had increased migration potential toward chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradients. Runx2, JunB, and CXCR-4 protein levels were significantly increased in Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs. Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs had increased amount of ubiquitinated JunB protein, but Runx2 ubiquitination was no change. Knocking down JunB in Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs returned Runx2 protein levels to that in WT cells. Thus, Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast functions by affecting both their migration and differentiation. Mechanisms designed to decrease Wwp1 levels in BMSCs may represent a new approach to prevent the decrease in osteoblastic bone formation associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lianping Xing
- Correspondence to: Lianping Xing, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Phone (585) 273-4090, Fax (585) 756-4468,
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146
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Lee J, Marrero L, Yu L, Dawson LA, Muneoka K, Han M. SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling mediates digit tip regeneration promoted by BMP-2. Dev Biol 2013; 382:98-109. [PMID: 23916851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that BMP signaling is required for endogenous digit tip regeneration, and that treatment with BMP-2 or -7 induces a regenerative response following amputation at regeneration-incompetent levels (Yu et al., 2010, 2012). Both endogenous regeneration and BMP-induced regeneration are associated with the transient formation of a blastema, however the formation of a regeneration blastema in mammals is poorly understood. In this study, we focus on how blastema cells respond to BMP signaling during neonatal digit regeneration in mice. First, we show that blastema cells retain regenerative properties after expansion in vitro, and when re-introduced into the amputated digit, these cells display directed migration in response to BMP-2. However, in vitro studies demonstrate that BMP-2 alone does not influence blastema cell migration, suggesting a requirement of another pivotal downstream factor for cell recruitment. We show that blastema cell migration is stimulated by the cytokine, SDF-1α, and that SDF-1α is expressed by the wound epidermis as well as endothelial cells of the blastema. Blastema cells express both SDF-1α receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, although the migration response is inhibited by the CXCR4-specific antagonist, AMD3100. Mice treated with AMD3100 display a partial inhibition of skeletal regrowth associated with the regeneration response. We provide evidence that BMP-2 regulates Sdf-1α expression in endothelial cells but not cells of the wound epidermis. Finally, we show that SDF-1α-expressing COS1 cells engrafted into a regeneration-incompetent digit amputation wound resulted in a locally enhanced population of CXCR4 positive cells, and induced a partial regenerative response. Taken together, this study provides evidence that one downstream mechanism of BMP signaling during mammalian digit regeneration involves activation of SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling by endothelial cells to recruit blastema cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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147
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Kittaka M, Shiba H, Kajiya M, Fujita T, Iwata T, Rathvisal K, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Fujita T, Komatsuzawa H, Kurihara H. The antimicrobial peptide LL37 promotes bone regeneration in a rat calvarial bone defect. Peptides 2013; 46:136-42. [PMID: 23770151 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
LL37, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits multiple bio-functions in various types of cells, including migration, cytokine production, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Neovascularization and the subsequent recruitment of stem cells are essential for tissue engineering therapy, including bone regeneration. We hypothesized that LL37 can facilitate successful bone regeneration. To prove this hypothesis, the present study tested the effects of LL37 on bone formation in a rat calvarial bone defect model. Synthesized LL37 markedly induced newly formed bone. Interestingly, morphologically fibroblastic cells were observed in animals treated with LL37 on day 7, the early stage of tissue regeneration, which were positive for STRO-1, a marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and accumulated in the bone defect area where cells positive for CD34, a marker of endothelial cells, were also localized. In addition, LL37 stimulated tube formation by endothelial cells and the proliferation of MSCs in vitro. These findings demonstrated for the first time that LL37 can regulate angiogenesis and the recruitment of stem cells to promote bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Kittaka
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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148
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Marei MK, Nagy NB, Saad MS, Zaky SH, Elbackly RM, Eweida AM, Alkhodary MA. Strategy for a Biomimetic Paradigm in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118810408.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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149
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Toupadakis CA, Granick JL, Sagy M, Wong A, Ghassemi E, Chung DJ, Borjesson DL, Yellowley CE. Mobilization of endogenous stem cell populations enhances fracture healing in a murine femoral fracture model. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:1136-47. [PMID: 23831362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Delivery of bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells to the site of injury is an effective strategy to enhance bone healing. An alternate approach is to mobilize endogenous, heterogeneous stem cells that will home to the site of injury. AMD3100 is an antagonist of the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) that rapidly mobilizes stem cell populations into peripheral blood. Our hypothesis was that increasing circulating numbers of stem and progenitor cells using AMD3100 will improve bone fracture healing. METHODS A transverse femoral fracture was induced in C57BL/6 mice, after which they were subcutaneously injected for 3 d with AMD3100 or saline control. Mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were evaluated by means of flow cytometry, automated hematology analysis and cell culture 24 h after injection and/or fracture. Healing was assessed up to 84 d after fracture by histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography. RESULTS AMD3100 injection resulted in higher numbers of circulating mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Micro-computed tomography data demonstrated that the fracture callus was significantly larger compared with the saline controls at day 21 and significantly smaller (remodeled) at day 84. AMD3100-treated mice have a significantly higher bone mineral density than do saline-treated counterparts at day 84. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that early cell mobilization had significant positive effects on healing throughout the regenerative process. Rapid mobilization of endogenous stem cells could provide an effective alternative strategy to cell transplantation for enhancing tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisoula A Toupadakis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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150
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Yellowley C. CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and other recruitment and homing pathways in fracture repair. BONEKEY REPORTS 2013; 2:300. [PMID: 24422056 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell recruitment, migration and homing to the fracture site are essential for the inflammatory process, neovascularization, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and ultimately bone remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are required to navigate from local sources such as the periosteum and local bone marrow, and may also be recruited from the circulation and distant bone marrow. While the local recruitment process may involve matrix binding and degradation, systemic recruitment may utilize extravasation, a process used by leukocytes to exit the vasculature. CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)), a member of the CXC family of chemokines, is thought to have an important role in cell migration at the fracture site. However, there are many molecules upregulated in the hematoma and callus that have chemotactic potential not only for inflammatory cells but also for endothelial cells and MSCs. Surprisingly, there is little direct data to support their role in cell homing during bone healing. Current therapeutics for bone regeneration utilize local or systemic stem cell transplantation. More recently, a novel strategy that involves mobilization of large numbers of endogenous stem and progenitor cells from bone marrow into the circulation has been shown to have positive effects on bone healing. A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cell recruitment and homing subsequent to fracture will facilitate the fine-tuning of such strategies for bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Yellowley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
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