101
|
Wastes from Agricultural Silage Film Recycling Line as a Potential Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091383. [PMID: 33922794 PMCID: PMC8123011 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for potential methods for their utilization. In the presented work, we investigated the recycling potential of wastes originated from the agricultural films recycling line. Their structure and properties were analyzed, and they were modified with 2.5 wt % of commercially available compatibilizers. The mechanical and thermal performance of modified wastes were evaluated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that incorporation of such a small amount of modifiers may overcome the drawbacks caused by the presence of impurities. The incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted compounds enhanced the tensile strength of wastes by 13–25%. The use of more ductile compatibilizers—ethylene-vinyl acetate and paraffin increased the elongation at break by 55–64%. The presence of compatibilizers also reduced the stiffness of materials resulting from the presence of solid particles. It was particularly emphasized for styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, which caused up to a 20% drop of Young’s modulus. Such effects may facilitate the further applications of analyzed wastes, e.g., in polymer film production. Thermal performance was only slightly affected by compatibilization. It caused a slight reduction in polyethylene melting temperatures (up to 2.8 °C) and crystallinity degree (up to 16%). For more contaminated materials, the addition of compatibilizers caused a minor reduction in the decomposition onset (up to 6 °C). At the same time, for the waste after three washing cycles, thermal stability was improved. Moreover, depending on the desired properties and application, materials do not have to go through the whole recycling line, simplifying the process, reducing energy and water consumption. The presented results indicate that it is possible to efficiently use the materials, which do not have to undergo the whole recycling process. Despite the presence of impurities, they could be applied in the manufacturing of products which do not require exceptional mechanical performance.
Collapse
|
102
|
Teymourian T, Teymoorian T, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S. Challenges, Strategies, and Recommendations for the Huge Surge in Plastic and Medical Waste during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic with Circular Economy Approach. MATERIALS CIRCULAR ECONOMY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8016656 DOI: 10.1007/s42824-021-00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After December 2019, the globe was affected by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes severe respiratory illnesses, which is responsible for increasing environmental problem consequences related to the extra consumption of medical waste and single-use plastics (such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and packaging plastics). Although the consumption of these plastics protects our life during this crisis, it is pivotal to move toward plastic recycling processes and environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives, like bio-based degradable plastics with a circular economy perspective. This review article collected scattered information and provided a future perspective on how worldwide COVID-19 disruption can perform as a catalyst to improve plastic and medical waste management. Additionally, this paper illustrates the most effective disinfection technologies for COVID-19 wastes, such as high/low heat technologies and chemical disinfection, and PPE reusing processes, including dry heat, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and UV light during the outbreak. In this vein, medical waste treatment facilities must be more automatic, with a minimum of personnel involved. Moreover, some recent valid guidelines from different international organizations and countries, future outlook, and practical recommendations that could be effective during this epidemic or even in the post-pandemic world for plastic and medical waste management were provided. Ultimately, governments should improve their waste management because of the potential of pathogen transmission or increased plastic and medical waste generation and try to enhance the environmental knowledge of society. People also should revise their viewpoints on plastic consumption by elevating sustainable behaviors, abandoning old habits, and adjusting to novel ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Targol Teymourian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran, 15875-4413 Iran
| | - Termeh Teymoorian
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran, 15875-4413 Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran, 15875-4413 Iran
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119260 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
do Val Siqueira L, Arias CILF, Maniglia BC, Tadini CC. Starch-based biodegradable plastics: methods of production, challenges and future perspectives. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
104
|
Rostami S, Talaie MR, Talaiekhozani A, Sillanpää M. Evaluation of the available strategies to control the emission of microplastics into the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18908-18917. [PMID: 33594573 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
No effective strategy has been found so far to control the emission of microplastics. The purpose of this article is to review the available control strategies, as well as barriers to developing them. Based on the estimations in the available literature, decomposition of larger plastics, clothes washing and tire abrasion play an essential part in the total emission rate of microplastics into the ocean. Nonetheless, there is no corresponding information regarding the soil, and more information is needed to prioritize the emission sources of microplastics more preciously. Generally, there have been two approaches for the management of the microplastic issues, including the substitution of non-plastic materials for plastic ones in products such as personal care products, and microplastic removal from wastewater. The former is in its infancy and has commenced only in a few developed countries. Existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as the other approach can transfer a significant portion of the microplastics into the sludge. The result is that the final destination of these microplastics can be the soil. Since there is little information on how serious the impact of microplastics is on the soil as compared with water, the currently used WWTPs cannot be considered as a final remedy. Furthermore, there has been not been any specifically designed techniques to remove microplastics from wastewater efficiently and economically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Rostami
- Chemical Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Almeida T, Silvestre AJD, Vilela C, Freire CSR. Bacterial Nanocellulose toward Green Cosmetics: Recent Progresses and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2836. [PMID: 33799554 PMCID: PMC8000719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skin care field, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a versatile polysaccharide produced by non-pathogenic acetic acid bacteria, has received increased attention as a promising candidate to replace synthetic polymers (e.g., nylon, polyethylene, polyacrylamides) commonly used in cosmetics. The applicability of BNC in cosmetics has been mainly investigated as a carrier of active ingredients or as a structuring agent of cosmetic formulations. However, with the sustainability issues that are underway in the highly innovative cosmetic industry and with the growth prospects for the market of bio-based products, a much more prominent role is envisioned for BNC in this field. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent (last 5 years) and relevant developments and challenges in the research of BNC applied to cosmetic, aiming at inspiring future research to go beyond in the applicability of this exceptional biotechnological material in such a promising area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Microplastics in Surface Waters and Sediments from Guangdong Coastal Areas, South China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic is an emerging global pollutant that have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers and the public. Guangdong Province has a large population and a relatively well-developed economy, but lacks a modern pollution control system. Guangdong has a long coastline with varying levels of pollution, and little research has been conducted on microplastics. Therefore, we investigated the level of microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Guangdong Province, and the abundance of microplastics in surface waters and sediments at 13 sampling sites. The abundance of microplastics in surface water and sediment samples ranged from 850 to 3500 items/L and 433.3 to 4166.3 items/kg, respectively. Fiber is the main type of microplastics in both surface water and sediment. The sampled microplastics were typically transparent. Raman results show that the surface water sample mainly includes rayon (38.2%), polyethylene terephthalate (16.4%), and ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (12.7%). This study used the pollution load index method to evaluate the pollution risk of microplastics along the coast of Guangdong, and provided the basis for the formulation of environmental policy.
Collapse
|
107
|
Karbalaei S, Hanachi P, Rafiee G, Seifori P, Walker TR. Toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) after individual and combined exposure with chlorpyrifos. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123980. [PMID: 33265019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) sorption and transfer of chemical contaminants has been widely reported, yet few studies have investigated combined effects of contaminant-loaded MPs on organisms. This study examined effects of pristine or chlorpyrifos (CPF)-loaded polystyrene (PS) fragments on histopathological and histomorphometrical biomarkers in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). In laboratory, O. mykiss were exposed for 96 h to pristine PS-MPs concentrations (30 or 300 µg/L), concentrations of CPF alone (2 or 6 µg/L), and the same concentrations of CPF in the presence of PS-MPs in aquaria. Results showed the highest histopathological alterations in both CPF concentrations and when combined with PS-MPs in fish gills. Alternatively, high histopathological lesions including massive necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and shed of villi tips were observed in fish gut in high CPF concentrations combined with high PS-MP concentrations of (6 μg/L CPF+300 μg/L PS-MPs). Individual CPF and PS-MP concentrations or combined together showed significant changes in histomorphometrical biomarkers in fish gills, gut and skin. Findings highlight that pristine PS-MPs cause toxicity and increase adverse effects of CPF in O. mykiss, especially in gill tissue. We present evidence that pristine short-term exposure to even low concentrations of PS-MPs has a significant impact on biomarker responses in O. mykiss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Karbalaei
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Hanachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Rafiee
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Seifori
- National Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Organization Tehran, Iran
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Patil S, Bafana A, Naoghare PK, Krishnamurthi K, Sivanesan S. Environmental prevalence, fate, impacts, and mitigation of microplastics-a critical review on present understanding and future research scope. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4951-4974. [PMID: 33241497 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are considered to be ubiquitous and widespread emerging contaminants. They are persistent in the nature and pose considerable harm to the environment. Their omnipresence is documented in almost all aquatic habitats, several atmospheric and terrestrial environments, and also in human consumables. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the environmental prevalence of the microplastics in all environmental compartments, and their possible adverse impacts. It also presents review of the studies conducted in India and the epitome of potential mitigation measures. The need and direction of future research are highlighted. The review will help in determining the exposure levels, environmental consequences, and risk estimations, and will guide the researchers and policymakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Patil
- Health and Toxicity Cell (HTC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
- AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Amit Bafana
- Director's Research Cell (DRC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Pravin K Naoghare
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division (EISD), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- Health and Toxicity Cell (HTC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- Health and Toxicity Cell (HTC), CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) Campus, Nagpur, 440020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Patrício Silva AL, Prata JC, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Ouyang W, Barcelò D, Rocha-Santos T. Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 405:126683. [PMID: 32834764 PMCID: PMC7430241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have become a severe transboundary threat to natural ecosystems and human health, with studies predicting a twofold increase in the number of plastic debris (including micro and nano-sized plastics) by 2030. However, such predictions will likely be aggravated by the excessive use and consumption of single-use plastics (including personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves) due to COVID-19 pandemic. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the effects of COVID-19 on macroplastic pollution and its potential implications on the environment and human health considering short- and long-term scenarios; addressing the main challenges and discussing potential strategies to overcome them. It emphasises that future measures, involved in an emergent health crisis or not, should reflect a balance between public health and environmental safety as they are both undoubtedly connected. Although the use and consumption of plastics significantly improved our quality of life, it is crucial to shift towards sustainable alternatives, such as bio-based plastics. Plastics should remain in the top of the political agenda in Europe and across the world, not only to minimise plastic leakage and pollution, but to promote sustainable growth and to stimulate both green and blue- economies. Discussions on this topic, particularly considering the excessive use of plastic, should start soon with the involvement of the scientific community, plastic producers and politicians in order to be prepared for the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Patrício Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana C Prata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Damià Barcelò
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
The potential of fluorescent dyes-comparative study of Nile red and three derivatives for the detection of microplastics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1059-1071. [PMID: 33415434 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last years, microplastics in the environment came to the fore in environmental science research. For an appropriate risk assessment, it is essential to know the levels of microplastic contamination in the environment. In the field of microplastic detection, extensive research has been carried out in recent years. While common methods such as Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis GC-MS are time-consuming and require trained staff and expensive equipment, there is the need for a cheap and easily applicable method. Staining microplastics with the fluorescent dye Nile red (NR) has a high potential to fulfill these criteria. In our work, we tested Nile red and newly developed derivatives, with the aim of achieving greater selectivity for plastic particles and more intense fluorescence. In addition, the influence of using different solvents and water at different pH values in the dyeing process was investigated by analyzing solid sample fluorescence spectra of dyed microplastics and natural particles. Finally, the method developed from the acquired knowledge was tested for sea salt. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
|
111
|
Dąbrowska J, Sobota M, Świąder M, Borowski P, Moryl A, Stodolak R, Kucharczak E, Zięba Z, Kazak JK. Marine Waste-Sources, Fate, Risks, Challenges and Research Needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E433. [PMID: 33430467 PMCID: PMC7827083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a comprehensive and cross-cutting review of key marine waste issues, taking into account: sources, fate, risks, transport pathways, threats, legislation, current challenges, and knowledge gaps. The growing amount of both human-created waste in seas and oceans and waste reaching marine ecosystems from land is one of today's challenges for the global economy and the European Union. It is predicted that if no decisive steps are taken to limit the amount of this type of waste, there may be more plastic waste than fish in the oceans after 2050. The influence of microplastics and nanoplastics on living organisms remains undiagnosed. Within the international and EU law, solutions are being developed to properly manage waste on board ships and to reduce the impact of processes related to the recycling of the vessels on the environment. Currently, over 80% of ships are dismantled in the countries of South Asia, in conditions that threaten the environment and the safety of workers. After World War 2, large quantities of chemical weapons were deposited in the seas. Steel containers with dangerous substances residing in the sea for over 70 years have begun leaking, thus polluting water. For many years, radioactive waste had also been dumped into marine ecosystems, although since 1993 there has been a total ban on such disposal of radionuclides. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine waste generation has also been presented as a significant factor influencing marine waste generation and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Dąbrowska
- Institute of Building Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marcin Sobota
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Świąder
- Institute of Spatial Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Paweł Borowski
- Faculty of Marine Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, 71-650 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Moryl
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland; (A.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Radosław Stodolak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland; (A.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ewa Kucharczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Zofia Zięba
- Institute of Building Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jan K. Kazak
- Institute of Spatial Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Clayton CA, Walker TR, Bezerra JC, Adam I. Policy responses to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in the Caribbean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111833. [PMID: 33213855 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Caribbean economies depend heavily on a healthy marine ecosystem, but the region includes ten of the top global marine polluters per capita. Regional marine pollution is driven by illegal plastic waste dumping due to poor waste management systems with limited recycling, and weak enforcement. Governments recognize the impacts of marine debris on their social and economic well-being and have responded with policies to curb plastic pollution. Most focus on bans of single-use plastic and polystyrene, which comprises ~80% of Caribbean marine litter. However, there is little comparative analysis of policy responses to determine their efficacy. This paper reviews current policies in 13 English-speaking Caribbean countries, exploring tools used and process of implementation. Eleven have introduced legislative policies, with seven including fines and penalties for non-compliance. All successful policies involve multiple tools, including primary stakeholder engagement, sufficient lead time between policy announcement and implementation, and extensive public education campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
| | | | - Issahaku Adam
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Clayton CA, Walker TR, Bezerra JC, Adam I. Policy responses to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in the Caribbean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021. [PMID: 33213855 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Caribbean economies depend heavily on a healthy marine ecosystem, but the region includes ten of the top global marine polluters per capita. Regional marine pollution is driven by illegal plastic waste dumping due to poor waste management systems with limited recycling, and weak enforcement. Governments recognize the impacts of marine debris on their social and economic well-being and have responded with policies to curb plastic pollution. Most focus on bans of single-use plastic and polystyrene, which comprises ~80% of Caribbean marine litter. However, there is little comparative analysis of policy responses to determine their efficacy. This paper reviews current policies in 13 English-speaking Caribbean countries, exploring tools used and process of implementation. Eleven have introduced legislative policies, with seven including fines and penalties for non-compliance. All successful policies involve multiple tools, including primary stakeholder engagement, sufficient lead time between policy announcement and implementation, and extensive public education campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
| | | | - Issahaku Adam
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Izaguirre JK, da Fonseca MMR, Castañón S, Villarán MC, Cesário MT. Giving credit to residual bioresources: From municipal solid waste hydrolysate and waste plum juice to poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:534-540. [PMID: 32980732 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is massively generated all over the world. Its organic fraction (OFMSW), which represents a high percentage of MSW, mainly contains biodegradable materials, namely food waste, paper and garden waste. The social cost of OFMSW treatment and/or disposal is a serious and widespread problem, particularly in highly populated areas. Thus, effective and innovative solutions, which include the upgrading of OFMSW, are being currently sought. In fact, the OFMSW abundance, availability and average composition suggest its considerable potential within the circular economy desideratum, paving the way to valorisation approaches. In this context, an OFMSW sugar-rich hydrolysate and its validation as a substrate for the production of the polyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB)), to date the only bioplastic easily biodegradable in marine environment, were successfully obtained in a previous study. Based on those results, this work addresses the upscaling of the fermentative production, in fed-batch mode, of P(3HB) by Burkholderia sacchari. The OFMSW hydrolysate was used as cultivation medium due to its balanced nutrient composition, while a plum waste juice, also rich in sugars, was applied as feed to the bioreactor. By implementing this strategy, a maximum P(3HB) production of 30 g·L-1 with an accumulation of 43% g (P(3HB))/g cell dry weight (CDW) after 51 h, was achieved. The use of the hydrolysate as initial medium resulted in higher CDW (71 g·L-1) than that of the simulated hydrolysate (62 g·L-1 in average), probably because the OFMSW hydrolysate favours biomass growth in detriment of P(3HB) production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Kepa Izaguirre
- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER, 01080 Arkaute, Spain; iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Manuela R da Fonseca
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia Castañón
- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER, 01080 Arkaute, Spain
| | - M Carmen Villarán
- TECNALIA, Technological Park of Alava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01510 Miñano, Alava, Spain
| | - M Teresa Cesário
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Hohn S, Acevedo-Trejos E, Abrams JF, Fulgencio de Moura J, Spranz R, Merico A. The long-term legacy of plastic mass production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141115. [PMID: 32745856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mismanaged plastic waste is transported via rivers or city drains into the ocean where it accumulates in coastal sediments, ocean gyres and the deep ocean. Plastic harms marine biota and may ultimately return to humans via the food chain. Private initiatives proposing to collect plastic from the sea and rivers have gained widespread attention, especially in the media. However, few of these methods are proven concepts and it remains unclear how effective they are. Here we estimate the amount of plastic in the global surface ocean to assess the long-term legacy of plastic mass production, calculate the time required to clean up the oceans with river barriers and clean up devices, and explore the fate of collected plastic waste. We find that the projected impact of both single and multiple clean up devices is very modest. A significant reduction of plastic debris in the ocean can be only achieved with collection at rivers or with a combination of river barriers and clean up devices. We also show that the incineration and production of plastic has a significant long-term effect on the global atmospheric carbon budget. We conclude that a combination of reduced plastic emissions and reinforced collection is the only way to rid the ocean of plastic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Hohn
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Esteban Acevedo-Trejos
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jesse F Abrams
- Global Systems Institute and Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, United Kingdom; Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roger Spranz
- Making Oceans Plastic Free e.V., Basler Landstr. 41a, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agostino Merico
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Patrício Silva AL, Prata JC, Walker TR, Campos D, Duarte AC, Soares AMVM, Barcelò D, Rocha-Santos T. Rethinking and optimising plastic waste management under COVID-19 pandemic: Policy solutions based on redesign and reduction of single-use plastics and personal protective equipment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140565. [PMID: 32622168 PMCID: PMC7324921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been on top of the political agenda in Europe and across the world to reduce plastic leakage and pollution. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted plastic reduction policies at the regional and national levels and induced significant changes in plastic waste management with potential for negative impacts in the environment and human health. This paper provides an overview of plastic policies and discusses the readjustments of these policies during the COVID-19 pandemic along with their potential environmental implications. The sudden increase in plastic waste and composition due to the COVID-19 pandemic underlines the crucial need to reinforce plastic reduction policies (and to implement them into action without delays), to scale up in innovation for sustainable and green plastics solutions, and to develop dynamic and responsive waste management systems immediately. Policy recommendations and future research directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Patrício Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana C Prata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Diana Campos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Damià Barcelò
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Schmaltz E, Melvin EC, Diana Z, Gunady EF, Rittschof D, Somarelli JA, Virdin J, Dunphy-Daly MM. Plastic pollution solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collectmarineplastic pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106067. [PMID: 32889484 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As plastic waste accumulates in the ocean at alarming rates, the need for efficient and sustainable remediation solutions is urgent. One solution is the development and mobilization of technologies that either 1)prevent plastics from entering waterways or2) collect marine and riverineplastic pollution. To date, however, few reports have focused on these technologies, and information on various technological developments is scattered. This leaves policymakers, innovators, and researchers without a central, comprehensive, and reliable source of information on the status of available technology to target this global problem. The goal of this study was to address this gap by creating a comprehensive inventory of technologies currently used or in development to prevent the leakage of plastic pollution or collect existing plastic pollution. Our Plastic Pollution Prevention and Collection Technology Inventory (https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/plastics-technology-inventory) can be used as a roadmap for researchers and governments to 1) facilitate comparisons between the scope of solutions and the breadth and severity of the plastic pollution problem and 2) assist in identifying strengths and weaknesses of current technological approaches. We created this inventory from a systematic search and review of resources that identified technologies. Technologies were organized by the type of technology and target plastics (i.e., macroplastics, microplastic, or both). We identified 52 technologies that fall into the two categories of prevention or collection of plastic pollution. Of these, 59% focus specifically on collecting macroplastic waste already in waterways. While these efforts to collect plastic pollution are laudable, their current capacity and widespread implementation are limited in comparison to their potential and the vast extent of the plastic pollution problem. Similarly, few technologies attempt to prevent plastic pollution leakage, and those that do are limited in scope. A comprehensive approach is needed that combines technology, policymaking, and advocacy to prevent further plastic pollution and the subsequent damage to aquatic ecosystems and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Schmaltz
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Emily C Melvin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Zoie Diana
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Ella F Gunady
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John Virdin
- Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University, 2101 Campus Dr, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meagan M Dunphy-Daly
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Sol D, Laca A, Laca A, Díaz M. Approaching the environmental problem of microplastics: Importance of WWTP treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140016. [PMID: 32569912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The undeniable presence of microplastics (MPs) in soil, air and, especially, in the aquatic environment has revealed them to be an emerging pollutant. One of the main sources contributing to the release of these microplastics into the environment is wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). During the treatment of wastewater, these microparticles undergo incomplete retention, which leads to their discharge in huge amounts into water masses. The microplastics removed from the wastewater during the treatment processes usually become entrained in the sewage sludge, which is commonly employed as organic fertilizer. Alarming data regarding the occurrence of MPs in nature and the increasing public awareness of environmental concerns have led to the appearance of numerous studies on this topic in recent years. So, this work is focused on providing an overview of available processes for the removal of microplastics from water and also from sediments. Social demand for the correct and effective management of microplastics is constantly increasing and should be given careful consideration before future action is taken. Recycling is a good option, and policies might be developed in this direction, moving towards a circular and sustainable economy for plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sol
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amanda Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adriana Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Evaluation of the Biodegradation Efficiency of Four Various Types of Plastics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from the Gut Extract of Superworms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091341. [PMID: 32887431 PMCID: PMC7563362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste worldwide is becoming a serious pollution problem for the planet. Various physical and chemical methods have been tested in attempts to remove plastic dumps. However, these have usually resulted in secondary pollution issues. Recently, the biodegradation of plastic by fungal and bacterial strains has been spotlighted as a promising solution to remove plastic wastes without generating secondary pollution. We have previously reported that a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from the gut of a superworm is capable of biodegrading polystyrene (PS) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). Herein, we demonstrate the extraordinary biodegradative power of P. aeruginosa in efficiently depolymerizing four different types of plastics: PS, PPS, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). We further compared biodegradation rates for these four plastic types and found that PE was biodegraded fastest, whereas the biodegradation of PP was the slowest. Moreover, the growth rates of P. aeruginosa were not always proportional to biodegradation rates, suggesting that the rate of bacterial growth could be influenced by the composition and properties of intermediate molecules produced during plastic biodegradation, and these may supply useful cellular precursors and energy. In conclusion, an initial screening system to select the most suitable bacterial strain to biodegrade certain types of plastic is particularly important and may be necessary to solve plastic waste problems both presently and in the future.
Collapse
|
120
|
Borysov A, Tarasenko A, Krisanova N, Pozdnyakova N, Pastukhov A, Dudarenko M, Paliienko K, Borisova T. Plastic smoke aerosol: Nano-sized particle distribution, absorption/fluorescent properties, dysregulation of oxidative processes and synaptic transmission in rat brain nerve terminals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114502. [PMID: 33618457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Smoke from plastic waste incineration in an open air travels worldwide and is a major source of air pollution particulate matter (PM) that is very withstand to degradation and hazard to human health. Suspension of smoke aerosol components in water occurs during rains and fire extinguishing. Here, water-suspended plastic smoke aerosol (WPS) preparations suitable for biotesting were synthesized. It has been revealed using dynamic light scattering that WPS contained major nano-sized (∼30 nm) PM fraction, and this result was confirmed by electron microscopy. Optical absorption of WPS was in the UV region and an increase in λex led to a red-shift in fluorescence emission with a corresponding decrease in fluorescence intensity. WPS was analyzed in neurotoxicity studies in vitro using presynaptic rat cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Generation of spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected using fluorescent dye 2',7-dichlorofluorescein in nerve terminals was decreased by WPS (10-50 μg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. WPS also reduced the H2O2-evoked ROS production in synaptosomes, thereby influencing cellular oxidative processes and this effect was similar to that for carbon nanodots. WPS (0.1 mg/ml) decreased the synaptosomal membrane potential and synaptic vesicle acidification in fluorimetric experiments. WPS (1.0 mg/ml) attenuated the synaptosomal transporter-mediated uptake of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, L-[14C]glutamate and [3H]GABA, respectively. This can lead to an excessive increase in the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft and neurotoxicity via over activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Therefore, WPS was neurotoxic and provoked presynaptic malfunction through changes of oxidative activity, reduction of the membrane potential, synaptic vesicle acidification, and transporter-mediated uptake of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in nerve terminals. In summary, synthesis and emission to the environment of ultrafine PM occur during combustion of plastics, thereby polluting air and water resources, and possibly triggering development of neuropathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arsenii Borysov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Alla Tarasenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Krisanova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Pozdnyakova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Marina Dudarenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin Paliienko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha str, Kiev, 01030, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Rodríguez LJ, Fabbri S, Orrego CE, Owsianiak M. Comparative life cycle assessment of coffee jar lids made from biocomposites containing poly(lactic acid) and banana fiber. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 266:110493. [PMID: 32310114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Composites containing bio-based materials, like banana fiber and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), are potential food-packaging materials. We carried out an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of coffee jar lids made from high density polyethylene (HDPE), PLA, and banana fiber to assess their environmental performance. We considered differences in the type of blend (content of PLA and banana fiber in the composite), origin of the banana fiber feedstock (considered as either biowaste or as a co-product from banana production) and banana fiber pretreatment conditions (either no pretreatment or pretreatment using chemicals). Irrespective of the scenario, a lid made from 40% banana fiber and equal amounts of HDPE and PLA performed significantly better in all 18 impact categories when compared to a lid made from 100% PLA. By contrast, the same lid performed significantly better in 3 impact categories only (climate change, photochemical oxidant formation and fossil depletion) when compared to a lid made from 100% HDPE. Thus, environmental performance of the biocomposite strongly depends on which polymer base is replaced by the banana fiber in the composite. Replacing PLA with banana fiber is generally expected to bring environmental benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Joana Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Bloque Q, 170003, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Serena Fabbri
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Group, Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carlos E Orrego
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustria, Departamento de Física y Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Bloque T, 170003, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Group, Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Prata JC, Silva ALP, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. COVID-19 Pandemic Repercussions on the Use and Management of Plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7760-7765. [PMID: 32531154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are essential in society as a widely available and inexpensive material. Mismanagement of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a monthly estimated use of 129 billion face masks and 65 billion gloves globally, is resulting in widespread environmental contamination. This poses a risk to public health as waste is a vector for SARS-CoV-2 virus, which survives up to 3 days on plastics, and there are also broad impacts to ecosystems and organisms. Concerns over the role of reusable plastics as vectors for SARS-CoV-2 virus contributed to the reversal of bans on single-use plastics, highly supported by the plastic industry. While not underestimating the importance of plastics in the prevention of COVID-19 transmission, it is imperative not to undermine recent progress made in the sustainable use of plastics. There is a need to assess alternatives that allow reductions of PPE and reinforce awareness on the proper public use and disposal. Finally, assessment of contamination and impacts of plastics driven by the pandemic will be required once the outbreak ends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Prata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L P Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Abejón R, Laso J, Margallo M, Aldaco R, Blanca-Alcubilla G, Bala A, Fullana-I-Palmer P. Environmental impact assessment of the implementation of a Deposit-Refund System for packaging waste in Spain: A solution or an additional problem? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137744. [PMID: 32169649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Food and beverage packaging represent a relevant fraction of municipal solid waste, and its adequate management is critical. Selective waste collection by an authorized organization according to an Extended Producer Responsibility System (EPRS) is the current option implemented in Spain for packaging. Other European countries have selected an alternative or a complement: a Deposit-Refund System (DRS) for certain type of beverage packaging. The selection of an EPRS or a DRS is a complex task and this work developed a universal methodology for the evaluation of optimal waste packaging management systems, focused on food and beverage. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was applied to compare the current EPRS vs the implementation of a new system, with the coexistence of a DRS and a reduced EPRS. Although the environmental savings of the new system are superior to its impacts, even if the DRS would reach a value of 90% for the package return index, the current EPRS obtains significantly better environmental results. All impact categories are favorable to the current EPRS, except ADP, where the potentially higher DRS recycling rate is manifested. The impact associated to the flow of specific DRS packages in the new system is clearly higher than that linked to the flow of DRS excluded packages and it is even higher that the impact of the total joint flow in the current EPRS for all categories except ADP. The fundamental cause of this high impact is the backhauling stage to transport the recovered packages to the counting plants without compacting. A sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the preference of the current EPRS over the combination of a DRS and a reduced EPRS. The developed approach supposes a methodological advance that can be extended to previously realized studies about the implementation of waste management systems in other contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Abejón
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - J Laso
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - M Margallo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - R Aldaco
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - G Blanca-Alcubilla
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bala
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Li J, Kim HR, Lee HM, Yu HC, Jeon E, Lee S, Kim DH. Rapid biodegradation of polyphenylene sulfide plastic beads by Pseudomonas sp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137616. [PMID: 32146401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. isolated from soil, are bioremediating microorganisms that are capable of degrading various types of plastics. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) has the most excellent structural stability among general plastics and thus is extremely difficult to break down using physical or chemical methods. This study demonstrates the efficient biodegradation of PPS by Pseudomonas sp., which exists in the gut of superworms. Compared with the conventional film-type of plastic, the degradation efficiencies to the bead form of plastic were significantly improved and thus the biodegradation time was dramatically shortened. Therefore, instead of film-type plastics, we used 300 μm diameter plastic beads for the measurement of Pseudomonas sp.-mediated biodegradation of PPS during a 10-day period. This method not only can be used for comparison and verification of the biodegradation efficiency of different types of plastics within a short reaction time of 10 days, but also provides the possibility to develop a new and more efficient screening system to rapidly identify the most efficient species of bacteria for the biodegradation of various types of plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Rae Kim
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Lee
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Yu
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbeen Jeon
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukkyoo Lee
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hwan Kim
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Chia JWF, Sawai O, Nunoura T. Reaction pathway of poly(ethylene) terephthalate carbonization: Decomposition behavior based on carbonized product. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 108:62-69. [PMID: 32335488 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Char, a solid product obtained from carbonization of waste Poly(Ethylene) Terephthalate (PET), has high potential to solve the current plastic waste problem through the synthesis of new carbon-based adsorbents. However, thermal degradation reaction of polymer involves multiple series of complex reaction pathways and the formation of char is not clarified. In this study, the phase behavior of PET carbonization and the mechanism of char formation was studied in detail. Based on the van Krevelen diagram, it is evident that rapid thermal decomposition of PET occurs through decarbonylation to form char and decarboxylation to form wax. Based on the analysis of cross-linking behavior, a correlation between the degree of cross-linking as a function of CO and CO2 and dependent parameters based on the experimental operation was obtained. The findings validified the assumption that scission of CO bond in the ester group through decarbonylation and decarboxylation to release CO and CO2 leads to the formation of char. The cross-linking behavior was further clarified by studying the distribution of cross-linking structure in char and wax. It was confirmed that decarbonylation reaction to release CO is highly associated with the formation of cross-linking to form char in the solid residue, whereas decarboxylation reaction to release CO2 is highly associated with the formation of cross-linking to form aromatic compounds in the wax residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W F Chia
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Osamu Sawai
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Nunoura
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Goodman AJ, Walker TR, Brown CJ, Wilson BR, Gazzola V, Sameoto JA. Benthic marine debris in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada: Spatial distribution and categorization using seafloor video footage. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110722. [PMID: 31733907 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine debris, particularly plastic and abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear, is ubiquitous in marine environments. This study provides the first quantitative and qualitative assessment of benthic debris using seafloor video collected from a drop camera system in the Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada. An estimated 137 debris items km-2 of seafloor were counted, comprising of plastic (51%), fishing gear (including plastic categories; 28%) and other (cable, metal, tires; 21%). Debris was widespread, but mainly located nearshore (within 9 km) and on the periphery of areas with high fishing intensity. This baseline benthic marine debris characterization and estimate of abundance provides valuable information for government (municipal, provincial and federal) and for other stakeholders to implement management strategies to reduce plastic and other categories of benthic marine pollution at source. Strategies may include limiting plastic use and reducing illegal dumping through improved education among fishers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa J Goodman
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Applied Research, Ivany Campus, Nova Scotia Community College, Dartmouth, Canada.
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Craig J Brown
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Applied Research, Ivany Campus, Nova Scotia Community College, Dartmouth, Canada
| | - Brittany R Wilson
- Applied Research, Ivany Campus, Nova Scotia Community College, Dartmouth, Canada
| | - Vicki Gazzola
- Applied Research, Ivany Campus, Nova Scotia Community College, Dartmouth, Canada
| | - Jessica A Sameoto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Shaping EU Plastic Policies: The Role of Public Health vs. Environmental Arguments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203928. [PMID: 31623078 PMCID: PMC6843224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Few other environmental problems have received as much public attention and criticism in recent years as plastic pollution. Accordingly, in recent years, a number of plastic policies have been adopted at the national and supranational level in the EU and worldwide. In the U.S., health risks were repeatedly raised in the decision-making process of these policies and scholars have pointed out the crucial role of these arguments for the adoption of plastic policies. Hence, this article uses a structuring qualitative content analysis to investigate the parliamentary debates of two recently adopted plastic policies in the EU-namely the EU Plastics Strategy and the Single-Use Plastics Directive-and to assess the relevance of public health and environmental arguments for the EU debate. The analysis reveals broad support for plastics regulation among Members of the European Parliament, who most often use environmental arguments to corroborate their support for the policies in question. In contrast, health concerns do not seem to be crucial for the adoption of plastic policies in the EU.
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Plastics has been an integral part of our lives for the last century as the main material for various useful commodity items. Irony of fate, the same specific properties that make plastics ideal to create such a wide range of products are also responsible for the present dramatic environmental pollution. What suggestions do the technological innovations currently suggest to solve this worldwide problem? Among the others, one is to replace the traditional plastics with alternative materials derived from non-oil polymers capable of being degraded in months and not in years or centuries. But the research in this field is relatively new and undoubtedly there are still developments that need to be made. Thus, we must be aware that the plastic age is at sunset and the bio-plastics sun is just rising on the horizon.
Collapse
|