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Hsiao ST, Dilley RJ, Dusting GJ, Lim SY. Ischemic preconditioning for cell-based therapy and tissue engineering. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:141-53. [PMID: 24321597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell- and tissue-based therapies are innovative strategies to repair and regenerate injured hearts. Despite major advances achieved in optimizing these strategies in terms of cell source and delivery method, the clinical outcome of cell-based therapy remains unsatisfactory. The non-genetic approach of ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning to enhance cell- and tissue-based therapies has received much attention in recent years due to its non-invasive drug-free application. Here we discuss the current development of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning to enhance stem cell-based cardiac repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Hsiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney J Dilley
- Ear Science Institute Australia and Ear Sciences Centre, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; O'Brien Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; O'Brien Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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102
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Barcellos-de-Souza P, Gori V, Bambi F, Chiarugi P. Tumor microenvironment: bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells as key players. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:321-35. [PMID: 24183942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression is a multistep phenomenon in which tumor-associated stromal cells perform an intricate cross-talk with tumor cells, supplying appropriate signals that may promote tumor aggressiveness. Among several cell types that constitute the tumor stroma, the discovery that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) have a strong tropism for tumors has achieved notoriety in recent years. Not only are the BM-MSC recruited, but they can also engraft at tumor sites and transdifferentiate into cells such as activated fibroblasts, perivascular cells and macrophages, which will perform a key role in tumor progression. Whether the BM-MSC and their derived cells promote or suppress the tumor progression is a controversial issue. Recently, it has been proposed that proinflammatory stimuli can be decisive in driving BM-MSC polarization into cells with either tumor-supportive or tumor-repressive phenotypes (MSC1/MSC2). These considerations are extremely important both to an understanding of tumor biology and to the putative use of BM-MSC as "magic bullets" against tumors. In this review, we discuss the role of BM-MSC in many steps in tumor progression, focusing on the factors that attract BM-MSC to tumors, BM-MSC differentiation ability, the role of BM-MSC in tumor support or inhibition, the immunomodulation promoted by BM-MSC and metastatic niche formation by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barcellos-de-Souza
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Tuscany Tumor Institute and Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, Florence, Italy; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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103
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Li Q, Wang Z. Influence of mesenchymal stem cells with endothelial progenitor cells in co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis: an in vitro study. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:504-13. [PMID: 24120387 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bone is a highly vascularized tissue reliant on the close spatial and temporal connection between blood vessels and bone cells to maintain skeletal integrity. Considering the intricate connection between osteogenesis and angiogenesis, it is not surprising that communication between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is one of the most important cellular interactions that orchestrates bone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of co-cultured bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro. METHODS MSCs and BM-EPCs were isolated from bone marrow of dogs' iliac crest using density gradient centrifugation combined with adhesion method and identified with surface markers, cell proliferation and immunocytochemistry in vitro. We used the direct contact method of MSCs and BM-EPCs in a co-culture system. Co-cultured cells and non-co-cultured cells were examined using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, matrix mineralization assay, Matrigel 2D assay and gene expression. RESULTS ALP activity and calcification of nodules significantly increased in the co-cultured cells compared with MSCs alone after day 3, and tubulogenic activity of the co-cultured cells was also higher than BM-EPCs alone. Expression of bone and angiogenic markers were enhanced beyond expression levels of MSCs and BM-EPCs cultured alone. CONCLUSIONS BM-EPCs co-cultured with MSCs can promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This co-cultured system may be broadly useful in engineering a variety of other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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104
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Mesenchymal stem cells migration homing and tracking. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:130763. [PMID: 24194766 PMCID: PMC3806396 DOI: 10.1155/2013/130763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the migration and homing ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-like cells and factors influencing this. We also discuss studies related to the mechanism of migration and homing and the approaches undertaken to enhance it. Finally, we describe the different methods available and frequently used to track and identify the injected cells in vivo.
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105
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Dirckx N, Van Hul M, Maes C. Osteoblast recruitment to sites of bone formation in skeletal development, homeostasis, and regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:170-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dirckx
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Christa Maes
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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106
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Cellular kinetics of perivascular MSC precursors. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:983059. [PMID: 24023546 PMCID: PMC3760099 DOI: 10.1155/2013/983059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSC-like multipotent stem/progenitor cells have been widely investigated for regenerative medicine and deemed promising in clinical applications. In order to further improve MSC-based stem cell therapeutics, it is important to understand the cellular kinetics and functional roles of MSCs in the dynamic regenerative processes. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of typical MSC cultures, their native identity and anatomical localization in the body have remained unclear, making it difficult to decipher the existence of distinct cell subsets within the MSC entity. Recent studies have shown that several blood-vessel-derived precursor cell populations, purified by flow cytometry from multiple human organs, give rise to bona fide MSCs, suggesting that the vasculature serves as a systemic reservoir of MSC-like stem/progenitor cells. Using individually purified MSC-like precursor cell subsets, we and other researchers have been able to investigate the differential phenotypes and regenerative capacities of these contributing cellular constituents in the MSC pool. In this review, we will discuss the identification and characterization of perivascular MSC precursors, including pericytes and adventitial cells, and focus on their cellular kinetics: cell adhesion, migration, engraftment, homing, and intercellular cross-talk during tissue repair and regeneration.
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107
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Cunha FF, Martins L, Martin PKM, Stilhano RS, Han SW. A comparison of the reparative and angiogenic properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of BALB/c and C57/BL6 mice in a model of limb ischemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:86. [PMID: 23890057 PMCID: PMC3856613 DOI: 10.1186/scrt245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction BALB/c mice and C57/BL6 mice have different abilities to recover from ischemia. C57/BL6 mice display increased vessel collateralization and vascular endothelial growth factor expression with a consequent rapid recovery from ischemia compared with BALB/c mice. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the main cell types that contribute to the recovery from ischemia because, among their biological activities, they produce several proangiogenic paracrine factors and differentiate into endothelial cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the MSCs of these two mouse strains have different inductive capacities for recovering ischemic limbs. Methods MSCs from these two strains were obtained from the bone marrow, purified and characterized before being used for in vivo experiments. Limb ischemia was surgically induced in BALB/c mice, and MSCs were injected on the fifth day. The evolution of limb necrosis was evaluated over the subsequent month. Muscle strength was assessed on the 30th day after the injection, and then the animals were sacrificed to determine the muscle mass and perform histological analyses to detect cellular infiltration, capillary and microvessel densities, fibrosis, necrosis and tissue regeneration. Results The MSCs from both strains promoted high level of angiogenesis similarly, resulting in good recovery from ischemia. However, BALB/c MSCs promoted more muscle regeneration (57%) than C57/BL6 MSCs (44%), which was reflected in the increased muscle strength (0.79 N versus 0.45 N). Conclusion The different genetic background of MSCs from BALB/c mice and C57/BL6 mice was not a relevant factor in promoting angiogenesis of limb ischemia, because both cells showed a similar angiogenic activity. These cells also showed a potential myogenic effect, but the stronger effect promoted by BALB/c MSCs indicates that the different genetic background of MSCs was more relevant in myogenesis than angiogesis.
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108
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Xu L, Sun X, Cao K, Wu Y, Zou D, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang G, Huang Q, Jiang X. Hypoxia induces osteogenesis in rabbit adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing bone morphogenic protein-2. Oral Dis 2013; 20:430-9. [PMID: 23865899 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxic culture potentiates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to survive and secrete various growth factors. Genetically modified stem cells overexpressing bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) demonstrate strong osteogenic ability. Hence, we investigated the coeffect of hypoxic culture conditions and BMP-2 overexpression on the osteogenic ability of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rabbit adipose-derived stem cells with or without adenoviral-BMP-2 transduction were cultured in hypoxic (1%) and normoxic (21%) conditions. Cell viability, attachment, and proliferation were compared. Real-time PCR amplification of osteogenic and angiogenic genes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), HIF-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was performed. Moreover, ALP activity, immunofluorescent staining of OCN, and mineralization assay by alizarin red S quantification and von Kossa staining were conducted. RESULTS Cells under hypoxic conditions attached better within 12 h and proliferated faster. While BMP-2 overexpression and hypoxic condition separately elevated the transcription of key osteogenic and angiogenic genes, a cooperative effect was observed to enhance the upregulation of osteogenic as well as angiogenic genes. Identical changes were observed in ALP activity, immunofluorescent staining of OCN, and mineralization assay. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic culture can enhance the osteogenic ability of BMP-2 gene-modified rASCs, which provides a strategy to improve the osteogenesis of rASCs for in vivo bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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109
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Yu J, Yin S, Zhang W, Gao F, Liu Y, Chen Z, Zhang M, He J, Zheng S. Hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote liver regeneration in a rat massive hepatectomy model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:83. [PMID: 23856418 PMCID: PMC3854783 DOI: 10.1186/scrt234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have been reported to facilitate liver regeneration after toxic injuries. However, the effect of BMMSCs on liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy is barely studied. Here we explored whether infusion of BMMSCs promotes liver regeneration in a rat massive hepatectomy model. Methods Hypoxia preconditioning was achieved by culturing BMMSCs under a hypoxia environment. Then 85% hepatectomy was performed and hypoxia or normoxia preconditioned BMMSCs were infused into the portal vein. A group of rats received vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibody perioperatively, and underwent 85% hepatectomy and a subsequent infusion of hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs to verify the role of VEGF in the effects of BMMSCs on liver regeneration. Liver samples were collected and liver regeneration was evaluated postoperatively. Results Hypoxia preconditioning enhanced the expression of VEGF in BMMSCs in vitro. Infusion of BMMSCs promoted proliferation of hepatocytes, reflected by elevated cyclin D1 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes. However, BMMSC infusion did not improve the serum albumin level, liver weight/body weight ratio, and survival after operation. Infusion of hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs significantly elevated cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes, liver weight/body weight ratio, and survival compared with normoxia preconditioned BMMSCs, accompanied by an increased serum albumin level. The level of VEGF in liver homogenate was much higher in hypoxia preconditioned BMMSC-treated animals than in other groups. In addition, the perioperative injection of VEGF neutralizing antibody significantly blocked the therapeutic effects of hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs on liver injury and regeneration in this model. Conclusion Hypoxia preconditioned BMMSCs enhanced liver regeneration after massive hepatectomy in rats, possibly by upregulating the level of VEGF.
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110
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Abstract
Cell therapy with Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) holds enormous promise for the treatment of a large number of degenerative and immune/inflammatory diseases. Their multilineage differentiation potential, immunoprivilege and capacity of promoting recovery of damaged tissues coupled with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties are the focus of a multitude of clinical studies currently underway. The recognized clinical potential of MSC repairing/immunomodulatory effects now encompasses graft-versus-host disease, hematologic malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, neurologic and inherited diseases, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, refractory wounds, and bone/cartilage defects among others. However, it has been suggested that both the need of extensive ex vivo culture for MSC clinical use, and their proangiogenic, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties may act together as tumor promoters, raising significant safety concerns. This paper will review the available data on in vitro MSC maldifferentiation and the ability of MSC to sustain tumor growth in vivo, with the aim to clarify whether MSC-based therapeutic approaches may carry actual risk of malignancies.
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111
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Vanden Berg-Foels WS. In situ tissue regeneration: chemoattractants for endogenous stem cell recruitment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:28-39. [PMID: 23678952 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering uses cells, signaling molecules, and/or biomaterials to regenerate injured or diseased tissues. Ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have long been a cornerstone of regeneration therapies; however, drawbacks that include altered signaling responses and reduced homing capacity have prompted investigation of regeneration based on endogenous MSC recruitment. Recent successful proof-of-concept studies have further motivated endogenous MSC recruitment-based approaches. Stem cell migration is required for morphogenesis and organogenesis during development and for tissue maintenance and injury repair in adults. A biomimetic approach to in situ tissue regeneration by endogenous MSC requires the orchestration of three main stages: MSC recruitment, MSC differentiation, and neotissue maturation. The first stage must result in recruitment of a sufficient number of MSC, capable of effecting regeneration, to the injured or diseased tissue. One of the challenges for engineering endogenous MSC recruitment is the selection of effective chemoattractant(s). The objective of this review is to synthesize and evaluate evidence of recruitment efficacy by reported chemoattractants, including growth factors, chemokines, and other more recently appreciated MSC chemoattractants. The influence of MSC tissue sources, cell culture methods, and the in vitro and in vivo environments is discussed. This growing body of knowledge will serve as a basis for the rational design of regenerative therapies based on endogenous MSC recruitment. Successful endogenous MSC recruitment is the first step of successful tissue regeneration.
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112
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Kim J, Ma T. Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2-mediated interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and the extracellular matrix under varying oxygen tension. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:716-27. [PMID: 23060043 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal or stem cells (hMSCs) are being investigated for cell therapy in a wide range of diseases. MSCs are a potent source of trophic factors and actively remodel their immediate microenvironment through the secretion of bioactive factors in response to external stimuli such as oxygen tension. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that hypoxia influences hMSC properties in part through the regulation of extracellular milieu characterized by the extracellular matrix (ECM) matrices and the associated fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). The decellularized ECM matrices derived from hMSC culture under both hypoxic (e.g., 2% O(2)) and the standard culture (e.g., 20% O(2)) conditions have different binding capacities to the cell-secreted and exogenenous FGF-2. The reduced hMSC proliferation in the presence of FGF-2 inhibitor and the differential capacity of the decellularized ECM matrices in regulating hMSC osteogeneic and adipogenic differentiation suggest an important role of the endogenous FGF-2 in sustaining hMSC proliferation and regulating hMSC fate. Additionally, the combination of the ECM adhesion and hypoxic culture preserved hMSC viability under serum withdrawal. Together, the results suggest the synergistic effect of hypoxia and the ECM matrices in sustaining hMSC ex vivo expansion and preserving their multi-potentiality and viability under nutrient depletion. The results have important implication in optimizing hMSC expansion and delivery strategies to obtain hMSCs in sufficient quantity with required potency and to enhance survival and function upon transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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113
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Cunha FFD, Martins L, Martin PKM, Stilhano RS, Paredes Gamero EJ, Han SW. Comparison of treatments of peripheral arterial disease with mesenchymal stromal cells and mesenchymal stromal cells modified with granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:820-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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114
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Gupta PK, Chullikana A, Parakh R, Desai S, Das A, Gottipamula S, Krishnamurthy S, Anthony N, Pherwani A, Majumdar AS. A double blind randomized placebo controlled phase I/II study assessing the safety and efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell in critical limb ischemia. J Transl Med 2013; 11:143. [PMID: 23758736 PMCID: PMC3688296 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities comprises a clinical spectrum that extends from no symptoms to presentation with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Bone marrow derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM- MSCs) may ameliorate the consequences of CLI due to their combinatorial potential for inducing angiogenesis and immunomodulatory environment in situ. The primary objective was to determine the safety of BM- MSCs in patients with CLI. Methods Prospective, double blind randomized placebo controlled multi-center study was conducted in patients with established CLI as per Rutherford classification in category II-4, III-5, or III-6 with infra-inguinal arterial occlusive disease and were not suitable for or had failed revascularization treatment. The primary end point was incidence of treatment – related adverse events (AE). Exploratory efficacy end points were improvement in rest pain, increase in Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), ankle pressure, healing of ulcers, and amputation rates. Twenty patients (BM-MSC: Placebo = 1:1) were administered with allogeneic BM-MSCs at a dose of 2 million cells/kg or placebo (PlasmaLyte A) at the gastrocnemius muscle of the ischemic limb. Results Improvement was observed in the rest pain scores in both the arms. Significant increase in ABPI and ankle pressure was seen in BM-MSC arm compared to the placebo group. Incidence of AEs in the BM-MSC arm was 13 vs. 45 in the placebo arm where as serious adverse events (SAE) were similar in both the arms (5 in BM-MSC and 4 in the placebo group). SAEs resulted in death, infected gangrene, amputations in these patients. It was observed that the SAEs were related to disease progression and not related to stem cells. Conclusion BM-MSCs are safe when injected IM at a dose of 2 million cells/kg body weight. Few efficacy parameters such as ABPI and ankle pressure showed positive trend warranting further studies. Trial registration NIH website (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00883870)
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Gupta
- Stempeutics Research Pvt Ltd, Akshay Tech Park, No, 72 & 73, 2nd Floor, EPIP Zone, Phase I-Area, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India.
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115
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Andreeva ER, Buravkova LB. Paracrine activity of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and its modulation in hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119713030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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116
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Han KY, Fahd DC, Tshionyi M, Allemann N, Jain S, Chang JH, Azar DT. MT1-MMP modulates bFGF-induced VEGF-A expression in corneal fibroblasts. Protein Pept Lett 2013; 19:1334-9. [PMID: 22670674 DOI: 10.2174/092986612803521639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is physiologically avascular. Following a corneal injury, wound healing often proceeds without neovascularization (NV); however, corneal NV may be induced during wound healing in certain inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, and traumatic states. Such states disrupt the physiologic balance between pro-angiogenic and antiangiogenic mediators, favoring angiogenesis. Contributors to such states are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are key factors in both extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Similarly, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exert pro-angiogenic effects. Here, we elaborate on the facilitative role of MMPs-specifically Membrane Type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP, MMP14)-in corneal NV. Additionally, we provide new insight into the signaling relating to MT1-MMP, Ras, and ERK in the bFGF-induced VEGF-A expression pathways within the corneal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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117
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Moore M, Moore R, McFetridge PS. Directed oxygen gradients initiate a robust early remodeling response in engineered vascular grafts. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2005-13. [PMID: 23541106 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas functionally different, both organogenesis and wound-healing processes create zones or regions of hypoxia that persist until capillary networks are formed to facilitate oxygen and nutrient delivery. Similarly, regenerative processes within in vitro engineered tissues experience the same hypoxic regions, but without the capacity to form functional capillaries resulting in a major limitation in developing full-thickness organs and tissues. Due to the importance of oxygen in wound healing and tissue regeneration, we hypothesize that directed oxygen gradients can be used to modulate cell function and promote more effective tissue regeneration. The effect of controlled oxygen gradients on human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was assessed using dual chambered perfusion bioreactors to regulate transport conditions occurring in a model vascular construct. SMCs were seeded onto the ablumenal surface of the scaffold and cultured for 21 days under 3 independent gas environments: (1) 21% oxygen, (2) 11% oxygen, or (3) an ablumen to lumen oxygen gradient from 11% to 21%. When compared to 21% oxygen and 11% oxygen conditions, the directed 11%-21% oxygen gradient resulted in a raised metabolic activity and significantly improved cell migration. After 21 days from seeding, cells were shown to migrate entirely across the scaffold to the vessel lumen (>450 μm). Concomitant with a more uniform cell dispersion, scaffold mechanics were significantly enhanced with increased stiffness and tensile strength. Native oxygen gradients are known to play a pivotal role during organ development; these results show that directed oxygen gradients within in vitro systems can be used to facilitate early remodeling leading to significantly enhanced cell migration and scaffold biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Moore
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, USA
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118
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Pre-culturing islets with mesenchymal stromal cells using a direct contact configuration is beneficial for transplantation outcome in diabetic mice. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:449-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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119
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Hong YH, Park CW, Kim HS, Won KC, Kim YW, Lee CK. Effects of hypoxia/ischemia on catabolic mediators of cartilage in a human chondrocyte, SW1353. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:478-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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120
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Molecular characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, source of regenerative medicine. Int J Cardiol 2013; 163:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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121
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Berniakovich I, Giorgio M. Low oxygen tension maintains multipotency, whereas normoxia increases differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2119-34. [PMID: 23340651 PMCID: PMC3565369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14012119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) culture conditions is of great importance for their more successful application in regenerative medicine. O2 regulates various aspects of cellular biology and, in vivo, MSC are exposed to different O2 concentrations spanning from very low tension in the bone marrow niche, to higher amounts in wounds. In our present work, we isolated mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and showed that they contained a population meeting requirements for MSC definition. In order to establish the effect of low O2 on cellular properties, we examined BSMC cultured under hypoxic (3% O2) conditions. Our results demonstrate that 3% O2 augmented proliferation of BMSC, as well as the formation of colonies in the colony-forming unit assay (CFU-A), the percentage of quiescent cells, and the expression of stemness markers Rex-1 and Oct-4, thereby suggesting an increase in the stemness of culture when exposed to hypoxia. In contrast, intrinsic differentiation processes were inhibited by 3% O2. Overall yield of differentiation was dependent on the adjustment of O2 tension to the specific stage of BMSC culture. Thus, we established a strategy for efficient BMSC in vitro differentiation using an initial phase of cell propagation at 3% O2, followed by differentiation stage at 21% O2. We also demonstrated that 3% O2 affected BMSC differentiation in p53 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) independent pathways. Our findings can significantly contribute to the obtaining of high-quality MSC for effective cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Berniakovich
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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Vertelov G, Kharazi L, Muralidhar MG, Sanati G, Tankovich T, Kharazi A. High targeted migration of human mesenchymal stem cells grown in hypoxia is associated with enhanced activation of RhoA. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23295150 PMCID: PMC3706803 DOI: 10.1186/scrt153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A feature which makes stem cells promising candidates for cell therapy is their ability to migrate effectively into damaged or diseased tissues. Recent reports demonstrated the increased motility of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) grown under hypoxic conditions compared to normoxic cells. However, the directional migration of hMSC cultured in hypoxia has not been investigated. In this study we examined the in vitro transmembrane migration of hMSC permanently cultured in hypoxia in response to various cytokines. We also studied the involvement of RhoA, a molecule believed to play an essential role in the migration of MSC via reorganization of the cytoskeleton. METHODS We compared the directional migration of human hMSCs grown permanently under normal (21%, normoxic) and low O2 (5%, hypoxic) conditions until passage 4 using an in vitro transmembrane migration assay. A series of 17 cytokines was used to induce chemotaxis. We also compared the level of GTP-bound RhoA in the cell extracts of calpeptin-activated hypoxic and normoxic hMSC. RESULTS We found that hMSC cultured in hypoxia demonstrate markedly higher targeted migration activity compared to normoxic cells, particularly towards wound healing cytokines, including those found in ischemic and myocardial infarction. We also demonstrated for the first time that hMSC are dramatically more sensitive to activation of RhoA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that high directional migration of hMSCs permanently grown in hypoxia is associated with the enhanced activation of RhoA. The enhanced migratory capacity of hypoxic hMSC would further suggest their potential advantages for clinical applications.
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Pourrajab F, Forouzannia SK, Tabatabaee SA. WITHDRAWN: Molecular Characteristics of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Appealing Source for Regenerative Medicine. Heart Lung Circ 2012:S1443-9506(12)00258-2. [PMID: 22939816 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2012.04.021. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Akla N, Pratt J, Annabi B. Concanavalin-A triggers inflammatory response through JAK/STAT3 signalling and modulates MT1-MMP regulation of COX-2 in mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2498-506. [PMID: 22971618 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological targeting of inflammation through STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways is, among other inflammatory biomarkers, associated with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibition and is believed to play a crucial role in prevention and therapy of cancer. Recently, inflammatory factors were found to impact on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) contribution to tumor angiogenesis. Given MSC chemotaxis and cell survival are regulated, in part, by the membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), an MMP also involved in transducing NF-κB intracellular signaling pathways, we tested whether STAT3 regulation by MT1-MMP may also contribute to the expression balance of COX-2 in MSC. We demonstrate that STAT3 phosphorylation was triggered in MSC treated with the MT1-MMP inducer lectin Concanavalin-A (ConA), and that this phosphorylation was abrogated by the JAK2 inhibitor AG490. MT1-MMP gene silencing significantly inhibited ConA-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and this was correlated with reduced proMMP-2 activation and COX-2 expression. On the other hand, STAT3 gene silencing potentiated ConA-induced COX-2 expression, providing evidence for a new MT1-MMP/JAK/STAT3 signaling axis that may, in part, explain how MT1-MMP contributes to proinflammatory intracellular signaling. Given that MSC are avidly recruited within inflammatory microenvironments and within experimental vascularizing tumors, these mechanistic observations support a possible dual control of cell adaptation to inflammation by MT1-MMP and that may enable MSC to be active participants within inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoufal Akla
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de recherche BIOMED, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8
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Buravkova LB, Andreeva ER, Grigoriev AI. The impact of oxygen in physiological regulation of human multipotent mesenchymal cell functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119712040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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126
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Smith AN, Muffley LA, Bell AN, Numhom S, Hocking AM. Unsaturated fatty acids induce mesenchymal stem cells to increase secretion of angiogenic mediators. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3225-33. [PMID: 22105830 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent emerging cell-based therapies for diabetes and associated complications. Ongoing clinical trials are using exogenous MSC to treat type 1 and 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-healing wounds due to diabetes. The majority of these trials are aimed at exploiting the ability of these multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells to release soluble mediators that reduce inflammation and promote both angiogenesis and cell survival at sites of tissue damage. Growing evidence suggests that MSC secretion of soluble factors is dependent on tissue microenvironment. Despite the contribution of fatty acids to the metabolic environment of type 2 diabetes, almost nothing is known about their effects on MSC secretion of growth factors and cytokines. In this study, human bone marrow-derived MSC were exposed to linoleic acid, an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, or oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, for seven days in the presence of 5.38 mM glucose. Outcomes measured included MSC proliferation, gene expression, protein secretion and chemotaxis. Linoleic and oleic acids inhibited MSC proliferation and altered MSC expression and secretion of known mediators of angiogenesis. Both unsaturated fatty acids induced MSC to increase secretion of interleukin-6, VEGF and nitric oxide. In addition, linoleic acid but not oleic acid induced MSC to increase production of interleukin-8. Collectively these data suggest that exposure to fatty acids may have functional consequences for MSC therapy. Fatty acids may affect MSC engraftment to injured tissue and MSC secretion of cytokines and growth factors that regulate local cellular responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria N Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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127
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Ponte AL, Ribeiro-Fleury T, Chabot V, Gouilleux F, Langonné A, Hérault O, Charbord P, Domenech J. Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor stimulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promotes CD34+ cell migration via a matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3162-72. [PMID: 22651889 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be mobilized into the circulation using granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), for graft collection in view of hematopoietic transplantation. This process has been related to bone marrow (BM) release of serine proteases and of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Yet, the role of these mediators in HSC egress from their niches remains questionable, because they are produced by nonstromal cells (mainly neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) that are not a part of the niche. We show here that the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) is expressed by human BM mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), and that G-CSF prestimulation of MSCs enhances the in vitro trans-stromal migration of CD34+ cells. Zymography analysis indicates that pro-MMP-2 (but not pro-MMP-9) is expressed in MSCs, and that G-CSF treatment increases its expression and induces its activation at the cell membrane. We further demonstrate that G-CSF-stimulated migration depends on G-CSFR expression and is mediated by a mechanism that involves MMPs. These results suggest a molecular model whereby G-CSF infusion may drive, by the direct action on MSCs, HSPC egress from BM niches via synthesis and activation of MMPs. In this model, MMP-2 instead of MMP-9 is implicated, which constitutes a major difference with mouse mobilization models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana López Ponte
- UPRES-EA3855, IFR135, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais Tours, France
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Journey of mesenchymal stem cells for homing: strategies to enhance efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:342968. [PMID: 22754575 PMCID: PMC3382267 DOI: 10.1155/2012/342968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) communicate with other cells in the human body and appear to "home" to areas of injury in response to signals of cellular damage, known as homing signals. This review of the state of current research on homing of MSCs suggests that favorable cellular conditions and the in vivo environment facilitate and are required for the migration of MSCs to the site of insult or injury in vivo. We review the current understanding of MSC migration and discuss strategies for enhancing both the environmental and cellular conditions that give rise to effective homing of MSCs. This may allow MSCs to quickly find and migrate to injured tissues, where they may best exert clinical benefits resulting from improved homing and the presence of increased numbers of MSCs.
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129
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Némos C, Basciano L, Dalloul A. Effet et applications potentielles de la culture des cellules souches mésenchymateuses de moelle osseuse en condition d’hypoxie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 60:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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McEwan K, Padavan DT, Deng C, Vulesevic B, Kuraitis D, Korbutt GS, Suuronen EJ. Tunable collagen hydrogels are modified by the therapeutic agents they are designed to deliver. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:1467-83. [PMID: 21771391 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x584397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels are increasingly being developed for biomedical applications due to their ability to be delivered in a minimally invasive manner. One potential use for such materials is in cell delivery for cardiac regeneration. While the materials' properties are often characterized, how these properties (and in particular gelation) are affected by the addition of the therapeutic agent(s) they are designed to deliver is often overlooked. The aim of this study was to examine the interactive effects between collagen-based hydrogels and different additives (cells and microspheres). The results demonstrated that the incorporation of either cells or microspheres to a collagen hydrogel decreased its gelation time and increased its viscosity. Increased concentrations of the EDC/NHS cross-linker resulted in greater loss of cell viability. However, it was found that this cell loss could be minimized by delivering cells with the cross-linker scavenger glycine. A better understanding of how materials and cells (and other additives) respond to each other will help towards the goal of improving scaffolds being developed for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly McEwan
- a Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street , Ottawa , ON , Canada , K1Y4W7
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Hammoud M, Vlaski M, Duchez P, Chevaleyre J, Lafarge X, Boiron JM, Praloran V, Brunet De La Grange P, Ivanovic Z. Combination of low O(2) concentration and mesenchymal stromal cells during culture of cord blood CD34(+) cells improves the maintenance and proliferative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2750-8. [PMID: 21913190 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The physiological approach suggests that an environment associating the mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and low O(2) concentration would be most favorable for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in course of ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic grafts. To test this hypothesis, we performed a co-culture of cord blood CD34(+) cells with or without MSC in presence of cytokines for 10 days at 20%, 5%, and 1.5% O(2) and assessed the impact on total cells, CD34(+) cells, committed progenitors (colony-forming cells-CFC) and stem cells activity (pre-CFC and Scid repopulating cells-SRC). Not surprisingly, the expansion of total cells, CD34(+) cells, and CFC was higher in co-culture and at 20% O(2) compared to simple culture and low O(2) concentrations, respectively. However, co-culture at low O(2) concentrations provided CD34(+) cell and CFC amplification similar to classical culture at 20% O(2) . Interestingly, low O(2) concentrations ensured a better pre-CFC and SRC preservation/expansion in co-culture. Indeed, SRC activity in co-culture at 1.5% O(2) was higher than in freshly isolated CD34(+) cells. Interleukin-6 production by MSC at physiologically low O(2) concentrations might be one of the factors mediating this effect. Our data demonstrate that association of co-culture and low O(2) concentration not only induces sufficient expansion of committed progenitors (with respect to the classical culture), but also ensures a better maintenance/expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), pointing to the oxygenation as a physiological regulatory factor but also as a cell engineering tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hammoud
- Aquitaine-Limousin Branch of French Blood Institute (Etablissement Français du Sang, Aquitaine-Limousin, EFS-AL), Bordeaux, France
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Hypoxic regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration: the role of RhoA and HIF-1α. Cell Biol Int 2012; 35:981-9. [PMID: 21574962 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of pathologies such as skeletal fracture, neoplasia and inflammation compromise tissue perfusion and thereby decrease tissue oxygen tension. We and others have demonstrated that hypoxia is a potent stimulant for MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) recruitment and differentiation, yet to date little research has focused on the effects of oxygen tension on MSC migration. In the present study, we examined the effects of hypoxia and the potential role of the GTPase RhoA and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) on MSC migration. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia decreases MSC migration through an HIF-1α and RhoA-mediated pathway. The active GTP-bound form of RhoA was reduced in 1% oxygen, whereas activation of RhoA under hypoxic conditions rescued migration. Furthermore, stabilization of HIF-1α under normoxic conditions attenuated cell migration similar to that of hypoxia. These results suggest that hypoxia negatively affects MSC migration by regulating activation of GTPases. These results highlight the importance of oxygen in regulating the recruitment of progenitor cells to areas of ischaemic tissue damage.
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134
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Nerve growth factor induces cord formation of mesenchymal stem cell by promoting proliferation and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1483-90. [PMID: 22139028 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether nerve growth factor (NGF) induced angiogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Bone marrow MSCs were isolated from femors or tibias of Sprague-Dawley rat, and cultured. The cells were purified after 3 to 5 passages, seeded on Matrigel-coated 24-well plates and treated with NGF. Tube formation was observed 24 h later. Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and p75NTR gene expression was examined using PCR analysis and flow cytometry. Growth curves were determined via cell counting. Expression of VEGF and pAkt/Akt were analyzed with Western blot. RESULTS NGF (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L) promoted tube formation of MSCs. The tubular length reached the maximum of a 2.24-fold increase, when the cells were treated with NGF (50 μg/L). NGF (50 μg/L) significantly enhanced Akt phosphorylation. Pretreatment with the specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10 μmol/L) blocked NGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, tube formation and angiogenesis. NGF (25-200 μg/L) did not affect the expression of TrkA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but significantly suppressed the expression of p75NTR. NGF (50 μg/L) markedly increased the proliferation of MSCs. CONCLUSION NGF promoted proliferation of MSCs and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which may be responsible for NGF induction of MSC angiogenesis.
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Liu L, Yu Q, Lin J, Lai X, Cao W, Du K, Wang Y, Wu K, Hu Y, Zhang L, Xiao H, Duan Y, Huang H. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Is Essential for Hypoxia-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mobilization into the Peripheral Blood. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1961-71. [PMID: 21275821 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaili Du
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingjia Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangni Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Duan
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Persano L, Rampazzo E, Della Puppa A, Pistollato F, Basso G. The three-layer concentric model of glioblastoma: cancer stem cells, microenvironmental regulation, and therapeutic implications. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1829-41. [PMID: 22125441 PMCID: PMC3217608 DOI: 10.1100/2011/736480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors arising in the central nervous system are thought to
originate from a sub-population of cells named cancer stem cells
(CSCs) or tumor initiating cells (TICs) that possess an immature
phenotype, combined with self-renewal and chemotherapy resistance
capacity. Moreover, in the last years, these cells have been
identified in particular brain tumor niches fundamental for
supporting their characteristics. In this paper, we report studies
from many authors demonstrating that hypoxia or the so called
“hypoxic niche” plays a crucial role in controlling CSC molecular
and phenotypic profile. We recently investigated the relationship
existing between Glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells and their niche,
defining the theory of three-concentric layers model for GBM mass.
According to this model, GBM stem cells reside preferentially
within the hypoxic core of the tumour mass, while more
differentiated cells are mainly localized along the peripheral and
vascularized part of the tumour. This GBM model provides
explanation of the effects mediated by the tumour microenvironment
on the phenotypic and molecular regulation of GBM stem cells,
describing their spatial distribution in the tumor bulk. Moreover,
we discuss the possible clinical implications of the creation of
this model for future GBM patient management and novel therapeutic
strategies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Persano
- Oncohematology Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
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137
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Rustad KC, Wong VW, Sorkin M, Glotzbach JP, Major MR, Rajadas J, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell angiogenic capacity and stemness by a biomimetic hydrogel scaffold. Biomaterials 2011; 33:80-90. [PMID: 21963148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the capacity of a biomimetic pullulan-collagen hydrogel to create a functional biomaterial-based stem cell niche for the delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into wounds. Murine bone marrow-derived MSCs were seeded into hydrogels and compared to MSCs grown in standard culture conditions. Hydrogels induced MSC secretion of angiogenic cytokines and expression of transcription factors associated with maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4) when compared to MSCs grown in standard conditions. An excisonal wound healing model was used to compare the ability of MSC-hydrogel constructs versus MSC injection alone to accelerate wound healing. Injection of MSCs did not significantly improve time to wound closure. In contrast, wounds treated with MSC-seeded hydrogels showed significantly accelerated healing and a return of skin appendages. Bioluminescence imaging and FACS analysis of luciferase+/GFP+ MSCs indicated that stem cells delivered within the hydrogel remained viable longer and demonstrated enhanced engraftment efficiency than those delivered via injection. Engrafted MSCs were found to differentiate into fibroblasts, pericytes and endothelial cells but did not contribute to the epidermis. Wounds treated with MSC-seeded hydrogels demonstrated significantly enhanced angiogenesis, which was associated with increased levels of VEGF and other angiogenic cytokines within the wounds. Our data suggest that biomimetic hydrogels provide a functional niche capable of augmenting MSC regenerative potential and enhancing wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine C Rustad
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, GK 201, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Proulx-Bonneau S, Annabi B. The primary cilium as a biomarker in the hypoxic adaptation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: a role for the secreted frizzled-related proteins. Biomark Insights 2011; 6:107-18. [PMID: 22084569 PMCID: PMC3201088 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s8247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A pivotal role in guiding mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation has recently been attributed to the primary cilium. This solitary, non-motile microtubule-based organelle emerging from the cell surface acts as a sensorial membrane structure reflecting developmental and adaptive processes associated with pathologies including human cystic kidney disease, skeletal malformations, obesity and cancer. Given that the intrinsic hypoxic adaptation of MSC remains poorly understood within ischemic tissues or hypoxic tumours, we questioned whether the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) might be a downstream effector regulating cilium maintenance. We show that murine bone marrow-derived MSC cultured under hypoxic conditions (1.2% O(2)) lose their primary cilia in a time-dependent manner. Gene silencing of HIF-1α prevented cilia loss in hypoxic cultures, and generation of MSC expressing a constitutively active HIF-1α (MSC-HIF) was found to decrease primary cilium formation. A Wnt pathway-related gene expression array was also performed on MSC-HIF and indicated that the secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFRP)-1, -3 and -4 were down-regulated, while sFRP-2 was up-regulated. Overexpression of recombinant sFRP-2 or gene silencing of sFRP-1, -3 and -4 in MSC led to primary cilium disruption. These results indicate a molecular signalling mechanism for the hypoxic disruption of the primary cilium in MSC involving an HIF-1α/sFRP axis. This mechanism contributes to our understanding of the adaptive processes possibly involved in the oncogenic transformation and tumour-supporting potential of MSC. Our current observations also open up the possibility for the primary cilia to serve as a biomarker in MSC adaptation to low oxygen tension within (patho)physiological microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Proulx-Bonneau
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMED, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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139
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Zeng HL, Zhong Q, Qin YL, Bu QQ, Han XA, Jia HT, Liu HW. Hypoxia-mimetic agents inhibit proliferation and alter the morphology of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:32. [PMID: 21827650 PMCID: PMC3166919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic diseases is closely related to level of hypoxia in the damaged tissues. To elucidate the potential therapeutic applications and limitations of hMSCs derived from human umbilical cords, the effects of hypoxia on the morphology and proliferation of hMSCs were analyzed. RESULTS After treatment with DFO and CoCl₂, hMSCs were elongated, and adjacent cells were no longer in close contact. In addition, vacuole-like structures were observed within the cytoplasm; the rough endoplasmic reticulum expanded, and expanded ridges were observed in mitochondria. In addition, DFO and CoCl₂ treatments for 48 h significantly inhibited hMSCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). This treatment also increased the number of cells in G0/G1 phase and decreased those in G2/S/M phase. CONCLUSIONS The hypoxia-mimetic agents, DFO and CoCl₂, alter umbilical cord-derived hMSCs morphology and inhibit their proliferation through influencing the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lan Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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140
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Identification of chemoattractive factors involved in the migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to brain lesions caused by prions. J Virol 2011; 85:11069-78. [PMID: 21813601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05318-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to migrate to brain lesions of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanisms by which MSCs migrate remain to be elucidated. In this study, we carried out an in vitro migration assay to investigate the chemoattractive factors for MSCs in the brains of prion-infected mice. The migration of immortalized human MSCs (hMSCs) was reduced by their pretreatment with antibodies against the chemokine receptors, CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4 and by pretreatment of brain extracts of prion-infected mice with antibodies against the corresponding ligands, suggesting the involvement of these receptors, and their ligands in the migration of hMSCs. In agreement with the results of an in vitro migration assay, hMSCs in the corpus callosum, which are considered to be migrating from the transplanted area toward brain lesions of prion-infected mice, expressed CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4. The combined in vitro and in vivo analyses suggest that CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4, and their corresponding ligands are involved in the migration of hMSCs to the brain lesions caused by prion propagation. In addition, hMSCs that had migrated to the right hippocampus of prion-infected mice expressed CCR1, CX3CR1, and CXCR4, implying the involvement of these chemokine receptors in hMSC functions after chemotactic migration. Further elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie the migration of MSCs may provide useful information regarding application of MSCs to the treatment of prion diseases.
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141
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Tanaka A, Sakurai K, Kaneko K, Ogino J, Yagui K, Ishikawa K, Ishibashi T, Matsumoto T, Yokote K, Saito Y. The Role of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Binding Site in the Induction of Aquaporin-1 mRNA Expression by Hypoxia. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:539-44. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Ogino
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kazuo Yagui
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ko Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishibashi
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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142
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Kielczewski JL, Hu P, Shaw LC, Li Calzi S, Mames RN, Gardiner TA, McFarland E, Chan-Ling T, Grant MB. Novel protective properties of IGFBP-3 result in enhanced pericyte ensheathment, reduced microglial activation, increased microglial apoptosis, and neuronal protection after ischemic retinal injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1517-28. [PMID: 21435441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the perivascular cell responses to increased endothelial cell expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in mouse retina. The contribution of bone marrow cells in the IGFBP-3-mediated response was examined using green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP(+)) adult chimeric mice subjected to laser-induced retinal vessel occlusion injury. Intravitreal injection of an endothelial-specific IGFBP-3-expressing plasmid resulted in increased differentiation of GFP(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into pericytes and astrocytes as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Administration of IGFBP-3 plasmid to mouse pups that underwent the oxygen-induced retinopathy model resulted in increased pericyte ensheathment and reduced pericyte apoptosis in the developing retina. Increased IGFBP-3 expression reduced the number of activated microglial cells and decreased apoptosis of neuronal cells in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model. In summary, IGFBP-3 increased differentiation of GFP(+) HSCs into pericytes and astrocytes while increasing vascular ensheathment of pericytes and decreasing apoptosis of pericytes and retinal neurons. All of these cytoprotective effects exhibited by IGFBP-3 overexpression can result in a more stable retinal vascular bed. Thus, endothelial expression of IGFBP-3 may represent a physiologic response to injury and may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic vascular eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kielczewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA
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143
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Proulx-Bonneau S, Guezguez A, Annabi B. A concerted HIF-1α/MT1-MMP signalling axis regulates the expression of the 3BP2 adaptor protein in hypoxic mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21511. [PMID: 21738685 PMCID: PMC3124525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasticity, migratory and immunosuppressive abilities characterize mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) which enable them to be active participants in the development of hypoxic solid tumours. Our understanding of the oncogenic adaptation of MSC to hypoxia however lacks the identification and characterization of specific biomarkers. In this study, we assessed the hypoxic regulation of 3BP2/SH3BP2 (Abl SH3-binding protein 2), an immune response adaptor/scaffold protein which regulates leukocyte differentiation and motility. Gene silencing of 3BP2 abrogated MSC migration in response to hypoxic cues and generation of MSC stably expressing the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) resulted in increased endogenous 3BP2 expression as well as cell migration. Analysis of the 3BP2 promoter sequence revealed only one potential HIF-1α binding site within the human but none in the murine sequence. An alternate early signalling cascade that regulated 3BP2 expression was found to involve membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) transcriptional regulation which gene silencing abrogated 3BP2 expression in response to hypoxia. Collectively, we provide evidence for a concerted HIF-1α/MT1-MMP signalling axis that explains the induction of adaptor protein 3BP2 and which may link protein binding partners together and stimulate oncogenic MSC migration. These mechanistic observations support the potential for malignant transformation of MSC within hypoxic tumour stroma and may contribute to evasion of the immune system by a tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Proulx-Bonneau
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de recherche BIOMED, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amel Guezguez
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de recherche BIOMED, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de recherche BIOMED, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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144
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Hu X, Wei L, Taylor TM, Wei J, Zhou X, Wang JA, Yu SP. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell migration via Kv2.1 channel and FAK activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C362-72. [PMID: 21562308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00013.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation using stem cells including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is emerging as a potential regenerative therapy after ischemic attacks in the heart and brain. The migration capability of transplanted cells is a critical cellular function for tissue repair. Based on our recent observations that hypoxic preconditioning (HP) has multiple benefits in improving stem cell therapy and that the potassium Kv2.1 channel acts as a promoter for focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and cell motility, the present investigation tested the hypothesis that HP treatment can increase BMSC migration via the mechanism of increased Kv2.1 expression and FAK activities. BMSCs derived from green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice were treated under either normoxic (N-BMSC) or hypoxic (0.5% O(2)) (HP-BMSC) conditions for 24 h. Western blot analysis showed HP selectively upregulated Kv2.1 expression while leaving other K(+) channels, such as Kv1.5 and Kv1.4, unaffected. Compared with normoxic controls, significantly larger outward delayed rectifier K(+) currents were recorded in HP-BMSCs. HP enhanced BMSC migration/homing activities in vitro and after intravenous transplantation into rats subjected to permanent myocardial infarction (MI). The HP-promoted BMSC migration was inhibited by either blocking K(+) channels or knocking down Kv2.1. Supporting a relationship among HP, Kv2.1, and FAK activation, HP increased phosphorylation of FAK(397) and FAK(576/577), and this effect was antagonized by blocking K(+) channels. These findings provide novel evidence that HP enhances the ability of BMSCs to migrate and home to the injured region; this effect is mediated through a regulatory role of Kv2.1 on FAK phosphorylation/activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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145
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Karaöz E, Okçu A, Gacar G, Sağlam O, Yürüker S, Kenar H. A comprehensive characterization study of human bone marrow mscs with an emphasis on molecular and ultrastructural properties. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1367-82. [PMID: 20945392 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) continue to draw attention of researchers in the fields of basic science and medicine due to their indispensible regenerative, reparative, angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, and immunosuppressive properties, all of which collectively point out their enormous therapeutic potential. There is still, however, a need for further investigation of their characteristics to broaden their field of use and learn much more about how to control their fate and improve their therapeutic effectiveness. hBM-MSCs were extensively characterized in terms of their growth characteristics, genetic stability, and differentiation capability to the mesodermal and ectodermal cell lineages; a special emphasis was given to their phenotypic and ultrastructural properties. Expression of embryonic stem cell markers Oct4, Rex-1, FoxD-3, Sox2, and Nanog was shown with real-time PCR. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the ultrastructural characteristics of hBM-MSCs; they had pale, irregularly shaped and large euchromatic nuclei, and two distinct areas in their cytoplasm: an intensely stained inner zone rich in mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) with dilated cisternae and a relatively peripheral zone poor in organelles. hBM-MSCs expressed adipogenic (adipophilin and PPARγ), myogenic (desmin, myogenin, α-SMA), neurogenic (γ-enolase, MAP2a,b, c-fos, nestin, NF-H, NF-L, GFAP, β3-tubulin), osteogenic (osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, Runx-2, type I collagen), and chondrogenic (type II collagen, SOX9) markers either at RNA or protein level even under basal conditions, without any stimulation towards differentiation. The differentiation potential of hBM-MSCs to adipogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic lineages was shown by using the relevant differentiation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaöz
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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146
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Basciano L, Nemos C, Foliguet B, de Isla N, de Carvalho M, Tran N, Dalloul A. Long term culture of mesenchymal stem cells in hypoxia promotes a genetic program maintaining their undifferentiated and multipotent status. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:12. [PMID: 21450070 PMCID: PMC3073900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the bone marrow, hematopietic and mesenchymal stem cells form a unique niche in which the oxygen tension is low. Hypoxia may have a role in maintaining stem cell fate, self renewal and multipotency. However, whereas most studies addressed the effect of transient in vitro exposure of MSC to hypoxia, permanent culture under hypoxia should reflect the better physiological conditions. Results Morphologic studies, differentiation and transcriptional profiling experiments were performed on MSC cultured in normoxia (21% O2) versus hypoxia (5% O2) for up to passage 2. Cells at passage 0 and at passage 2 were compared, and those at passage 0 in hypoxia generated fewer and smaller colonies than in normoxia. In parallel, MSC displayed (>4 fold) inhibition of genes involved in DNA metabolism, cell cycle progression and chromosome cohesion whereas transcripts involved in adhesion and metabolism (CD93, ESAM, VWF, PLVAP, ANGPT2, LEP, TCF1) were stimulated. Compared to normoxic cells, hypoxic cells were morphologically undifferentiated and contained less mitochondrias. After this lag phase, cells at passage 2 in hypoxia outgrew the cells cultured in normoxia and displayed an enhanced expression of genes (4-60 fold) involved in extracellular matrix assembly (SMOC2), neural and muscle development (NOG, GPR56, SNTG2, LAMA) and epithelial development (DMKN). This group described herein for the first time was assigned by the Gene Ontology program to "plasticity". Conclusion The duration of hypoxemia is a critical parameter in the differentiation capacity of MSC. Even in growth promoting conditions, hypoxia enhanced a genetic program that maintained the cells undifferentiated and multipotent. This condition may better reflect the in vivo gene signature of MSC, with potential implications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Basciano
- Nancy University Medical School (EA 4369) and School of Surgery (NT), 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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147
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Deak E, Seifried E, Henschler R. Homing pathways of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their role in clinical applications. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:514-29. [PMID: 20839913 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.498931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have come into focus for an increasing number of cellular therapies. Since most clinical protocols use intravenous application of MSCs, it has become important to understand their trafficking in the bloodstream. Moreover, since relatively little is known where the transplanted MSCs might locate, a better understanding of involved homing mechanisms will likely shed light on how MSCs exert their therapeutic effects. This review focuses on the current knowledge of homing pathways of transplanted MSCs. We describe regulatory signalling molecules and receptors involved. An outlook is given on significance of these findings for the future use of MSCs as a cellular therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Deak
- Stem Cell Biology Group, DRK Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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148
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Suzuki K, Sun R, Origuchi M, Kanehira M, Takahata T, Itoh J, Umezawa A, Kijima H, Fukuda S, Saijo Y. Mesenchymal stromal cells promote tumor growth through the enhancement of neovascularization. Mol Med 2011; 17:579-87. [PMID: 21424106 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also called mesenchymal stem cells, migrate and function as stromal cells in tumor tissues. The effects of MSCs on tumor growth are controversial. In this study, we showed that MSCs increase proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and promote tumor growth in vivo. We also further analyzed the mechanisms that underlie these effects. For use in in vitro and in vivo experiments, we established a bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell line from cells isolated in C57BL/6 mice. Effects of murine MSCs on tumor cell proliferation in vitro were analyzed in a coculture model with B16-LacZ cells. Both coculture with MSCs and treatment with MSC-conditioned media led to enhanced growth of B16-LacZ cells, although the magnitude of growth stimulation in cocultured cells was greater than that of cells treated with conditioned media. Co-injection of B16-LacZ cells and MSCs into syngeneic mice led to increased tumor size compared with injection of B16-LacZ cells alone. Identical experiments using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells instead of B16-LacZ cells yielded similar results. Consistent with a role for neovascularization in MSC-mediated tumor growth, tumor vessel area was greater in tumors resulting from co-injection of B16-LacZ cells or LLCs with MSCs than in tumors induced by injection of cancer cells alone. Co-injected MSCs directly supported the tumor vasculature by localizing close to vascular walls and by expressing an endothelial marker. Furthermore, secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor was increased in cocultures of MSCs and B16-LacZ cells compared with B16-LacZ cells alone. Together, these results indicate that MSCs promote tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo and suggest that tumor promotion in vivo may be attributable in part to enhanced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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149
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Birnbaum T, Hildebrandt J, Nuebling G, Sostak P, Straube A. Glioblastoma-dependent differentiation and angiogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:57-65. [PMID: 21547397 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is of central importance in the malignancy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). As previously shown, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) migrate towards GBM and are incorporated into tumor microvessels. However, phenotype and function of recruited hMSC remain unclear. We evaluated the differentiation and angiogenic potential of hMSC after stimulation with glioblastoma-conditioned medium in vitro. Immunostaining with endothelial, smooth muscle cell and pericyte markers was used to analyze hMSC differentiation in different concentrations of tumor-conditioned medium (CM), and the angiogenic potential was evaluated by matrigel-based tube-formation assay (TFA). Immunofluorescence staining revealed that tumor-conditioned hMSC (CM-hMSC) expressed CD 151, VE-cadherin, desmin, α-smooth muscle actin, nestin, and nerval/glial antigen 2 (NG2) in a CM concentration-dependent manner, whereas no expression of von-Willebrand factor (vWF) and smooth myosin could be detected. These findings are indicative of GBM-dependent differentiation of hMSC into pericyte-like cells, rather than endothelial or smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, TFA of hMSC and CM-hMSC revealed CM-dependent formation of capillary-like networks, which differed substantially from those formed by human endothelial cells (HUVEC), also implying pericyte-like tube formation. These results are indicative of GBM-derived differentiation of hMSC into pericyte-like mural cells, which might contribute to the neovascularization and stabilization of tumor vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Birnbaum
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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150
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Efimenko A, Starostina E, Kalinina N, Stolzing A. Angiogenic properties of aged adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells after hypoxic conditioning. J Transl Med 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21244679 PMCID: PMC3033332 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSC) are multipotent stem cells, originated from the vascular-stromal compartment of fat tissue. ADSC are used as an alternative cell source for many different cell therapies, however in ischemic cardiovascular diseases the therapeutic benefit was modest. One of the reasons could be the use of autologous aged ADSC, which recently were found to have impaired functions. We therefore analysed the effects of age on age markers and angiogenic properties of ADSC. Hypoxic conditioning was investigated as a form of angiogenic stimulation. Methods ADSC were harvested from young (1-3 month), adult (12 month) and aged (18-24 month) mice and cultured under normoxic (20%) and hypoxic (1%) conditions for 48 h. Differences in proliferation, apoptosis and telomere length were assessed in addition to angiogenic properties of ADSC. Results Proliferation potential and telomere length were decreased in aged ADSC compared to young ADSC. Frequency of apoptotic cells was higher in aged ADSC. Gene expression of pro-angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF) and hepatic growth factor (HGF) were down-regulated with age, which could be restored by hypoxia. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) increased in the old ADSC but was reduced by hypoxia. Expression of anti-angiogenic factors including thrombospondin-1 (TBS1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) did increase in old ADSC, but could be reduced by hypoxic stimulation. Endostatin (ENDS) was the highest in aged ADSC and was also down-regulated by hypoxia. We noted higher gene expression of proteases system factors like urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9) and PAI-1 in aged ADSC compared to young ADSC, but they decreased in old ADSC. Tube formation on matrigel was higher in the presence of conditioned medium from young ADSC in comparison to aged ADSC. Conclusions ADSC isolated from older animals show changes, including impaired proliferation and angiogenic stimulation. Angiogenic gene expression can be partially be improved by hypoxic preconditioning, however the effect is age-dependent. This supports the hypothesis that autologous ADSC from aged subjects might have an impaired therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Efimenko
- Department of Biological and Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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