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The Role of Respiratory Flora in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Respiratory Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6431862. [PMID: 34435047 PMCID: PMC8382525 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6431862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of bacteria, including Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, colonize the surface of the respiratory mucosa of healthy people. They interact and coexist with the local mucosal immune system of the human airway, maintaining the immune stability and balance of the respiratory system. While suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, the microbial population in the airway changes and the proportion of Proteobacteria is increased in patients with asthma. The abundance of the microbial population in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is decreased, and conversely, the proportion of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria increased. The diversity of airway microorganisms in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is decreased, while pathogenic bacteria and conditional pathogenic bacteria are proliferated in large numbers. The proportion of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria is increased in patients with upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), which replaces the dominance of Streptococcus and Neisseria in the pharynx of a normal population. Therefore, a clear understanding of the immune process of the airway flora and the immune dysfunction of the flora on the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of human respiratory diseases.
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102
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Trichka J, Zou WQ. Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:887. [PMID: 34358037 PMCID: PMC8308761 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenic mechanism of many neurodegenerative diseases. The deleterious attributes of neuroinflammation involve aberrant and uncontrolled activation of glia, which can result in damage to proximal brain parenchyma. Failure to distinguish self from non-self, as well as leukocyte reaction to aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the CNS, are the primary mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is initiated. While processes local to the CNS may instigate neurodegenerative disease, the existence or dysregulation of systemic homeostasis can also serve to improve or worsen CNS pathologies, respectively. One fundamental component of systemic homeostasis is the gut microbiota, which communicates with the CNS via microbial metabolite production, the peripheral nervous system, and regulation of tryptophan metabolism. Over the past 10-15 years, research focused on the microbiota-gut-brain axis has culminated in the discovery that dysbiosis, or an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria, can promote CNS pathologies. Conversely, a properly regulated and well-balanced microbiome supports CNS homeostasis and reduces the incidence and extent of pathogenic neuroinflammation. This review will discuss the role of the gut microbiota in exacerbating or alleviating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, and potential microbiota-based therapeutic approaches to reduce pathology in diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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103
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Bessa C, Francisco T, Dias R, Mateus N, Freitas VD, Pérez-Gregorio R. Use of Polyphenols as Modulators of Food Allergies. From Chemistry to Biological Implications. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.623611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifactorial process of aging predisposes humans to infections and inflammatory disorders, thus affecting their quality of life and longevity. Given this reality, the need to increase the consumption of bioactive compounds, like dietary polyphenols emerges in our daily basis mostly due to their health related effects in slowing-down the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases and even food allergy, which has been growing rapidly in prevalence currently affecting 5% of adults and 8% of children. Polyphenols embrace a large family of secondary metabolites from plant-derived foods and food wastes and are considerable of interest since they have attracted special attention over the years because of their reported anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties along with their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds are claimed as nutraceuticals with protective effect in offsetting oxidant species over-genesis in normal cells, and with the potential ability to stop or reverse oxidative stress-related diseases. Plant-derived foods represent a substantive portion of human diet containing a significant amount of structurally diverse polyphenols. There is a need to understand the polyphenolic composition of plant-derived foods mainly because of its chemistry, which discloses the bioactivity of a plant extract. However, the lack of standardized methods for analysis and other difficulties associated to the nature and distribution of plant polyphenols leads to a high variability of available data. Furthermore, there is still a gap in the understanding of polyphenols bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, which clearly difficult the settlement of the intake needed to observe health outcomes. Many efforts have been made to provide highly sensitive and selective analytical methods for the extraction (liquid-liquid; solid-liquid; supercritical-fluid), separation (spectrophotometric methods) and structural identification (chromatographic techniques, NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry) of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds present in these extracts. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been a fundamental technique in this area of research, not only for the determination of this family of compounds in food matrices, but also for the characterization and identification of new polyphenols classified with nutraceutical interest. This review summarizes the nature, distribution and main sources of polyphenols, analytical methods from extraction to characterization to further evaluate the health effects toward immune reactions to food.
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104
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Obeso D, Zubeldia‐Varela E, Villaseñor A. Uncovering the influence of diet and gut microbiota in human serum metabolome. Allergy 2021; 76:2306-2308. [PMID: 33570758 DOI: 10.1111/all.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Obeso
- Facultad de Farmacia Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO Universidad San Pablo‐CEUCEU UniversitiesUrbanización Montepríncipe Madrid España
- Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMAUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUCEU Universities Madrid España
| | - Elisa Zubeldia‐Varela
- Facultad de Farmacia Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO Universidad San Pablo‐CEUCEU UniversitiesUrbanización Montepríncipe Madrid España
- Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMAUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUCEU Universities Madrid España
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMAUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUCEU Universities Madrid España
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105
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Kumar PS. Microbial dysbiosis: The root cause of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1079-1087. [PMID: 34152022 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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106
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Schei K, Simpson MR, Øien T, Salamati S, Rudi K, Ødegård RA. Allergy-related diseases and early gut fungal and bacterial microbiota abundances in children. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12041. [PMID: 34194728 PMCID: PMC8238386 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early gut microbiota has been proposed as an important link between environmental exposures and development of allergy-related diseases. Beyond the widely investigated associations between the gut bacterial microbiota, we investigated the involvement of early gut mycobiota and gut permeability in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) and eczema. METHODS In the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim trial with maternal probiotic supplementation, we collected faecal samples at four timepoints between 0 and 2 years from a cohort of 278 children. Clinical information on allergy-related diseases was collected in a paediatric examination at 2 years and questionnaires at 6 weeks and 1, 2 and 6 years. By quantitative PCR and 16S/ITS1 MiSeq rRNA gene sequencing, we analysed the gut bacterial and fungal microbiota abundance and bacterial diversity and explored associations with allergy-related diseases. We also measured gut permeability markers (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP] and fatty acid-binding protein 2 [FABP2]). RESULTS Children with higher fungal abundance at 2 years were more likely to develop asthma and AR by 6 years, odds ratios 1.70 (95% CI: 1.06-2.75) and 1.41 (1.03-1.93), respectively. We explored causal connections, and children with eczema at 1-2 years appeared to have more mature bacterial microbiota, as well as being depleted of Enterococcus genus. Although LBP and FABP2 did not correlate with eczema, increased bacterial abundance was associated with increased serum FABP2. CONCLUSIONS We observed positive associations between gut fungal abundance and allergy-related disease, but increased gut permeability does not appear to be involved in the underlying mechanisms for this association. Our findings should be confirmed in future microbiota studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Schei
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and NursingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Clinic of Laboratory MedicineSt. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Torbjørn Øien
- Department of Public Health and NursingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Saideh Salamati
- Regional Centre of Obesity Research and Innovation (ObeCe)St. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Rønnaug Astri Ødegård
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Regional Centre of Obesity Research and Innovation (ObeCe)St. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
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107
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The Use of an Amino Acid Formula Containing Synbiotics in Infants with Cow's Milk Protein Allergy-Effect on Clinical Outcomes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072205. [PMID: 34199007 PMCID: PMC8308253 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is common and costly. Clinical trials of infants with CMPA have shown that the use of an amino acid formula containing pre- and probiotics (synbiotics) (AAF-Syn) may lead to significant reductions in infections, medication prescriptions and hospital admissions, compared to AAF without synbiotics. These effects have not yet been confirmed in real-world practice. This retrospective matched cohort study examined clinical and healthcare data from The Health Improvement Network database, from 148 infants with CMPA (54% male, mean age at diagnosis 4.69 months), prescribed either AAF-Syn (probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M16-V and prebiotics, including chicory-derived oligo-fructose and long-chain inulin) or AAF. AAF-Syn was associated with fewer symptoms (−37%, p < 0.001), infections (−35%, p < 0.001), medication prescriptions (−19%, p < 0.001) and healthcare contacts (−18%, p = 0.15) vs. AAF. Infants prescribed AAF-Syn had a significantly higher probability of achieving asymptomatic management without hypoallergenic formula (HAF) (adjusted HR 3.70, 95% CI 1.97–6.95, p < 0.001), with a shorter clinical course of symptoms (median time to asymptomatic management without HAF 1.35 years vs. 1.95 years). AAF-Syn was associated with potential cost-savings of £452.18 per infant over the clinical course of symptoms. These findings may be attributable to the effect of the specific synbiotic on the gut microbiome. Further research is warranted to explore this. This real-world study provides evidence consistent with clinical trials that AAF-Syn may produce clinical and healthcare benefits with potential economic impact.
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108
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Qiao Z, Huang S, Leng F, Bei Y, Chen Y, Chen M, Hu Y, Huang Y, Xiang Q. Analysis of the Bacterial Flora of Sensitive Facial Skin Among Women in Guangzhou. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:655-664. [PMID: 34163204 PMCID: PMC8214519 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s307668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Sensitive skin (SS) is easily irritated by various environmental stimuli, and epidemiological surveys surprisingly find that self-perceived SS is widespread worldwide. Objective To investigate whether SS is linked to changes in the skin bacterial population using 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Patients and Methods According to both the Huaxi SS Questionnaire and Lactic Acid Stimulation Test, 60 female volunteers in Guangzhou were classified into normal skin (NS) and SS groups. Skin barrier parameters were assessed by the CK skin tester. The DNA of the bacterial flora on the facial skin surface was extracted and was subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. Results The skin hydration was significantly lower in the SS group compared to the NS group (P =0.032). Based on 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) significantly decreased in the SS group (P =0.0235, SS vs NS). The relative abundance of Neisseriaceae in SS group decreased significantly (P <0.05, SS vs NS), while that of Neisseria (within the Neisseriaceae family) increased significantly (P <0.05, SS vs NS). Conclusion SS is accompanied by a decrease in species diversity and richness, which may be relevant to the weakening of the microbial barrier (due to the increase of Neisseria or the decrease of Neisseriaceae). Thus, corresponding treatment for Neisseriaceae may be a new idea in the treatment of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Qiao
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Leng
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bei
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
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109
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Chu Z, Shi L, Geng S, Guo K. Gut Microbiome Alterations and Functional Prediction in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Patients. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:747-755. [PMID: 33746191 PMCID: PMC9723274 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the gut microbiome on both allergy and autoimmunity in dermatological diseases have been indicated in several recent studies. Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a disease involving allergy and autoimmunity, and there is no report detailing the role of microbiota alterations in its development. This study was performed to identify the fecal microbial composition of CSU patients and investigate the different compositions and potential genetic functions on the fecal microbiota between CSU patients and normal controls. The gut microbiota of CSU patients and healthy individuals were obtained by 16s rRNA massive sequencing. Gut microbiota diversity and composition were compared, and bioinformatics analysis of the differences was performed. The gut microbiota composition results showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were dominant microbiota in CSU patients. The differential analysis showed that relative abundance of the Proteobacteria (p = 0.03), Bacilli (p = 0.04), Enterobacterales (p = 0.03), Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.03) was significantly increased in CSU patients. In contrast, the relative abundance of Megamonas, Megasphaera, and Dialister (all p < 0.05) in these patients significantly decreased compared with healthy controls. The different microbiological compositions impacted normal gastrointestinal functions based on function prediction, resulting in abnormal pathways, including transport and metabolism. We found CSU patients exhibited gut microbiota dysbiosis compared with healthy controls. Our results indicated CSU is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and pointed out that the bacterial taxa increased in CSU patients, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of CSU. These results provided clues for future microbial-based therapies on CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China
| | - Linjing Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-185-0920-1702 E-mail:
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Średnicka P, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Wójcicki M, Akimowicz M, Roszko MŁ. Probiotics as a biological detoxification tool of food chemical contamination: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112306. [PMID: 34058235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, people are exposed to diverse environmental and chemical pollutants produced by industry and agriculture. Food contaminations such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, and mycotoxins are a serious concern for global food safety with economic and public health implications especially in the newly industrialized countries (NIC). Mounting evidence indicates that chronic exposure to food contaminants referred to as xenobiotics exert a negative effect on human health such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal disorders linked with perturbation of the composition and metabolic profile of the gut microflora. Although the physicochemical technologies for food decontamination are utilized in many cases but require adequate conditions which are often not feasible to be met in many industrial sectors. At present, one promising approach to reduce the risk related to the presence of xenobiotics in foodstuffs is a biological detoxification done by probiotic strains and their enzymes. Many studies confirmed that probiotics are an effective, feasible, and inexpensive tool for preventing xenobiotic-induced dysbiosis and alleviating their toxicity. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the direct mechanisms by which probiotics can influence the detoxification of xenobiotics. Moreover, probiotic-xenobiotic interactions with the gut microbiota and the host response were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Akimowicz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Ł Roszko
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland.
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111
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Stefanovic N, Irvine AD, Flohr C. The Role of the Environment and Exposome in Atopic Dermatitis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2021; 8:222-241. [PMID: 34055570 PMCID: PMC8139547 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-021-00289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting up to 20% of children and up to 5% of adults worldwide, contributing to significant disease-related morbidity in this patient cohort. Its aetiopathogenesis is underpinned by multiple factors, including genetic susceptibility, skin barrier defects, a skewed cutaneous immune response and microbiome perturbation in both the skin and the gut. In this review, we aim to examine the biological effects of key environmental exposures (the sum of which is termed the "exposome") at the population, community and individual levels in order to describe their effect on AD pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS It is now understood that as well as considering the type of environmental exposure with regard to its effect on AD pathogenesis, the dosage and timing of the exposure are both critical domains that may lead to either exacerbation or amelioration of disease. In this review, we consider the effects of population-wide exposures such as climate change, migration and urbanization; community-specific exposures such as air pollution, water hardness and allergic sensitisation; and individual factors such as diet, microbiome alteration, psychosocial stress and the impact of topical and systemic therapy. SUMMARY This review summarises the interaction of the above environmental factors with the other domains of AD pathogenesis, namely, the inherent genetic defects, the skin barrier, the immune system and the cutaneous and gut microbiota. We specifically emphasise the timing and dosage of exposures and its effect on the cellular and molecular pathways implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan D. Irvine
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Crumlin and Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
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112
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Cui J, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Sun X, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Yan C, Xue G, Li S, Feng Y, Liu H, Xie X, Yuan J. The Relationship Between Lower Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Allergic Respiratory Tract Diseases in Children. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630345. [PMID: 34054744 PMCID: PMC8160472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to those in the upper respiratory tract, there are microbes present in the healthy human lower respiratory tract (LRT), including the lungs and bronchus. To evaluate the relationship between LRT microbiome and allergic respiratory diseases in children, we enrolled 68 children who underwent bronchoscopy from January 2018 to December 2018 in the affiliated hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Using the total IgE (TIgE) values, children were divided into two groups: allergy sensitivity (AS) group and non-allergy sensitivity (NAS) group. Nucleic acid was extracted from samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the two groups of children taken during bronchoscopy treatment and the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that Haemophilus, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Rothia were detected in all patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the composition and distribution of microbiota between the AS and NAS groups (p < 0.01). Analysis of the correlation of clinical indices and microbiome showed that TIgE was positively correlated with Bacteroidetes and negatively correlated with Streptococcus. Absolute lymphocyte count showed a relationship with Streptococcus, and the absolute neutrophil count or percentage of neutrophils showed a relationship with Cardiobacterium. The LRT microbiome functioned similarly to the intestinal microbiome. That is, the decrease in microbial diversity and the change in composition could lead to an increase in allergic symptoms. The microbiome of the LRT in children, especially that of Bacteriodetes and Streptococcus, showed a correlation with respiratory allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Cui
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xuemei Sun
- Dongfeng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | | | - Han Liu
- Baicheng Medical College, Jilin, China
| | | | - Jing Yuan
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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113
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Kommalur A, Baddadka V, Devadas S, Kariyappa M, Dakshayani B, Krishnapura Lakshminarayana S, Rao SPN, Venkatagiri P, Devi Chinnappa G, Veranna Sajjan S. Decreasing antibiotic over-use by implementation of an antibiotic stewardship programme in preterm neonates in resource limited settings - a quality improvement initiative. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 41:103-111. [PMID: 33724171 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2021.1886545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics play a critical role in neonatal sepsis but excessive use is associated with adverse outcomes and the current prescribing rates of antibiotics are unacceptably high. AIM To reduce antibiotic over-use in preterm neonates by implementing an antibiotic stewardship programme using a quality improvement (QI) initiative. METHODS This study was conducted at a neonatal intensive care unit in a resource-limited setting. The reasons for antibiotic over-use were analysed and an antibiotic stewardship programme was implemented by using a QI initiative. The duration of the QI was a 1-month baseline phase followed by 3 months of implementation which was undertaken in the form of Plan-Do-Study-Act (P-D-S-A) cycles. The sustainment phase was observed for 2 months. All neonates admitted to the preterm unit were included. The outcome measure was the antibiotic usage expressed as days of therapy (DOT)/1000 patient days. RESULTS In the baseline phase, DOT/1000 patient days was 1464 which fell to 706, 511, and 442 DOT/1000 patient days, respectively, over 3 months, resulting in a 65% reduction in antibiotic usage. This was achieved by a combination of efforts directed towards defining the conditions for no antibiotics, revising existing antibiotic policy, stopping orders at 48 hours, de-escalation to the narrowest spectrum antibiotic, stopping prophylactic antifungal agents and limited use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The results were achieved without an increase in culture-positive sepsis or mortality. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a tailored antibiotic stewardship programme through a QI initiative was effective and safe in reducing antibiotic use in preterm neonates in a resource-limited setting. ABBREVIATIONS AIIMS, All India Institute of Medical Sciences; DOT, days of therapy; HIC, high-income countries; ICMR, Indian Council of Medical Research; LMIC, low- to middle-income countries; LOS, late-onset sepsis; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NNF, National Neonatology Forum; P-D-S-A, plan-do-study-act; QI, quality improvement; SNCU, Special newborn care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Kommalur
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidyalakshmi Baddadka
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahana Devadas
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallesh Kariyappa
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B Dakshayani
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Suman P N Rao
- Special Newborn Care Unit Mentoring Team, National Neonatology Forum, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Venkatagiri
- Special Newborn Care Unit Mentoring Team, National Neonatology Forum, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathri Devi Chinnappa
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushma Veranna Sajjan
- Department of Paediatrics, Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Herman RA, Bauman PA, Goodwin L, Islamovic E, Ma EH, Serrano H, Silvanovich A, Simmons AR, Song P, Tetteh AO, Wang R. Mass spectrometric analysis of digesta does not improve the allergenicity assessment of GM crops. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:283-288. [PMID: 33864193 PMCID: PMC8169501 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the potential allergenicity of newly expressed proteins in genetically modified (GM) crops comprises part of the assessment of GM crop safety. However, allergenicity is not completely predictable from a definitive assay result or set of protein characteristics, and scientific opinions regarding the data that should be used to assess allergenicity are continuously evolving. Early studies supported a correlation between the stability of a protein exposed to digestive enzymes such as pepsin and the protein’s status as a potential allergen, but over time the conclusions of these earlier studies were not confirmed. Nonetheless, many regulatory authorities, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), continue to require digestibility analyses as a component of GM crop risk assessments. Moreover, EFSA has recently investigated the use of mass spectrometry (MS), to make digestion assays more predictive of allergy risk, because it can detect and identify small undigested peptides. However, the utility of MS is questionable in this context, since known allergenic peptides are unlikely to exist in protein candidates intended for commercial development. These protein candidates are pre-screened by the same bioinformatics processes that are normally used to identify MS targets. Therefore, MS is not a standalone allergen identification method and also cannot be used to predict previously unknown allergenic epitopes. Thus, the suggested application of MS for analysis of digesta does not improve the poor predictive power of digestion assays in identifying allergenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eric H Ma
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ping Song
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Rong Wang
- Bayer, Crop Science Division, Chesterfield, MO, USA
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115
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Han P, Gu JQ, Li LS, Wang XY, Wang HT, Wang Y, Chang C, Sun JL. The Association Between Intestinal Bacteria and Allergic Diseases-Cause or Consequence? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:650893. [PMID: 33937097 PMCID: PMC8083053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.650893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of allergic disorders has been increasing over the past few decades, especially in industrialized countries. Allergies can affect people of any age. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, and the response to medication is very variable. For some patients, avoidance is the sole effective therapy, and only when the triggers are identifiable. In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a significant contributor to the development of allergic diseases. However, the precise mechanisms related to the effects of the microbiome on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases are unknown. This review summarizes the recent association between allergic disorders and intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, describes the function of gut microbes in allergic disease development from both preclinical and clinical studies, discusses the factors that influence gut microbial diversity and advanced techniques used in microbial analysis. Ultimately, more studies are required to define the host-microbial relationship relevant to allergic disorders and amenable to new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Han
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Qing Gu
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Sha Li
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Yan Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Tian Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital, Hollywood, FL, United States
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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116
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Laswi I, Shafiq A, Al-Ali D, Burney Z, Pillai K, Salameh M, Mhaimeed N, Zakaria D, Chaari A, Yousri NA, Bendriss G. A Comparative Pilot Study of Bacterial and Fungal Dysbiosis in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Commonalities, Specificities and Correlations with Lifestyle. Microorganisms 2021; 9:741. [PMID: 33918112 PMCID: PMC8065742 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) are a common comorbidity in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), while anxiety-like behaviors are common among patients with gastrointestinal diseases. It is still unclear as to which microbes differentiate these two groups. This pilot study aims at proposing an answer by exploring both the bacteriome and the mycobiome in a cohort of 55 volunteers with NDD, GID or controls, while accounting for additional variables that are not commonly included such as probiotic intake and diet. Recruited participants answered a questionnaire and provided a stool sample using the Fisherbrand collection kit. Bacterial and fungal DNA was extracted using the Qiagen Stool minikit. Sequencing (16sRNA and ITS) and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the PE300 Illumina Miseq v3 sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using the R package. Results showed a significant decrease in bacterial alpha diversity in both NDD and GID, but an increased fungal alpha diversity in NDD. Data pointed at a significant bacterial dysbiosis between the three groups, but the mycobiome dysbiosis is more pronounced in NDD than in GID. Fungi seem to be more affected by probiotics, diet and antibiotic exposure and are proposed to be the main key player in differentiation between NDD and GID dybiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Laswi
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Ameena Shafiq
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Dana Al-Ali
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Zain Burney
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Krishnadev Pillai
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Mohammad Salameh
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Nada Mhaimeed
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Dalia Zakaria
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Ali Chaari
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Noha A. Yousri
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar;
- Computers and System Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Ghizlane Bendriss
- Premedical Education Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar; (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.A.-A.); (Z.B.); (K.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (D.Z.); (A.C.)
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Sanchez-Gonzalez M, Rizvi SA, Torres J, Ferrer G. A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial to Test the Efficacy of Intranasal Chlorpheniramine Maleate With Xylitol for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. Cureus 2021; 13:e14206. [PMID: 33816038 PMCID: PMC8010914 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR), including symptoms of sneezing, nasal itching, airflow obstruction, and nasal discharge caused by histamine and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions, is ~30% in the U.S. Recent studies seem to suggest that the allergic inflammatory processes in AR may be induced by the interaction between an allergen (trigger) and the nasal microbiome (substrate). In this study, we have identified two agents with antihistaminic and microbiome-modulating characteristics that can be administered intranasally, namely, chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and xylitol (X). This study aimed to test the efficacy of intranasal CPM plus xylitol (CPM+X) nasal for the treatment of AR in an outpatient setting. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 30-day pilot study was conducted during the spring of 2019. After starting five days of placebo therapy (run-in period), patients with moderate-to-severe AR nasal symptoms were randomized to treatment with CPM+X (n=16) spray and nasal saline placebo (PLB; n=13). Both treatments were administered in the form of one spray dose (~100 µL of the solution containing 1.25 mg CPM) per nostril twice a day. Outcome variables were the changes in visual analog scale (VAS) and daily symptoms score (DSS) at days 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 after the initiation of the treatment. ANOVA (analysis of variance) with repeated revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction such that the CPM+X group had a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in both DSS (∆-3.0 ± 2.7) and VAS (∆-3.8 ± 2.0) scores compared to PLB after 30 days. The difference in DSS and VAS scores between the groups was evident just after five days (day 10) of using CPM+X. The CPM+X scores were significantly lower (p < 0.008) starting from day 10 compared with day 1, whereas there were no statistically significant (p > 0.008) changes in the PLB during the 30-day treatment window. The present data suggest that nasal CPM+X use effectively improves AR symptoms. A large-scale study of the long-term effects of CPM+X for the treatment of other chronic respiratory disorders and the potential microbiome-modulating effects warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed A Rizvi
- Graduate Medical Education, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
| | - Joselit Torres
- Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Vargas Hospital Caracas, Caracas, VEN
| | - Gustavo Ferrer
- Pulmonary Critical Care, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, USA
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118
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Gut and Reproductive Tract Microbiota Adaptation during Pregnancy: New Insights for Pregnancy-Related Complications and Therapy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030473. [PMID: 33668738 PMCID: PMC7996258 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by maternal adaptations that are necessary to create a welcoming and hospitable environment for the fetus. Studies have highlighted how the microbiota modulates several networks in humans through complex molecular interactions and how dysbiosis (defined as quantitative and qualitative alterations of the microbiota communities) is related to human pathologies including gynecological diseases. This review analyzed how maternal uterine, vaginal, and gut microbiomes could impact on fetus health during the gestational period. We evaluated the role of a dysbiotic microbiota in preterm birth, chorioamnionitis, gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia. For many years it has been hypothesized that newborns were sterile organisms but in the past few years this paradigm has been questioned through the demonstration of the presence of microbes in the placenta and meconium. In the future, we should go deeper into the concept of in utero colonization to better understand the role of microbiota through the phases of pregnancy. Numerous studies in the literature have already showed interesting results regarding the role of microbiota in pregnancy. This evidence gives us the hope that microbiota modulation could be a novel strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality related to pregnancy complications in the future.
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119
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Gut microbiome a promising target for management of respiratory diseases. Biochem J 2021; 477:2679-2696. [PMID: 32726437 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbial flora has risen to be one of the important etiological factors in the development of diseases like colorectal cancer, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, anxiety and Parkinson's. The emergence of the association between bacterial flora and lungs led to the discovery of the gut-lung axis. Dysbiosis of several species of colonic bacteria such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and transfer of these bacteria from gut to lungs via lymphatic and systemic circulation are associated with several respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, etc. Current therapies for dysbiosis include use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to restore the balance between various species of beneficial bacteria. Various approaches like nanotechnology and microencapsulation have been explored to increase the permeability and viability of probiotics in the body. The need of the day is comprehensive study of mechanisms behind dysbiosis, translocation of microbiota from gut to lung through various channels and new technology for evaluating treatment to correct this dysbiosis which in turn can be used to manage various respiratory diseases. Microfluidics and organ on chip model are emerging technologies that can satisfy these needs. This review gives an overview of colonic commensals in lung pathology and novel systems that help in alleviating symptoms of lung diseases. We have also hypothesized new models to help in understanding bacterial pathways involved in the gut-lung axis as well as act as a futuristic approach in finding treatment of respiratory diseases caused by dysbiosis.
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120
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Cooke CG, Gibb Z, Harnett JE. The Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Probiotic Bacteria for Equine Use. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103407. [PMID: 33781424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are used widely as nutritional supplements and treatment interventions in the management of livestock and companion animals. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence reporting on the safety, tolerability and efficacy of probiotic bacteria use in horses. An online search of five databases for studies reporting on the use of probiotic bacteria use in horses which were either healthy or had a gastrointestinal or extraintestinal disease was conducted. A total of 18 articles were eligible for full review. No clear benefits were identified to support supplementation of equids with probiotic bacteria to improve starch and fiber digestion, nor for the treatment of colic or prevention of salmonellosis. Conflicting results were seen with the management of scouring in neonatal foals. Exacerbation of diarrhea and additional adverse events were reported in response to the administration of high doses of novel probiotic bacterial species. Probiotic bacteria given to exercising horses, improved aerobic fitness and stamina. The majority of probiotic bacterial species used in equine studies are bacterial species commonly used for human consumption and indigenous to the human gastrointestinal microbiota. There is a paucity of evidence to support the use of probiotic bacteria in the health maintenance and disease management of horses. While there are unclear and conflicting results associated with probiotic bacteria use for gastrointestinal conditions in both horses and foals, the administration of multistrain bacterial formulations to increase stamina in exercising horses shows promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giselle Cooke
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Zamira Gibb
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna E Harnett
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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121
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Liu W, Wang Y, Luo J, Liu M, Luo Z. Pleiotropic Effects of Metformin on the Antitumor Efficiency of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2021; 11:586760. [PMID: 33603734 PMCID: PMC7884468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an important threat to public health because of its high morbidity and mortality. In recent decades, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered a new therapeutic era in clinical oncology. The rapid development of immune checkpoint therapy is due to its inspiring clinical efficacy in a group of cancer types. Metformin, an effective agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has shown beneficial effects on cancer prevention and cancer treatment. Emerging studies have suggested that metformin in combination with ICI treatment could improve the anticancer effects of ICIs. Hence, we conducted a review to summarize the effects of metformin on ICI therapy. We also review the pleiotropic mechanisms of metformin combined with ICIs in cancer therapy, including its direct and indirect effects on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianquan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mouze Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiying Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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122
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Gio-Batta M, Sjöberg F, Jonsson K, Barman M, Lundell AC, Adlerberth I, Hesselmar B, Sandberg AS, Wold AE. Fecal short chain fatty acids in children living on farms and a link between valeric acid and protection from eczema. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22449. [PMID: 33384449 PMCID: PMC7775451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children growing up on farms have low rates of allergy, but the mechanism for this protective effect has not been fully elucidated. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota may play a role in protection from allergy. We measured fecal SCFA levels in samples collected from 28 farming and 37 control children over the first 3 years of life using gas chromatography. Data on diet and other host factors were recorded and allergy was diagnosed at 8 years of age. Among all children, median propionic and butyric acid concentration increased over the first 3 years, and longer SCFAs typically appeared by 1 year of age. Farm children had higher levels of iso-butyric, iso-valeric and valeric acid at 3 years of age than rural controls. In addition, children with elder siblings had higher levels of valeric acid at 3 years of age, and dietary factors also affected SCFA pattern. High levels of valeric acid at 3 years of age were associated with low rate of eczema at 8 years of age. The fecal SCFA pattern in farm children suggests a more rapid maturation of the gut microbiota. Valeric acid or associated microbes may have protective potential against eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gio-Batta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Fei Sjöberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Jonsson
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Barman
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Adlerberth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bill Hesselmar
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Haque M, Islam S, Sheikh MA, Dhingra S, Uwambaye P, Labricciosa FM, Iskandar K, Charan J, Abukabda AB, Jahan D. Quorum sensing: a new prospect for the management of antimicrobial-resistant infectious diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:571-586. [PMID: 33131352 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1843427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quorum-sensing (QS) is a microbial cell-to-cell communication system that utilizes small signaling molecules to mediates interactions between cross-kingdom microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative microbes. QS molecules include N-acyl-homoserine-lactones (AHLs), furanosyl borate, hydroxyl-palmitic acid methylester, and methyl-dodecanoic acid. These signaling molecules maintain the symbiotic relationship between a host and the healthy microbial flora and also control various microbial virulence factors. This manuscript has been developed based on published scientific papers. AREAS COVERED Furanones, glycosylated chemicals, heavy metals, and nanomaterials are considered QS inhibitors (QSIs) and are therefore capable of inhibiting the microbial QS system. QSIs are currently being considered as antimicrobial therapeutic options. Currently, the low speed at which new antimicrobial agents are being developed impairs the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Therefore, QSIs are currently being studied as potential interventions targeting QS-signaling molecules and quorum quenching (QQ) enzymes to reduce microbial virulence. EXPERT OPINION QSIs represent a novel opportunity to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, no clinical trials have been conducted thus far assessing their efficacy. With the recent advancements in technology and the development of well-designed clinical trials aimed at targeting various components of the, QS system, these agents will undoubtedly provide a useful alternative to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainul Haque
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sameer Dhingra
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Peace Uwambaye
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Katia Iskandar
- Department of Mathématiques Informatique et Télécommunications, Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, INSERM, UMR 1027, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 1106, Lebanon
| | - Jaykaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Dilshad Jahan
- Department of Hematology, Asgar Ali Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Swann JR, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Salonen A, Sakwinska O, Gill C, Meynier A, Fança-Berthon P, Schelkle B, Segata N, Shortt C, Tuohy K, Hasselwander O. Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3347-3368. [PMID: 32246263 PMCID: PMC7669793 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the growing appreciation for the influence of the intestinal microbiota on human health, there is increasing motivation to design and refine interventions to promote favorable shifts in the microbiota and their interactions with the host. Technological advances have improved our understanding and ability to measure this indigenous population and the impact of such interventions. However, the rapid growth and evolution of the field, as well as the diversity of methods used, parameters measured and populations studied, make it difficult to interpret the significance of the findings and translate their outcomes to the wider population. This can prevent comparisons across studies and hinder the drawing of appropriate conclusions. This review outlines considerations to facilitate the design, implementation and interpretation of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods based upon our current understanding of the intestinal microbiota, its functionality and interactions with the human host. This includes parameters associated with study design, eligibility criteria, statistical considerations, characterization of products and the measurement of compliance. Methodologies and markers to assess compositional and functional changes in the microbiota, following interventions are discussed in addition to approaches to assess changes in microbiota-host interactions and host responses. Last, EU legislative aspects in relation to foods and health claims are presented. While it is appreciated that the field of gastrointestinal microbiology is rapidly evolving, such guidance will assist in the design and interpretation of human gut microbiota interventional studies relating to foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M. Rajilic-Stojanovic
- Department for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A. Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O. Sakwinska
- Société Des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | - N. Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - C. Shortt
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Services EAME Ltd., Foundation Park, Maidenhead, UK
| | - K. Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - O. Hasselwander
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, c/o Danisco (UK) Limited, Reigate, UK
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125
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Zubeldia-Varela E, Barber D, Barbas C, Perez-Gordo M, Rojo D. Sample pre-treatment procedures for the omics analysis of human gut microbiota: Turning points, tips and tricks for gene sequencing and metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113592. [PMID: 32947167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The connection between gut microbiota and human health is becoming increasingly relevant and the number of groups working in this field is constantly growing. In this context, from high-throughput gene sequencing to metabolomics analysis, the omics technologies have contributed enormously to unveil the secret crosstalk between us and our microbes. All the omics technologies produce a great amount of information, and processing this information is time-consuming and expensive. For this reason, a correct experimental design and a careful pre-analytical planning are crucial. To study the human gut microbiota, faeces are the sample of choice. Faecal material is complex, and procedures for collecting and preserving faeces are not well-established. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that multiple confounding factors, such as antibiotics consumption, mode of delivery, diet, aging and several diseases and disorders can alter the composition and functionality of the microbiota. This review is focused on the discussion of critical general issues during the pre-analytical planning, from patient handling to faeces sampling, including collection procedures, transport, storage conditions and possible pre-treatments, which are critical for a successful research in omics with a special attention to metabolomics and gene sequencing. We also point out that the adoption of standard operating procedures in the field is needed to guarantee accuracy and reproducibility of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Zubeldia-Varela
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, ARADyAL, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Barber
- Institute of Applied and Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, ARADyAL, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Perez-Gordo
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, ARADyAL, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Applied and Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, ARADyAL, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojo
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
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Badger-Emeka LI, Emeka PM, Thirugnanasambantham K, Ibrahim HIM. Anti-Allergic Potential of Cinnamaldehyde via the Inhibitory Effect of Histidine Decarboxylase (HDC) Producing Klebsiella pneumonia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235580. [PMID: 33261109 PMCID: PMC7730296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy is an immunological disorder that develops in response to exposure to an allergen, and histamines mediate these effects via histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity at the intracellular level. In the present study, we developed a 3D model of Klebsiella pneumoniae histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and analyzed the HDC inhibitory potential of cinnamaldehyde (CA) and subsequent anti-allergic potential using a bacterial and mammalian mast cell model. A computational and in vitro study using K. pneumonia revealed that CA binds to HDC nearby the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) binding site and inhibited histamine synthesis in a bacterial model. Further study using a mammalian mast cell model also showed that CA decreased the levels of histamine in the stimulated RBL-2H3 cell line and attenuated the release of β-hexoseaminidase and cell degranulation. In addition, CA treatment also significantly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and the nitric oxide (NO) level in the stimulated mast cells. A gene expression and Western blotting study revealed that CA significantly downregulated the expressions of MAPKp38/ERK and its downstream pro-allergic mediators that are involved in the signaling pathway in mast cell cytokine synthesis. This study further confirms that CA has the potential to attenuate mast cell activation by inhibiting HDC and modifying the process of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorina I. Badger-Emeka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-(0)5-3654-2793
| | - Promise Madu Emeka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Hairul Islam M. Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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127
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Whole Goat Milk as a Source of Fat and Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Infant Formula. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113486. [PMID: 33202897 PMCID: PMC7696746 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cow milk is the most common dairy milk and has been extensively researched for its functional, technological and nutritional properties for a wide range of products. One such product category is infant formula, which is the most suitable alternative to feed infants, when breastfeeding is not possible. Most infant formulas are based on cow milk protein ingredients. For several reasons, consumers now seek alternatives such as goat milk, which has increasingly been used to manufacture infant, follow-on and young child formulas over the last 30 years. While similar in many aspects, compositional and functional differences exist between cow and goat milk. This offers the opportunity to explore different formulations or manufacturing options for formulas based on goat milk. The use of whole goat milk as the only source of proteins in formulas allows levels of milk fat, short and medium chain fatty acids, sn-2 palmitic acid, and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) to be maximised. These features improve the composition and microstructure of whole goat milk-based infant formula, providing similarities to the complex human milk fat globules, and have been shown to benefit digestion, and cognitive and immune development. Recent research indicates a role for milk fat and MFGM on digestive health, the gut–brain axis and the gut–skin axis. This review highlights the lipid composition of whole goat milk-based infant formula and its potential for infant nutrition to support healthy digestion, brain development and immunity. Further work is warranted on the role of these components in allergy development and the advantages of goat milk fat and MFGM for infant nutrition and health.
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128
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James SA, Phillips S, Telatin A, Baker D, Ansorge R, Clarke P, Hall LJ, Carding SR. Preterm Infants Harbour a Rapidly Changing Mycobiota That Includes Candida Pathobionts. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E273. [PMID: 33182444 PMCID: PMC7712117 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and the mycobiome are a fundamental part of the human microbiome that contributes to human health and development. Despite this, relatively little is known about the mycobiome of the preterm infant gut. Here, we have characterised faecal fungal communities present in 11 premature infants born with differing degrees of prematurity and mapped how the mycobiome develops during early infancy. Using an ITS1 sequencing-based approach, the preterm infant gut mycobiome was found to be often dominated by a single species, typically a yeast. Candida was the most abundant genus, with the pathobionts C.albicans and C.parapsilosis highly prevalent and persistent in these infants. Gestational maturity at birth affected the distribution and abundance of these Candida, with hospital-associated C.parapsilosis more prevalent and abundant in infants born at less than 31 weeks. Fungal diversity was lowest at 6 months, but increased with age and change of diet, with food-associated Saccharomycescerevisiae most abundant in infants post weaning. This study provides a first insight into the fungal communities present within the preterm infant gut, identifying distinctive features including the prominence of pathobiont species, and the influence age and environmental factors play in shaping the development of the mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. James
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Andrea Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - David Baker
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Rebecca Ansorge
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Paul Clarke
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Ziel—Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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129
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Mattison CP, Aryana KJ, Clermont K, Prestenburg E, Lloyd SW, Grimm CC, Wasserman RL. Microbiological, Physicochemical, and Immunological Analysis of a Commercial Cashew Nut-Based Yogurt. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218267. [PMID: 33158240 PMCID: PMC7663355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nut-based milks and yogurts are gaining popularity, but may not offer the same benefits as dairy yogurts to consumers. Cashew nuts often cause severe allergic reactions, and cashew nut allergens are stable to several types of processing. To compare its characteristics to dairy yogurt and characterize the effects of fermentation on the Ana o 1-3 cashew nut allergens, a commercial yogurt made from cashew nuts (Cashewgurt) was evaluated for microbiological, physiochemical, and immunological properties. Average counts for lactobacilli and Streptococcus thermophilus were greater than 10 million colony forming units per milliliter, indicating the capacity to provide a health benefit. Cashewgurt pH and viscosity values were comparable to cow milk yogurts, and it was off white in color. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated a clear reduction in Ana o 1 and 2, and immuno-assay with polyclonal anti-cashew IgG antibody and cashew-allergic IgE indicated an overall reduction in allergen content. In contrast, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, immunoblot, and ELISA all revealed that Ana o 3 was relatively unaffected by the fermentation process. In conclusion, Ana o 1 and Ana o 2 are sensitive to degradation, while Ana o 3 survives lactic acid bacterial fermentation during yogurt production. The analysis presented here indicates that cashew nut yogurt is not suitable for those with cashew nut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Mattison
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(504)-286-4392; Fax: +1-(504)-286-4419
| | - Kayanush J. Aryana
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 115 Dairy Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Kristen Clermont
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA
| | - Eric Prestenburg
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA
| | - Steven W. Lloyd
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Casey C. Grimm
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
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130
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Chen YW, Li SW, Lin CD, Huang MZ, Lin HJ, Chin CY, Lai YR, Chiu CH, Yang CY, Lai CH. Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Alters Pulmonary Microbiota Composition and Aggravates Pneumococcus-Induced Lung Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:570484. [PMID: 33195201 PMCID: PMC7649221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.570484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2. 5) is closely correlated with respiratory diseases. Microbiota plays a key role in maintaining body homeostasis including regulation of host immune status and metabolism. As reported recently, PM2. 5 exposure causes microbiota dysbiosis and thus promotes disease progression. However, whether PM2. 5 alters pulmonary microbiota distribution and aggravates bacteria-induced pathogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we used mouse experimental models of PM2. 5 exposure combined with Streptococcus pneumonia infection. We characterized the airway microbiota of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon on the Illumina MiSeq platform, followed by a combination of bioinformatics and statistical analyses. Shannon-diversity index, observed ASVs, and Fisher's diversity index indicated that microbiota richness was significantly decreased in the mice treated with either PM2. 5 or pneumococcus when compared with the control group. The genera Streptococcus, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Granulicatella were remarkably increased in mice exposed to PM2. 5 combined with pneumococcal infection as compared to mice with pneumococcal infection alone. Histopathological examination exhibited that a more pronounced inflammation was present in lungs of mice treated with PM2. 5 and pneumococcus than that in mouse groups exposed to either PM2. 5 or pneumococcal infection alone. Our results demonstrate that PM2. 5 alters the microbiota composition, thereby enhancing susceptibility to pneumococcal infection and exacerbating lung pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wen Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Der Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Zi Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-Jeng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yin Chin
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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131
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AlKhater SA. Dynamic Interplay Between Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Early Shaping of Asthma and its Implication for the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:369-383. [PMID: 33061464 PMCID: PMC7532070 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s272705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between host immunity and the external environment in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in bronchial asthma has recently been scrutinized. There is compelling evidence that the microbiota at these sites may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this chronic airway disease. The appearance of bacteria early in life in the gut before dissemination to the airways plays a pivotal role in shaping mucosal immunity. Loss of microbial diversity or dysbiosis can result in aberrant immune-mediated inflammation and mucosal barrier disruption, which coincides clinically with the successive development of the "allergic march" in asthma. Microbial manipulation may be effective in curbing asthma development by indirectly preserving homeostatic epithelial barrier functions. The protective effects and mechanisms of immunity-microbiome crosstalk at mucosal sites require further investigation to identify therapeutic and preventive measures in asthma. This topical review aims to highlight new evidence that compromised epithelial barrier function, which results in deregulated crosstalk between the microbiome and host mucosal immune system, is an important disease mechanism in asthma. In the light of current COVID-19 pandemic, the collective findings on the impact of mucosal microbiota on the suceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 is explored. The possible therapeutic implications to target these abnormalities are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A AlKhater
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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132
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Kim JA, Kim SH, Kim IS, Yu DY, Kim GI, Moon YS, Kim SC, Lee SH, Lee SS, Yun CH, Choi IS, Cho KK. Galectin-9 Induced by Dietary Prebiotics Regulates Immunomodulation to Reduce Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in 1-Chloro-2,4-Dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-Treated NC/Nga Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1343-1354. [PMID: 32699202 PMCID: PMC9745654 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disorder that causes chronic itch. We investigated the inhibitory effects of a mixture of prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), inulin, or β-glucan on AD development in 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-treated NC/Nga mice. Mice were randomly assigned to six groups: untreated mice, AD control, positive control (DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of Zyrtec), and DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of prebiotics such as scGOS/lcFOS (T1), inulin (T2), or β-glucan (T3). The prebiotic treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) showed suppression of AD symptoms, Th2 cell differentiation, and AD-like skin lesions induced by DNCB. In addition, prebiotic treatment also reduced the number of microorganisms such as Firmicutes, which is associated with AD symptoms, and increased the levels of Bacteroidetes and Ruminococcaceae, which are associated with alleviation of AD symptoms. Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effects of prebiotics on AD development by improving the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and beneficial symbiotic microorganisms in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hak Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sung Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yoon Yu
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Il Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Moon
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soon Choi
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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134
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Oral Immunotherapy Using Probiotic Ice Cream Containing Recombinant Food-Grade Lactococcus lactis Which Inhibited Allergic Responses in a BALB/c Mouse Model. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2635230. [PMID: 33029537 PMCID: PMC7532367 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2635230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of recombinant probiotic bacteria as a candidate for oral vaccine with the potential of treating allergy to Amaranthus retroflexus pollens. The main gene of this allergen, Ama r 2, was cloned into the food grade plasmid pNZ7025 and then was electrotransformed into the food grade Lactococcus lactis NZ1330. No expression was observed in the primary structure due to the distance between the ribosome binding site and the start codon. Therefore, the vector structure was corrected using the site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) technique. The cell extract of this strain was used for assessing the expression of the recombinant allergen in western blot analysis, and the existence of this protein with a molecular weight of 14.2 kDa was confirmed. To evaluate the efficacy of this strain in the treatment of allergies as an oral vaccine, probiotic ice cream was prepared. After the sensitization of mice, the treatment was performed by oral immunotherapy for 4 weeks, 4 to 5 times per week. 20 μl of functional ice cream with 1012 CFU/ml of r-L. lactis NZ1330 significantly reduced the serum IgE level. The levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokines increased in the 20 μl ice cream treatment group as well as 40 μg/ml pure allergen compared with the PBS-treated group, and IL-4 cytokine levels decreased compared with the PBS-treated group. Overall, 20 μl ice cream with 1012 CFU/ml of the recombinant bacteria resulted in the best performance in terms of improving allergies to Th1 and Treg responses.
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135
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Calcaterra V, Regalbuto C, Porri D, Pelizzo G, Mazzon E, Vinci F, Zuccotti G, Fabiano V, Cena H. Inflammation in Obesity-Related Complications in Children: The Protective Effect of Diet and Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1324. [PMID: 32947869 PMCID: PMC7564478 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health problem in both children and adults, impairing physical and mental state and impacting health care system costs in both developed and developing countries. It is well-known that individuals with excessive weight gain frequently develop obesity-related complications, which are mainly known as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and many other risk factors proven to be associated with chronic inflammation, causing disability and reduced life expectancy. This review aims to present and discuss complications related to inflammation in pediatric obesity, the critical role of nutrition and diet in obesity-comorbidity prevention and treatment, and the impact of lifestyle. Appropriate early dietary intervention for the management of pediatric overweight and obesity is recommended for overall healthy growth and prevention of comorbidities in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20153 Milan, Italy; (G.Z.); (V.F.)
| | - Corrado Regalbuto
- Pediatric Unit, Fond. IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.R.); (F.V.)
| | - Debora Porri
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- “L. Sacco” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20153 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20153 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Federica Vinci
- Pediatric Unit, Fond. IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.R.); (F.V.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20153 Milan, Italy; (G.Z.); (V.F.)
- “L. Sacco” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20153 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20153 Milan, Italy; (G.Z.); (V.F.)
- “L. Sacco” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20153 Milan, Italy;
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.P.); (H.C.)
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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136
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Altered vaginal microbiome and relative co-abundance network in pregnant women with penicillin allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:79. [PMID: 32944033 PMCID: PMC7491301 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penicillin allergy is frequently reported in adults and children. Recent studies suggest that microbiota plays a key role in the development and progression of allergy. In this study, the relationship between vaginal microbiome and pregnant women with penicillin allergy was investigated. Methods Vaginal samples before labor from 12 pregnant women with penicillin allergy and 15 non-allergic pregnant women were collected. Bacterial community structure of all study subjects and the discrepancies between the two groups were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing based on Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. Results The abundant phyla among all participants were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The predominant genus was Lactobacillus. Compared to non-allergic pregnant women, Actinobacteria, Coriobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Paraprevotella and Anoxybacillus significantly decreased, whereas Deltaproteobacteria, Peptostreptococcaceae, Enterococcus and Megamonas were more abundant in penicillin allergic women. Additionally, obvious discrepancies were observed in the co-abundance network at the genus level between the two groups. Conclusions There were differences in the microbial community structure and composition of reproduction tract between penicillin allergic and non-allergic pregnant women. These shifts may be related to maternal and neonatal health.
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137
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Li N, Gao S, Tong J, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Xu C. Probiotics as a functional food ingredient in allergic diseases: regulation of CD4+ T helper cell differentiation. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:463-474. [PMID: 32720543 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1796578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are increasing worldwide, associating with increased health costs and decreased quality of life. Allergy is immune-related diseases caused by an allergic immune response to innocuous substance in the environment. At present, research has focussed on the study of the relevance to the microbiome and the phenotypes of allergy, including the relationships among the gastrointestinal microbiome, immune function, and allergic sensitisation. Probiotics as functional food ingredient are thought to secrete functional metabolites that have antibacterial effects on ameliorating intestinal health and CD4+ T helper cells-mediated immunity. This review will summarise the role of probiotics in the immune regulation and flora balance, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of the imbalance of Th subsets and cytokine leading to the immunopathology of allergic reactions. Finally, we discussed the unresolved problems and future research directions in order to promote the clinical application of probiotics immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, HaiKou, China
| | - Shenshen Gao
- Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tong
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chundi Xu
- Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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138
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Akimbekov NS, Digel I, Sherelkhan DK, Lutfor AB, Razzaque MS. Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2020; 53:33-42. [PMID: 32624628 PMCID: PMC7322162 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.20011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence for the effects of vitamin D on intestinal host-microbiome interactions related to gut dysbiosis and bowel inflammation. This brief review highlights the potential links between vitamin D and gut health, emphasizing the role of vitamin D in microbiological and immunological mechanisms of inflammatory bowel diseases. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of keywords "vitamin D," "intestines," "gut microflora," "bowel inflammation". Only articles published in English and related to the study topic are included in the review. We discuss how vitamin D (a) modulates intestinal microbiome function, (b) controls antimicrobial peptide expression, and (c) has a protective effect on epithelial barriers in the gut mucosa. Vitamin D and its nuclear receptor (VDR) regulate intestinal barrier integrity, and control innate and adaptive immunity in the gut. Metabolites from the gut microbiota may also regulate expression of VDR, while vitamin D may influence the gut microbiota and exert anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. The underlying mechanism of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of bowel diseases is not fully understood, but maintaining an optimal vitamin D status appears to be beneficial for gut health. Future studies will shed light on the molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D and VDR interactions affect intestinal mucosal immunity, pathogen invasion, symbiont colonization, and antimicrobial peptide expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraly S. Akimbekov
- Department of Biotechnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ilya Digel
- Institute for Bioengineering FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dinara K. Sherelkhan
- Department of Biotechnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Mohammed S. Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
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139
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Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32670224 PMCID: PMC7329990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for the GI microbiome of cats and dogs and plays a significant role in defining the composition and metabolism of the GI microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, facilitates the host's nutrient digestion and the production of postbiotics, which are bacterially derived compounds that can influence pet health. Consequently, pet owners have a role in shaping the microbiome of cats and dogs through the food they choose to provide. Yet, a clear understanding of the impact these food choices have on the microbiome, and thus on the overall health of the pet, is lacking. Pet foods are formulated to contain the typical nutritional building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but increasingly include microbiome-targeted ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics. Each of these categories, as well as their relative proportions in food, can affect the composition and/or function of the microbiome. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary components may impact not only GI disease, but also allergies, oral health, weight management, diabetes, and kidney disease through changes in the GI microbiome. Until recently, the focus of microbiome research was to characterize alterations in microbiome composition in disease states, while less research effort has been devoted to understanding how changes in nutrition can influence pet health by modifying the microbiome function. This review summarizes the impact of pet food nutritional components on the composition and function of the microbiome and examines evidence for the role of nutrition in impacting host health through the microbiome in a variety of disease states. Understanding how nutrition can modulate GI microbiome composition and function may reveal new avenues for enhancing the health and resilience of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eden Ephraim
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | | | | | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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140
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The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8045646. [PMID: 32612660 PMCID: PMC7306068 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8045646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome comprises bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes which reside within and outside our bodies. These organisms impact human physiology, both in health and in disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabolic and immune functions. Micro-organisms colonise various sites on and in the human body, where they adapt to specific features of each niche. Facultative anaerobes are more dominant in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas strict aerobes inhabit the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, and skin surface. The indigenous organisms in the human body are well adapted to the immune system, due to the biological interaction of the organisms with the immune system over time. An alteration in the intestinal microbial community plays a major role in human health and disease pathogenesis. These alterations result from lifestyle and the presence of an underlying disease. Dysbiosis increases host susceptibility to infection, and the nature of which depends on the anatomical site involved. The unique diversity of the human microbiota accounts for the specific metabolic activities and functions of these micro-organisms within each body site. It is therefore important to understand the microbial composition and activities of the human microbiome as they contribute to health and disease.
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141
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Herman RA. Increasing allergy: are antibiotics the elephant in the room? Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:35. [PMID: 32426004 PMCID: PMC7218489 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics cause dramatic changes to the human microbiome. The composition of the microbiome has been associated with changes in the immune system and these changes are beginning to be linked to immune diseases. Thus, antibiotics have been implicated as a significant contributor to the continual rise of allergies and autoimmune disease in developed countries. This recognition will hopefully result in the development of post-antibiotic therapies that restore a healthy microbiome and reduce immune system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA
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142
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Interactions of probiotics and prebiotics with the gut microbiota. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:265-300. [PMID: 32475525 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) composition varies among individuals and is influenced by intrinsic (genetics, age) and extrinsic (environment, diet, lifestyle) factors. An imbalance or dysbiosis is directly associated with the development of several illnesses, due to the potential increase in intestinal permeability leading to a systemic inflammation triggered by higher levels of circulating lipopolysaccharides and changes in the immune response caused by an overgrowth of a specific genus or of pathogens. These mechanisms may increase symptoms in gastrointestinal disorders or reduce glucose tolerance in metabolic diseases. Diet also has a significant impact on GM, and functional foods, namely prebiotics and probiotics, are a novel approach to reestablish the indigenous microbiota. Prebiotics, like inulin and polyphenols, are selectively utilized by GM, releasing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and other metabolites which may reduce the intestinal lumen pH, inhibit growth of pathogens, and enhance mineral and vitamin bioavailability. Probiotic microorganism may increase the microbial diversity of GM and improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier, leading to an improvement of baseline and pathologic inflammation. In this chapter, we will discuss the potential roles of prebiotics and probiotics in health and diseases throughout an individual's lifetime and proposed mechanisms of action.
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143
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Ramadan M, Solyman S, Yones M, Abdallah Y, Halaby H, Hanora A. Skin Microbiome Differences in Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Controls in Egyptian Children and Adults, and Association with Serum Immunoglobulin E. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 23:247-260. [PMID: 31100040 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, multifactorial, chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease. We report the first microbiome study and new insights on the relationship between skin microbiota variation and AD susceptibility in a population sample from Egypt. We characterized the skin microbiome in 75 patients with AD and 20 healthy controls using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Overall, bacterial diversity of skin microbiome in patients with AD was less than those of the healthy subjects. Genus level analysis revealed significant abundance variations by age, disease severity, locality, or immune response. Among these genera, Streptococcus, Cutibacterium, and Corynebacterium appeared to be specific signatures for AD in children, adolescents, and adults, respectively, while Staphylococcus was noted as a potential biomarker candidate for AD. Additionally, functional potential of metagenomes shifted the overall metabolic pathways to participate in the exacerbation of disease. Total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were positively correlated with relative enrichment of certain Staphylococcus aureus subspecies. Finally, AD-related differences in skin bacterial diversity appeared to be in part linked to the serum IgE level. These new observations attest to the promise of microbiome science and metagenomic analysis in AD specifically, and clinical dermatology broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ramadan
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samar Solyman
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Yones
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yasser Abdallah
- 3 Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hamada Halaby
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amro Hanora
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia, Egypt
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Badolati I, Sverremark‐Ekström E, van der Heiden M. Th9 cells in allergic diseases: A role for the microbiota? Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12857. [PMID: 31811655 PMCID: PMC7154783 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery about 10 years ago, Th9 cells have been increasingly linked to allergic pathologies. Within this review, we summarize the current knowledge on associations between Th9 cells and allergic diseases and acknowledge Th9 cells as important targets in future treatment of allergic diseases. However, until today, it is not fully understood how these Th9 cell responses are modulated. We describe current literature suggesting that these Th9 cell responses might be stimulated by microbial species such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, while on the other hand, microbial and dietary compounds such as retinoic acid (RA), butyrate and vitamin D show suppressive capacity on allergy-related Th9 responses. By reviewing this recent research, we provide new insights into the modulating capacity of the microbiota on Th9 cell responses. Consequently, microbial and dietary factors may be used as innovative tools to target Th9 cells in the treatment of allergic diseases. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these interactions in order to translate this knowledge into clinical allergy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Badolati
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Sverremark‐Ekström
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Marieke van der Heiden
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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145
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Bai XF, Wu ZX, Zhao CH, Wu Y, Fei CS, Zhang LQ, Chen ZH. Maternal oral contraceptive pill use and the risk of atopic diseases in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19607. [PMID: 32311929 PMCID: PMC7220114 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of maternal oral contraceptive pill (OCP) exposure and the offspring's risk of atopic diseases are of current interest due to concerns about widespread use of OCP before or during pregnancy.We evaluated whether maternal OCP exposure is associated with an increased risk of atopic diseases by reviewing the literature and performing a meta-analysis. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify potential studies for inclusion. Three common atopic outcomes were included: asthma, eczema, and rhinitis.We found 693 titles, abstracts, and citations, and 6 studies were included in this analysis. A meta-analysis revealed that maternal OCP exposure was associated with higher odds of asthma (odds ratio [OR] 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.19; P = .014), rhinitis (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.07-1.68; P = .011) during childhood, whereas there was no association with eczema (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.81-1.68; P = .383). This analysis was limited by the small number of studies included and the limited adjustments for the possible confounders in the studies.Current evidence suggests that maternal OCP exposure increases the risk for respiratory allergic diseases (asthma and rhinitis) in the offspring, but not for eczema. Given the few studies included, future larger, prospective studies that control for important confounders are needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Bai
- Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Tongxiang First People's Hospital
| | - Zheng-Xiang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongxiang Second People's Hospital, Tongxiang
| | - Chun-Hong Zhao
- Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Tongxiang First People's Hospital
| | - Yong Wu
- Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Tongxiang First People's Hospital
| | - Chang-Shun Fei
- Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Tongxiang First People's Hospital
| | - Li-Qin Zhang
- Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Tongxiang First People's Hospital
| | - Zhao-Hui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Cukrowska B, Bierła JB, Zakrzewska M, Klukowski M, Maciorkowska E. The Relationship between the Infant Gut Microbiota and Allergy. The Role of Bifidobacterium breve and Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in the Activation of Anti-Allergic Mechanisms in Early Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040946. [PMID: 32235348 PMCID: PMC7230322 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in allergy prevalence observed in recent decades may be a consequence of early intestinal dysbiosis. The intestinal microbiota is formed in the first 1000 days of life, when it is particularly sensitive to various factors, such as the composition of the mother’s microbiota, type of delivery, infant’s diet, number of siblings, contact with animals, and antibiotic therapy. Breastfeeding and vaginal birth favorably affect the formation of an infant’s intestinal microbiota and protect against allergy development. The intestinal microbiota of these infants is characterized by an early dominance of Bifidobacterium, which may have a significant impact on the development of immune tolerance. Bifidobacterium breve is a species commonly isolated from the intestines of healthy breastfed infants and from human milk. This review outlines the most important environmental factors affecting microbiota formation and the importance of Bifidobacterium species (with a particular emphasis on Bifidobacterium breve) in microbiota modulation towards anti-allergic processes. In addition, we present the concept, which assumes that infant formulas containing specific probiotic Bifidobacterium breve strains and prebiotic oligosaccharides may be useful in allergy management in non-breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Cukrowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-815-19-69
| | - Joanna B. Bierła
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Developmental Age Medicine and Paediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna St. 37, 15-295 Białystok, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.M.)
| | - Mark Klukowski
- Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Jerzego Waszyngtona St. 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Maciorkowska
- Department of Developmental Age Medicine and Paediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna St. 37, 15-295 Białystok, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Jerzego Waszyngtona St. 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland;
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147
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Gupta V, Kumar R, Sood U, Singhvi N. Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:37-44. [PMID: 32089572 PMCID: PMC7000587 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term hygiene is deeply rooted with the concept of maintaining sound health and alertness towards cleanliness, while "hygiene hypothesis" depicts the protective role of microbial community exposure in development of early immunity and initial allergic and aesthetic reactions. The tug-of-war has now been pushed toward the literal term "hygiene" over the "hygiene hypothesis" and has continued with disinfection of all microbial loads from the related environments to avoid infections in humans. With the advancement in the microbiome studies, it became clear that humans possess warm, and significant relationships with diverse microbial community. With this opinion article, we have emphasized on the importance of hygiene hypothesis in immunological responses. We also propose the individual/targeted hygiene instead of application of unanimous hygiene hypothesis. This review also elaborates the common practices that should be employed to maintain hygiene along with the balanced microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Gupta
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh-Gaya, Bihar 824231 India
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
| | - Nirjara Singhvi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
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148
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Anipindi VC, Galipeau H, Ellenbogen Y, Chaudhary R, Koenig JF, Gordon ME, Walker TD, Mandur TS, Abed S, Humbles A, Chu DK, Erjefält J, Ask K, Verdú EF, Jordana M. Microbial Regulation of Enteric Eosinophils and Its Impact on Tissue Remodeling and Th2 Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:155. [PMID: 32117293 PMCID: PMC7033414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have emerged as multifaceted cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis. However, the impact of the microbiota on their frequency and function at mucosal sites remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the microbiota in the regulation of enteric eosinophils. We found that small intestinal (SI) eosinophilia was significantly greater in germ-free (GF) mice compared to specific pathogen free (SPF) controls. This was associated with changes in the production of enteric signals that regulate eosinophil attraction and survival, and was fully reversed by complex colonization. Additionally, SI eosinophils of GF mice exhibited more cytoplasmic protrusions and less granule content than SPF controls. Lastly, we generated a novel strain of eosinophil-deficient GF mice. These mice displayed intestinal fibrosis and were less prone to allergic sensitization as compared to GF controls. Overall, our study demonstrates that commensal microbes regulate intestinal eosinophil frequency and function, which impacts tissue repair and allergic sensitization to food antigens. These data support a critical interplay between the commensal microbiota and intestinal eosinophils in shaping homeostatic, innate, and adaptive immune processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology & Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Varun C. Anipindi
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yosef Ellenbogen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roopali Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua F. Koenig
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tina D. Walker
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Talveer S. Mandur
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Soumeya Abed
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Humbles
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Derek K. Chu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena F. Verdú
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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149
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Herman RA, Roper JM, Zhang JXQ. Evidence runs contrary to digestive stability predicting protein allergenicity. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:105-107. [PMID: 31741205 PMCID: PMC7000492 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A dogma has persisted for over two decades that food allergens are more stable to digestion compared with non-allergenic proteins. This belief has become enshrined in regulations designed to assess the allergenic risk of novel food proteins. While the empirical evidence accumulated over the last 20+ years has largely failed to confirm a correlation between digestive stability and the allergenic status of proteins, even those who accept this finding often assert that this shortfall is the result of faulty assay design rather than lack of causality. Here, we outline why digestive stability may not in fact correlate with allergenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Corteva™ Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 47968, USA.
| | - Jason M Roper
- Corteva™ Agriscience, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - John X Q Zhang
- Corteva™ Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
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150
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Nicolaides RE, Parrish CP, Bird JA. Food Allergy Immunotherapy with Adjuvants. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2020; 40:149-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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