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Grace-Farfaglia P, Frazier H, Iversen MD. Essential Factors for a Healthy Microbiome: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8361. [PMID: 35886216 PMCID: PMC9315476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of the purpose and potential of microbial interactions with humans have broad implications for our understanding of metabolism, immunity, the host−microbe genetic interactions. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of phytonutrients in foods not only enrich microbial diversity in the lower human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) but also direct the functioning of the metagenome of the microbiota. Thus, healthy choices must include foods that contain nutrients that satisfy both the needs of humans and their microbes. Physical activity interventions at a moderate level of intensity have shown positive effects on metabolism and the microbiome, while intense training (>70% VO2max) reduces diversity in the short term. The microbiome of elite endurance athletes is a robust producer of short-chain fatty acids. A lifestyle lacking activity is associated with the development of chronic disease, and experimental conditions simulating weightlessness in humans demonstrate loss of muscle mass occurring in conjunction with a decline in gut short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and the microbes that produce them. This review summarizes evidence addressing the relationship between the intestinal microbiome, diet, and physical activity. Data from the studies reviewed suggest that food choices and physical fitness in developed countries promote a resource “curse” dilemma for the microbiome and our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Grace-Farfaglia
- Health Sciences, College of Health Professions, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Heather Frazier
- Department of Nutrition, School of Mathematics, Science and Engineering, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA;
| | - Maura Daly Iversen
- Public Health and Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, College of Health Professions, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA;
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102
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Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:216. [PMID: 35794109 PMCID: PMC9259665 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is a key peptide hormone and mediates the systemic glucose metabolism in different tissues. Insulin resistance (IR) is a disordered biological response for insulin stimulation through the disruption of different molecular pathways in target tissues. Acquired conditions and genetic factors have been implicated in IR. Recent genetic and biochemical studies suggest that the dysregulated metabolic mediators released by adipose tissue including adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, excess lipids and toxic lipid metabolites promote IR in other tissues. IR is associated with several groups of abnormal syndromes that include obesity, diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and other abnormalities. Although no medication is specifically approved to treat IR, we summarized the lifestyle changes and pharmacological medications that have been used as efficient intervention to improve insulin sensitivity. Ultimately, the systematic discussion of complex mechanism will help to identify potential new targets and treat the closely associated metabolic syndrome of IR.
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103
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Yin H, Huang J, Hu M. Moderate-Intensity Exercise Improves Endothelial Function by Altering Gut Microbiome Composition in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. J NIPPON MED SCH 2022; 89:316-327. [PMID: 35768269 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2022_89-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity changes gut microbial ecology and is related to endothelial dysfunction. Although the correlation between gut microbial ecology and endothelial dysfunction has been studied in obese persons, the underlying mechanisms by which exercise enhances endothelial function in this group remain unclear. This study investigated whether exercise improves endothelial function and alters gut microbiome composition in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Obesity was induced by an HFD for 11 weeks. Whole-body composition and endothelium-dependent relaxation of mesenteric arteries were measured. Blood biochemical tests were performed, and gut microbiomes were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq platform. RESULTS Exercise training for 8 weeks improved body composition in HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, compared with the untrained/HFD group, aerobic exercise significantly increased acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric arteries (P < 0.05) and circulating vascular endothelial growth factor levels (P < 0.01) and decreased circulating C-reactive protein levels (P < 0.05). In addition, exercise and HFD resulted in alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome; exercise reduced the relative abundance of Clostridiales and Romboutsia. Moreover, 12 species of bacteria, including Romboutsia, were significantly associated with parameters of endothelial function in the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aerobic exercise enhances endothelial function in HFD-fed rats by altering the composition of the gut microbiota. These findings provide new insights on the application of physical exercise for improving endothelial function in obese persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Yin
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University
| | - Min Hu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport.,Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University
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104
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Assis V, de Sousa Neto IV, Ribeiro FM, de Cassia Marqueti R, Franco OL, da Silva Aguiar S, Petriz B. The Emerging Role of the Aging Process and Exercise Training on the Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Telomere Length. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137810. [PMID: 35805470 PMCID: PMC9266215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process of organism deterioration, which possibly impairs multiple physiological functions. These harmful effects are linked to an accumulation of somatic mutations, oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, protein damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is known that these factors are capable of inducing telomere shortening, as well as intestinal dysbiosis. Otherwise, among the biological mechanisms triggered by physical exercise, the attenuation of pro-inflammatory mediators accompanied by redox state improvement can be the main mediators for microbiota homeostasis and telomere wear prevention. Thus, this review highlights how oxidative stress, inflammation, telomere attrition, and gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis are interconnected. Above all, we provide a logical foundation for unraveling the role of physical exercise in this process. Based on the studies summarized in this article, exercise training can increase the biodiversity of beneficial microbial species, decrease low-grade inflammation and improve oxidative metabolism, these factors together possibly reduce telomeric shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victória Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.V.d.S.N.); (R.d.C.M.)
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.V.d.S.N.); (R.d.C.M.)
| | - Filipe M. Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education–Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis Center, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil; (O.L.F.); (B.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology–Physical Education Department, University Center–UDF, Brasília 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.V.d.S.N.); (R.d.C.M.)
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis Center, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil; (O.L.F.); (B.P.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology–Physical Education Department, University Center–UDF, Brasília 70297-400, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education–Federal University of Mato Grosso–UFMT, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-61-99425-5260
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis Center, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil; (O.L.F.); (B.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology–Physical Education Department, University Center–UDF, Brasília 70297-400, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences–University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil
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105
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Diet Is a Stronger Covariate than Exercise in Determining Gut Microbial Richness and Diversity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122507. [PMID: 35745235 PMCID: PMC9229834 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common metabolic disorder caused by a sedentary lifestyle, and a high-fat and a high-glucose diet in the form of fast foods. High-fat diet-induced obesity is a major cause of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, whereas exercise and physical activity can ameliorate these disorders. Moreover, exercise and the gut microbiota are known to be interconnected, since exercise can increase the gut microbial diversity and contribute to the beneficial health effects. In this context, we analyzed the effect of diet and exercise on the gut microbiota of mice, by next-generation sequencing of the bacterial V4 region of 16S rRNA. Briefly, mice were divided into four groups: chow-diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet + exercise (HFX), and exercise-only (EX). The mice underwent treadmill exercise and diet intervention for 8 weeks, followed by the collection of their feces and DNA extraction for sequencing. The data were analyzed using the QIIME 2 bioinformatics platform and R software to assess their gut microbial composition, richness, and diversity. The Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio was found to be decreased manifold in the HFD and HFX groups compared to the CD and EX groups. The gut microbial richness was comparatively lower in the HFD and HFX groups and higher in the CD and EX groups (ACE, Chao1, and observed OTUs). However, the Shannon alpha diversity index was higher in the HFD and HFX groups than in the CD and EX groups. The beta diversity based on Jaccard, Bray-Curtis, and weighted UniFrac distance metrics was significant among the groups, as measured by PERMANOVA. Paraprevotella, Desulfovibrio, and Lactococcus were the differentially abundant/present genera based on the intervention groups and in addition to these three bacteria, Butyricimonas and Desulfovibrio C21c20 were differentially abundant/present based on diet. Hence, diet significantly contributed to the majority of the changes in the gut microbiota.
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106
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Sanborn V, Aljumaah M, Azcarate-Peril MA, Gunstad J. Examining the cognitive benefits of probiotic supplementation in physically active older adults: A randomized clinical trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:871-882. [PMID: 35617704 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia is projected to increase with the growing older adult population and prevention strategies are urgently needed. Two promising interventions include physical activity (PA) and probiotic supplementation, with initial findings suggesting their combined use may confer greater cognitive benefits than either intervention alone. However, no study has yet examined the effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function in healthy, physically active older adults. The present study used archival data from a randomized clinical trial including 127 physically active, middle-aged to older adults (avg age 64.3 years) with self-reported PA levels meeting or exceeding recommendations to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; L.GG) on cognitive outcomes. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed no significant changes in cognitive performance from baseline to follow up as an effect of L.GG consumption. These results suggest that probiotic supplementation may not improve cognitive function in persons already engaged in high levels of PA. Future research should include prospective studies to determine whether long-term use of probiotic supplementation may help prevent cognitive decline. Novelty: • Initial research shows promising cognitive benefits of combined physical activity and probiotics consumption. • L.GG did not lead to acute cognitive improvements for older adults already meeting physical activity guidelines. • Prospective studies examining prevention of cognitive decline with probiotics in healthy and clinical samples are much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanborn
- Kent State University, 4229, Psychological Sciences, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, Ohio, United States, 44242;
| | - Mashael Aljumaah
- University of North Carolina System, 2332, Department of Medicine, and UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.,North Carolina State University at Raleigh, 6798, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States;
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 6797, Department of Medicine, and UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States;
| | - John Gunstad
- Kent State University College of Arts and Sciences, 142731, Psychological Sciences; Brain Health Research Institute, Kent, Ohio, United States;
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107
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Wegierska AE, Charitos IA, Topi S, Potenza MA, Montagnani M, Santacroce L. The Connection Between Physical Exercise and Gut Microbiota: Implications for Competitive Sports Athletes. Sports Med 2022; 52:2355-2369. [PMID: 35596883 PMCID: PMC9474385 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota refers to those microorganisms in the human digestive tract that display activities fundamental in human life. With at least 4 million different bacterial types, the gut microbiota is composed of bacteria that are present at levels sixfold greater than the total number of cells in the entire human body. Among its multiple functions, the microbiota helps promote the bioavailability of some nutrients and the metabolization of food, and protects the intestinal mucosa from the aggression of pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, by stimulating the production of intestinal mediators able to reach the central nervous system (gut/brain axis), the gut microbiota participates in the modulation of human moods and behaviors. Several endogenous and exogenous factors can cause dysbiosis with important consequences on the composition and functions of the microbiota. Recent research underlines the importance of appropriate physical activity (such as sports), nutrition, and a healthy lifestyle to ensure the presence of a functional physiological microbiota working to maintain the health of the whole human organism. Indeed, in addition to bowel disturbances, variations in the qualitative and quantitative microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract might have systemic negative effects. Here, we review recent studies on the effects of physical activity on gut microbiota with the aim of identifying potential mechanisms by which exercise could affect gut microbiota composition and function. Whether physical exercise of variable work intensity might reflect changes in intestinal health is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Elzbieta Wegierska
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.,Italian Athletics Federation (FIDAL), Rome, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Emergency/Urgent Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan "A. Xhuvani", Elbasan, Albania
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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108
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Dong J, Ping L, Zhang K, Tang H, Liu J, Liu D, Zhao L, Evivie SE, Li B, Huo G. Immunomodulatory effects of mixed Lactobacillus plantarum on lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:4914-4929. [PMID: 35395665 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is the largest digestive and immune organ in the human body, with an intact intestinal mucosal barrier. Lactobacillus plantarum is an important strain of probiotics in the intestine for boosting intestinal immunity to defend against intestinal injury. In the lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury model, mixed L. plantarum (L. plantarum KLDS 1.0318, L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344, and L. plantarum KLDS 1.0386) was suggested to boost intestinal immunity. In detail, compared with LPS-induced mice, mice in the mixed L. plantarum group showed significantly reduced intestine (jejunum, ileum, and colon) tissue injury, pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12) levels, myeloperoxidase activities, and serum D-lactate (P < 0.05) content. Moreover, the mixed L. plantarum significantly increased the number of immunocytes (CD4+ T cells, IgA plasma cells) and the expression of tight junction proteins (Claudin1 and Occludin). The results also showed that the mixed L. plantarum significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) the intestinal protein expression of TLR4, p-IκB, and NF-κB p65. The mixed L. plantarum group increased the relative abundance of the genera, including Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, and Desulfovibrio, which are related to improving the levels of SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid) and total bile acid (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicated that the mixed L. plantarum had great functionality in reducing LPS-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Dong
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Lijun Ping
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Kangyong Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hongwei Tang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Deyu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria
| | - Bailiang Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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109
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Calcaterra V, Zuccotti G. Physical Exercise as a Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Attenuating Obesity-Related Complications in Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5046. [PMID: 35564441 PMCID: PMC9100328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the most prevalent nutrition-related disorder among the pediatric population [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
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110
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Huang L, Li T, Zhou M, Deng M, Zhang L, Yi L, Zhu J, Zhu X, Mi M. Hypoxia Improves Endurance Performance by Enhancing Short Chain Fatty Acids Production via Gut Microbiota Remodeling. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:820691. [PMID: 35197946 PMCID: PMC8859164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.820691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia environment has been widely used to promote exercise capacity. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be further elucidated. In this study, mice were exposed to the normoxia environment (21% O2) or hypoxia environment (16.4% O2) for 4 weeks. Hypoxia-induced gut microbiota remodeling characterized by the increased abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroidetes genera, and their related short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. It was observed that hypoxia markedly improved endurance by significantly prolonging the exhaustive running time, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, and ameliorating exercise fatigue biochemical parameters, including urea nitrogen, creatine kinase, and lactic acid, which were correlated with the concentrations of SCFAs. Additionally, the antibiotics experiment partially inhibited hypoxia-induced mitochondrial synthesis. The microbiota transplantation experiment demonstrated that the enhancement of endurance capacity induced by hypoxia was transferable, indicating that the beneficial effects of hypoxia on exercise performance were partly dependent on the gut microbiota. We further identified that acetate and butyrate, but not propionate, stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and promoted endurance performance. Our results suggested that hypoxia exposure promoted endurance capacity partially by the increased production of SCFAs derived from gut microbiota remodeling.
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111
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Sellami M, Elrayess MA, Puce L, Bragazzi NL. Molecular Big Data in Sports Sciences: State-of-Art and Future Prospects of OMICS-Based Sports Sciences. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:815410. [PMID: 35087871 PMCID: PMC8787195 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.815410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with environment and experience (that is to say, diet and training), the biological and genetic make-up of an athlete plays a major role in exercise physiology. Sports genomics has shown, indeed, that some DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be associated with athlete performance and level (such as elite/world-class athletic status), having an impact on physical activity behavior, endurance, strength, power, speed, flexibility, energetic expenditure, neuromuscular coordination, metabolic and cardio-respiratory fitness, among others, as well as with psychological traits. Athletic phenotype is complex and depends on the combination of different traits and characteristics: as such, it requires a “complex science,” like that of metadata and multi-OMICS profiles. Several projects and trials (like ELITE, GAMES, Gene SMART, GENESIS, and POWERGENE) are aimed at discovering genomics-based biomarkers with an adequate predictive power. Sports genomics could enable to optimize and maximize physical performance, as well as it could predict the risk of sports-related injuries. Exercise has a profound impact on proteome too. Proteomics can assess both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view the modifications induced by training. Recently, scholars have assessed the epigenetics changes in athletes. Summarizing, the different omics specialties seem to converge in a unique approach, termed sportomics or athlomics and defined as a “holistic and top-down,” “non-hypothesis-driven research on an individual’s metabolite changes during sports and exercise” (the Athlome Project Consortium and the Santorini Declaration) Not only sportomics includes metabonomics/metabolomics, but relying on the athlete’s biological passport or profile, it would enable the systematic study of sports-induced changes and effects at any level (genome, transcriptome, proteome, etc.). However, the wealth of data is so huge and massive and heterogenous that new computational algorithms and protocols are needed, more computational power is required as well as new strategies for properly and effectively combining and integrating data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A. Elrayess
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,
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112
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The Athlete Gut Microbiome and its Relevance to Health and Performance: A Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:119-128. [PMID: 36396898 PMCID: PMC9734205 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that play an important role in human health, influencing functions such as vitamin uptake, digestion and immunomodulation. While research of the gut microbiome has expanded considerably over the past decade, some areas such as the relationship between exercise and the microbiome remain relatively under investigated. Despite this, multiple studies have shown a potential bidirectional relationship between exercise and the gut microbiome, with some studies demonstrating the possibility of influencing this relationship. This, in turn, could provide a useful route to influence athletic performance via microbiome manipulation, a valuable prospect for many elite athletes and their teams. The evidence supporting the potential benefits of pursuing this route and associated future perspectives are discussed in this review.
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113
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Donati Zeppa S, Amatori S, Sisti D, Gervasi M, Agostini D, Piccoli G, Pazienza V, Gobbi P, Rocchi MBL, Sestili P, Stocchi V. Nine weeks of high-intensity indoor cycling training induced changes in the microbiota composition in non-athlete healthy male college students. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:74. [PMID: 34922581 PMCID: PMC8684107 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota constitutes a dynamic microbial system constantly challenged by environmental conditions, including physical exercise. Limited human studies suggest that exercise could play a beneficial role for gut health, increasing microbial diversity, even if the effects of exercise on gut microbial microorganisms depends on its intensity and duration. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nine weeks of high-intensity interval exercise on gut microbiota composition in healthy young adults. Methods The gut microbiota composition of seventeen healthy male college students was analysed before and after nine weeks of high-intensity interval cycling training by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. PERMANOVA for repeated measures was used to test pre-post differences in the relative abundance of all taxonomic levels, and correlations between variations in microbial composition and physical and dietary features were also assessed. Results Physical exercise induced changes in microbiota composition, at all taxonomic levels analysed (phyla: F [1, 32]=3.97, p=0.029; classes: F [1, 32]=3.39, p=0.033, orders: F [1, 32]=3.17, p=0.044, families: F [1, 32]=1.54, p=0.037, genera: F [1, 32]=1.46, p=0.015, species: F [1, 32]=1.38, p=0.007). Conversely, no differences were found between pre and post-training conditions for microbial community richness (Chao1: V=105, p=0.06) or diversity (Shannon index: V=62, p=0.52; Simpson index: V=59, p=0.43). Changes in the relative abundance of eighteen genera were correlated to changes of twenty environmental factors grouped in physical features, sport-related features, and dietary features. Conclusions Nine weeks of high-intensity exercise induced modifications in gut microbiota composition in healthy male college students, shifting the gut microbial population towards a healthier microbiome with benefit to human health in general. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00471-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Deborah Agostini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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Houttu V, Boulund U, Nicolaou M, Holleboom AG, Grefhorst A, Galenkamp H, van den Born BJ, Zwinderman K, Nieuwdorp M. Physical Activity and Dietary Composition Relate to Differences in Gut Microbial Patterns in a Multi-Ethnic Cohort-The HELIUS Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120858. [PMID: 34940616 PMCID: PMC8707449 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) at recommended levels contributes to the prevention of non-communicable diseases, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (asCVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since the composition of the gut microbiota is strongly intertwined with dietary intake, the specific effect of exercise on the gut microbiota is not known. Moreover, multiple other factors, such as ethnicity, influence the composition of the gut microbiota, and this may be derived by distinct diet as well as PA patterns. Here we aim to untangle the associations between PA and the gut microbiota in a sample (n = 1334) from the Healthy Life In an Urban Setting (HELIUS) multi-ethnic cohort. The associations of different food groups and gut microbiota were also analyzed. PA was monitored using subjective (n = 1309) and objective (n = 162) methods, and dietary intake was assessed with ethnic-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The gut microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the functional composition was generated with the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt2). Associations were assessed using multivariable and machine learning models. In this cohort, a distinct gut microbiota composition was associated with meeting the Dutch PA norm as well as with dietary intake, e.g., grains. PA related parameters such as muscle strength and calf circumference correlated with gut microbiota diversity. Furthermore, gut microbial functionality differed between active and sedentary groups. Differential representation of ethnicities in active and sedentary groups in both monitor methods hampered the detection of ethnic-specific effects. In conclusion, both PA and dietary intake were associated with gut microbiota composition in our multi-ethnic cohort. Future studies should further elucidate the role of ethnicity and diet in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Houttu
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.H.); (U.B.); (A.G.H.); (A.G.); (B.-J.v.d.B.)
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrika Boulund
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.H.); (U.B.); (A.G.H.); (A.G.); (B.-J.v.d.B.)
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Nicolaou
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.); (H.G.)
| | - Adriaan Georgius Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.H.); (U.B.); (A.G.H.); (A.G.); (B.-J.v.d.B.)
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.H.); (U.B.); (A.G.H.); (A.G.); (B.-J.v.d.B.)
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Galenkamp
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.); (H.G.)
| | - Bert-Jan van den Born
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.H.); (U.B.); (A.G.H.); (A.G.); (B.-J.v.d.B.)
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.); (H.G.)
| | - Koos Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.H.); (U.B.); (A.G.H.); (A.G.); (B.-J.v.d.B.)
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)20-5665-737
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Prokopidis K, Chambers E, Ni Lochlainn M, Witard OC. Mechanisms Linking the Gut-Muscle Axis With Muscle Protein Metabolism and Anabolic Resistance: Implications for Older Adults at Risk of Sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2021; 12:770455. [PMID: 34764887 PMCID: PMC8576575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function-termed sarcopenia-as mediated, in part, by muscle anabolic resistance. This metabolic phenomenon describes the impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to the provision of dietary amino acids and practice of resistance-based exercise. Recent observations highlight the gut-muscle axis as a physiological target for combatting anabolic resistance and reducing risk of sarcopenia. Experimental studies, primarily conducted in animal models of aging, suggest a mechanistic link between the gut microbiota and muscle atrophy, mediated via the modulation of systemic amino acid availability and low-grade inflammation that are both physiological factors known to underpin anabolic resistance. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate the action of specific gut bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) to increase systemic amino acid availability and elicit an anti-inflammatory response in the intestinal lumen. Prospective lifestyle approaches that target the gut-muscle axis have recently been examined in the context of mitigating sarcopenia risk. These approaches include increasing dietary fiber intake that promotes the growth and development of gut bacteria, thus enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Prebiotic/probiotic/symbiotic supplementation also generates SCFA and may mitigate low-grade inflammation in older adults via modulation of the gut microbiota. Preliminary evidence also highlights the role of exercise in increasing the production of SCFA. Accordingly, lifestyle approaches that combine diets rich in fiber and probiotic supplementation with exercise training may serve to produce SCFA and increase microbial diversity, and thus may target the gut-muscle axis in mitigating anabolic resistance in older adults. Future mechanistic studies are warranted to establish the direct physiological action of distinct gut microbiota phenotypes on amino acid utilization and the postprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Chambers
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ni Lochlainn
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver C. Witard
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Alagiakrishnan K, Halverson T. Microbial Therapeutics in Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Disorders. J Clin Med Res 2021; 13:439-459. [PMID: 34691318 PMCID: PMC8510649 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial therapeutics, which include gut biotics and fecal transplantation, are interventions designed to improve the gut microbiome. Gut biotics can be considered as the administration of direct microbial populations. The delivery of this can be done through live microbial flora, certain food like fiber, microbial products (metabolites and elements) obtained through the fermentation of food products, or as genetically engineered substances, that may have therapeutic benefit on different health disorders. Dietary intervention and pharmacological supplements with gut biotics aim at correcting disruption of the gut microbiota by repopulating with beneficial microorganism leading to decrease in gut permeability, inflammation, and alteration in metabolic activities, through a variety of mechanisms of action. Our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of microbial therapeutics has improved with in vitro models, sampling techniques in the gut, and tools for the reliable identification of gut biotics. Evidence from human studies points out that prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have the potential for treating and preventing mental health disorders, whereas with paraprobiotics, proteobiotics and postbiotics, the research is limited at this point. Some animal studies point out that gut biotics can be used with conventional treatments for a synergistic effect on mental health disorders. If future research shows that there is a possibility of synergistic effect of psychotropic medications with gut biotics, then a gut biotic or nutritional prescription can be given along with psychotropics. Even though the overall safety of gut biotics seems to be good, caution is needed to watch for any known and unknown side effects as well as the need for risk benefit analysis with certain vulnerable populations. Future research is needed before wide spread use of natural and genetically engineered gut biotics. Regulatory framework for gut biotics needs to be optimized. Holistic understanding of gut dysbiosis, along with life style factors, by health care providers is necessary for the better management of these conditions. In conclusion, microbial therapeutics are a new psychotherapeutic approach which offer some hope in certain conditions like dementia and depression. Future of microbial therapeutics will be driven by well-done randomized controlled trials and longitudinal research, as well as by replication studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannayiram Alagiakrishnan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tyler Halverson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Baranowski T, Motil KJ. Simple Energy Balance or Microbiome for Childhood Obesity Prevention? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082730. [PMID: 34444890 PMCID: PMC8398395 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity prevention interventions generally have either not worked or had effects inadequate to mitigate the problem. They have been predicated on the simple energy balance model, which has been severely questioned by biological scientists. Numerous other etiological mechanisms have been proposed, including the intestinal microbiome, which has been related to childhood obesity in numerous ways. Public health research is needed in regard to diet and the microbiome, which hopefully will lead to effective child obesity prevention.
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