101
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Lynch SM, Guo G, Gibson DS, Bjourson AJ, Rai TS. Role of Senescence and Aging in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Disease. Cells 2021; 10:3367. [PMID: 34943875 PMCID: PMC8699414 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, with particular risk for severe disease and mortality in the elderly population. SARS-CoV-2 infection is driven by a pathological hyperinflammatory response which results in a dysregulated immune response. Current advancements in aging research indicates that aging pathways have fundamental roles in dictating healthspan in addition to lifespan. Our review discusses the aging immune system and highlights that senescence and aging together, play a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. In our review, we primarily focus on the immune system response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the interconnection between severe COVID-19, immunosenescence, aging, vaccination, and the emerging problem of Long-COVID. We hope to highlight the importance of identifying specific senescent endotypes (or "sendotypes"), which can used as determinants of COVID-19 severity and mortality. Indeed, identified sendotypes could be therapeutically exploited for therapeutic intervention. We highlight that senolytics, which eliminate senescent cells, can target aging-associated pathways and therefore are proving attractive as potential therapeutic options to alleviate symptoms, prevent severe infection, and reduce mortality burden in COVID-19 and thus ultimately enhance healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, UK; (S.M.L.); (G.G.); (D.S.G.); (A.J.B.)
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102
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Negri S, Gambini S, Ceoldo S, Avesani L, Commisso M, Guzzo F. Undifferentiated In Vitro Cultured Actinidia deliciosa as Cell Factory for the Production of Quercetin Glycosides. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112499. [PMID: 34834864 PMCID: PMC8622025 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Land plants produce a vast arsenal of specialized metabolites and many of them display interesting bioactivities in humans. Recently, flavonol quercetin gained great attention in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic because, in addition to the anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-cancer activity already described, it emerged as possible inhibitor of 3CLpro, the major protease of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Plant cell and tissue culture (PCTC) is an attractive platform for the biotechnological production of plant metabolites. This technology allows a large amount of water and agricultural land to be saved and, being free of contaminants in the process, it is suitable for scaling up the production in bioreactors. In a project aimed to generate and screen in vitro plant cells for the production of valuable specialized metabolites for commercial production, we generated various cell lines from Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit tree) and Actinidia chinensis (gold kiwi fruit tree), that were able to produce relevant amounts of quercetin derivatives, mainly quercetin glycosides. Three cell lines from A. deliciosa were characterized by targeted and untargeted metabolomics. In standard growing conditions, they produce and accumulate up to 13.26 mg/100 g fresh weight (419.76 mg/100 g dry weight) of quercetin derivatives. To address future industrial applications, these cell lines should be entered into an acceleration program to further increase the amount of these metabolites by optimizing the culture conditions and elicitation.
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103
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Gligorijevic N, Radomirovic M, Nedic O, Stojadinovic M, Khulal U, Stanic-Vucinic D, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Molecular Mechanisms of Possible Action of Phenolic Compounds in COVID-19 Protection and Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12385. [PMID: 34830267 PMCID: PMC8625847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 was caused by a pathogenic virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therapies against SARS-CoV-2 target the virus or human cells or the immune system. However, therapies based on specific antibodies, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, may become inefficient enough when the virus changes its antigenicity due to mutations. Polyphenols are the major class of bioactive compounds in nature, exerting diverse health effects based on their direct antioxidant activity and their effects in the modulation of intracellular signaling. There are currently numerous clinical trials investigating the effects of polyphenols in prophylaxis and the treatment of COVID-19, from symptomatic, via moderate and severe COVID-19 treatment, to anti-fibrotic treatment in discharged COVID-19 patients. Antiviral activities of polyphenols and their impact on immune system modulation could serve as a solid basis for developing polyphenol-based natural approaches for preventing and treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijevic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Mirjana Radomirovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Olgica Nedic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Marija Stojadinovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Urmila Khulal
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea
| | - Dragana Stanic-Vucinic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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104
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Montone CM, Aita SE, Arnoldi A, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Cerrato A, Lammi C, Piovesana S, Ranaldi G, Laganà A. Characterization of the Trans-Epithelial Transport of Green Tea ( C. sinensis) Catechin Extracts with In Vitro Inhibitory Effect against the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216744. [PMID: 34771162 PMCID: PMC8587865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes an untargeted analytical approach for the screening, identification, and characterization of the trans-epithelial transport of green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechin extracts with in vitro inhibitory effect against the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) activity. After specific catechin extraction, a chromatographic separation obtained six fractions were carried out. The fractions were assessed in vitro against the PLpro target. Fraction 5 showed the highest inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (IC50 of 0.125 μg mL-1). The untargeted characterization revealed that (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) was the most abundant compound in the fraction and the primary molecule absorbed by differentiated Caco-2 cells. Results indicated that fraction 5 was approximately 10 times more active than ECG (IC50 value equal to 11.62 ± 0.47 μg mL-1) to inhibit the PLpro target. Overall, our findings highlight the synergistic effects of the various components of the crude extract compared to isolated ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Maria Montone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano La Statale, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (C.L.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-3945 (A.L.C.); +39-02503-19372 (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano La Statale, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (C.L.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-3945 (A.L.C.); +39-02503-19372 (C.L.)
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Giulia Ranaldi
- CREA, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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105
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Liviero F, Campisi M, Mason P, Pavanello S. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Subtype 1: Potential Role in Infection, Susceptibility, Symptoms and Treatment of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:753819. [PMID: 34805220 PMCID: PMC8599155 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The battle against the new coronavirus that continues to kill millions of people will be still long. Novel strategies are demanded to control infection, mitigate symptoms and treatment of COVID-19. This is even more imperative given the long sequels that the disease has on the health of the infected. The discovery that S protein includes two ankyrin binding motifs (S-ARBMs) and that the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV-1) cation channels contain these ankyrin repeat domains (TRPs-ARDs) suggest that TRPV-1, the most studied member of the TRPV channel family, can play a role in binding SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis is strengthened by studies showing that other respiratory viruses bind the TRPV-1 on sensory nerves and epithelial cells in the airways. Furthermore, the pathophysiology in COVID-19 patients is similar to the effects generated by TRPV-1 stimulation. Lastly, treatment with agonists that down-regulate or inactivate TRPV-1 can have a beneficial action on impaired lung functions and clearance of infection. In this review, we explore the role of the TRPV-1 channel in the infection, susceptibility, pathogenesis, and treatment of COVID-19, with the aim of looking at novel strategies to control infection and mitigate symptoms, and trying to translate this knowledge into new preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sofia Pavanello
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padova, Italy
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106
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Virus-induced senescence is a driver and therapeutic target in COVID-19. Nature 2021; 599:283-289. [PMID: 34517409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Derailed cytokine and immune cell networks account for the organ damage and the clinical severity of COVID-19 (refs. 1-4). Here we show that SARS-CoV-2, like other viruses, evokes cellular senescence as a primary stress response in infected cells. Virus-induced senescence (VIS) is indistinguishable from other forms of cellular senescence and is accompanied by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which comprises pro-inflammatory cytokines, extracellular-matrix-active factors and pro-coagulatory mediators5-7. Patients with COVID-19 displayed markers of senescence in their airway mucosa in situ and increased serum levels of SASP factors. In vitro assays demonstrated macrophage activation with SASP-reminiscent secretion, complement lysis and SASP-amplifying secondary senescence of endothelial cells, which mirrored hallmark features of COVID-19 such as macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, endothelial damage and widespread thrombosis in affected lung tissue1,8,9. Moreover, supernatant from VIS cells, including SARS-CoV-2-induced senescence, induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation and activation of platelets and the clotting cascade. Senolytics such as navitoclax and a combination of dasatinib plus quercetin selectively eliminated VIS cells, mitigated COVID-19-reminiscent lung disease and reduced inflammation in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and mice. Our findings mark VIS as a pathogenic trigger of COVID-19-related cytokine escalation and organ damage, and suggest that senolytic targeting of virus-infected cells is a treatment option against SARS-CoV-2 and perhaps other viral infections.
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107
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Di Petrillo A, Orrù G, Fais A, Fantini MC. Quercetin and its derivates as antiviral potentials: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 36:266-278. [PMID: 34709675 PMCID: PMC8662201 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, is a flavonoid known for its antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory properties. Several studies highlight the potential use of quercetin as an antiviral, due to its ability to inhibit the initial stages of virus infection, to be able to interact with proteases important for viral replication, and to reduce inflammation caused by infection. Quercetin could also be useful in combination with other drugs to potentially enhance the effects or synergistically interact with them, in order to reduce their side effects and related toxicity. Since there is no comprehensive compilation about antiviral activities of quercetin and derivates, the aim of this review is providing a summary of their antiviral activities on a set of human viral infections along with mechanisms of action. Thus, the following family of viruses are examined: Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, and Filoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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108
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Simon M, Pizzorno J, Katzinger J. Modifiable Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:8-14. [PMID: 34803534 PMCID: PMC8594967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has raged on, considerable research has been performed around the world evaluating the environmental, genetic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors that significantly impact the COVID-19 pandemic. Many studies have now shown that key risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity, and even death are modifiable. Patients, whether partially vaccinated, fully vaccinated, or not vaccinated, are expecting their clinicians to provide them with evidence-based guidance and to help them prioritize the factors most important for them. In this editorial we review the current state of the research on modifiable risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease severity, and death.
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109
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Boretti A. Quercetin Supplementation and COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211042763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is an antioxidant, detox, and anti-inflammatory agent, which may help lower inflammation as well as reduce toxic effects. It has been argued that vaccines have potential risks of local and systemic inflammatory responses and toxic effects of synthetic nucleosides and components for vaccine delivery. Administration of substances such as Quercetin may then mitigate these effects. It has similarly been argued that substances such as Quercetin may reduce the efficacy of vaccines, which works in building an immune response to produce antibodies. Under this other perspective, the assumption of Quercetin should be avoided when receiving vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information available to understand if Quercetin may mitigate the damage from novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, or also reduce their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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110
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Pizzorno J. "Unimportant" Molecules?-Part 1. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:8-16. [PMID: 34602871 PMCID: PMC8483254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
About a century ago when research into the nutritional components of food began, scientists were limited by the technology and physiological understanding of the time. Nonetheless, this pioneering research revealed the importance of many nutrients for the maintenance of life and prevention of overt deficiency diseases. Unfortunately, the necessary simplifications led to the unrecognized assumption that the constituents in food not required for life were not important. This justified growing food chemically rather than organically because essential nutrients were largely (but not entirely) conserved. However, as technology advanced-especially at the turn of this century-much was revealed. Nutrients considered single molecules when discovered were now realized to represent multiple variants and vitamers with significantly different physiological effects, and many of the molecules considered "unimportant" have huge impacts on health and resistance to disease.
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111
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Di Pierro F, Iqtadar S, Khan A, Ullah Mumtaz S, Masud Chaudhry M, Bertuccioli A, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Togni S, Riva A, Allegrini P, Khan S. Potential Clinical Benefits of Quercetin in the Early Stage of COVID-19: Results of a Second, Pilot, Randomized, Controlled and Open-Label Clinical Trial. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2807-2816. [PMID: 34194240 PMCID: PMC8238537 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s318949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing global pandemic known as COVID-19. Based on the potential antiviral role of quercetin, and on its described anti-blood clotting, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, we hypothesize that subjects with mild COVID-19 treated with Quercetin Phytosome® (QP), a novel bioavailable form of quercetin, may have a shorter time to virus clearance, a milder symptomatology, and higher probabilities of a benign earlier resolution of the disease. Methods In our 2-week, randomized, open-label, and controlled clinical study, we have enrolled 42 COVID-19 outpatients. Twenty-one have been treated with the standard of care (SC), and 21 with QP as add-on supplementation to the SC. Our main aims were to check virus clearance and symptoms. Results The interim results reveal that after 1 week of treatment, 16 patients of the QP group were tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and 12 patients had all their symptoms diminished; in the SC group, 2 patients were tested SARS-CoV-2 negative and 4 patients had their symptoms partially improved. By 2 weeks, the remaining 5 patients of the QP group tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, whereas in the SC group out of 19 remaining patients, 17 tested negatives by week 2, one tested negative by week 3 and one patient, still positive, expired by day 20. Concerning blood parameters, the add on therapy with QP, reduced LDH (−35.5%), Ferritin (−40%), CRP (−54.8%) and D-dimer (−11.9%). Conclusion QP statistically shortens the timing of molecular test conversion from positive to negative, reducing at the same time symptoms severity and negative predictors of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Pierro
- Scientific & Research Department, Velleja Research, Milan, Italy.,Digestive Endoscopy, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Somia Iqtadar
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah Mumtaz
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Saeed Khan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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112
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Jaffal SM, Abbas MA. TRP channels in COVID-19 disease: Potential targets for prevention and treatment. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109567. [PMID: 34166652 PMCID: PMC8217345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV2] that requires two proteins for entry: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] and -membrane protease serine 2 [TMPRSS2]. Many patients complain from pneumonia, cough, fever, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Notably, different TRP channels are expressed in various tissues infected by SARS-CoV-2. TRP channels are cation channels that show a common architecture with high permeability to calcium [Ca2+] in most sub-families. Literature review shed light on the possible role of TRP channels in COVID-19 disease. TRP channels may take part in inflammation, pain, fever, anosmia, ageusia, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI and neurological complications related to COVID-19. Also, TRP channels could be the targets for many active compounds that showed effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Desensitization or blocking TRP channels by antibodies, aptamers, small molecules or venoms can be an option for COVID-19 prevention and future treatment. This review provides insights into the involvement of TRP channels in different symptoms and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 , potential treatments targeting these channels and highlights missing gaps in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Jaffal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Manal A Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
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