101
|
Santos KG, Crispim D, Canani LH, Ferrugem PT, Gross JL, Roisenberg I. Association of eNOS gene polymorphisms with renal disease in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 91:353-62. [PMID: 21255858 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study we investigated if the -786T>C, the VNTR intron 4 a/b and the 894G>T (Glu298Asp) polymorphisms in the eNOS gene were associated with renal disease in 617 type 2 diabetic Caucasian-Brazilians. These polymorphisms were also examined in 100 Caucasian healthy blood donors. METHODS Genotyping of eNOS polymorphisms was performed by PCR or PCR-RFLP and haplotype frequencies were estimated using a Bayesian method. Logistic regression analysis was done to test for association of eNOS polymorphisms with susceptibility to renal involvement (microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria or end-stage renal disease). This analysis was carried out assuming three different genetic models for the minor allele, adjusting for possible effect modifiers. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies in patients with renal disease were not significantly different from those of patients with normoalbuminuria and healthy blood donors for all eNOS polymorphisms. Likewise, there were no differences in haplotype frequencies among healthy blood donors and type 2 diabetic patients with or without renal involvement (P>0.05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION No associations between the -786T>C, the VNTR intron 4 a/b and the 894G>T (Glu298Asp) polymorphisms in the eNOS gene and renal disease were observed in type 2 diabetic Caucasian-Brazilians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kátia G Santos
- Research Center in Medical Sciences, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Canoas, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Van Buren PN, Toto R. Hypertension in diabetic nephropathy: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2011; 18:28-41. [PMID: 21224028 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of CKD and end-stage kidney disease in the United States. The etiology of hypertension in diabetic nephropathy involves mechanisms with multiple inter-related mediators that result in renal sodium reabsorption and peripheral vasoconstriction. The management of hypertension in these patients is focused on treatments that target these mediators. Clinical trials have established that drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system should be used as first-line agents on the basis of their ability to slow down progression of kidney disease and lower albuminuria. There is further interest into how the combination of drugs that inhibit this pathway at multiple steps will contribute further to the management of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. This article presents an updated review of the mechanisms involved in hypertension in patients with diabetic nephropathy. It also reviews the past clinical trials using single agents as therapeutics and the more recent trials involving novel drugs or drug combinations used to treat these patients. Retrospective analyses of multiple studies are included to better examine the significance of the currently proposed blood pressure targets for patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
|
103
|
Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Murea M. Protein kinase C-β gene variants and type 2 diabetes-associated kidney failure: What can we learn from gene association studies in diabetic nephropathy? Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 57:194-7. [PMID: 21146268 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
104
|
Alkhalaf A, Bakker SJL, Bilo HJG, Gans ROB, Navis GJ, Postmus D, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Vionnet N, Hadjadj S, Marre M, Parving HH, Rossing P, Tarnow L. A polymorphism in the gene encoding carnosinase (CNDP1) as a predictor of mortality and progression from nephropathy to end-stage renal disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2562-8. [PMID: 20711718 PMCID: PMC2974933 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Homozygosity for a five leucine repeat (5L-5L) in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) has been found to be cross-sectionally associated with a low frequency of diabetic nephropathy (DN), mainly in type 2 diabetes. We prospectively investigated in patients with type 1 diabetes whether: (1) 5L-5L is associated with mortality; (2) there is an interaction of 5L-5L with DN or sex for prediction of mortality; and (3) 5L-5L is associated with progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS In this prospective study in white European patients with type 1 diabetes, individuals with DN were defined by persistent albuminuria ≥ 300 mg/24 h. Controls without nephropathy were defined by persistent (>15 years) normoalbuminuria < 30 mg/24 h. Leucine repeats were assessed with a fluorescent DNA analysis system. Onset of ESRD was defined by need to start chronic dialysis or kidney transplantation. RESULTS The study involved 916 patients with DN and 1,170 controls. During follow-up for 8.8 years, 107 patients (14%) with 5L-5L died compared with 182 patients (13.8%) with other genotypes (p = 0.99). There was no significant interaction of 5L-5L with DN for prediction of mortality (p = 0.57), but a trend towards interaction with sex (p = 0.08). In patients with DN, HR for ESRD in 5L-5L vs other genotypes was not constant over time, with increased risk for 5L-5L beyond 8 years of follow-up (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CNDP1 polymorphism was not associated with mortality, and nor was there an interaction of this polymorphism with DN for prediction of mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes. CNDP1 polymorphism predicts progression to ESRD in patients with DN, but only late after baseline measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Alkhalaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Gopalakrishnan I, Iskandar SS, Daeihagh P, Divers J, Langefeld CD, Bowden DW, Hicks PJ, Rocco MV, Freedman BI. Coincident idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis collapsing variant and diabetic nephropathy in an African American homozygous for MYH9 risk variants. Hum Pathol 2010; 42:291-4. [PMID: 21074826 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Familial clustering of disparate kidney diseases including clinically diagnosed hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy, idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and HIV-associated nephropathy are often observed in African Americans. Admixture mapping recently identified the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9) as a susceptibility factor strongly associated with several nondiabetic etiologies of end-stage renal disease in African Americans, less strongly with diabetes-associated end-stage renal disease. MYH9-associated nephropathies reside in the spectrum of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis/focal global glomerulosclerosis. The renal histology in proteinuric African Americans homozygous for MYH9 risk variants with longstanding type 2 diabetes mellitus is unknown. We report a case of coincident idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis collapsing variant and diabetic nephropathy in an African American homozygous for the MYH9 E1 risk haplotype. This case demonstrates that diabetic African Americans with overt proteinuria can have mixed renal lesions, including those in the spectrum of MYH9-associated nephropathy. Careful interpretation of kidney biopsies in proteinuric African Americans with diabetes is necessary to exclude coincident nondiabetic forms of nephropathy, precisely define etiologies of kidney disease, and determine the natural history and treatment response in mixed lesions of diabetes-associated and MYH9-associated kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isai Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1053, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Ned RM, Yesupriya A, Imperatore G, Smelser DT, Moonesinghe R, Chang MH, Dowling NF. Inflammation gene variants and susceptibility to albuminuria in the U.S. population: analysis in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1991-1994. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:155. [PMID: 21054877 PMCID: PMC2991302 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albuminuria, a common marker of kidney damage, serves as an important predictive factor for the progression of kidney disease and for the development of cardiovascular disease. While the underlying etiology is unclear, chronic, low-grade inflammation is a suspected key factor. Genetic variants within genes involved in inflammatory processes may, therefore, contribute to the development of albuminuria. METHODS We evaluated 60 polymorphisms within 27 inflammatory response genes in participants from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a population-based and nationally representative survey of the United States. Albuminuria was evaluated as logarithm-transformed albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), as ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, and as ACR above sex-specific thresholds. Multivariable linear regression and haplotype trend analyses were conducted to test for genetic associations in 5321 participants aged 20 years or older. Differences in allele and genotype distributions among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans were tested in additive and codominant genetic models. RESULTS Variants in several genes were found to be marginally associated (uncorrected P value < 0.05) with log(ACR) in at least one race/ethnic group, but none remained significant in crude or fully-adjusted models when correcting for the false-discovery rate (FDR). In analyses of sex-specific albuminuria, IL1B (rs1143623) among Mexican Americans remained significantly associated with increased odds, while IL1B (rs1143623), CRP (rs1800947) and NOS3 (rs2070744) were significantly associated with ACR ≥ 30 mg/g in this population (additive models, FDR-P < 0.05). In contrast, no variants were found to be associated with albuminuria among non-Hispanic blacks after adjustment for multiple testing. The only variant among non-Hispanic whites significantly associated with any outcome was TNF rs1800750, which failed the test for Hardy-Weinberg proportions in this population. Haplotypes within MBL2, CRP, ADRB2, IL4R, NOS3, and VDR were significantly associated (FDR-P < 0.05) with log(ACR) or albuminuria in at least one race/ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a small role for genetic variation within inflammation-related genes to the susceptibility to albuminuria. Additional studies are needed to further assess whether genetic variation in these, and untested, inflammation genes alter the susceptibility to kidney damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Ned
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ajay Yesupriya
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diane T Smelser
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- American Society of Human Genetics Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ramal Moonesinghe
- Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Man-huei Chang
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole F Dowling
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Peters V, Jansen EEW, Jakobs C, Riedl E, Janssen B, Yard BA, Wedel J, Hoffmann GF, Zschocke J, Gotthardt D, Fischer C, Köppel H. Anserine inhibits carnosine degradation but in human serum carnosinase (CN1) is not correlated with histidine dipeptide concentration. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:263-7. [PMID: 20971102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported an association of a particular allele of the carnosinase (CNDP1 Mannheim) gene with reduced serum carnosinase (CN1) activity and absence of nephropathy in diabetic patients. Carnosine protects against the adverse effects of high glucose levels but serum carnosine concentration was generally low. METHODS We measured the concentration of two further histidine dipeptides, anserine and homocarnosine, via HPLC. CN1 activity was measured fluorometically and for concentration we developed a capture ELISA. RESULTS We found an association between the CNDP1 Mannheim allele and reduced serum CN1 activity for all three dipeptides but no correlation to serum concentrations although anserine and homocarnosine inhibited carnosinase activity. Patients with liver cirrhosis have low CN1 activity (0.24 ± 0.17 μmol/ml/h, n=7 males; normal range: 3.2 ± 1.1, n=104; p<0.05) and CN1 concentrations (2.3 ± 1.5 μg/ml; normal range: 24.9 ± 8.9, p<0.05) but surprisingly, histidine dipeptide concentrations in serum are not increased compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Serum histidine dipeptide concentrations are not correlated to CN1 activity. The protective effect of low CN1 activity might be related either to turnover of CN1 substrates or a protective function of dipeptides might be localized in other tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peters
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Mastering a mediator: blockade of CCN-2 shows early promise in human diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:189-96. [PMID: 21234125 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetes complications, CCN-2 (known originally as CTGF) has been implicated in diabetic nephropathy both as a marker and a mediator of disease. This commentary addresses CCN-2 in diabetic nephropathy, in the context of the recent publication of the first human study to inhibit CCN-2 bioactivity in diabetic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
109
|
Hiukka A, Maranghi M, Matikainen N, Taskinen MR. PPARalpha: an emerging therapeutic target in diabetic microvascular damage. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010; 6:454-63. [PMID: 20567246 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of diabetes mellitus portends an alarming rise in the prevalence of microvascular complications, despite advanced therapies for hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is expressed in organs affected by diabetic microvascular disease (retina, kidney and nerves), and its expression is regulated specifically in these tissues. Experimental evidence suggests that PPARalpha activation attenuates or inhibits several mediators of vascular damage, including lipotoxicity, inflammation, reactive oxygen species generation, endothelial dysfunction, angiogenesis and thrombosis, and thus might influence intracellular signaling pathways that lead to microvascular complications. PPARalpha has emerged as a novel target to prevent microvascular disease, via both its lipid-related and lipid-unrelated actions. Despite strong experimental evidence of the potential benefits of PPARalpha agonists in the prevention of vascular damage, the evidence from clinical studies in patients with diabetes mellitus remains limited. Promising findings from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study on microvascular outcomes are countered by elevations in participants' homocysteine and creatinine levels that might potentially attenuate the benefits of PPARalpha activation. This Review focuses on the role of PPARalpha activation in diabetic microvascular disease and highlights the available experimental and clinical evidence from studies of PPARalpha agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hiukka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Maeda S, Araki SI, Babazono T, Toyoda M, Umezono T, Kawai K, Imanishi M, Uzu T, Watada H, Suzuki D, Kashiwagi A, Iwamoto Y, Kaku K, Kawamori R, Nakamura Y. Replication study for the association between four Loci identified by a genome-wide association study on European American subjects with type 1 diabetes and susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2010; 59:2075-9. [PMID: 20460425 PMCID: PMC2911071 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic factors are believed to contribute to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Recently, a genome-wide association study for diabetic nephropathy revealed four novel candidate loci in European American subjects with type 1 diabetes. In this study, we determined the association of the four loci with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We genotyped 11 singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four distinct loci (rs39059 and rs39075 in the CPVL/CHN2, rs1888747 and rs10868025 in FRMD3, rs739401 and rs451041 in CARS, and rs1041466, rs1411766, rs6492208, rs7989848, and rs9521445 in a chromosome 13q locus) in four independent Japanese populations. RESULTS Six SNPs were nominally associated with diabetic nephropathy in one of the four Japanese populations (P < 0.05; rs451041 in study 1; rs39059 and rs1888747 in study 3; rs1411766 in studies 1 and 4; and rs7989848 and rs9521445 in study 4); however, no significant association was observed for any SNP after correction for multiple testing errors in the individual populations. Nevertheless, a meta-analysis performed for the data obtained from all four populations revealed that one SNP (rs1411766) in chromosome 13q was significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy in the Japanese populations (nominal P = 0.004, corrected P = 0.04, odds ratio 1.26 [95% CI = 1.07-1.47]). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the rs1411766 locus may be commonly involved in conferring susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy among subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes across different ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Adler S, Pahl M, Abboud H, Nicholas S, Ipp E, Seldin M. Mexican-American admixture mapping analyses for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Semin Nephrol 2010; 30:141-9. [PMID: 20347643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a classic complex trait, whose development in a given individual reflects contributions from multiple genes and whose expression is modulated by environmental factors. Numerous genetic strategies have been used to identify common disease risk loci and genes, including candidate gene analyses, linkage analysis, transmission disequilibrium testing (a family based association test to identify linkage between a genetic marker and a biological trait or disease), and admixture mapping (also referred to as mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium). Choosing the best genetic strategy to identify susceptibility genes in a disease is dependent on knowing whether the disorder is monogenic (the result of one gene), oligogenic (the result of a few genes), or polygenic (the result of many genes). The likelihood of finding risk loci for a disease with a putative genetic contribution is in part owing to the disease recurrence risk ratio (the risk of expressing the disease phenotype in siblings of the proband divided by the risk observed in the general population), the genotypic risk ratio (the risk of expressing the phenotype if the gene is present divided by the risk if the gene is not present), the number of susceptibility genes, how the susceptibility genes interact, how much of the disease risk is contributed by environmental factors, and the disease penetrance (the likelihood that the phenotype will be expressed if the gene is present).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Adler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Effects of MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms on the development of nephropathy in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:116. [PMID: 20667095 PMCID: PMC2919463 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genes are located in chromosome 3q26-27, which is linked to diabetic nephropathy (DN). ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms are found to be associated with DN. In the present study, we first investigated the association between MCF2L2 and DN, and then evaluated effects of these three genes on the development of DN. Methods A total of 1177 type 1 diabetes patients with and without DN from the GoKinD study were genotyped with TaqMan allelic discrimination. All subjects were of European descent. Results Leu359Ile T/G variant in the MCF2L2 gene was found to be associated with DN in female subjects (P = 0.017, OR = 0.701, 95%CI 0.524-0.938) but not in males. The GG genotype carriers among female patients with DN had tendency decreased creatinine and cystatin levels compared to the carriers with either TT or TG genotypes. This polymorphism MCF2L2-rs7639705 together with SNPs of ADIPOQ-rs266729 and SOX2-rs11915160 had combined effects on decreased risk of DN in females (P = 0.001). Conclusion The present study provides evidence that MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms have effects on the resistance of DN in female T1D patients, and suggests that the linkage with DN in chromosome 3q may be explained by the cumulated genetic effects.
Collapse
|
113
|
Xu J, Huang Y, Li F, Zheng S, Epstein PN. FVB mouse genotype confers susceptibility to OVE26 diabetic albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F487-94. [PMID: 20610531 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00018.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OVE26 (OVE) diabetic mice on the inbred strain FVB are a valuable model of diabetic nephropathy that excretes the highest amount of urine albumin of all diabetic mouse models. Crossing of OVE mice to C57BL6 or DBA2 mice reduced albuminuria 17-fold in F1 diabetic offspring without reducing diabetes. When comparing renal histology of OVE mice on the FVB background to F1 C57BL6 crosses, we found that the F1 kidneys had significantly smaller glomeruli, much less albumin accumulation in tubules, reduced mesangial matrix expansion, and less interstitial fibrosis. A genome scan of 108 OVE-positive N2 offspring for albuminuria revealed one significant peak on chromosome 11 and nearly significant peaks on chromosomes 9, 13, and 19. Homozygosity for the FVB genotype for peaks on chromosomes 11, 13, or 19 increased albuminuria. Homozygosity for the chromosome 9 peak reduced albuminuria. Combined homozyogosity for the peaks on chromosomes 11, 13, and 19 increased albuminuria over 12-fold and accounted for >70% of the difference between OVE mice on the FVB vs. the F1 background. These loci contain sequences important to susceptibility to diabetic albuminuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Karadeniz M, Erdogan M, Cetinkalp S, Berdeli A, Eroglu Z, Ozgen AG. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) 2518G/A gene polymorphism in Turkish type 2 diabetes patients with nephropathy. Endocrine 2010; 37:513-7. [PMID: 20960176 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophage accumulation is thought to induce insulin resistance during obesity and stimulate the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The objective of this study was to investigate genotypic and allelic frequencies of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene polymorphism in the healthy and patients with and without DN. The MCP-1 genotypes were determined in 43 patients with nephropathy and 43 without nephropathy and a control group of 105 healthy individuals. The genotype MCP-1 (-2518G/A) distribution did differ between the control group and the type 2 diabetic patients (P = 0.004). The frequency of the polymorphic G allele was also no similar for the group with type 2 diabetes as for the control group with 20.9 and 32.4%, respectively (P = 0.012). The AA genotype and A allele at MCP-1 -2518 was an independent risk factor for the progression of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, MCP-1 AA genotype and A allele may play a specific role(s) in determining diabetic susceptibility, but do not seem to be important in the clinical manifestations of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Karadeniz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Bornova, Ege University Medical School, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review provides an overview of the identified risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression emphasizing the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past 10 years, there have been significant changes to our understanding and study of preterminal kidney failure. Recent refinements in the measurement of glomerular filtration rate and glomerular filtration rate estimating equations are important tools for identification and association of risk factors for CKD progression in children. In pediatric CKD, lower level of kidney function at presentation, higher levels of proteinuria, and hypertension are known markers for a more rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate. Anemia and other reported risk factors from the pregenomic era require further study and validation. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci that have provided novel genetic risk factors for CKD progression. SUMMARY With cohort studies of children with CKD becoming mature, they have started to yield important refinements to the assessment of CKD progression. Although many of the traditional risk factors for renal progression will certainly be assessed, such cohorts will be important for evaluating novel risk factors identified by genome-wide studies.
Collapse
|
116
|
Gayathri SB, Radha V, Vimaleswaran KS, Mohan V. Association of the PPARGC1A Gene Polymorphism With Diabetic Nephropathy in an Asian Indian Population (CURES-41). Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8:119-26. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2009.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Baby Gayathri
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Tesch G, Amur S, Schousboe JT, Siegel JN, Lesko LJ, Bai JPF. Successes achieved and challenges ahead in translating biomarkers into clinical applications. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:243-53. [PMID: 20232184 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools for identifying and stratifying diseases, predicting their progression and determining the effectiveness, safety, and doses of therapeutic interventions. This is important for common chronic diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis which affect large numbers of patients worldwide. This article summarizes the current knowledge of established and novel biomarkers for each of these diseases as presented at the 2008 AAPS/ACCP joint symposium "Success Achieved and Challenges Ahead in Translating Biomarkers into Clinical Applications," in Atlanta, Georgia. The advantages and disadvantages of various proteomic, metabolomic, genomic, and imaging biomarkers are discussed in relation to disease diagnosis and stratification, prognosis, drug development, and potential clinical applications. The use of biomarkers as a means to determine therapeutic interventions is also considered. In addition, we show that biomarkers may be useful for adapting therapies for individual needs by allowing the selection of patients who are most likely to respond or react adversely to a particular treatment. They may also be used to determine whether the development of a novel therapy is worth pursuing by informing crucial go/no go decisions around safety and efficacy. Indeed, regulatory bodies now suggest that effective integration of biomarkers into clinical drug development programs is likely to promote the development of novel therapeutics and more personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Maeda S, Kobayashi MA, Araki SI, Babazono T, Freedman BI, Bostrom MA, Cooke JN, Toyoda M, Umezono T, Tarnow L, Hansen T, Gaede P, Jorsal A, Ng DPK, Ikeda M, Yanagimoto T, Tsunoda T, Unoki H, Kawai K, Imanishi M, Suzuki D, Shin HD, Park KS, Kashiwagi A, Iwamoto Y, Kaku K, Kawamori R, Parving HH, Bowden DW, Pedersen O, Nakamura Y. A single nucleotide polymorphism within the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta gene is associated with proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000842. [PMID: 20168990 PMCID: PMC2820513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. A large-scale genotyping analysis of gene-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes identified the gene encoding acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta (ACACB) as a candidate for a susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy; the landmark SNP was found in the intron 18 of ACACB (rs2268388: intron 18 +4139 C > T, p = 1.4x10(-6), odds ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-1.96). The association of this SNP with diabetic nephropathy was examined in 9 independent studies (4 from Japan including the original study, one Singaporean, one Korean, and two European) with type 2 diabetes. One case-control study involving European patients with type 1 diabetes was included. The frequency of the T allele for SNP rs2268388 was consistently higher among patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria. A meta-analysis revealed that rs2268388 was significantly associated with proteinuria in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (p = 5.35 x 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.61, 95% Cl: 1.35-1.91). Rs2268388 was also associated with type 2 diabetes-associated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in European Americans (p = 6 x 10(-4), odds ratio = 1.61, 95% Cl: 1.22-2.13). Significant association was not detected between this SNP and nephropathy in those with type 1 diabetes. A subsequent in vitro functional analysis revealed that a 29-bp DNA fragment, including rs2268388, had significant enhancer activity in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Fragments corresponding to the disease susceptibility allele (T) had higher enhancer activity than those of the major allele. These results suggest that ACACB is a strong candidate for conferring susceptibility for proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Zeng Z, Li L, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wei Z, Huang K, He L, Shi Y. A meta-analysis of three polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) and their effect on the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Hum Genet 2010; 127:373-81. [PMID: 20049477 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of association studies have investigated the role of the nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) gene in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, results have been inconclusive, largely because the studies have focused on a variety of different polymorphisms and generate inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis of 28 association studies focusing on three polymorphisms in the NOS3 gene (G894T (Glu289Asp), 4b/a, and T-786C) and the risk of DN published before July 2009, covering a total of 10,364 subjects. Although significant heterogeneity was initially found in the analysis of G894T, it did not remain when analysis was done by ethnic subgroups. 894T was negatively associated with DN in Caucasian populations of European origin (OR = 0.896, 0.817-0.983, 95% CI), but was positively associated with DN in East Asian (OR = 2.02, 1.20-3.42, 95% CI) and other populations. Association of the 4b/a variant was observed when studies involving microalbuminuria were excluded (OR = 1.19, 1.02-1.39, 95% CI). The T-786C variant showed an overall weak association (OR = 1.16, 1.01-1.34, 95% CI) with little heterogeneity. In summary, our meta-analysis of the effect of NOS3 gene polymorphisms on the risk of DN supports the involvement of the NOS3 gene in the pathogenesis of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Central Little White House, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2009; 11:695-706. [PMID: 19773668 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181b2046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate-gene association studies that examined the association between polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene (G894T, 4b/a, and T786C) and diabetic nephropathy or diabetes leading to severe nephropathy produced inconclusive results. Thus, a meta-analysis of all candidate-gene association studies with endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotyping (7401 cases and 8046 controls) was conducted. Other study designs, such as family-based association studies and genome-wide linkage and association studies were also reviewed for supportive evidence of implication of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in diabetic nephropathy. The meta-analysis showed that G894T is significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy and diabetes leading to severe nephropathy in type 2 diabetics and in East Asians, respectively. Concerning the 4b/a polymorphism and its relationship to diabetes leading to severe nephropathy, a significant association was shown for East Asians. Heterogeneity between studies was in general high. There was no differential magnitude of effect in large versus small studies. One genome-wide linkage scan provided evidence of linkage nearby the endothelial nitric oxide synthase locus. Studies exploring gene and environment interactions with endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms may help understand better the genetics of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
|
121
|
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by absolute insulin deficiency resulting from the progressive immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. It is thought to be triggered by as yet unidentified environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals, the major genetic contribution coming from loci within the HLA complex, in particular HLA class II. The worldwide incidence of T1D varies by at least 100-fold, being highest in Finland and Sardinia (Italy) and lowest in Venezuela and China. The incidence has been increasing worldwide at an annual rate of approximately 3%. While genetic factors are thought to explain some of the geographic variability in T1D occurrence, they cannot account for its rapidly increasing frequency. Instead, the declining proportion of newly diagnosed children with high-risk genotypes suggests that environmental pressures are now able to trigger T1D in genotypes that previously would not have developed the disease during childhood. Although comparisons between countries and regions with low and high-incidence rates have suggested that higher socioeconomic status and degree of urbanization are among the environmental factors that play a role in the rising incidence of T1D, the findings are too inconsistent to allow firm conclusions. Morbidity and mortality as well as causes of death also show considerable geographic variation. While glycemic control has been identified as a major predictor of the micro- and macrovascular complications of T1D and shows considerable geographical variability, it does not appear to be the only factor involved in the regional differences in complication rates. The role of genetics in susceptibility to nephropathy, retinopathy and other diabetic complications largely remains to be explored.
Collapse
|
122
|
Freedman BI, Hicks PJ, Bostrom MA, Comeau ME, Divers J, Bleyer AJ, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Nelson GW, Langefeld CD, Bowden DW. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene MYH9 associations in African Americans with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated ESRD. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3366-71. [PMID: 19567477 PMCID: PMC2910323 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although MYH9 is strongly associated with biopsy-proven idiopathic and HIV-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and clinically diagnosed 'hypertension-associated' end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in African Americans, its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-associated ESRD is unclear. METHODS To assess whether MYH9 was associated with T2DM-ESRD, 751 African Americans with T2DM-ESRD, 227 with T2DM lacking nephropathy and 925 non-diabetic non-nephropathy controls were genotyped for 14 MYH9 SNPs. Association analyses used SNPGWA and Dandelion. RESULTS Comparing T2DM-ESRD cases with non-diabetic controls, single SNP associations were detected with 8 of 14 SNPs, gender- and admixture-adjusted P-values 0.047-0.005 [recessive model, odds ratio (OR) range 1.30-1.55]. The previously associated MYH9 E1 and L1 haplotypes were associated with T2DM-ESRD (E1: OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.56, P = 0.021 recessive and L1: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.09-1.87, P = 0.009 dominant). Contrasting the 751 T2DM-ESRD cases with 227 T2DM non-nephropathy controls revealed that E1 haplotype SNPs rs4821480, rs2032487 and rs4821481 were associated with kidney failure (OR 1.38-1.40 recessive, all P < 0.048). Among E1 and L1 risk homozygotes, respectively, mean (SD) diabetes duration prior to renal replacement therapy was 16.6 (9.7) and 16.4 (10.0) years, and 65% had diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Genetic dissection of T2DM-associated ESRD reveals that MYH9 underlies a portion of this clinically diagnosed disorder in African Americans. It is likely that a subset of African Americans with T2DM and coincident nephropathy have primary MYH9-related kidney disease (e.g. FSGS or global glomerulosclerosis), although renal biopsy studies need to be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry I Freedman
- 1Internal Medicine/Nephrology, 2Biochemistry, 3Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Thameem F, Puppala S, He X, Arar NH, Stern MP, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Abboud HE. Evaluation of gremlin 1 (GREM1) as a candidate susceptibility gene for albuminuria-related traits in Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2009; 58:1496-502. [PMID: 19577778 PMCID: PMC2913546 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several novel genes that are up-regulated in the kidney in diabetes have been identified including GREM1, which encodes gremlin 1. GREM1 maps to human chromosome 15q12, a region previously found to be linked to albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in Mexican Americans. The objective of this study is to investigate whether genetic variants in GREM1, a positional candidate gene, contribute to variation in ACR. By sequencing 32 individuals for both exons and 2-kilobase putative promoter region of GREM1, we identified 19 genetic variants including 5 in the promoter region and 13 in the 3' untranslated region. Of 19 polymorphisms identified, 13 polymorphisms were genotyped in the entire cohort (N = 670, 39 large families) either by restriction fragment length polymorphism or by TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) assays. Association analyses between the genotypes and ACR, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and related phenotypes were carried out using a measured genotype approach as implemented in the variance component analytical tools (SOLAR). Of the variants examined for association, none exhibited statistically significant association with ACR after accounting for the effects of covariates such as age, sex, diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and antihypertensive medications. However, 2 novel variants at the 3' untranslated region showed significant association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = .010 and P = .049) and body mass index (P = .013 and P = .019) after accounting for trait-specific covariate influences. Furthermore, a novel variant located in the promoter exhibited a significant association with systolic (P = .038) and diastolic blood pressure (P = .005) after adjusting for the effects of age, sex, diabetes, and antihypertensive medications. In conclusion, the variants examined at GREM1 are not significant contributors to variation in ACR in Mexican Americans, although they appear to minimally influence risk factors related to ACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farook Thameem
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Song EY, McClellan WM, McClellan A, Gadi R, Hadley AC, Krisher J, Clay M, Freedman BI. Effect of community characteristics on familial clustering of end-stage renal disease. Am J Nephrol 2009; 30:499-504. [PMID: 19797894 DOI: 10.1159/000243716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower socioeconomic status is generally associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The relationship between community characteristics reflecting socioeconomic status and familial aggregation of common forms of ESRD has not been studied. METHODS Demographic data and family history of ESRD were collected from 23,880 incident dialysis patients in ESRD Network 6 between 1995 and 2003. Addresses were geocoded and linked to the 2000 census 5-digit zip code-level database that includes community demographic, social and economic characteristics. Clustering of patients having a family history of ESRD at the community level was accounted for using a generalized estimating equations (GEE) model. Multivariate analysis estimated associations between family history of ESRD and community-level characteristics. RESULTS Twenty-three percent of patients reported a family history of ESRD. After adjusting for individual demographic characteristics, multivariate analyses failed to reveal statistically significant relationships between a family history of ESRD and indicators of community socioeconomic status such as median household income, percentage high school graduates, percentage vacant housing units or ethnic composition. CONCLUSIONS Although select community measures of lower socioeconomic status may contribute to the familial clustering of ESRD, non-socioeconomic factors, potentially inherited, appear to be more important contributors to familial aggregation of the common forms of ESRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Song
- Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. 27157-1053, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Mooyaart AL, van Valkengoed IGM, Shaw PKC, Peters V, Baelde HJ, Rabelink TJ, Bruijn JA, Stronks K, de Heer E. Lower frequency of the 5/5 homozygous CNDP1 genotype in South Asian Surinamese. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 85:272-8. [PMID: 19577318 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the frequency of the 5/5 homozygous CNDP1 (carnosinase) genotype, which was found to be associated with a reduced risk of developing diabetic nephropathy, in three ethnic groups in The Netherlands. Particularly interesting were the South Asian Surinamese, who have a high prevalence of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, we investigated the association between this gene and carnosinase activity in South Asian Surinamese and whether carnosinase was expressed in the kidney. We genotyped 290 South Asian Surinamese, 532 African Surinamese, and 472 White Dutch in a cross-sectional population study. Furthermore, an independent cohort of South Asian Surinamese was genotyped. In this population, carnosinase activity was measured in serum. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization for CNDP1 were performed on kidney tissue. Both South Asian populations had lower frequencies of the 5/5 homozygous genotype than African Surinamese and White Dutch (23.0%, 27.2%, 38.2%, and 41.3%, respectively; chi-square, p<0.001). This genotype showed a lower carnosinase activity in South Asian Surinamese (Wilcoxon rank-sum, p=0.03). CNDP1 was expressed in the kidney. South Asian Surinamese have a lower frequency of the 5/5 homozygous genotype, which was associated with lower carnosinase activity. Our study provides an indication that South Asian Surinamese are genetically at risk for developing diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Song XY, Lee SY, Ma RCW, So WY, Cai JH, Tam C, Lam V, Ying W, Ng MCY, Chan JCN. Phenotype-genotype interactions on renal function in type 2 diabetes: an analysis using structural equation modelling. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1543-53. [PMID: 19479237 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Cardiovascular and renal diseases share common risk factors. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of phenotypes and genotypes implicated in cardiovascular diseases on renal function in type 2 diabetes. METHODS 1,188 type 2 diabetic patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups according to bimodal distributions of the logarithmically transformed (log(e)) urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and plasma creatinine levels. Models for these groups, comprising continuous and non-ranking categorical data, were developed separately to evaluate the inter-relationships among measured variables and latent factors using non-linear SEMs, Bayesian estimation and model selection as assessed by a goodness-of-fit statistic. RESULTS Inter-correlated measured variables (obesity, glycaemia, lipid, blood pressure) and variants of the genes encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), beta-adrenergic receptor (ADRB), components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and lipid metabolism were loaded onto their respective latent factors of phenotypes and genotypes. In addition to direct and indirect effects, latent factors of obesity, lipid and BP interacted with latent factors of ADRB and RAS genotypes to influence renal function. Together with variants of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, atrial natriuretic peptide, adducin, G protein beta(3) subunit, epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit and matrix metallopeptidase 3, these parameters explained 39-80% of the variance in renal function in the high-risk and low-risk models. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION SEM is a useful tool for confirming and quantifying multiple interactions of biological pathways with genetic determinants. The combined and interactive effects of blood pressure, lipid and obesity on renal function may have therapeutic implications, especially in type 2 diabetic individuals with genetic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Y Song
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Pezzolesi MG, Poznik GD, Mychaleckyj JC, Paterson AD, Barati MT, Klein JB, Ng DP, Placha G, Canani LH, Bochenski J, Waggott D, Merchant ML, Krolewski B, Mirea L, Wanic K, Katavetin P, Kure M, Wolkow P, Dunn JS, Smiles A, Walker WH, Boright AP, Bull SB, Doria A, Rogus JJ, Rich SS, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58:1403-10. [PMID: 19252134 PMCID: PMC2682673 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite extensive evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, the identification of susceptibility genes and their variants has had limited success. To search for genes that contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a genome-wide association scan was implemented on the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes collection. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We genotyped approximately 360,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 820 case subjects (284 with proteinuria and 536 with end-stage renal disease) and 885 control subjects with type 1 diabetes. Confirmation of implicated SNPs was sought in 1,304 participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, a long-term, prospective investigation of the development of diabetes-associated complications. RESULTS A total of 13 SNPs located in four genomic loci were associated with diabetic nephropathy with P < 1 x 10(-5). The strongest association was at the FRMD3 (4.1 protein ezrin, radixin, moesin [FERM] domain containing 3) locus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, P = 5.0 x 10(-7)). A strong association was also identified at the CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) locus (OR = 1.36, P = 3.1 x 10(-6)). Associations between both loci and time to onset of diabetic nephropathy were supported in the DCCT/EDIC study (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, P = 0.02, and HR = 1.32, P = 0.01, respectively). We demonstratedexpression of both FRMD3 and CARS in human kidney. CONCLUSIONS We identified genetic associations for susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy at two novel candidate loci near the FRMD3 and CARS genes. Their identification implicates previously unsuspected pathways in the pathogenesis of this important late complication of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G. David Poznik
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josyf C. Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jon B. Klein
- Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel P.K. Ng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Placha
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luis H. Canani
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jacek Bochenski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daryl Waggott
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Bozena Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucia Mirea
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Wanic
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pisut Katavetin
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masahiko Kure
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pawel Wolkow
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jonathon S. Dunn
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Smiles
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William H. Walker
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew P. Boright
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shelley B. Bull
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J. Rogus
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - James H. Warram
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Andrzej S. Krolewski,
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Fujita H, Fujishima H, Chida S, Takahashi K, Qi Z, Kanetsuna Y, Breyer MD, Harris RC, Yamada Y, Takahashi T. Reduction of renal superoxide dismutase in progressive diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1303-13. [PMID: 19470681 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008080844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide excess plays a central role in tissue damage that results from diabetes, but the mechanisms of superoxide overproduction in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are incompletely understood. In the present study, we investigated the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), a major defender against superoxide, in the kidneys during the development of murine DN. We assessed SOD activity and the expression of SOD isoforms in the kidneys of two diabetic mouse models (C57BL/6-Akita and KK/Ta-Akita) that exhibit comparable levels of hyperglycemia but different susceptibility to DN. We observed down-regulation of cytosolic CuZn-SOD (SOD1) and extracellular CuZn-SOD (SOD3), but not mitochondrial Mn-SOD (SOD2), in the kidney of KK/Ta-Akita mice which exhibit progressive DN. In contrast, we did not detect a change in renal SOD expression in DN-resistant C57BL/6-Akita mice. Consistent with these findings, there was a significant reduction in total SOD activity in the kidney of KK/Ta-Akita mice compared with C57BL/6-Akita mice. Finally, treatment of KK/Ta-Akita mice with a SOD mimetic, tempol, ameliorated the nephropathic changes in KK/Ta-Akita mice without altering the level of hyperglycemia. Collectively, these results indicate that down-regulation of renal SOD1 and SOD3 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fujita
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
|
130
|
Packard M, Saad Y, Gunning WT, Gupta S, Shapiro J, Garrett MR. Investigating the effect of genetic background on proteinuria and renal injury using two hypertensive strains. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F839-46. [PMID: 19176703 PMCID: PMC3973645 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90370.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An earlier linkage analysis conducted on a population derived from the Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (S) and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) identified 10 genomic regions linked to several renal and/or cardiovascular traits. In particular, loci on rat chromosomes (RNO) 8 and 13 were linked to proteinuria, albuminuria, and renal damage. At both loci, the S allele was associated with increased proteinuria and renal damage. The current study aimed to confirm the linkage analysis and to evaluate the effect of genetic background on the ability of each locus (either RNO8 or RNO13) to exert a phenotypic difference when placed on a genetic background either susceptible (S rat) or resistant (SHR) to the development of renal disease. Congenic strains developed to transfer genomic segments from either RNO8 or RNO13 from the SHR onto the S genetic background [S.SHR(8) or S.SHR(13)] demonstrated significantly reduced proteinuria and improved renal function. Both congenic strains demonstrated significantly reduced glomerular and tubular injury, with renal interstitial fibrosis as the predominant pathological difference compared with the S. In contrast, transfer of RNO8 or RNO13 genomic regions from the S onto the resistant SHR genetic background [SHR.S(8) or SHR.S(13)] yielded no significant difference in proteinuria or glomerular, tubular, or interstitial injury compared with SHR. These findings demonstrate that genetic context plays a significant and important role in the phenotypic expression of genes influencing proteinuria on RNO8 and RNO13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Packard
- Dept. of Medicine and Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., HRC 4150, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Friedman DJ, Talbert ME, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Mukanya Y, Enjyoji K, Robson SC. Functional ENTPD1 polymorphisms in African Americans with diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Diabetes 2009; 58:999-1006. [PMID: 19095759 PMCID: PMC2661602 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vascular ectonucleotidase ENTPD1 protects against renal injury and modulates glucose homeostasis in mouse models. We sought to determine whether human variation in ENTPD1 influences predisposition to diabetes or diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed ENTPD1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 363 African American control subjects, 380 subjects with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease (DM-ESRD), and 326 subjects with ESRD unrelated to diabetes (non-DM-ESRD). Using human cell lines, we correlated disease-associated ENTPD1 haplotypes with ENTPD1 gene expression. Finally, we studied consequences of ENTPD1 deletion in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes (db/db). RESULTS A common ENTPD1 two-SNP haplotype was associated with increased risk for DM-ESRD (P = 0.0027), and an uncommon four-SNP haplotype was associated with protection against DM-ESRD (P = 0.004). These haplotypes correlated with ENTPD1 gene expression levels in human cell lines in vitro. Subjects with high ENTPD1-expressing haplotypes were enriched in the DM-ESRD group. By crossing ENTPD1-null mice with db mice, we show that ENTPD1 deletion has prominent effects on metabolic syndrome traits. Specifically, deletion of ENTPD1 lowered glucose levels in control (db/-) mice with one functional leptin receptor and dramatically lowered weights in db/db mice with no functional leptin receptors. Similar effects were seen in aged ENTPD1-null mice with normal leptin receptors. CONCLUSIONS ENTPD1 polymorphisms appear to influence susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and/or diabetic nephropathy in African Americans. Studies in human cell lines and in vivo mouse data support a potential role for ENTPD1 genetic variation in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Friedman
- Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Liu L, Zheng T, Wang N, Wang F, Li M, Jiang J, Zhao R, Li L, Zhao W, Zhu Q, Jia W. The manganese superoxide dismutase Val16Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of diabetic nephropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 322:87-91. [PMID: 18989629 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Val16Ala (V16A) polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Chinese patients, a case-control study was performed. This case-control study included 172 non-diabetic (non-DM) subjects and 257 T2DM patients with or without DN. Among T2DM patients, 154 had DN [albumin excretion rate (AER) >or= 30 mg/24 h] and 103 did not (AER < 30 mg/24 h), but the latter with known diabetes duration >or=10 years. The DN patients were further divided into groups with microalbuminuria (DN-1; n = 92; 300 > AER >or= 30 mg/24 h) and overt albuminuria nephropathy (DN-2; n = 62; AER >or= 300 mg/24 h). PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to detect genotypes of the V16A polymorphism for all subjects. The genotypic distributions of the V16A polymorphism in non-DM and T2DM subjects were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Ala allelic frequencies did not differ (11.9% vs. 9.1%; P > 0.05). The AA+VA genotypic frequencies of DN patients were significantly lower than those of non-DN patients (11.6% vs. 24.3%; P = 0.008). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that except for HbA1C, triglyceride, and BMI, which were high risk factors for the development of DN, the AA+VA genotype of the MnSOD-V16A polymorphism was an independent protective factor from the development of DN (odds ratio = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.18-0.95; P = 0.037) in T2DM patients. Our results suggested that the MnSOD-V16A polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of diabetic nephropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Liu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Almeida JC, Zelmanovitz T, Vaz JS, Steemburgo T, Perassolo MS, Gross JL, Azevedo MJ. Sources of Protein and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of the Diet and Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27:528-37. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
134
|
Zhang D, Freedman BI, Flekac M, Santos E, Hicks PJ, Bowden DW, Efendic S, Brismar K, Gu HF. Evaluation of genetic association and expression reduction of TRPC1 in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2008; 29:244-51. [PMID: 18802326 DOI: 10.1159/000157627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The TRPC1 gene on chromosome 3q22-24 resides within the linkage region for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A recent study has demonstrated that TRPC1 expression is reduced in the kidney of diabetic ZDF- and STZ-treated rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic and functional role of TRPC1 in the development of DN. METHODS Genetic association study was performed with two independent cohorts, including 1,177 T1D European Americans with or without DN from GoKinD population and 850 African-American subjects with T2D-associated end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or with hypertensive (non-diabetic) ESRD, and nondiabetic controls. Seven tag SNP markers derived from HapMap data (phase II) were genotyped. TRPC1 gene expression was examined using real time RT-PCR. RESULTS No significant association of TRPC1 DNA polymorphisms with DN or ERSD was found in GoKinD and African-American populations. TRPC1 gene mRNA expression in kidney was found to be trendily reduced in 12-week and significantly in 26-week-old db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS TRPC1 genetic polymorphism may not fundamentally contribute to the development of DN, while reduction of the gene expression in kidney may be a late phenomenon of DN as seen in diabetic animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Zhang
- Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Wanic K, Placha G, Dunn J, Smiles A, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Exclusion of polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) as a cause of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: results of large case-control and follow-up studies. Diabetes 2008; 57:2547-51. [PMID: 18753673 PMCID: PMC2518509 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, an association was found between diabetic nephropathy and the D18S880 microsatellite, located in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) on chromosome 18q. Alleles of this microsatellite encode for a variable number of leucine residues (from four to seven) in the leader peptide of the carnosinase precursor. The frequency of subjects homozygous for the five leucines was higher in control subjects than in case subjects in studies focusing on type 2 diabetic patients. To test whether this finding can be extended to type 1 diabetic patients, we carried out a comprehensive study on association between diabetic nephropathy and the D18S880 microsatellite and 21 additional SNPs that tagged the genomic region containing CNDP1 and CNDP2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Overall, 1,269 Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes were included in the study, including 613 patients with normoalbuminuria and a long duration of diabetes, 445 patients with persistent proteinuria, and 211 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). All patients were genotyped for selected polymorphisms, the associations with diabetic nephropathy were tested by a chi(2) test, and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS We did not find any significant association between diabetic nephropathy and any examined genetic markers. The negative findings of the case-control study were supported further by negative findings obtained from the 6-year follow-up study of 445 patients with persistent proteinuria, during which 135 patients developed ESRD. CONCLUSIONS Our large, comprehensive study did not find an association between the D18S880 microsatellite or any other polymorphisms in the CNDP2-CNDP1 genomic region and susceptibility for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wanic
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grzegorz Placha
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Hypertension, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonathon Dunn
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Smiles
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James H. Warram
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Ma SW, Benzie IFF, Yeung VTF. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its renal complications in relation to apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism. Transl Res 2008; 152:134-42. [PMID: 18774543 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon2 allele is reported to be associated with greater risk of renal impairment in type 2 diabetes. Relationships among APOE polymorphisms, renal impairment, and biochemical parameters were explored. A prospective study of 405 consenting Chinese type 2 diabetic patients [mean age +/- standard deviation (SD): 59.2 +/- 10.3 years] without advanced complications at entry was conducted. APOE genotyping and measurement of plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants were performed at entry. HbA1C, plasma glucose, lipids, creatinine, urine albumin/creatinine, and blood pressure were measured at entry and at up to 4 years of follow-up. APOE allelic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Odds ratios of albuminuria at entry and/or during follow-up for different APOE groups were not significantly different. The non-epsilon2 (epsilon3/3, epsilon3/4, epsilon4/4) group had significantly greater plasma ascorbate (51.6 +/- 20.1 mumol/L) than the epsilon2 (epsilon2/2, epsilon2/3) group (44.5 +/- 16.2 mumol/L, P = 0.021), but higher plasma ascorbate levels did not seem to decrease the risk of renal impairment in the non-epsilon2 group. Baseline plasma lipid-standardized alpha-tocopherol levels were least in epsilon2 subjects with persistent albuminuria (3.6 +/- 1.1 mumol/mmol of total cholesterol plus triglycerides, P = 0.008) compared with epsilon2 subjects who had no albuminuria at entry or during follow-up (4.5 +/- 0.8 mumol/mmol of total cholesterol plus triglycerides). The APOE epsilon2 allele does not seem to be associated with increased risk of renal impairment in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Plasma lipid-standardized alpha-tocopherol may play a role in determining risk of renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Woon Ma
- Department of Health Technology & Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Exclusion of Polymorphisms in Carnosinase Genes ( CNDP1 and CNDP2) as a Cause of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2008. [DOI: 10.2337/db08-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES— Recently, an association was found between diabetic nephropathy and the D18S880 microsatellite, located in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) on chromosome 18q. Alleles of this microsatellite encode for a variable number of leucine residues (from four to seven) in the leader peptide of the carnosinase precursor. The frequency of subjects homozygous for the five leucines was higher in control subjects than in case subjects in studies focusing on type 2 diabetic patients. To test whether this finding can be extended to type 1 diabetic patients, we carried out a comprehensive study on association between diabetic nephropathy and the D18S880 microsatellite and 21 additional SNPs that tagged the genomic region containing CNDP1 and CNDP2.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Overall, 1,269 Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes were included in the study, including 613 patients with normoalbuminuria and a long duration of diabetes, 445 patients with persistent proteinuria, and 211 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). All patients were genotyped for selected polymorphisms, the associations with diabetic nephropathy were tested by a χ2 test, and odds ratios were calculated.
RESULTS— We did not find any significant association between diabetic nephropathy and any examined genetic markers. The negative findings of the case-control study were supported further by negative findings obtained from the 6-year follow-up study of 445 patients with persistent proteinuria, during which 135 patients developed ESRD.
CONCLUSIONS— Our large, comprehensive study did not find an association between the D18S880 microsatellite or any other polymorphisms in the CNDP2–CNDP1 genomic region and susceptibility for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
|
138
|
Buraczynska M. Genetic predictors of renal failure. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:651-664. [PMID: 23495776 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. The completion of the human genome sequence and advances in genomic technology make possible identification of gene variants associated with renal failure. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the relevant genetic studies in chronic kidney disease, with particular emphasis on the most common causes of end stage renal failure, diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. METHODS Most of the studies presented were performed in recent years and employed association studies, both population-based and with candidate genes, as well as the genome-wide association and genome-wide scan approaches. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Increasing evidence supports an important role of genetic susceptibility in the development and progression of renal failure. Identification of disease genes will allow the identification of patients at high risk and the development of new strategies to prevent or delay the renal disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buraczynska
- Professor of Medical Sciences Medical University of Lublin, Laboratory for DNA Analysis and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Nephrology, Dr K Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland +48 81 7244 716 ; +48 81 7244 716 ;
| |
Collapse
|