101
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Khatoon R, Alam MA, Sharma PK. Current approaches and prospective drug targeting to brain. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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102
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Beishon L, Clough RH, Kadicheeni M, Chithiramohan T, Panerai RB, Haunton VJ, Minhas JS, Robinson TG. Vascular and haemodynamic issues of brain ageing. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:735-751. [PMID: 33439324 PMCID: PMC8076154 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The population is ageing worldwide, thus increasing the burden of common age-related disorders to the individual, society and economy. Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke, dementia) contribute a significant proportion of this burden and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Thus, understanding and promoting healthy vascular brain ageing are becoming an increasing priority for healthcare systems. In this review, we consider the effects of normal ageing on two major physiological processes responsible for vascular brain function: Cerebral autoregulation (CA) and neurovascular coupling (NVC). CA is the process by which the brain regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF) and protects against falls and surges in cerebral perfusion pressure, which risk hypoxic brain injury and pressure damage, respectively. In contrast, NVC is the process by which CBF is matched to cerebral metabolic activity, ensuring adequate local oxygenation and nutrient delivery for increased neuronal activity. Healthy ageing is associated with a number of key physiological adaptations in these processes to mitigate age-related functional and structural declines. Through multiple different paradigms assessing CA in healthy younger and older humans, generating conflicting findings, carbon dioxide studies in CA have provided the greatest understanding of intrinsic vascular anatomical factors that may mediate healthy ageing responses. In NVC, studies have found mixed results, with reduced, equivalent and increased activation of vascular responses to cognitive stimulation. In summary, vascular and haemodynamic changes occur in response to ageing and are important in distinguishing “normal” ageing from disease states and may help to develop effective therapeutic strategies to promote healthy brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Beishon
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
| | - Rebecca H Clough
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Meeriam Kadicheeni
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Tamara Chithiramohan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Victoria J Haunton
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jatinder S Minhas
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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103
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Mesnil M, Defamie N, Naus C, Sarrouilhe D. Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link? Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010051. [PMID: 33396565 PMCID: PMC7824109 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mesnil
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Norah Defamie
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Christian Naus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
| | - Denis Sarrouilhe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de La Milétrie, bât D1, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-49-45-43-58
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104
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Ojo J, Eisenbaum M, Shackleton B, Lynch C, Joshi U, Saltiel N, Pearson A, Ringland C, Paris D, Mouzon B, Mullan M, Crawford F, Bachmeier C. Mural cell dysfunction leads to altered cerebrovascular tau uptake following repetitive head trauma. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 150:105237. [PMID: 33383188 PMCID: PMC8170787 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathological characteristic of repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the deposition of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau species in the brain and increased levels of extracellular monomeric tau are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative tauopathies. The pathways by which extracellular tau is eliminated from the brain, however, remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to examine tau uptake by cerebrovascular cells and the effect of TBI on these processes. We found monomeric tau interacts with brain vascular mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells) to a greater extent than other cerebrovascular cells, indicating mural cells may contribute to the elimination of extracellular tau, as previously described for other solutes such as beta-amyloid. Consistent with other neurodegenerative disorders, we observed a progressive decline in cerebrovascular mural cell markers up to 12 months post-injury in a mouse model of repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI) and human TBI brain specimens, when compared to control. These changes appear to reflect mural cell degeneration and not cellular loss as no difference in the mural cell population was observed between r-mTBI and r-sham animals as determined through flow cytometry. Moreover, freshly isolated r-mTBI cerebrovessels showed reduced tau uptake at 6 and 12 months post-injury compared to r-sham animals, which may be the result of diminished cerebrovascular endocytosis, as caveolin-1 levels were significantly decreased in mouse r-mTBI and human TBI cerebrovessels compared to their respective controls. Further emphasizing the interaction between mural cells and tau, similar reductions in mural cell markers, tau uptake, and caveolin-1 were observed in cerebrovessels from transgenic mural cell-depleted animals. In conclusion, our studies indicate repeated injuries to the brain causes chronic mural cell degeneration, reducing the caveolar-mediated uptake of tau by these cells. Alterations in tau uptake by vascular mural cells may contribute to tau deposition in the brain following head trauma and could represent a novel therapeutic target for TBI or other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Max Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Ben Shackleton
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Cillian Lynch
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Utsav Joshi
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Charis Ringland
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA.
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105
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Lee LL, Khakoo AY, Chintalgattu V. Cardiac pericytes function as key vasoactive cells to regulate homeostasis and disease. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 11:207-225. [PMID: 33135334 PMCID: PMC7780101 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs)—mural cells that envelop endothelial cells (ECs) of microvessels—regulate tissue‐specific vasculature development as well as maturation and maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity. However, little is known about their tissue‐specific function in the heart. Specifically, the mechanism by which cardiac PCs constrict coronary capillaries remains undetermined. To gain insights into the function of cardiac PCs at the cellular level, we isolated NG2+ PDGFRβ+ CD146+ CD34− CD31− CD45− PCs for detailed characterization. Functionally, we provide evidence that these PCs increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased endothelial permeability. We show for the first time that this population of PCs express contractile proteins, are stimulated by adrenergic signaling, and demonstrate stereotypical contraction and relaxation. Furthermore, we also studied for the first time, the PCs in in vitro models of disease. PCs in hypoxia activated the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha pathway, increased secretion of angiogenic factors, and caused cellular apoptosis. Supraphysiological levels of low‐density lipoprotein decreased PC proliferation and induced lipid droplet accumulation. Elevated glucose levels triggered a proinflammatory response. Taken together, our study characterizes cardiac PCs under in vitro disease conditions and supports the hypothesis that cardiac PCs are key vasoactive cells that can regulate blood flow in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Lee
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aarif Y Khakoo
- Department of Drug Development, Calico Labs, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu Chintalgattu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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106
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Imaging and optogenetic modulation of vascular mural cells in the live brain. Nat Protoc 2020; 16:472-496. [PMID: 33299155 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) are integral components of brain blood vessels that play important roles in vascular formation, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and regulation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). These cells are implicated in conditions ranging from developmental vascular disorders to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present complementary tools for cell labeling with transgenic mice and organic dyes that allow high-resolution intravital imaging of the different mural cell subtypes. We also provide detailed methodologies for imaging of spontaneous and neural activity-evoked calcium transients in mural cells. In addition, we describe strategies for single- and two-photon optogenetics that allow manipulation of the activity of individual and small clusters of mural cells. Together with measurements of diameter and flow in individual brain microvessels, calcium imaging and optogenetics allow the investigation of pericyte and smooth muscle cell physiology and their role in regulating rCBF. We also demonstrate the utility of these tools to investigate mural cells in the context of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia mouse models. Thus, these methods can be used to reveal the functional and structural heterogeneity of mural cells in vivo, and allow detailed cellular studies of the normal function and pathophysiology of mural cells in a variety of disease models. The implementation of this protocol can take from several hours to days depending on the intended applications.
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107
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Ross JM, Kim C, Allen D, Crouch EE, Narsinh K, Cooke DL, Abla AA, Nowakowski TJ, Winkler EA. The Expanding Cell Diversity of the Brain Vasculature. Front Physiol 2020; 11:600767. [PMID: 33343397 PMCID: PMC7744630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.600767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrovasculature is essential to brain health and is tasked with ensuring adequate delivery of oxygen and metabolic precursors to ensure normal neurologic function. This is coordinated through a dynamic, multi-directional cellular interplay between vascular, neuronal, and glial cells. Molecular exchanges across the blood-brain barrier or the close matching of regional blood flow with brain activation are not uniformly assigned to arteries, capillaries, and veins. Evidence has supported functional segmentation of the brain vasculature. This is achieved in part through morphologic or transcriptional heterogeneity of brain vascular cells-including endothelium, pericytes, and vascular smooth muscle. Advances with single cell genomic technologies have shown increasing cell complexity of the brain vasculature identifying previously unknown cell types and further subclassifying transcriptional diversity in cardinal vascular cell types. Cell-type specific molecular transitions or zonations have been identified. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence for the expanding vascular cell diversity in the brain and how this may provide a cellular basis for functional segmentation along the arterial-venous axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden M. Ross
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chang Kim
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Denise Allen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth E. Crouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kazim Narsinh
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Cooke
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adib A. Abla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tomasz J. Nowakowski
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ethan A. Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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108
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Torices S, Roberts SA, Park M, Malhotra A, Toborek M. Occludin, caveolin-1, and Alix form a multi-protein complex and regulate HIV-1 infection of brain pericytes. FASEB J 2020; 34:16319-16332. [PMID: 33058236 PMCID: PMC7686148 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001562r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 enters the brain by altering properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent evidence indicates that among cells of the BBB, pericytes are prone to HIV-1 infection. Occludin (ocln) and caveolin-1 (cav-1) are critical determinants of BBB integrity that can regulate barrier properties of the BBB in response to HIV-1 infection. Additionally, Alix is an early acting endosomal factor involved in HIV-1 budding from the cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of cav-1, ocln, and Alix in HIV-1 infection of brain pericytes. Our results indicated that cav-1, ocln, and Alix form a multi-protein complex in which they cross-regulate each other's expression. Importantly, the stability of this complex was affected by HIV-1 infection. Modifications of the complex resulted in diminished HIV-1 infection and alterations of the cytokine profile produced by brain pericytes. These results identify a novel mechanism involved in HIV-1 infection contributing to a better understanding of the HIV-1 pathology and the associated neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Samantha A. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
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109
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Jones VM, Suarez-Martinez AD, Hodges NA, Murfee WL, Llull R, Katz AJ. A clinical perspective on adipose-derived cell therapy for enhancing microvascular health and function: Implications and applications for reconstructive surgery. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12672. [PMID: 33174272 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of form and function requires apposition of tissues in the form of flaps to reconstitute local perfusion. Successful reconstruction relies on flap survival and its integration with the recipient bed. The flap's precariously perfused hypoxic areas undergo adaptive microvascular changes both internally and in connection with the recipient bed. A cell-mediated, coordinated response to hypoxia drives these adaptive processes, restoring a tissue's normoxic homeostasis via de novo vasculogenesis, sprouting angiogenesis, and stabilizing arterialization. As cells exert prolonged and coordinated effects on site, their use as biological agents merit translational consideration of sourcing angio-competent cells and delivering them to territories enduring microcirculatory acclimatization. Angio-competent cells abound in adipose tissue: a reliable, accessible, and expendable source of adipose-derived cells (ADC). When subject to enzymatic digestion and centrifugation, adipose tissue separates its various ADC: A subset of buoyant oil-dense adipocytes (the tissue's parenchymal component) accumulates on a supra-natant layer, whereas the mesenchymal component remains in the infra-natant sediment, containing the tissue's stromal vascular fraction (SVF), where angio-component cells abound. The SVF can be further manipulated, selected, or culture expanded into more specific stromal subsets (herein defined as adipose stromal cells, ASC). While promising clinical applications for ADC await clinical proof and regulatory authorization, basic science investigation is needed to elucidate the specific ADC mechanisms that influence microvascular growth, remodeling, and function following flap surgery. The objective of this article is to share the clinical perspectives of reconstructive plastic surgeons regarding the use of ADC-based therapies to help with flap tissue integration, revascularization, and wound healing. Specifically, the focus will be on considering the potential for ADC as therapeutic agents and how their clinical application motivates basic science opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Morgan Jones
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ariana D Suarez-Martinez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Hodges
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ramon Llull
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Quiron Salud PalmaPlanas, Palma, Spain
| | - Adam J Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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110
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Hosák L, Zeman T, Studnička J, Stepanov A, Ustohal L, Michalec M, Lochman J, Jurečka T, Sadykov E, Goswami N, De Boever P, Balcar VJ, Šerý O. Retinal arteriolar and venular diameters are widened in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:619-621. [PMID: 32729644 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Hosák
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, School of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zeman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Studnička
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charles University, School of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Stepanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charles University, School of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Ustohal
- Department of Psychiatry, Masaryk University, School of Medicine and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Michalec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Masaryk University, School of Medicine and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Evgenii Sadykov
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, School of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Vladimir J Balcar
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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111
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Mai-Morente SP, Marset VM, Blanco F, Isasi EE, Abudara V. A nuclear fluorescent dye identifies pericytes at the neurovascular unit. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1377-1391. [PMID: 32974913 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular pericytes are key regulators of the blood-brain barrier, vascular development, and cerebral blood flow. Deciphering pericyte roles in health and disease requires cellular tracking; yet, pericyte identification remains challenging. A previous study reported that the far-red fluorophore TO-PRO-3 (642/661), usually employed as a nuclear dye in fixed tissue, was selectively captured by live pericytes from the subventricular zone. Herein, we validated TO-PRO-3 as a specific pericyte tracer in the nervous system (NS). Living pericytes from ex vivo murine hippocampus, cortex, spinal cord, and retina robustly incorporated TO-PRO-3. Classical pericyte immunomarkers such as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta antigen (PDGFrβ) and the new pericyte dye NeuroTrace 500/525 confirmed cellular specificity of dye uptake. The TO-PRO-3 signal enabled quantification of pericytes density and morphometry; likewise, TO-PRO-3 labeling allowed visualization of pericytes associated with other components of the neurovascular unit. A subset of TO-PRO-3 stained cells expressed the contractile protein α-SMA, indicative of their ability to control the capillary diameter. Uptake of TO-PRO-3 was independent of connexin/pannexin channels but was highly sensitive to temperature and showed saturation, suggesting that a yet unidentified protein-mediated active transport sustained dye incorporation. We conclude that TO-PRO-3 labeling provides a reliable and simple tool for the bioimaging of pericytes in the murine NS microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Mai-Morente
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Virginia M Marset
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Blanco
- Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eugenia E Isasi
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Abudara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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112
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Quelhas P, Baltazar G, Cairrao E. The Neurovascular Unit: Focus on the Regulation of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 16:502-515. [PMID: 31738142 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666191026122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit is a physiological unit present in the brain, which is constituted by elements of the nervous system (neurons and astrocytes) and the vascular system (endothelial and mural cells). This unit is responsible for the homeostasis and regulation of cerebral blood flow. There are two major types of mural cells in the brain, pericytes and smooth muscle cells. At the arterial level, smooth muscle cells are the main components that wrap around the outside of cerebral blood vessels and the major contributors to basal tone maintenance, blood pressure and blood flow distribution. They present several mechanisms by which they regulate both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of cerebral blood vessels and their regulation becomes even more important in situations of injury or pathology. In this review, we discuss the main regulatory mechanisms of brain smooth muscle cells and their contributions to the correct brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Quelhas
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Graça Baltazar
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
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113
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Kureli G, Yilmaz-Ozcan S, Erdener SE, Donmez-Demir B, Yemisci M, Karatas H, Dalkara T. F-actin polymerization contributes to pericyte contractility in retinal capillaries. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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114
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Full-field flicker evoked changes in parafoveal retinal blood flow. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16051. [PMID: 32994535 PMCID: PMC7524838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When retinal activity is increased by exposure to dynamic visual stimuli, blood vessels dilate and the flow of blood within vessels increases to meet the oxygen and glucose demands of the neurons. This relationship is termed ‘neurovascular coupling’ and it is critical for regulating control of the human retinal vasculature. In this study, we used a recently developed technique based on a dual-beam adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope to measure changes in red blood cell velocities, vessel diameter, and flow in interconnected small parafoveal retinal vessels (< 50 µm) of nine healthy participants. A full-field flicker stimulus was presented onto the retina to induce a vascular response to neural activity. Flicker stimulation increased blood velocity, vessel diameter, and therefore flow in arterioles, capillaries, and venules in all nine subjects. ANOVA and post hoc t-test showed significant increases in velocity and flow in arterioles and venules. These measurements indicate that the mechanism of neurovascular coupling systematically affects the vascular response in small retinal vessels in order to maintain hemodynamic regulation in the retina when exposed to visual stimulation, in our case flicker. Our findings may provide insight into future investigations on the impairments of neurovascular coupling from vascular diseases such as diabetic mellitus.
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115
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Poole DC, Pittman RN, Musch TI, Østergaard L. August Krogh's theory of muscle microvascular control and oxygen delivery: a paradigm shift based on new data. J Physiol 2020; 598:4473-4507. [PMID: 32918749 DOI: 10.1113/jp279223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
August Krogh twice won the prestigious international Steegen Prize, for nitrogen metabolism (1906) and overturning the concept of active transport of gases across the pulmonary epithelium (1910). Despite this, at the beginning of 1920, the consummate experimentalist was relatively unknown worldwide and even among his own University of Copenhagen faculty. But, in early 1919, he had submitted three papers to Dr Langley, then editor of The Journal of Physiology in England. These papers coalesced anatomical observations of skeletal muscle capillary numbers with O2 diffusion theory to propose a novel active role for capillaries that explained the prodigious increase in blood-muscle O2 flux from rest to exercise. Despite his own appraisal of the first two papers as "rather dull" to his friend, the eminent Cambridge respiratory physiologist, Joseph Barcroft, Krogh believed that the third one, dealing with O2 supply and capillary regulation, was"interesting". These papers, which won Krogh an unopposed Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1920, form the foundation for this review. They single-handedly transformed the role of capillaries from passive conduit and exchange vessels, functioning at the mercy of their upstream arterioles, into independent contractile units that were predominantly closed at rest and opened actively during muscle contractions in a process he termed 'capillary recruitment'. Herein we examine Krogh's findings and some of the experimental difficulties he faced. In particular, the boundary conditions selected for his model (e.g. heavily anaesthetized animals, negligible intramyocyte O2 partial pressure, binary open-closed capillary function) have not withstood the test of time. Subsequently, we update the reader with intervening discoveries that underpin our current understanding of muscle microcirculatory control and place a retrospectroscope on Krogh's discoveries. The perspective is presented that the imprimatur of the Nobel Prize, in this instance, may have led scientists to discount compelling evidence. Much as he and Marie Krogh demonstrated that active transport of gases across the blood-gas barrier was unnecessary in the lung, capillaries in skeletal muscle do not open and close spontaneously or actively, nor is this necessary to account for the increase in blood-muscle O2 flux during exercise. Thus, a contemporary model of capillary function features most muscle capillaries supporting blood flow at rest, and, rather than capillaries actively vasodilating from rest to exercise, increased blood-myocyte O2 flux occurs predominantly via elevating red blood cell and plasma flux in already flowing capillaries. Krogh is lauded for his brilliance as an experimentalist and for raising scientific questions that led to fertile avenues of investigation, including the study of microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Roland N Pittman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23298-0551, USA
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
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116
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Gunata M, Parlakpinar H. A review of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: Pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:190-217. [PMID: 32892450 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are known to be the most fatal diseases worldwide. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is at the centre of the pathology of the most common cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization estimates, ischaemic heart disease is the leading global cause of death, causing more than 9 million deaths in 2016. After cardiovascular events, thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery are applied as treatment. However, after restoring coronary blood flow, myocardial I/R injury may occur. It is known that this damage occurs due to many pathophysiological mechanisms, especially increasing reactive oxygen types. Besides causing cardiomyocyte death through multiple mechanisms, it may be an important reason for affecting other cell types such as platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and immune cells. Also, polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with myocardial I/R damage during reperfusion. This damage may be insufficient in patients with co-morbidity, as it is demonstrated that it can be prevented by various endogenous antioxidant systems. In this context, the resulting data suggest that optimal cardioprotection may require a combination of additional or synergistic multi-target treatments. In this review, we discussed the pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, treatment and its relationship with genetics in myocardial I/R injury. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This review summarized current information on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological therapy) for researchers and reveals guiding data for researchers, especially in the field of cardiovascular system and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gunata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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117
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Selective Regional Isolation of Brain Microvessels. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32789776 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The study of the regionalized function of the blood-brain barrier at the level of brain endothelial cells and pericytes is essential to understand the biological properties and molecular mechanisms regulating this biological barrier. The isolation of blood vessels from specific brain regions will allow to understand regional differences in susceptibility to pathological phenomena such as ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease. Here, we propose an efficient and fast method to isolate brain endothelial cells and pericytes from a specific cerebral region. The isolated brain endothelial cells and pericytes are viable to perform conventional molecular and histological techniques such as Western blots, immunocytofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy.
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118
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Alarcon-Martinez L, Villafranca-Baughman D, Quintero H, Kacerovsky JB, Dotigny F, Murai KK, Prat A, Drapeau P, Di Polo A. Interpericyte tunnelling nanotubes regulate neurovascular coupling. Nature 2020; 585:91-95. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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119
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Herland A, Maoz BM, FitzGerald EA, Grevesse T, Vidoudez C, Sheehy SP, Budnik N, Dauth S, Mannix R, Budnik B, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Proteomic and Metabolomic Characterization of Human Neurovascular Unit Cells in Response to Methamphetamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900230. [PMID: 32744807 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The functional state of the neurovascular unit (NVU), composed of the blood-brain barrier and the perivasculature that forms a dynamic interface between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), plays a central role in the control of brain homeostasis and is strongly affected by CNS drugs. Human primary brain microvascular endothelium, astrocyte, pericyte, and neural cell cultures are often used to study NVU barrier functions as well as drug transport and efficacy; however, the proteomic and metabolomic responses of these different cell types are not well characterized. Culturing each cell type separately, using deep coverage proteomic analysis and characterization of the secreted metabolome, as well as measurements of mitochondrial activity, the responses of these cells under baseline conditions and when exposed to the NVU-impairing stimulant methamphetamine (Meth) are analyzed. These studies define the previously unknown metabolic and proteomic profiles of human brain pericytes and lead to improved characterization of the phenotype of each of the NVU cell types as well as cell-specific metabolic and proteomic responses to Meth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden.,AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Engineering and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Edward A FitzGerald
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Grevesse
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Charles Vidoudez
- Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sean P Sheehy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nikita Budnik
- Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie Dauth
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Robert Mannix
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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120
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Jeske R, Albo J, Marzano M, Bejoy J, Li Y. Engineering Brain-Specific Pericytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:367-382. [PMID: 32571167 PMCID: PMC7462039 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs) are a type of perivascular cells that surround endothelial cells of small blood vessels. In the brain, PCs show heterogeneity depending on their position within the vasculature. As a result, PC interactions with surrounding endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neuron cells play a key role in a wide array of neurovascular functions such as regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, cerebral blood flow, and helping to facilitate the clearance of toxic cellular molecules. Therefore, a reliable method of engineering brain-specific PCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is critical in neurodegenerative disease modeling. This review summarizes brain-specific PC differentiation of hiPSCs through mesoderm and neural crest induction. Key signaling pathways (platelet-derived growth factor-B [PDGF-B], transforming growth factor [TGF]-β, and Notch signaling) regulating PC function, PC interactions with adjacent cells, and PC differentiation from hiPSCs are also discussed. Specifically, PDGF-BB-platelet-derived growth factor receptor β signaling promotes PC cell survival, TGF-β signal transduction facilitates PC attachment to endothelial cells, and Notch signaling is critical in vascular development and arterial-venous specification. Furthermore, current challenges facing the use of hiPSC-derived PCs are discussed, and their ongoing uses in neurodegenerative disease modeling are identified. Further investigations into PCs and surrounding cell interactions are needed to characterize the roles of brain PCs in various neurodegenerative disorders. Impact statement This article summarizes the work related to brain-specific pericytes (PCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In particular, key signaling pathways regulating PC function, PC interactions with adjacent cells, and PC differentiation from hPSCs were discussed. Furthermore, current challenges facing the use of hPSC-derived PCs were identified, and their ongoing uses in neurodegenerative disease modeling were discussed. The review highlights the important role of cell-cell interactions in blood-brain barrier (BBB) models and neurodegeneration. The summarized findings are significant for establishing pluripotent stem cell-based BBB models toward the applications in drug screening and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan Albo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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121
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Wang S, Lv W, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li L, Jefferson JR, Guo Y, Li M, Gao W, Fang X, Paul IA, Rajkowska G, Shaffery JP, Mosley TH, Hu X, Liu R, Wang Y, Yu H, Roman RJ, Fan F. Aging exacerbates impairments of cerebral blood flow autoregulation and cognition in diabetic rats. GeroScience 2020; 42:1387-1410. [PMID: 32696219 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading risk factor for aging-related dementia; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The present study, utilizing a non-obese T2DN diabetic model, demonstrates that the myogenic response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and parenchymal arteriole (PA) and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the surface and deep cortex were impaired at both young and old ages. The impaired CBF autoregulation was more severe in old than young DM rats, and in the deep than the surface cortex. The myogenic tone of the MCA was enhanced at perfusion pressure in the range of 40-100 mmHg in young DM rats but was reduced at 140-180 mmHg in old DM rats. No change of the myogenic tone of the PA was observed in young DM rats, whereas it was significantly reduced at 30-60 mmHg in old DM rats. Old DM rats had enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and neurodegeneration, reduced vascular density, tight junction, and pericyte coverage on cerebral capillaries in the CA3 region in the hippocampus. Additionally, DM rats displayed impaired functional hyperemia and spatial learning and short- and long-term memory at both young and old ages. Old DM rats had impaired non-spatial short-term memory. These results revealed that impaired CBF autoregulation and enhanced BBB leakage plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of age- and diabetes-related dementia. These findings will lay the foundations for the discovery of anti-diabetic therapies targeting restoring CBF autoregulation to prevent the onset and progression of dementia in elderly DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Wenshan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Longyang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Joshua R Jefferson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ian A Paul
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - James P Shaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.,Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xinlin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Ruen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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122
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Abstract
Purpose of review Pericytes are essential components of capillaries in many tissues and organs, contributing to vessel stability and integrity, with additional contributions to microvascular function still being discovered. We review current and foundational studies identifying pericyte differentiation mechanics and their roles in the earliest stages of vessel formation. Recent findings Recent advances in pericyte-focused tools and models have illuminated critical aspects of pericyte biology including their roles in vascular development.Pericytes likely collaborate with endothelial cells undergoing vasculogenesis, initiating direct interactions during sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis. Pericytes also provide important regulation of vascular growth including mechanisms underlying vessel pruning, rarefaction, and subsequent regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beth Payne
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Maruf Hoque
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Clifton Houk
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.,Previous Affiliations
| | - Jordan Darden
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Previous Affiliations
| | - John C Chappell
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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123
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Haselden WD, Kedarasetti RT, Drew PJ. Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008069. [PMID: 32716940 PMCID: PMC7410342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays an important role in neurovascular coupling. NO produced by neurons diffuses into the smooth muscle surrounding cerebral arterioles, driving vasodilation. However, the rate of NO degradation in hemoglobin is orders of magnitude higher than in brain tissue, though how this might impact NO signaling dynamics is not completely understood. We used simulations to investigate how the spatial and temporal patterns of NO generation and degradation impacted dilation of a penetrating arteriole in cortex. We found that the spatial location of NO production and the size of the vessel both played an important role in determining its responsiveness to NO. The much higher rate of NO degradation and scavenging of NO in the blood relative to the tissue drove emergent vascular dynamics. Large vasodilation events could be followed by post-stimulus constrictions driven by the increased degradation of NO by the blood, and vasomotion-like 0.1-0.3 Hz oscillations could also be generated. We found that these dynamics could be enhanced by elevation of free hemoglobin in the plasma, which occurs in diseases such as malaria and sickle cell anemia, or following blood transfusions. Finally, we show that changes in blood flow during hypoxia or hyperoxia could be explained by altered NO degradation in the parenchyma. Our simulations suggest that many common vascular dynamics may be emergent phenomena generated by NO degradation by the blood or parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davis Haselden
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ravi Teja Kedarasetti
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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124
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Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. The Neurovascular Unit in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:452. [PMID: 32656207 PMCID: PMC7325980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the visual system and leading cause of blindness worldwide. The disease is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP), which over a large range of magnitudes stresses retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons as they pass through the optic nerve head in forming the optic projection to the brain. Despite clinical efforts to lower IOP, which is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, RGC degeneration and ensuing loss of vision often persist. A major contributor to failure of hypotensive regimens is the multifactorial nature of how IOP-dependent stress influences RGC physiology and structure. This stress is conveyed to the RGC axon through interactions with structural, glial, and vascular components in the nerve head and retina. These interactions promote pro-degenerative pathways involving biomechanical, metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, immunological and vascular challenges to the microenvironment of the ganglion cell and its axon. Here, we focus on the contribution of vascular dysfunction and breakdown of neurovascular coupling in glaucoma. The vascular networks of the retina and optic nerve head have evolved complex mechanisms that help to maintain a continuous blood flow and supply of metabolites despite fluctuations in ocular perfusion pressure. In healthy tissue, autoregulation and neurovascular coupling enable blood flow to stay tightly controlled. In glaucoma patients evidence suggests these pathways are dysfunctional, thus highlighting a potential role for pathways involved in vascular dysfunction in progression and as targets for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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125
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Hasby Saad MA, El-Anwar N. Bevacizumab as a potential anti-angiogenic therapy in schistosomiasis: A double-edged, but adjustable weapon. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12724. [PMID: 32338371 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Investigating the anti-angiogenic effect of bevacizumab on chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in a trial to hinder the Schistosome-induced angiogenesis and porto-systemic shunting complications. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of CD34, VEGF-R1, PCNA and α-SMA (angiogenesis markers) was analysed in the lung, liver and gastrointestinal junctions of chronic S mansoni infected mice after intraperitoneal injection of bevacizumab. The effect of prolonged administration of bevacizumab with praziquantel was also assessed through parasitic load, protective index, granuloma and fibrous tissue evaluation. RESULTS A regression in the vascular activity and microvascular density was observed in the infected mice after receiving bevacizumab. They had a significantly less VEGF-R1, PCNA, CD-34 and α-SMA expression in comparison to the infected untreated mice. The least tissue egg count was reported in mice received bevacizumab for 6 weeks (Mean = 27 120). However, they had persistent liver granulomas, and massively amalgamated fibrosis. Interestingly, the least faecal egg and tissue worms counts (Mean = 112, 13.4), and the highest protection index (39.26) were reported in mice received bevacizumab for 3 weeks, with marked granuloma, and fibrous tissue resolution. CONCLUSIONS Bevacizumab has a promising protective effect against the Schistosoma-induced angiogenesis. As an adjuvant to praziquantel, it is important to adjust the appropriate duration of administration that achieves the best schistosomicidal effect without impeding granuloma and fibrous tissue resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Hasby Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Noha El-Anwar
- Department of Pathology, Tanta University, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
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Liktor-Busa E, Blawn KT, Kellohen KL, Wiese BM, Verkhovsky V, Wahl J, Vivek A, Palomino SM, Davis TP, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. Functional NHE1 expression is critical to blood brain barrier integrity and sumatriptan blood to brain uptake. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227463. [PMID: 32469979 PMCID: PMC7259629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity and dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis including fluctuations of pH occurs during cortical spreading depression (CSD) events associated with several neurological disorders, including migraine with aura, traumatic brain injury and stroke. NHE1 is the primary regulator of pH in the central nervous system. The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of sodium-hydrogen exchanger type 1 (NHE1) in blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity during CSD events and the contributions of this antiporter on xenobiotic uptake. Using immortalized cell lines, pharmacologic inhibition and genetic knockdown of NHE1 mitigated the paracellular uptake of radiolabeled sucrose implicating functional NHE1 in BBB maintenance. In contrast, loss of functional NHE1 in endothelial cells facilitated uptake of the anti-migraine therapeutic, sumatriptan. In female rats, cortical KCl but not aCSF selectively reduced total expression of NHE1 in cortex and PAG but increased expression in trigeminal ganglia; no changes were seen in trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Thus, in vitro observations may have a significance in vivo to increase brain sumatriptan levels. Pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 prior to cortical manipulations enhanced the efficacy of sumatriptan at early time-points but induced facial sensitivity alone. Overall, our results suggest that dysregulation of NHE1 contributes to breaches in BBB integrity, drug penetrance, and the behavioral sensitivity to the antimigraine agent, sumatriptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Liktor-Busa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kiera T. Blawn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Kellohen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Beth M. Wiese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Vani Verkhovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jared Wahl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anjali Vivek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Seph M. Palomino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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127
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Iendaltseva O, Orlova VV, Mummery CL, Danen EHJ, Schmidt T. Fibronectin Patches as Anchoring Points for Force Sensing and Transmission in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pericytes. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:1107-1122. [PMID: 32470326 PMCID: PMC7355144 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs) have been reported to contribute to the mechanoregulation of the capillary diameter and blood flow in health and disease. How this is realized remains poorly understood. We designed several models representing basement membrane (BM) in between PCs and endothelial cells (ECs). These models captured a unique protein organization with micron-sized FN patches surrounded by laminin (LM) and allowed to obtain quantitative information on PC morphology and contractility. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived PCs, we could address mechanical aspects of mid-capillary PC behavior in vitro. Our results showed that PCs strongly prefer FN patches over LM for adhesion formation, have an optimal stiffness for spreading in the range of EC rigidity, and react in a non-canonical way with increased traction forces and reduced spreading on other stiffness then the optimal. Our approach opens possibilities to further study PC force regulation under well-controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Iendaltseva
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333 CC, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333 CC, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333 CC, the Netherlands.
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128
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Zhai R, Xu H, Hu F, Wu J, Kong X, Sun X. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist regulates retinal capillary tone and restores microvascular patency after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3389-3402. [PMID: 32232832 PMCID: PMC7348095 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of exendin‐4, a GLP‐1 receptor agonist on retinal capillaries under normal and ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) conditions. Experimental Approach Capillary diameters in the whole‐mounted retina were directly observed using infrared differential interference contrast microscopy. A model of retinal I/R was established inraats,using high perfusion pressure in an anterior chamber. To assess the effects of exendin‐4, it was administered through subcutaneous injection, intravitreal injection, or eye drops. The underlying mechanism was explored by immunofluorescence, qPCR, and capillary western blots. Key Results Immunofluorescence staining showed that GLP‐1 receptors were expressed in endothelial cells of retinal capillaries. Exendin‐4 relaxed the capillaries precontracted by noradrenaline, an effect abolished by denuding endothelium with CHAPS and inhibited by GLP‐1 receptor antagonist exendin‐9‐39, endothelial NOS (eNOS) inhibitor l‐NAME, and the guanylate cyclase blocker ODQ but not by a COX inhibitor, indomethacin. Retinal capillaries were constricted in I/R injury, an effect reversed by perfusion of exendin‐4. Expression of PI3K and Akt, phosphorylation level of eNOS and NO production after I/R were lower than that in the normal control group. Administration of exendin‐4 improved the changes. Conclusion and Implications Exendin‐4 can restore injured microvascular patency in I/R. Exendin‐4 may regulate retinal capillaries through the GLP‐1 receptor‐PI3K/Akt‐eNOS/NO‐cGMP pathway. Therefore, exendin‐4 may be an effective treatment for improving tissue perfusion in I/R‐related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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129
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Reimann HM, Niendorf T. The (Un)Conscious Mouse as a Model for Human Brain Functions: Key Principles of Anesthesia and Their Impact on Translational Neuroimaging. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:8. [PMID: 32508601 PMCID: PMC7248373 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, technical and procedural advances have brought functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the field of murine neuroscience. Due to its unique capacity to measure functional activity non-invasively, across the entire brain, fMRI allows for the direct comparison of large-scale murine and human brain functions. This opens an avenue for bidirectional translational strategies to address fundamental questions ranging from neurological disorders to the nature of consciousness. The key challenges of murine fMRI are: (1) to generate and maintain functional brain states that approximate those of calm and relaxed human volunteers, while (2) preserving neurovascular coupling and physiological baseline conditions. Low-dose anesthetic protocols are commonly applied in murine functional brain studies to prevent stress and facilitate a calm and relaxed condition among animals. Yet, current mono-anesthesia has been shown to impair neural transmission and hemodynamic integrity. By linking the current state of murine electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging and fMRI of anesthetic effects to findings from human studies, this systematic review proposes general principles to design, apply and monitor anesthetic protocols in a more sophisticated way. The further development of balanced multimodal anesthesia, combining two or more drugs with complementary modes of action helps to shape and maintain specific brain states and relevant aspects of murine physiology. Functional connectivity and its dynamic repertoire as assessed by fMRI can be used to make inferences about cortical states and provide additional information about whole-brain functional dynamics. Based on this, a simple and comprehensive functional neurosignature pattern can be determined for use in defining brain states and anesthetic depth in rest and in response to stimuli. Such a signature can be evaluated and shared between labs to indicate the brain state of a mouse during experiments, an important step toward translating findings across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning M. Reimann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers (HZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers (HZ), Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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130
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review the recent developments on the effect of chronic high mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and supporting the notion that CBF autoregulation impairment has connection with chronic cerebral diseases. Method: A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted. Results: Our understanding of the connection between cerebral perfusion impairment and chronic high MAP and cerebral disease is rapidly evolving, from cerebral perfusion impairment being the result of cerebral diseases to being the cause of cerebral diseases. We now better understand the intertwined impact of hypertension and Alzheimer's disease (AD) on cerebrovascular sensory elements and recognize cerebrovascular elements that are more vulnerable to these diseases. Conclusion: We conclude with the suggestion that the sensory elements pathology plays important roles in intertwined mechanisms of chronic high MAP and AD that impact cerebral perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Yazdani
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA.,Biomedical Research, James A. Haley VA Medical Center , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA.,Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
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131
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Bahrami N, Childs SJ. Development of vascular regulation in the zebrafish embryo. Development 2020; 147:147/10/dev183061. [PMID: 32423977 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The thin endothelial wall of a newly formed vessel is under enormous stress at the onset of blood flow, rapidly acquiring support from mural cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells; vSMCs) during development. Mural cells then develop vasoactivity (contraction and relaxation) but we have little information as to when this first develops or the extent to which pericytes and vSMCs contribute. For the first time, we determine the dynamic developmental acquisition of vasoactivity in vivo in the cerebral vasculature of zebrafish. We show that pericyte-covered vessels constrict in response to α1-adrenergic receptor agonists and dilate in response to nitric oxide donors at 4 days postfertilization (dpf) but have heterogeneous responses later, at 6 dpf. In contrast, vSMC-covered vessels constrict at 6 dpf, and dilate at both stages. Using genetic ablation, we demonstrate that vascular constriction and dilation is an active response. Our data suggest that both pericyte- and vSMC-covered vessels regulate their diameter in early development, and that their relative contributions change over developmental time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Bahrami
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Childs
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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132
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Interactions between Amyloid-Β Proteins and Human Brain Pericytes: Implications for the Pathobiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051490. [PMID: 32429102 PMCID: PMC7290583 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia, especially among aging populations. Despite advances in AD research, the underlying cause and the discovery of disease-modifying treatments have remained elusive. Two key features of AD pathology are the aberrant deposition of amyloid beta (amyloid-β or Aβ) proteins in the brain parenchyma and Aβ toxicity in brain pericytes of the neurovascular unit/blood–brain barrier (NVU/BBB). This toxicity induces oxidative stress in pericytes and leads to capillary constriction. The interaction between pericytes and Aβ proteins results in the release of endothelin-1 in the pericytes. Endothelin-1 interacts with ETA receptors to cause pericyte contraction. This pericyte-mediated constriction of brain capillaries can cause chronic hypoperfusion of the brain microvasculature, subsequently leading to the neurodegeneration and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The interaction between Aβ proteins and brain pericytes is largely unknown and requires further investigation. This review provides an updated overview of the interaction between Aβ proteins with pericytes, one the most significant and often forgotten cellular components of the BBB and the inner blood–retinal barrier (IBRB). The IBRB has been shown to be a window into the central nervous system (CNS) that could allow the early diagnosis of AD pathology in the brain and the BBB using modern photonic imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-photon microscopy. In this review, I explore the regulation of Aβ proteins in the brain parenchyma, their role in AD pathobiology, and their association with pericyte function. This review discusses Aβ proteins and pericytes in the ocular compartment of AD patients as well as strategies to rescue or protect pericytes from the effects of Aβ proteins, or to replace them with healthy cells.
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133
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Yu X, Ji C, Shao A. Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:334. [PMID: 32410936 PMCID: PMC7201055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons, is the minimal functional unit of the brain. The NVU maintains integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and regulates supply of the cerebral blood flow (CBF), both of which are keys to maintaining normal brain function. BBB dysfunction and a decreased CBF are early pathophysiological changes in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we primarily focus on the NVU in AD as much research has been performed on the connection between NVU dysfunction and AD. We also discuss the role of NVU dysfunction in the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD and ALS. As most neurodegenerative diseases are difficult to treat, we discuss several potential drug targets that focus on the NVU that may inform novel vascular-targeted therapies for AD, PD, and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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134
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Nirenberg A, Steinman H, Dixon A. Melanoma extravascular migratory metastasis: an important underrecognized phenomenon. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e598-e599. [PMID: 32299126 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Nirenberg
- Australasian College of Cutaneous Oncology, Docklands, Australia
| | - H Steinman
- US Dermatology Partners, Dallas, USA.,Campbell University of School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, USA
| | - A Dixon
- Australasian College of Cutaneous Oncology, Docklands, Australia.,American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, Kirksville, USA
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135
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Uemura MT, Maki T, Ihara M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Brain Microvascular Pericytes in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:80. [PMID: 32317958 PMCID: PMC7171590 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are unique, multi-functional mural cells localized at the abluminal side of the perivascular space in microvessels. Originally discovered in 19th century, pericytes had drawn less attention until decades ago mainly due to lack of specific markers. Recently, however, a growing body of evidence has revealed that pericytes play various important roles: development and maintenance of blood–brain barrier (BBB), regulation of the neurovascular system (e.g., vascular stability, vessel formation, cerebral blood flow, etc.), trafficking of inflammatory cells, clearance of toxic waste products from the brain, and acquisition of stem cell-like properties. In the neurovascular unit, pericytes perform these functions through coordinated crosstalk with neighboring cells including endothelial, glial, and neuronal cells. Dysfunction of pericytes contribute to a wide variety of diseases that lead to cognitive impairments such as cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), acute stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and other neurological disorders. For instance, in SVDs, pericyte degeneration leads to microvessel instability and demyelination while in stroke, pericyte constriction after ischemia causes a no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries. In AD, which shares some common risk factors with vascular dementia, reduction in pericyte coverage and subsequent microvascular impairments are observed in association with white matter attenuation and contribute to impaired cognition. Pericyte loss causes BBB-breakdown, which stagnates amyloid β clearance and the leakage of neurotoxic molecules into the brain parenchyma. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of brain microvessel pericytes, and their roles in the central nervous system. Then, we focus on how dysfunctional pericytes contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment including cerebral ‘small vessel’ and ‘large vessel’ diseases, as well as AD. Finally, we discuss therapeutic implications for these disorders by targeting pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko T Uemura
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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136
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Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin-Positive Perivascular Cells in Diabetic Retina and Choroid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062158. [PMID: 32245120 PMCID: PMC7139401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural alterations of pericytes in microvessels are important features of diabetic retinopathy. Although capillary pericytes had been known not to have α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a recent study revealed that a specific fixation method enabled the visualization of αSMA along retinal capillaries. In this study, we applied snap-fixation in wild type and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice to evaluate the differences in vascular smooth muscle cells of the retina and the choroid. Mice eyeballs were fixed in ice-cold methanol to prevent the depolymerization of filamentous actin. Snap-fixated retina showed αSMA expression in higher-order branches along the capillaries as well as the arterioles and venules, which were not detected by paraformaldehyde fixation. In contrast, most choriocapillaris, except those close to the arterioles, were not covered with αSMA-positive perivascular mural cells. Large choroidal vessels were covered with more αSMA-positive cells in the snap-fixated eyes. Diabetes induced less coverage of αSMA-positive perivascular mural cells overall, but they reached higher-order branches of the retinal capillaries, which was prominent in the aged mice. More αSMA-positive pericytes were observed in the choroid of diabetic mice, but the αSMA-positive expression reduced with aging. This study suggests the potential role of smooth muscle cells in the pathogenesis of age-related diabetic retinopathy and choroidopathy.
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137
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Jackson WF. Introduction to ion channels and calcium signaling in the microcirculation. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 85:1-18. [PMID: 32402636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microcirculation is the network of feed arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules that supply and drain blood from every tissue and organ in the body. It is here that exchange of heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, water, cytokines, and immune cells takes place; essential functions necessary to maintenance of homeostasis throughout the life span. This chapter will outline the structure and function of each microvascular segment highlighting the critical roles played by ion channels in the microcirculation. Feed arteries upstream from the true microcirculation and arterioles within the microcirculation contribute to systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure control. They also control total blood flow to the downstream microcirculation with arterioles being responsible for distribution of blood flow within a tissue or organ dependent on the metabolic needs of the tissue. Terminal arterioles control blood flow and blood pressure to capillary units, the primary site of diffusional exchange between blood and tissues due to their large surface area. Venules collect blood from capillaries and are important sites for fluid exchange and immune cell trafficking. Ion channels in microvascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and pericytes importantly contribute to all of these functions through generation of intracellular Ca2+ and membrane potential signals in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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138
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Fresta CG, Fidilio A, Caruso G, Caraci F, Giblin FJ, Marco Leggio G, Salomone S, Drago F, Bucolo C. A New Human Blood-Retinal Barrier Model Based on Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1636. [PMID: 32121029 PMCID: PMC7084779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction represents one of the most significant changes occurring during diabetic retinopathy. We set up a high-reproducible human-based in vitro BRB model using retinal pericytes, retinal astrocytes, and retinal endothelial cells in order to replicate the human in vivo environment with the same numerical ratio and layer order. Our findings showed that high glucose exposure elicited BRB breakdown, enhanced permeability, and reduced the levels of junction proteins such as ZO-1 and VE-cadherin. Furthermore, an increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6) and oxidative stress-related enzymes (iNOS, Nox2) along with an increased production of reactive oxygen species were observed in our triple co-culture paradigm. Finally, we found an activation of immune response-regulating signaling pathways (Nrf2 and HO-1). In conclusion, the present model mimics the closest human in vivo milieu, providing a valuable tool to study the impact of high glucose in the retina and to develop novel molecules with potential effect on diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (G.M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (F.C.)
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
| | - Frank J. Giblin
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Gian Marco Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (G.M.L.); (S.S.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (G.M.L.); (S.S.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (G.M.L.); (S.S.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (G.M.L.); (S.S.)
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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139
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Torrente Y, Bella P, Tripodi L, Villa C, Farini A. Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor 2 across Muscle Homeostasis: Implications for Treating Muscular Dystrophy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020441. [PMID: 32075092 PMCID: PMC7072799 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) plays a major role in binding and regulating the circulating and tissue levels of the mitogenic peptide insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). IGF2/IGF2R interaction influences cell growth, survival, and migration in normal tissue development, and the deregulation of IGF2R expression has been associated with growth-related disease and cancer. IGF2R overexpression has been implicated in heart and muscle disease progression. Recent research findings suggest novel approaches to target IGF2R action. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the IGF2R structure and pathways related to muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Torrente
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0255033874 (Y.T.); +39-0255033852 (A.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Farini
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0255033874 (Y.T.); +39-0255033852 (A.F.)
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140
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Baum O, Bernd J, Becker S, Odriozola A, Zuber B, Tschanz SA, Zakrzewicz A, Egginton S, Berkholz J. Structural Microangiopathies in Skeletal Muscle Related to Systemic Vascular Pathologies in Humans. Front Physiol 2020; 11:28. [PMID: 32116748 PMCID: PMC7013089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how microangiopathic changes in skeletal muscle vary among systemic vascular pathologies. We therefore analyzed the capillary fine structure in skeletal muscle from patients with arterial hypertension (HYPT), diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) or intermittent claudication – peripheral arterial disease (IC/PAD). Tablet-based image analysis (TBIA) was carried out to largely re-evaluate 5,000 transmission electron micrographs of capillaries from 126 vastus lateralis biopsies of 75 individuals (HYPT, T2DM or IC/PAD patients as well as healthy individuals before and after endurance exercise training) used in previous morphometric studies, but assessed using stereological counting grids of different sizes. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) of mouse skeletal muscle was used for validation of the particular fine structural events observed in human biopsies. The peri-capillary basement membrane (BM) was 38.5 and 45.5% thicker (P < 0.05) in T2DM and IC/PAD patients than in the other groups. A 17.7–39.6% lower (P < 0.05) index for intraluminal endothelial cell (EC) surface enlargement by projections was exclusively found in T2DM patients by TBIA morphometry. The proportion of capillaries with disrupted BM between pericytes (PC) and EC was higher (P < 0.05) in HYPT (33.2%) and T2DM (38.7%) patients than in the control group. Empty EC-sockets were more frequent (P < 0.05) in the three patient groups (20.6% in HYPT, 27.1% in T2DM, 30.0% in IC/PAD) than in the healthy individuals. SBFSEM confirmed that EC-sockets may exhibit close proximity to the capillary lumen. Our comparative morphometric analysis demonstrated that structural arrangement of skeletal muscle capillaries is more affected in T2DM than in HYPT or IC/PAD, although some similar elements of remodeling were found. The increased frequency of empty EC-sockets in the three patient groups indicates that the PC-EC interaction is commonly disturbed in these systemic vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baum
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bernd
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel Becker
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Zakrzewicz
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Berkholz
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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141
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Abstract
Cerebral autoregulatory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is strongly linked to poor global outcome in patients at 6 months after injury. However, our understanding of the drivers of this dysfunction is limited. Genetic variation among individuals within a population gives rise to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have the potential to influence a given patient's cerebrovascular response to an injury. Associations have been reported between a variety of genetic polymorphisms and global outcome in patients with TBI, but few studies have explored the association between genetic variants and cerebrovascular function after injury. In this Review, we explore polymorphisms that might play an important part in cerebral autoregulatory capacity after TBI. We outline a variety of SNPs, their biological substrates and their potential role in mediating cerebrovascular reactivity. A number of candidate polymorphisms exist in genes that are involved in myogenic, endothelial, metabolic and neurogenic vascular responses to injury. Furthermore, polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammation, the central autonomic response and cortical spreading depression might drive cerebrovascular reactivity. Identification of candidate genes involved in cerebral autoregulation after TBI provides a platform and rationale for further prospective investigation of the link between genetic polymorphisms and autoregulatory function.
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142
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Li Y, Wu P, Bihl JC, Shi H. Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Molecular Targets in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1168-1179. [PMID: 31903882 PMCID: PMC7770641 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200106154203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke with significant morbidity and mortality. Aneurysmal bleeding causes elevated intracranial pressure, decreased cerebral blood flow, global cerebral ischemia, brain edema, blood component extravasation, and accumulation of breakdown products. These post-SAH injuries can disrupt the integrity and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and brain tissues are directly exposed to the neurotoxic blood contents and immune cells, which leads to secondary brain injuries including inflammation and oxidative stress, and other cascades. Though the exact mechanisms are not fully clarified, multiple interconnected and/or independent signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in BBB disruption after SAH. In addition, alleviation of BBB disruption through various pathways or chemicals has a neuroprotective effect on SAH. Hence, BBB permeability plays an important role in the pathological course and outcomes of SAH. This review discusses the recent understandings of the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in BBB disruption after SAH, emphasizing the dysfunction of tight junctions and endothelial cells in the development of BBB disruption. The emerging molecular targets, including toll-like receptor 4, netrin-1, lipocalin-2, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B, and receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4, are also summarized in detail. Finally, we discussed the emerging treatments for BBB disruption after SAH and put forward our perspectives on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji C. Bihl
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, USA; Tel: 011-01-9377755243; Fax: 011-01-9377757221; E-mail: and Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Tel: +86-15545107889; E-mail:
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, USA; Tel: 011-01-9377755243; Fax: 011-01-9377757221; E-mail: and Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Tel: +86-15545107889; E-mail:
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143
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Liu Q, Yang Y, Fan X. Microvascular pericytes in brain-associated vascular disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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144
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Yamazaki Y, Shinohara M, Yamazaki A, Ren Y, Asmann YW, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. ApoE (Apolipoprotein E) in Brain Pericytes Regulates Endothelial Function in an Isoform-Dependent Manner by Modulating Basement Membrane Components. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:128-144. [PMID: 31665905 PMCID: PMC7007705 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ε4 allele of the APOE gene (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease when compared with the common ε3 allele. Although there has been significant progress in understanding how apoE4 (apolipoprotein E4) drives amyloid pathology, its effects on amyloid-independent pathways, in particular cerebrovascular integrity and function, are less clear. Approach and Results: Here, we show that brain pericytes, the mural cells of the capillary walls, differentially modulate endothelial cell phenotype in an apoE isoform-dependent manner. Extracellular matrix protein induction, tube-like structure formation, and barrier formation were lower with endothelial cells cocultured with pericytes isolated from apoE4-targeted replacement (TR) mice compared with those from apoE3-TR mice. Importantly, aged apoE4-targeted replacement mice had decreased extracellular matrix protein expression and increased plasma protein leakages compared with apoE3-TR mice. CONCLUSIONS ApoE4 impairs pericyte-mediated basement membrane formation, potentially contributing to the cerebrovascular effects of apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | | | - Akari Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Yan W. Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
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145
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Caporarello N, D’Angeli F, Cambria MT, Candido S, Giallongo C, Salmeri M, Lombardo C, Longo A, Giurdanella G, Anfuso CD, Lupo G. Pericytes in Microvessels: From "Mural" Function to Brain and Retina Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246351. [PMID: 31861092 PMCID: PMC6940987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are branched cells located in the wall of capillary blood vessels that are found throughout the body, embedded within the microvascular basement membrane and wrapping endothelial cells, with which they establish a strong physical contact. Pericytes regulate angiogenesis, vessel stabilization, and contribute to the formation of both the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers by Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF) signaling pathways, regulating pericyte-endothelial cell communication. Human pericytes that have been cultured for a long period give rise to multilineage progenitor cells and exhibit mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) features. We focused our attention on the roles of pericytes in brain and ocular diseases. In particular, pericyte involvement in brain ischemia, brain tumors, diabetic retinopathy, and uveal melanoma is described. Several molecules, such as adenosine and nitric oxide, are responsible for pericyte shrinkage during ischemia-reperfusion. Anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGFβ, and MHC-II, which are increased in glioblastoma-activated pericytes, are responsible for tumor growth. As regards the eye, pericytes play a role not only in ocular vessel stabilization, but also as a stem cell niche that contributes to regenerative processes in diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, pericytes participate in melanoma cell extravasation and the genetic ablation of the PDGF receptor reduces the number of pericytes and aberrant tumor microvessel formation with important implications for therapy efficacy. Thanks to their MSC features, pericytes could be considered excellent candidates to promote nervous tissue repair and for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Saverio Candido
- Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Section of Haematology, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cinzia Lombardo
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Anna Longo
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (C.D.A.); Tel.: +39-095-4781158 (G.L.); +39-095-4781170 (C.D.A.)
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (C.D.A.); Tel.: +39-095-4781158 (G.L.); +39-095-4781170 (C.D.A.)
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146
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Lee S, Chung M, Lee SR, Jeon NL. 3D brain angiogenesis model to reconstitute functional human blood-brain barrier in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:748-762. [PMID: 31709508 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) vasculature expresses a distinctive barrier phenotype, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As the BBB contributes to low efficiency in CNS pharmacotherapy by restricting drug transport, the development of an in vitro human BBB model has been in demand. Here, we present a microfluidic model of CNS angiogenesis having three-dimensional (3D) lumenized vasculature in concert with perivascular cells. We confirmed the necessity of the angiogenic tri-culture system (brain endothelium in direct interaction with pericytes and astrocytes) to attain essential phenotypes of BBB vasculature, such as minimized vessel diameter and maximized junction expression. In addition, lower vascular permeability is achieved in the tri-culture condition compared to the monoculture condition. Notably, we focussed on reconstituting the functional efflux transporter system, including p-glycoprotein (p-gp), which is highly responsible for restrictive drug transport. By conducting the calcein-AM efflux assay on our 3D perfusable vasculature after treatment of efflux transporter inhibitors, we confirmed the higher efflux property and prominent effect of inhibitors in the tri-culture model. Taken together, we designed a 3D human BBB model with functional barrier properties based on a developmentally inspired CNS angiogenesis protocol. We expect the model to contribute to a deeper understanding of pathological CNS angiogenesis and the development of effective CNS medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhwan Chung
- Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ryeol Lee
- Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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147
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Beiersdorfer A, Wolburg H, Grawe J, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Lohr C. Sublamina-specific organization of the blood brain barrier in the mouse olfactory nerve layer. Glia 2019; 68:631-645. [PMID: 31696993 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes constitute the main glial component of the mammalian blood brain barrier (BBB). However, in the olfactory bulb (OB), the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) is almost devoid of astrocytes, raising the question which glial cells are part of the BBB. We used mice expressing EGFP in astrocytes and tdTomato in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells in the ONL, to unequivocally identify both glial cell types and investigate their contribution to the BBB in the olfactory bulb. OECs were located exclusively in the ONL, while somata of astrocytes were located in deeper layers and extended processes in the inner sublamina of the ONL. These processes surrounded blood vessels and contained aquaporin-4, an astrocytic protein enriched at the BBB. In the outer sublamina of the ONL, in contrast, blood vessels were surrounded by aquaporin-4-negative processes of OECs. Transcardial perfusion of blood vessels with lanthanum and subsequent visualization by electron microscopy showed that blood vessels enwrapped by OECs possessed intact tight junctions. In acute olfactory bulb preparations, injection of fluorescent glucose 6-NBDG into blood vessels resulted in labeling of OECs, indicating glucose transport from the perivascular space into OECs. In addition, Ca2+ transients in OECs in the outer sublamina evoked vasoconstriction, whereas Ca2+ signaling in OECs of the inner sublamina had no effect on adjacent blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that the BBB in the inner sublamina of the ONL contains astrocytes, while in the outer ONL OECs are part of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Grawe
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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148
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Bedggood P, Metha A. Imaging relative stasis of the blood column in human retinal capillaries. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6009-6028. [PMID: 31799061 PMCID: PMC6865114 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Capillary flow largely consists of alternating red cells and plasma whose speed oscillates predictably with the cardiac cycle. Superimposed on this regular background are sporadic events potentially disruptive to capillary exchange: the passage of white cells, aggregates of red cells, epochs of sparse haematocrit, or unusually slow flow. Such events are not readily differentiated with velocimetry or perfusion mapping. Here we propose a method to identify these phenomena in retinal capillaries imaged with high frame-rate adaptive optics, by calculating and representing pictorially the autocorrelation of intensity through time at each pixel during short epochs. The phenomena described above manifest as bright regions which transiently appear and propagate across an otherwise dark image. Drawing data from normal subjects and those with Type I diabetes, we demonstrate proof of concept and high sensitivity and specificity of this metric to variations in capillary contents and rate of flow in health and disease. The proposed metric offers a useful adjunct to velocimetry and perfusion mapping in the study of normal and abnormal capillary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Bedggood
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Metha
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia
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149
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Ghosh MK, Chakraborty D, Sarkar S, Bhowmik A, Basu M. The interrelationship between cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma: a comprehensive study of recent reports. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:42. [PMID: 31637020 PMCID: PMC6799849 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma and cerebral ischemic stroke are two major events that lead to patient death worldwide. Although these conditions have different physiological incidences, ~10% of ischemic stroke patients develop cerebral cancer, especially glioma, in the postischemic stages. Additionally, the high proliferation, venous thrombosis and hypercoagulability of the glioma mass increase the significant risk of thromboembolism, including ischemic stroke. Surprisingly, these events share several common pathways, viz. hypoxia, cerebral inflammation, angiogenesis, etc., but the proper mechanism behind this co-occurrence has yet to be discovered. The hypercoagulability and presence of the D-dimer level in stroke are different in cancer patients than in the noncancerous population. Other factors such as atherosclerosis and coagulopathy involved in the pathogenesis of stroke are partially responsible for cancer, and the reverse is also partially true. Based on clinical and neurosurgical experience, the neuronal structures and functions in the brain and spine are observed to change after a progressive attack of ischemia that leads to hypoxia and atrophy. The major population of cancer cells cannot survive in an adverse ischemic environment that excludes cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cancer cells in stroke patients have already metastasized, but early-stage cancer patients also suffer stroke for multiple reasons. Therefore, stroke is an early manifestation of cancer. Stroke and cancer share many factors that result in an increased risk of stroke in cancer patients, and vice-versa. The intricate mechanisms for stroke with and without cancer are different. This review summarizes the current clinical reports, pathophysiology, probable causes of co-occurrence, prognoses, and treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Dipankar Chakraborty
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Sibani Sarkar
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026 India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24, Paraganas, 743372 India
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Szaraz P, Mander P, Gasner N, Librach M, Iqbal F, Librach C. Glucose withdrawal induces Endothelin 1 release with significant angiogenic effect from first trimester (FTM), but not term human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC). Angiogenesis 2019; 23:131-144. [PMID: 31576475 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perivascular cells (PVC) and their "progeny," mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have high therapeutic potential for ischemic diseases. While hypoxia can increase their angiogenic properties, the other aspect of ischemic conditions-glucose shortage-is deleterious for MSC and limits their therapeutic applicability. Regenerative cells in developing vascular tissues, however, can adapt to varying glucose environment and react in a tissue-protective manner. Placental development and fetal insulin production generate different glucose fluxes in early and late extraembryonic tissues. We hypothesized that FTM HUCPVC, which are isolated from a developing vascular tissue with varying glucose availability react to low-glucose conditions in a pro-angiogenic manner in vitro. METHODS Xeno-free (Human Platelet Lysate 2.5%) expanded FTM (n = 3) and term (n = 3) HUCPVC lines were cultured in low (2 mM) and regular (4 mM) glucose conditions. After 72 h, the expression (Next Generation Sequencing) and secretion (Proteome Profiler) of angiogenic factors and the functional angiogenic effect (rat aortic ring assay and Matrigel™ plug) of the conditioned media were quantified and statistically compared between all cultures. RESULTS Low-glucose conditions had a significant post-transcriptional inductive effect on FTM HUCPVC angiogenic factor secretion, resulting in significantly higher VEGFc and Endothelin 1 release in 3 days compared to term counterparts. Conditioned media from low-glucose FTM HUCPVC cultures had a significantly higher endothelial network enhancing effect compared to all other experimental groups both in vitro aortic ring assay and in subcutan Matrigel™ plugs. Endothelin 1 depletion of the low-glucose FTM HUCPVC conditioned media significantly diminished its angiogenic effect CONCLUSIONS: FTM HUCPVC isolated from an early extraembryonic tissue show significant pro-angiogenic paracrine reaction in low-glucose conditions at least in part through the excess release of Endothelin 1. This can be a substantial advantage in cell therapy applications for ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szaraz
- Research Department, Create Program Inc., Suite 412, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada.
| | - Poonam Mander
- Research Department, Create Program Inc., Suite 412, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Nadav Gasner
- Research Department, Create Program Inc., Suite 412, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Max Librach
- Research Department, Create Program Inc., Suite 412, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Farwah Iqbal
- Department Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clifford Librach
- Research Department, Create Program Inc., Suite 412, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N8, Canada.,Department Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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