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Abdollahi-Pirbazari M, Jamshidi S, Nassiri SM, Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi M. Comparative measurement of FeLV load in hemolymphatic tissues of cats with hematologic cytopenias. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:460. [PMID: 31856815 PMCID: PMC6924046 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a serious viral infection in cats. FeLV is found in some tissues, such as spleen, lymph nodes and epithelial tissues. However, there is controversy about the organ in which the virus can be reliably detected in infected cats. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of viral infection in hemolymphatic tissues, including blood, bone marrow and spleen by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS A total of 31 cats with clinical signs of FeLV infection associated with at least a single lineage hematologic cytopenia were included in this study. Peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen samples were obtained from each cat. Complete blood counts, biochemical tests, and a rapid test to detect FeLV p27 antigen in blood samples of cats were performed. Of 31 cats, 9 had anemia alone, 4 had thrombocytopenia alone, 2 had neutropenia alone, 9 had bicytopenia of anemia and thrombocytopenia, 3 had bicytopenia of anemia and neutropenia, and 4 had pancytopenia. FeLV RNA was then detected by RT-qPCR in the whole blood, bone marrow and spleen. Viral RNA copy numbers were detected in all cats by RT-qPCR whereas 24 out of 31 cats were positive for the serum FeLV antigen. We detected a significantly greater number of viral RNA in the spleen compared with the whole blood and bone marrow. CONCLUSION Spleen is a site where FeLV is most frequently detected in cats with hematologic cytopenias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahram Jamshidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Nassiri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Qareeb St., Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamad Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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102
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Huguet M, Novo SG, Bratanich A. Detection of feline immunodeficiency virus subtypes A and B circulating in the city of Buenos Aires. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2769-2774. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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103
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Studer N, Lutz H, Saegerman C, Gönczi E, Meli ML, Boo G, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Moestl K, Tasker S, Belák S, Lloret A, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink HF, Pennisi MG, Truyen U, Frymus T, Thiry E, Marsilio F, Addie D, Hochleithner M, Tkalec F, Vizi Z, Brunetti A, Georgiev B, Ludwig-Begall LF, Tschuor F, Mooney CT, Eliasson C, Orro J, Johansen H, Juuti K, Krampl I, Kovalenko K, Šengaut J, Sobral C, Borska P, Kovaříková S, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Pan-European Study on the Prevalence of the Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection - Reported by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD Europe). Viruses 2019; 11:v11110993. [PMID: 31671816 PMCID: PMC6893802 DOI: 10.3390/v11110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus associated with fatal disease in progressively infected cats. While testing/removal and vaccination led to a decreased prevalence of FeLV, recently, this decrease has reportedly stagnated in some countries. This study aimed to prospectively determine the prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats taken to veterinary facilities in 32 European countries. FeLV viral RNA was semiquantitatively detected in saliva, using RT-qPCR as a measure of viraemia. Risk and protective factors were assessed using an online questionnaire to report geographic, demographic, husbandry, FeLV vaccination, and clinical data. The overall prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats visiting a veterinary facility, of which 10.4% were shelter and rescue cats, was 2.3% (141/6005; 95% CI: 2.0%–2.8%) with the highest prevalences in Portugal, Hungary, and Italy/Malta (5.7%–8.8%). Using multivariate analysis, seven risk factors (Southern Europe, male intact, 1–6 years of age, indoor and outdoor or outdoor-only living, living in a group of ≥5 cats, illness), and three protective factors (Northern Europe, Western Europe, pedigree cats) were identified. Using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, the origin of cats in Europe, pedigree, and access to outdoors were important predictors of FeLV status. FeLV-infected sick cats shed more viral RNA than FeLV-infected healthy cats, and they suffered more frequently from anaemia, anorexia, and gingivitis/stomatitis than uninfected sick cats. Most cats had never been FeLV-vaccinated; vaccination rates were indirectly associated with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In conclusion, we identified countries where FeLV was undetectable, demonstrating that the infection can be eradicated and highlighting those regions where awareness and prevention should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Studer
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Enikö Gönczi
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gianluca Boo
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Karin Moestl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK & Chief Medical Officer, Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK.
| | - Sándor Belák
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Herman F Egberink
- University of Utrecht, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Maria-Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Diane Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | | | - Filip Tkalec
- Veterinarska klinika Kreszinger, 10360 Sesvete, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zsuzsanna Vizi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anna Brunetti
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Boyko Georgiev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Flurin Tschuor
- Kleintierklinik BolligerTschuor AG, Fachtierärzte für Kleintiere, 4665 Oftringen - Zofingen, Switzerland.
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Catarina Eliasson
- Jamaren - Swedish Veterinary Feline Study Group, 275 71 Lövestad, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Kirsi Juuti
- CatVet Kissaklinikka, 00400 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Igor Krampl
- Slovak Small Animal Veterinary Association, 821 02 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Kaspars Kovalenko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Lifesciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia.
| | - Jakov Šengaut
- Jakov Veterinary Centre, Gerosios Vilties g. 1, LT-03147 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Petra Borska
- Small Animal Emergency Clinic, 637 00 Brno-Jundrov, Czech Republic.
| | - Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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104
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Murray SM, Linial ML. Simian Foamy Virus Co-Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100902. [PMID: 31569704 PMCID: PMC6833048 DOI: 10.3390/v11100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs), also known as spumaretroviruses, are complex retroviruses that are seemingly nonpathogenic in natural hosts. In natural hosts, which include felines, bovines, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), a large percentage of adults are infected with FVs. For this reason, the effect of FVs on infections with other viruses (co-infections) cannot be easily studied in natural populations. Most of what is known about interactions between FVs and other viruses is based on studies of NHPs in artificial settings such as research facilities. In these settings, there is some indication that FVs can exacerbate infections with lentiviruses such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Nonhuman primate (NHP) simian FVs (SFVs) have been shown to infect people without any apparent pathogenicity. Humans zoonotically infected with simian foamy virus (SFV) are often co-infected with other viruses. Thus, it is important to know whether SFV co-infections affect human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Murray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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105
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Gomez-Lucia E, Collado VM, Miró G, Martín S, Benítez L, Doménech A. Follow-Up of Viral Parameters in FeLV- or FIV-Naturally Infected Cats Treated Orally with Low Doses of Human Interferon Alpha. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090845. [PMID: 31514435 PMCID: PMC6783854 DOI: 10.3390/v11090845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific treatments for the long-life infections by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are either toxic, expensive or not too effective. Interferon α (IFN-α) is an immunomodulatory molecule which has been shown in vitro to decrease the release of infective particles. The aim of this study was to follow the progress of the clinical score and viral parameters of FeLV- and FIV-naturally infected privately owned cats treated with recombinant human IFN-α (rHuIFN-α, Roferon-A). Twenty-seven FeLV-infected cats (FeLV+) and 31 FIV-infected cats (FIV+) were enrolled in the study. Owners were instructed to orally administer 1 mL/day of 60 IU rHuIFN-α/mL in alternating weeks for four months. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study (M0), mid-treatment (M2), end of treatment (M4), and 6-10 months later (M10). Clinical status at these time points improved notably with rHuIFN-α treatment, regardless of the initial severity of the disease, an effect which lasted throughout the study in most animals (15 of the 16 FeLV+ symptomatic cats; 20 of the 22 FIV+ symptomatic cats) improved markedly their clinical situation. In FeLV+ cats plasma antigenemia (p27CA), reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, and proviral load decreased at M2 and M4 but increased again at M10 ("rebound effect"). The level of antigenemia or RT activity was below the detection limits in FIV+ cats, and the effect on proviral load was less marked than in FeLV+ cats. Taken together, these results indicate that rHuIFN-α is a good candidate for treating FeLV+ cats, but the "rebound effect" seen when treatment was discontinued suggests that additional studies should be conducted to clarify its effect on progression of the infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Gomez-Lucia
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victorio M Collado
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Benítez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Doménech
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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106
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Pereira A, Valente J, Parreira R, Cristovão JM, Azinheira S, Campino L, Maia C. An Unusual Case of Feline Leishmaniosis With Involvement of the Mammary Glands. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 37:100356. [PMID: 31837752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2019.100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case of leishmaniosis with the involvement of mammary glands in an old cat with what seems to be a concurrent regressive feline leukemia virus infection. Leishmania donovani complex parasites were identified for the first time in inflammatory breast fluid during a clinical recurrence manifested about 4 years after the first diagnosis of feline leishmaniosis. Combined treatment with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate resulted in clinical cure of mammary lesion and a concurrent uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisbon, Portugal; Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT, NOVA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo Parreira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisbon, Portugal; Medical Microbiology Unit, IHMT, NOVA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Cristovão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisbon, Portugal; Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT, NOVA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT, NOVA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisbon, Portugal; Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT, NOVA, Lisbon, Portugal.
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107
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Risk of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection in Pet Cats in Australia is Higher in Areas of Lower Socioeconomic Status. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090592. [PMID: 31438632 PMCID: PMC6769635 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some diseases are known to occur at a higher frequency in Australia in areas of social and economic disadvantage. Identification of these diseases is important for effective infection control strategies. We investigated whether an association existed between socioeconomic factors and three infectious diseases in cats (feline immunodeficiency virus, FIV; feline calicivirus, FCV; and feline herpesvirus-1, FHV-1) in Australia. Disease cases that were reported to a voluntary veterinary disease surveillance system (Disease WatchDog) between January 2010 and July 2017 were extracted and analysed. Postcodes of the owners of these cats were compared to four government-published indexes measuring socioeconomic disadvantage and advantage. An association between socioeconomic status and FIV infection, but not FCV and FHV-1 infection, was found. FIV infection was more commonly reported in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage according to all four indexes. Prevention strategies targeting lower socioeconomic communities may help to reduce the overall prevalence of FIV infection in Australia. Abstract Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) are common viral infections of domestic cats in Australia. A study was performed to investigate the possible effect of area-based socioeconomic factors on the occurrence of FIV, FCV, and FHV-1 infection in Australian client-owned cats. A total of 1044 cases, reported to a voluntary Australian online disease surveillance system between January 2010 and July 2017, were analysed with respect to their postcode-related socioeconomic factors using the Socio-Economic Indexes For Areas (SEIFA). SEIFA consists of four different indexes which describe different aspects of socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage. Signalment details including age, sex, neuter status, and breed were also considered. A significant correlation was observed between areas of lower socioeconomic status and a higher number of reported cases of FIV infection for all four SEIFA indexes (p ≤ 0.0002). Postcodes with SEIFA indexes below the Australian median (“disadvantaged” areas) were 1.6–2.3 times more likely to have reported cases of FIV infection than postcodes with SEIFA indexes above the median (“advantaged” areas). In contrast, no correlation was observed between the number of reported cases of FCV or FHV-1 infection and any of the four SEIFA indexes (p > 0.05). When signalment data were analysed for the three infections, FIV-infected cats were more likely to be older (p < 0.00001), male (p < 0.0001), neutered (p = 0.03), and non-pedigree (p < 0.0001) compared to FCV and FHV-1 infected cats. Results from this study suggest that area-based disease control strategies, particularly in areas of social disadvantage, might be effective in reducing the prevalence of FIV infection in pet cats in Australia.
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108
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Prevalence, Geographic Distribution, Risk Factors and Co-Infections of Feline Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Domestic Cats in Switzerland. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080721. [PMID: 31390829 PMCID: PMC6723517 DOI: 10.3390/v11080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a gammaherpesvirus was described in domestic cats (FcaGHV1). The goal of the present study was to investigate the presence of FcaGHV1 in Swiss domestic cats and analyze potential risk factors. Blood samples from 881 cats presented to veterinarians in all Swiss cantons and from 91 stray cats and neoplastic tissue samples from 17 cats with lymphoma were evaluated. FcaGHV1 was detected by real-time PCR targeting the glycoprotein B gene, followed by sequencing. Blood samples were also tested for feline hemoplasmas, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The molecular prevalence of FcaGHV1 was 6.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.5–7.8%) in cats presented to veterinarians and 5.5% (95% CI, 1.8–12.4%) in stray cats. FcaGHV1 PCR-positive cats originated from 19/26 Swiss cantons. Factors significantly associated with FcaGHV1 detection included male sex, age >3 years, nonpedigree status and co-infection with FIV and hemoplasmas. Moreover, FeLV viremia tended to be associated with FcaGHV1 detection. High FcaGHV1 blood loads were found more frequently in FeLV-viremic cats and less frequently in hemoplasma-infected cats than in uninfected cats. Clinical information was unavailable for most of the 881 cats, but leukemia, carcinoma and cardiomyopathy were reported in FcaGHV1-positive cats. None of the tissue samples from the 17 cats with lymphoma tested positive for FcaGHV1. Sequence analyses revealed homogeneity among the Swiss isolates and >99.7% identity to published FcaGHV1 sequences. In conclusion, FcaGHV1 is present in Switzerland with a similar prevalence in cats presented to veterinarians and in stray cats. The pathogenic potential of FcaGHV1 needs further evaluation.
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109
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Altered immune parameters associated with Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) and Chlamydial infection in free ranging Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Sci Rep 2019; 9:11170. [PMID: 31371797 PMCID: PMC6673689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) has been widely speculated to cause immune suppression in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and to underlie the koala's susceptibility to infectious disease, however evidence for immunomodulation is limited. The aim of this study is to determine whether immunophenotypic changes are associated with KoRV infection in free ranging Victorian koalas. qPCR was used to examine mRNA expression for Th1 (IFNγ), Th2-promoting (IL6, IL10) and Th17 (IL17A) cytokines, along with CD4 and CD8 in whole blood of koalas (n = 74) from Mt Eccles and Raymond Island in Victoria, Australia, with and without natural chlamydial infection. KoRV positive koalas had significantly lower levels of IL17A (p`0.023) and IFNγ (p = 0.044) gene expression along with a decreased CD4:CD8 gene expression ratio (p = 0.025) compared to negative koalas. No effect of chlamydial infection or combined effect of KoRV and chlamydial infection was detected in these populations. The decreased expression of IFNγ could make KoRV infected koalas more susceptible to persistent chlamydial infection, and a decrease in IL17A could make them more susceptible to gram negative bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial infection; but more tolerant of chlamydial infection.
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110
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Abstract
Hepadnaviruses infect several animal species. The prototype species, human hepatitis B virus (HBV), increases the risk of liver diseases and may cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently a novel hepadnavirus, similar to HBV, has been identified through transcriptomics studies in a domestic cat with large cell lymphoma in Australia. Herewith, a collection of 390 feline serum samples was screened for hepadnavirus. Overall, the virus was identified in 10.8% of the sera with a significantly higher prevalence (17.8%) in the sera of animals with a clinical suspect of infectious disease. Upon genome sequencing, the virus was closely related (97.0% nt identity) to the prototype Australian feline virus Sydney 2016. The mean and median values of hepadnavirus in the feline sera were 1.3 × 106 and 2.1 × 104 genome copies per mL (range 3.3 × 100-2.5 × 107 genome copies per mL). For a subset of hepadnavirus-positive samples, information on the hemato-chemical parameters was available and in 10/20 animals a profile suggestive of liver damage was present. Also, in 7/10 animals with suspected hepatic disease, virus load was >104 genome copies per mL, i.e. above the threshold considered at risk of active hepatitis and liver damage for HBV.
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111
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Reduced Folate Carrier: an Entry Receptor for a Novel Feline Leukemia Virus Variant. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00269-19. [PMID: 30996094 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00269-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is horizontally transmitted among cats and causes a variety of hematopoietic disorders. Five subgroups of FeLV, A to D and T, each with distinct receptor usages, have been described. Recently, we identified a new FeLV Env (TG35-2) gene from a pseudotyped virus that does not belong to any known subgroup. FeLV-A is the primary virus from which other subgroups have emerged via mutation or recombination of the subgroup A env gene. Retrovirus entry into cells is mediated by the interaction of envelope protein (Env) with specific cell surface receptors. Here, phenotypic screening of a human/hamster radiation hybrid panel identified SLC19A1, a feline reduced folate carrier (RFC) and potential receptor for TG35-2-phenotypic virus. RFC is a multipass transmembrane protein. Feline and human RFC cDNAs conferred susceptibility to TG35-2-pseudotyped virus when introduced into nonpermissive cells but did not render these cells permissive to other FeLV subgroups or feline endogenous retrovirus. Moreover, human cells with genomic deletion of RFC were nonpermissive for TG35-2-pseudotyped virus infection, but the introduction of feline and human cDNAs rendered them permissive. Mutation analysis of FeLV Env demonstrated that amino acid substitutions within variable region A altered the specificity of the Env-receptor interaction. We isolated and reconstructed the full-length infectious TG35-2-phenotypic provirus from a naturally FeLV-infected cat, from which the FeLV Env (TG35-2) gene was previously isolated, and compared the replication of the virus in hematopoietic cell lines with that of FeLV-A 61E by measuring the viral RNA copy numbers. These results provide a tool for further investigation of FeLV infectious disease.IMPORTANCE Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a member of the genus Gammaretrovirus, which causes malignant diseases in cats. The most prevalent FeLV among cats is FeLV subgroup A (FeLV-A), and specific binding of FeLV-A Env to its viral receptor, thiamine transporter feTHTR1, is the first step of infection. In infected cats, novel variants of FeLV with altered receptor specificity for viral entry have emerged by mutation or recombination of the env gene. A novel FeLV variant arose from a subtle mutation of FeLV-A Env, which altered the specific interaction of the virus with its receptor. RFC, a folate transporter, is a potential receptor for the novel FeLV variant. The perturbation of specific retrovirus-receptor interactions under selective pressure by the host results in the emergence of novel viruses.
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Cristo TG, Biezus G, Noronha LF, Gaspar T, Dal Pont TP, Withoeft JA, Furlan LV, Costa LS, Traverso SD, Casagrande RA. Feline Leukaemia Virus Associated with Leukaemia in Cats in Santa Catarina, Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:10-21. [PMID: 31375152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leukaemia is a haemopoietic neoplasm originating from myeloid or lymphoid precursors in the bone marrow and may be either acute or chronic. These tumours are rare, but occur more frequently in cats because of an association with the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). To the best of our knowledge, no studies conducted in Brazil to date have analysed the association between leukaemia and FeLV and FIV infection in cats. The aim of this study was to perform a histopathological analysis of feline leukaemia and evaluate the association between leukaemia and FeLV and FIV infection in cats. The study evaluated 37 cats with leukaemia diagnosed between 2009 and 2017. The animals underwent necropsy examination, histopathology and immunohistochemistry with anti-FeLV gp70 and anti-FIV p24 gag antibodies. Of the evaluated animals, 54% (20/37) were males and 43.2% (16/37) were females. With respect to the life stage of the animals, 24.3% (9/37) were junior, 32.4% (12/37) were prime, 18.9% (7/37) were mature and 10.8% (4/37) were senior, and five animals were of unknown age. Myeloid leukaemia occurred in 56.8% (21/37) of the cases and lymphocytic leukaemia occurred in 43.2% (16/37) of the cases. Acute leukaemia (73%, 27/37) was more common than chronic leukaemia (27%, 10/37). The positivity for FeLV (78.4%, 29/37) and FIV (16.2%, 6/37) indicated a high association between FeLV infection and tumour development in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Cristo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Animal Science, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - G Biezus
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Animal Science, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L F Noronha
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - T Gaspar
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - T P Dal Pont
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - J A Withoeft
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L V Furlan
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L S Costa
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - S D Traverso
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - R A Casagrande
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Animal Science, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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113
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Mello LS, Leite-Filho RV, Panziera W, Bandinelli MB, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Feline lymphoma in the nervous system: pathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological aspects in 16 cats. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and etiological features of lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) in cats were analyzed through a retrospective study (2004-2017) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The NS involvement was observed in 16 (12.2%) of 125 felines with lymphoma. Young cats were mainly affected, with a median of 24 months old. Most cases were secondary central NS lymphoma, whereas in three cats, the NS involvement was primary. IHC revealed 14 (87.5%) FeLV-positive, six FIV-positive, and one FeLV/FIV-negative cats. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the NS was 8/16 in the spinal cord, 7/16 in the brain, and 1/16 in the paravertebral nerves and ganglia (neurolymphomatosis). The lymphoma pattern in the spinal cord was exclusively extradural, often focal (6/8), and located in the lumbar (3/6), sacral (1/6), thoracic (1/6), and cervical segments (1/6). Brain neuroanatomical patterns were: leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (4/7), lymphomatous choroiditis (2/7), and intradural lymphoma (1/7). The feline with primary neurolymphomatosis presented a marked thickening of paravertebral nerves and ganglia from the sacral region. B-cell lymphoma (75%) was often diagnosed, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (11/16) was the main subtype. T-cell lymphoma (25%) was less commonly observed and was classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/16) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) (1/16).
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114
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Westman M, Norris J, Malik R, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Harvey A, McLuckie A, Perkins M, Schofield D, Marcus A, McDonald M, Ward M, Hall E, Sheehy P, Hosie M. The Diagnosis of Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) Infection in Owned and Group-Housed Rescue Cats in Australia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060503. [PMID: 31159230 PMCID: PMC6630418 DOI: 10.3390/v11060503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A field study was undertaken to (i) measure the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) exposure and FeLV infection in a cross-section of healthy Australian pet cats; and (ii) investigate the outcomes following natural FeLV exposure in two Australian rescue facilities. Group 1 (n = 440) consisted of healthy client-owned cats with outdoor access, predominantly from eastern Australia. Groups 2 (n = 38) and 3 (n = 51) consisted of a mixture of healthy and sick cats, group-housed in two separate rescue facilities in Sydney, Australia, tested following identification of index cases of FeLV infection in cats sourced from these facilities. Diagnostic testing for FeLV exposure/infection included p27 antigen testing using three different point-of-care FeLV kits and a laboratory-based ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing to detect FeLV proviral DNA in leukocytes, real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) testing to detect FeLV RNA in plasma, and neutralising antibody (NAb) testing. Cats were classified as FeLV-uninfected (FeLV-unexposed and presumptively FeLV-abortive infections) or FeLV-infected (presumptively regressive and presumptively progressive infections). In Group 1, 370 FeLV-unexposed cats (370/440, 84%), 47 abortive infections (47/440, 11%), nine regressive infections (9/440, 2%), and two progressive infections (2/440, 0.5%) were identified, and 12 FeLV-uninfected cats (12/440, 3%) were unclassifiable as FeLV-unexposed or abortive infections due to insufficient samples available for NAb testing. In Groups 2 and 3, 31 FeLV-unexposed cats (31/89, 35%), eight abortive infections (8/89, 9%), 22 regressive infections (22/89; 25%), and 19 progressive infections (19/89; 21%) were discovered, and nine FeLV-uninfected cats (9/89; 10%) were unclassifiable due to insufficient samples available for NAb testing. One of the presumptively progressively-infected cats in Group 3 was likely a focal FeLV infection. Two other presumptively progressively-infected cats in Group 3 may have been classified as regressive infections with repeated testing, highlighting the difficulties associated with FeLV diagnosis when sampling cats at a single time point, even with results from a panel of FeLV tests. These results serve as a reminder to Australian veterinarians that the threat of FeLV to the general pet cat population remains high, thus vigilant FeLV testing, separate housing for FeLV-infected cats, and FeLV vaccination of at-risk cats is important, particularly in group-housed cats in shelters and rescue facilities, where outbreaks of FeLV infection can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, Sydney, 2113 NSW, Australia.
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | - Alan Marcus
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Mike McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Michael Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Paul Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
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115
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Lynx eats cat: disease risk assessment during an Iberian lynx intraguild predation. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019; 65:39. [PMID: 32214947 PMCID: PMC7087927 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lethal interactions between members of the carnivore guild are well represented in literature. In the Iberian lynx, interspecific killing (without prey consumption) of some mesocarnivores, such as the Egyptian mongoose, genet, and red fox, has been reported. Although vaguely documented, evidence suggests feral cats fall victim to interactions with this apex predator. Here, we describe the first documented case of interspecific killing and partial consumption of a feral cat by an adult male Iberian lynx reintroduced in Southwestern Spain. Ulterior analyses demonstrated that the victim was viremic to feline leukemia virus. To prevent the dissemination of the virus and a potential outbreak in the Iberian lynx population, control measures, including the clinical evaluation of the male Iberian lynx, and intensive monitoring were implemented in order to detect intraspecific interactions. After 3 weeks, the lynx was evaluated, presented good condition and resulted negative to both ELISA and RT-PCR. Thanks to the long-term monitoring, this case could be detected and measures to prevent an outbreak could be implemented.
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116
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Carneiro CS, de Queiroz GF, Pinto ACBCF, Dagli MLZ, Matera JM. Feline injection site sarcoma: immunohistochemical characteristics. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:314-321. [PMID: 29788832 PMCID: PMC10814634 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18774709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a rapid growing locally aggressive tumor with a low metastatic rate. Its histologic features are clearly defined, but there are few studies regarding its immunohistochemical characteristics. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical characteristics of 21 cases of FISS. METHODS FISSs from 12 male and nine female cats, 20 mixed-breed and one Siamese, were included in the study. After histopathological diagnosis, additional histologic sections were immunostained for vimentin, cytokeratin, desmin, S100 protein, viral feline leukemia virus (FeLV) particles, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and c-KIT. Positive and negative controls were adopted accordingly. Immunostainings were classified as positive or negative according to the number of positive cells from a total of 1000 cells per tumor section. RESULTS Histopathologic diagnosis of the tumors revealed 18 (85.7%) fibrosarcomas and three (14.3%) other sarcomas; four fibrosarcomas (22.2%) were grade III, five (27.8%) were grade II and nine (50.0%) were grade I. Two sarcomas were grade III and one was grade II. Seventeen (81%) tumors were negative for desmin. All samples were positive for vimentin. Twenty tumors (95.2%) were positive for S-100 protein. Positivity for c-KIT was observed in four (19%) samples; COX-2 was positive in 13 (61.9%) and FeLV viral particles were positive in nine (42.9%) FISSs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Immunohistochemical findings of FISSs revealed positive immunostainings for desmin, vimentin, S-100 protein, c-KIT, COX-2 and FeLV viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Carneiro
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Genilson F de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Ana CBCF Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria LZ Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia M Matera
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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117
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Medeiros S, Silva B, Carneiro A, Ferreira Júnior O, Tanuri A. Avaliação de dois testes sorológicos comerciais para diagnóstico das infecções pelo FIV e pelo FeLV. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO FIV e FeLV são retrovírus associados principalmente com neoplasias. Dois testes rápidos são disponibilizados no Brasil para o diagnóstico dessas infecções: um kit de imunocromatografia de fluxo bidirecional (SNAP® Combo IDEXX) e um kit de imunocromatografia de fluxo lateral unidirecional (ALERE/BIONOTE Anigen Rapid). O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o teste SNAP® com o teste ALERE. Amostras de sangue de 178 gatos foram testadas utilizando-se ambos os kits. A reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) foi empregada como método confirmatório para todos os resultados. O teste SNAP® apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 100% para FIV; a sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste ALERE foram de 96,15% e 98,68%, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade para o FeLV foram de 93,02% e 96,30% para o teste SNAP® e de 90,70% e 97,78% para o teste ALERE. Ainda em relação ao FeLV, três amostras com resultado positivo na qPCR obtiveram resultado falso-negativo em ambos os testes. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os métodos. Considerando a qPCR como padrão-ouro, o teste SNAP® apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o FIV, e o teste ALERE apresentou maior especificidade para o FeLV. Os resultados mostraram uma boa correlação entre os testes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B.J.A. Silva
- Centro de Apoio e Diagnóstico Veterinário, Brazil
| | | | | | - A. Tanuri
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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118
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Westman ME, Malik R, Norris JM. Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:47-55. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ME Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - R Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - JM Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
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119
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Almeida T, Sousa Filho R, Rodrigues I, Cruz R, Rodrigues A, Silva I. Linfoma leucemizado em felino coinfectado com os vírus da imunodeficiência felina e da leucemia felina: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo relatar um caso de linfoma leucemizado em um felino coinfectado com os vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o da leucemia felina (FeLV). Foram realizados exames de hemograma, contagem de reticulócitos, mielograma, bioquímica, teste de imunocromatografia para FIV e FeLV, imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) para FeLV, radiografia torácica e citologia renal. Esse último exame revelou um linfoma extranodal. Foi determinante para a conclusão diagnóstica a associação dos sinais clínicos corroborados com a infiltração de elevada quantidade de células linfoblásticas na medula óssea, exibindo critérios citomorfológicos de malignidade, como mitoses atípicas, relacionadas à presença de corpúsculos linfoglandulares e material hematopoiético inter-relacionado. O linfoma é uma neoplasia relativamente comum em felinos, entretanto, a apresentação leucemizada é rara, podendo representar um desafio diagnóstico clínico, o que torna fundamental a inclusão da citologia medular na prática clínica dessa espécie.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.M. Almeida
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - R.O. Cruz
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
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120
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Sepp T, Ujvari B, Ewald PW, Thomas F, Giraudeau M. Urban environment and cancer in wildlife: available evidence and future research avenues. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182434. [PMID: 30963883 PMCID: PMC6367167 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is generally known that the risk of several cancers in humans is higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, cancer is often deemed a problem of human societies with modern lifestyles. At the same time, more and more wild animals are affected by urbanization processes and are faced with the need to adapt or acclimate to urban conditions. These include, among other things, increased exposure to an assortment of pollutants (e.g. chemicals, light and noise), novel types of food and new infections. According to the abundant literature available for humans, all of these factors are associated with an increased probability of developing cancerous neoplasias; however, the link between the urban environment and cancer in wildlife has not been discussed in the scientific literature. Here, we describe the available evidence linking environmental changes resulting from urbanization to cancer-related physiological changes in wild animals. We identify the knowledge gaps in this field and suggest future research avenues, with the ultimate aim of understanding how our modern lifestyle affects cancer prevalence in urbanizing wild populations. In addition, we consider the possibilities of using urban wild animal populations as models to study the association between environmental factors and cancer epidemics in humans, as well as to understand the evolution of cancer and defence mechanisms against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul W. Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Chiu ES, Kraberger S, Cunningham M, Cusack L, Roelke M, VandeWoude S. Multiple Introductions of Domestic Cat Feline Leukemia Virus in Endangered Florida Panthers. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:92-101. [PMID: 30561312 PMCID: PMC6302599 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.181347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) had an outbreak of infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in the early 2000s that resulted in the deaths of 3 animals. A vaccination campaign was instituted during 2003-2007 and no additional cases were recorded until 2010. During 2010-2016, six additional FeLV cases were documented. We characterized FeLV genomes isolated from Florida panthers from both outbreaks and compared them with full-length genomes of FeLVs isolated from contemporary Florida domestic cats. Phylogenetic analyses identified at least 2 circulating FeLV strains in panthers, which represent separate introductions from domestic cats. The original FeLV virus outbreak strain is either still circulating or another domestic cat transmission event has occurred with a closely related variant. We also report a case of a cross-species transmission event of an oncogenic FeLV recombinant (FeLV-B). Evidence of multiple FeLV strains and detection of FeLV-B indicate Florida panthers are at high risk for FeLV infection.
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122
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Iliev PT, Zhelev G, Ivanov A, Prelezov P. Demodex cati and feline immunodeficiency virus co-infection in a cat. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of co-infection due to Demodex cati and feline immunodeficiency virus in a cat is described. A 5 year-old neutered male cat was presented to the Small Animal Clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University with lethargy, diarrhoea, pyrexia, anorexia, adipsia, skin lesions, intense itching and alopecia. Parasitological, mycological and serological examinations were carried out. Adult D. cati mites and antibodies against FIV were detected. A proper therapy with an endectocide, antibiotic and antihistamine drug was prescribed. The improvement of the general condition was observed after a month of treatment. Later, the disease recurred twice and the animal was humanely euthanased for medical reasons and at the owner’s request.
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123
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Cobucci GC, Favarato ES, Bevilacqua PD, Santiago B. FATORES DE RISCO E SINTOMATOLOGIA CLÍNICA ASSOCIADOS À INFECÇÃO PELO FELV: ESTUDO CASO-CONTROLE EM UM HOSPITAL ESCOLA VETERINÁRIO. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-50797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi identificar fatores de risco e características clínicas da infecção pelo vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) em gatos domésticos (Felis catus) atendidos em um hospital escola veterinário. Para a determinação dos fatores de risco, foi realizado estudo caso-controle e para a caracterização da sintomatologia clínica dos animais doentes, foi realizado estudo descritivo. Foram avaliados 175 prontuários médicos de gatos atendidos no hospital durante o período de janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, sendo 34 animais (19,4%) positivos para o vírus. Foi observada associação entre idade e infecção pelo FeLV (p=0,009), em que a maior incidência da infecção ocorreu em animais com idade entre um e quatro anos. Neoplasias hematopoiéticas (p=0.00002), anemia (p<0,0000001), leucopenia (p=0,04) e hiperproteinemia (p=0,043) estiveram associadas com a FeLV. Sinais clínicos associados aos sistemas respiratório, digestório, tegumentar e nervoso estiveram presentes em 20,6%, 14,7%, 5,9% e 5,9%, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a idade está associada à infecção pelo FeLV, sendo o grupo de animais entre um e quatro anos com maior risco, enquanto sexo e acesso à rua não são fatores de risco para a infecção. A infecção pelo FeLV está associada à anemia, leucopenia, neoplasias hematopoiéticas e hiperproteinemia.
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Biezus G, Machado G, Ferian PE, da Costa UM, Pereira LHHDS, Withoeft JA, Nunes IAC, Muller TR, de Cristo TG, Casagrande RA. Prevalence of and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cats of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 63:17-21. [PMID: 30961813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 274 cats for determination of FeLV antigenemia and FIV seropositivity and factors associated with those infections in cats presented at the Veterinary Hospital of the Santa Catarina State University - UDESC (Brazil). Apparent prevalence for sick cats at the hospital population was 28.41% (95%CI 21.88-34.94%) for FeLV, 7.65% (95%CI 3.71-11.50%) for FIV and 2.18% (95%CI 0.56-5.47%) for both viruses. For healthy cats, the apparent prevalence was 9.89% (95%CI 3.75-16.02%) for FeLV, 2.20% (95%CI 0.34-7.75%) for FIV by immunoassay (ELISA). Average age for FeLV- and FIV-positive individuals was 38.32 and 64.25 months, respectively. Behavior such as aggressiveness and sex (male) were both associated with increased odds of result positivity test for FeLV and FIV; older animals were also associated with FIV test results. A very small proportion of the animals were vaccinated against FeLV and none against FIV. Most of the animals were adopted from shelters or rescued from streets, living with multiple cats that had access to outdoors. The high prevalence of FeLV suggests a need for better control strategies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Biezus
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Paulo Eduardo Ferian
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Ubirajara Maciel da Costa
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | | | - Jéssica Aline Withoeft
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Igor Augusto Coelho Nunes
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Rinaldi Muller
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Thierry Grima de Cristo
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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125
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Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120702. [PMID: 30544924 PMCID: PMC6315984 DOI: 10.3390/v10120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline foamy virus (FFV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belong to the Retroviridae family. While disease has not been reported for FFV infection, FeLV infection can cause anemia and immunosuppression (progressive infection). Co-infection with FFV/FeLV allows evaluation of the pathogenic potential and epidemiology of FFV infection in cats with FeLV pathology. Blood and buccal swab samples from 81 cats were collected in Rio de Janeiro. Plasma was serologically tested for FeLV. DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and buccal swabs was used to PCR detect FFV and FeLV. A qPCR was developed to detect and measure FFV proviral loads (pVLs) in cats. FeLV qPCR was performed using previous methods. The median log10 pVL of FFV mono-infected individuals was lower than found in FFV/FeLV co-infected cats in buccal swabs (p = 0.003). We found 78% of cats had detectable buccal FFV DNA in FFV mono-infected and FFV co-infected FeLV-progressive cats, while in FeLV-regressive cats (those without signs of disease) 22% of cats had detectable buccal FFV DNA (p = 0.004). Our results suggest that regressive FeLV infection may reduce FFV saliva transmission, the main mode of FV transmission. We did not find evidence of differences in pathogenicity in FFV mono- and -dually infected cats. In summary, we show that FVs may interact with FeLV within the same host. Our study supports the utility of cats naturally co-infected with retroviruses as a model to investigate the impact of FV on immunocompromised mammalian hosts.
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126
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Cristo TG, Biezus G, Noronha LF, Pereira LHHS, Withoeft JA, Furlan LV, Costa LS, Traverso SD, Casagrande RA. Feline Lymphoma and a High Correlation with Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection in Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2018; 166:20-28. [PMID: 30691602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most important haemopoietic tumour in cats and has been associated with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection. In Brazil, no studies have established a correlation between FeLV infection and lymphoma. The aim of this study was to characterize lymphomas arising in cats in Brazil anatomically and microscopically, and to correlate these data with FeLV infection as determined by immunohistochemistry for the FeLV gp70 antigen. Fifty-three cats with lymphoma were evaluated. The mean age of junior, prime, mature, senior and geriatric cats was 1.65 years, 4.34 years, 8 years, 12.14 years and 15.5 years, respectively. The anatomical types of lymphoma were multicentric (43.4%, 23/53), mediastinal (33.96%, 18/53), renal (11.32%, 6/53), hepatic (5.66%, 3/53), nodal (3.77%, 2/53) and alimentary (1.89 %, 1/53). The histological types were small noncleaved-cell (33.96%, 18/53), mixed diffuse (22.64%, 12/53), immunoblastic (15.11%, 8/53), lymphoblastic (11, 32%, 6/53), small lymphocytic (9.43%, 5/53), small cleaved-cell (3.77%, 2/53) and large cell lymphomas (3.77%, 2/3). Immunopositivity for FeLV was observed in 56.6% (30/53) of the samples. FeLV positivity was equally distributed between the genders, but predominated in junior and prime cats. The degree of association between lymphoma and FeLV infection in Brazil was higher than that found in other countries, demonstrating the need to prevent and control the factors associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Cristo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Brazil
| | - G Biezus
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Brazil
| | - L F Noronha
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L H H S Pereira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - J A Withoeft
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L V Furlan
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L S Costa
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Brazil
| | - S D Traverso
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil
| | - R A Casagrande
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil.
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Zandonà L, Brunetta R, Zanardello C, Vascellari M, Persico L, Mazzolini E. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in a cat with feline leukemia and feline infectious peritonitis viral infections. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:860-862. [PMID: 30104776 PMCID: PMC6049326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A diarrheic young cat died after neurological involvement. Biochemistry pointed to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The final diagnosis was severe multifocal meningoencephalitis due to Toxoplasma gondii. The presence of the parasite in the brain was confirmed using immunohistochemical staining. Concomitant feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and FIP were possible contributors to the clinical, fatal outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cat Diseases/parasitology
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Coronavirus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis/pathology
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis/virology
- Female
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Leukemia, Feline/parasitology
- Leukemia, Feline/pathology
- Leukemia, Feline/virology
- Meningoencephalitis/parasitology
- Meningoencephalitis/pathology
- Meningoencephalitis/veterinary
- Toxoplasma/isolation & purification
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zandonà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy (Zandonà, Brunetta, Zanardello, Vascellari, Mazzolini); Ambulatorio Veterinario Persico Dr. Luca, Piazzale Capitello 20, 31020 Vidor (TV), Italy (Persico)
| | - Romina Brunetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy (Zandonà, Brunetta, Zanardello, Vascellari, Mazzolini); Ambulatorio Veterinario Persico Dr. Luca, Piazzale Capitello 20, 31020 Vidor (TV), Italy (Persico)
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy (Zandonà, Brunetta, Zanardello, Vascellari, Mazzolini); Ambulatorio Veterinario Persico Dr. Luca, Piazzale Capitello 20, 31020 Vidor (TV), Italy (Persico)
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy (Zandonà, Brunetta, Zanardello, Vascellari, Mazzolini); Ambulatorio Veterinario Persico Dr. Luca, Piazzale Capitello 20, 31020 Vidor (TV), Italy (Persico)
| | - Luca Persico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy (Zandonà, Brunetta, Zanardello, Vascellari, Mazzolini); Ambulatorio Veterinario Persico Dr. Luca, Piazzale Capitello 20, 31020 Vidor (TV), Italy (Persico)
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy (Zandonà, Brunetta, Zanardello, Vascellari, Mazzolini); Ambulatorio Veterinario Persico Dr. Luca, Piazzale Capitello 20, 31020 Vidor (TV), Italy (Persico)
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128
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de Souza EW, Borba CDM, Pereira SA, Gremião IDF, Langohr IM, Oliveira MME, de Oliveira RDVC, da Cunha CR, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, de Miranda LHM, Menezes RC. Clinical features, fungal load, coinfections, histological skin changes, and itraconazole treatment response of cats with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9074. [PMID: 29899416 PMCID: PMC5998065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by the fungus Sporothrix brasiliensis is usually severe in cats. This study investigated the associations between clinical features, fungal load, coinfections, histological skin changes, and response to itraconazole in cats with sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis. Fifty-two cats with skin lesions and a definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis were treated with itraconazole for a maximum period of 36 weeks. The animals were submitted to clinical examination and two subsequent collections of samples from the same skin lesion for fungal diagnosis and histopathology, as well as serology for feline immunodeficiency (FIV) and leukaemia (FeLV) viruses. Thirty-seven (71%) cats were clinically cured. Nasal mucosa lesions and respiratory signs were associated with treatment failure. Cats coinfected with FIV/FeLV (n = 12) had a lower neutrophil count in the lesion. A high fungal load in skin lesions was linked to young age and treatment failure, as well as to a longer time of wound healing, poorly formed granulomas and fewer neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in these lesions. These results indicate that itraconazole is effective, but nasal mucosal involvement, respiratory signs and high fungal loads in skin lesions are predictors of treatment failure that will assist in the development of better treatment protocols for cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Waite de Souza
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ingeborg Maria Langohr
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Camila Rocha da Cunha
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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129
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Simmons GS, Habarugira G. The Origins of Gibbon Ape Leukaemia Virus. Primates 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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130
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Murphy BG, Eckstrand C, Castillo D, Poon A, Liepnieks M, Harmon K, Moore P. Multiple, Independent T Cell Lymphomas Arising in an Experimentally FIV-Infected Cat during the Terminal Stage of Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060280. [PMID: 29794987 PMCID: PMC6024646 DOI: 10.3390/v10060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has serially reported on the virologic and immunopathologic features of a cohort of experimental feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats for more than eight years. At 8.09 years post infection (PI), one of these animals entered the terminal stage of infection, characterized by undulating hyperthermia, progressive anorexia, weight loss, and pancytopenia; the animal was not responsive to therapeutic interventions, necessitating euthanasia six weeks later (8.20 years PI). Subsequent analyses indicated that neoplastic lymphocytes infiltrated multiple cervical lymph nodes and a band-like region of the mucosal lamina propria within a segment of the intestine. Immunohistochemistry and T cell clonality testing determined that the nodal and intestinal lesions were independently arising from CD3 T cell lymphomas. In-situ RNA hybridization studies indicated that diffuse neoplastic lymphocytes from the cervical lymph node contained abundant viral nucleic acid, while viral nucleic acid was not detectable in lymphocytes from the intestinal lymphoma lesion. The proviral long terminal repeat (LTR) was amplified and sequenced from multiple anatomic sites, and a common clone containing a single nucleotide polymorphism was determined to be defective in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-mediated promoter activation in a reporter gene assay. This assay revealed a previously unidentified PMA response element within the FIV U3 region 3’ to the TATA box. The possible implications of these results on FIV-lymphoma pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Christina Eckstrand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Andre Poon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Molly Liepnieks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Kristy Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Peter Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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131
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Ledesma-Feliciano C, Hagen S, Troyer R, Zheng X, Musselman E, Slavkovic Lukic D, Franke AM, Maeda D, Zielonka J, Münk C, Wei G, VandeWoude S, Löchelt M. Replacement of feline foamy virus bet by feline immunodeficiency virus vif yields replicative virus with novel vaccine candidate potential. Retrovirology 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 29769087 PMCID: PMC5956581 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hosts are able to restrict viral replication to contain virus spread before adaptive immunity is fully initiated. Many viruses have acquired genes directly counteracting intrinsic restriction mechanisms. This phenomenon has led to a co-evolutionary signature for both the virus and host which often provides a barrier against interspecies transmission events. Through different mechanisms of action, but with similar consequences, spumaviral feline foamy virus (FFV) Bet and lentiviral feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Vif counteract feline APOBEC3 (feA3) restriction factors that lead to hypermutation and degradation of retroviral DNA genomes. Here we examine the capacity of vif to substitute for bet function in a chimeric FFV to assess the transferability of anti-feA3 factors to allow viral replication. RESULTS We show that vif can replace bet to yield replication-competent chimeric foamy viruses. An in vitro selection screen revealed that an engineered Bet-Vif fusion protein yields suboptimal protection against feA3. After multiple passages through feA3-expressing cells, however, variants with optimized replication competence emerged. In these variants, Vif was expressed independently from an N-terminal Bet moiety and was stably maintained. Experimental infection of immunocompetent domestic cats with one of the functional chimeras resulted in seroconversion against the FFV backbone and the heterologous FIV Vif protein, but virus could not be detected unambiguously by PCR. Inoculation with chimeric virus followed by wild-type FFV revealed that repeated administration of FVs allowed superinfections with enhanced antiviral antibody production and detection of low level viral genomes, indicating that chimeric virus did not induce protective immunity against wild-type FFV. CONCLUSIONS Unrelated viral antagonists of feA3 cellular restriction factors can be exchanged in FFV, resulting in replication competence in vitro that was attenuated in vivo. Bet therefore may have additional functions other than A3 antagonism that are essential for successful in vivo replication. Immune reactivity was mounted against the heterologous Vif protein. We conclude that Vif-expressing FV vaccine vectors may be an attractive tool to prevent or modulate lentivirus infections with the potential option to induce immunity against additional lentivirus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Hagen
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ryan Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Esther Musselman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dragana Slavkovic Lukic
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Mareen Franke
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Roche Pharma AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
| | - Daniel Maeda
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jörg Zielonka
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guochao Wei
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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132
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Reed JC, Westergreen N, Barajas BC, Ressler DTB, Phuong DJ, Swain JV, Lingappa VR, Lingappa JR. Formation of RNA Granule-Derived Capsid Assembly Intermediates Appears To Be Conserved between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and the Nonprimate Lentivirus Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:e01761-17. [PMID: 29467316 PMCID: PMC5899207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01761-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During immature capsid assembly in cells, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag co-opts a host RNA granule, forming a pathway of intracellular assembly intermediates containing host components, including two cellular facilitators of assembly, ABCE1 and DDX6. A similar assembly pathway has been observed for other primate lentiviruses. Here we asked whether feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a nonprimate lentivirus, also forms RNA granule-derived capsid assembly intermediates. First, we showed that the released FIV immature capsid and a large FIV Gag-containing intracellular complex are unstable during analysis, unlike for HIV-1. We identified harvest conditions, including in situ cross-linking, that overcame this problem, revealing a series of FIV Gag-containing complexes corresponding in size to HIV-1 assembly intermediates. Previously, we showed that assembly-defective HIV-1 Gag mutants are arrested at specific assembly intermediates; here we identified four assembly-defective FIV Gag mutants, including three not previously studied, and demonstrated that they appear to be arrested at the same intermediate as the cognate HIV-1 mutants. Further evidence that these FIV Gag-containing complexes correspond to assembly intermediates came from coimmunoprecipitations demonstrating that endogenous ABCE1 and the RNA granule protein DDX6 are associated with FIV Gag, as shown previously for HIV-1 Gag, but are not associated with a ribosomal protein, at steady state. Additionally, we showed that FIV Gag associates with another RNA granule protein, DCP2. Finally, we validated the FIV Gag-ABCE1 and FIV Gag-DCP2 interactions with proximity ligation assays demonstrating colocalization in situ Together, these data support a model in which primate and nonprimate lentiviruses form intracellular capsid assembly intermediates derived from nontranslating host RNA granules.IMPORTANCE Like HIV-1 Gag, FIV Gag assembles into immature capsids; however, it is not known whether FIV Gag progresses through a pathway of immature capsid assembly intermediates derived from host RNA granules, as shown for HIV-1 Gag. Here we showed that FIV Gag forms complexes that resemble HIV-1 capsid assembly intermediates in size and in their association with ABCE1 and DDX6, two host facilitators of HIV-1 immature capsid assembly that are found in HIV-1 assembly intermediates. Our studies also showed that known and novel assembly-defective FIV Gag mutants fail to progress past putative intermediates in a pattern resembling that observed for HIV-1 Gag mutants. Finally, we used imaging to demonstrate colocalization of FIV Gag with ABCE1 and with the RNA granule protein DCP2. Thus, we conclude that formation of assembly intermediates derived from host RNA granules is likely conserved between primate and nonprimate lentiviruses and could provide targets for future antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brook C Barajas
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Daryl J Phuong
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John V Swain
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jaisri R Lingappa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Denner J. Why was PERV not transmitted during preclinical and clinical xenotransplantation trials and after inoculation of animals? Retrovirology 2018; 15:28. [PMID: 29609635 PMCID: PMC5879552 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are present in the genome of all pigs, they infect certain human cells and therefore pose a special risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs. Xenotransplantation is being developed in order to alleviate the reduced availability of human organs. Despite the fact that PERVs are able to infect certain human cells and cells from other species, transmission of PERVs has not been observed when animals (including non-human primates) were inoculated with PERV preparations or during preclinical xenotransplantations. The data indicate that PERVs were not transmitted because they were not released from the transplant or were inhibited by intracellular restriction factors and innate immunity in the recipient. In a single study in guinea pigs, a transient PERV infection and anti-PERV antibodies were described, indicating that in this case at least, the immune system may also have been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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134
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Molecular Diagnosis of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) Infection in Cats of Known Retrovirus Status with and without Lymphoma. Viruses 2018. [PMID: 29538321 PMCID: PMC5869521 DOI: 10.3390/v10030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1), a common infection of domestic cats, is unknown. To explore an association between FcaGHV1 detection and feline lymphoma, a retrospective, cross-sectional, disease-association study was conducted. The infection status of all cats for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus was determined. Neither a molecular diagnosis of FcaGHV1 nor whole-blood FcaGHV1 load was related to outcome in 122 lymphoma cases compared with 71 controls matched for age and sex. Molecular analysis of lymphoma-derived DNA paired with autologous uninvolved tissue did not suggest restriction of FcaGHV1 DNA to tumour tissue. FcaGHV1 DNA detection was associated with significantly shorter survival in lymphoma cases, an observation that could not be adequately explained by treatment differences. In addition, regressive feline leukaemia virus infection was identified as a risk factor for lymphoma. A history of fighting or roaming was identified as a novel epidemiological risk factor for FcaGHV1 detection, lending support to intercat aggression as a potential route of transmission. Studies investigating the cellular location and expression of FcaGHV1 are indicated to assist in ruling out a lymphomagenic role for this virus. Prospective investigation of FcaGHV1 DNA detection as a prognostic marker in feline lymphoma is warranted.
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135
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Sumi R, Miyake A, Endo T, Ohsato Y, Ngo MH, Nishigaki K. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of myc transduction in feline leukemia virus-infected cats. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1073-1077. [PMID: 29353423 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Feline lymphomas are associated with the transduction and activation of cellular proto-oncogenes, such as c-myc, by feline leukemia virus (FeLV). We describe a polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of myc transduction usable in clinical diagnosis. The assay targets c-myc exons 2 and 3, which together result in a FeLV-specific fusion gene following c-myc transduction. When this assay was conducted on FeLV-infected feline tissues submitted for clinical diagnosis of tumors, myc transduction was detected in 14% of T-cell lymphoma/leukemias. This newly established system could become a useful diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sumi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Taiji Endo
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | | | - Minh Ha Ngo
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. .,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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136
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Cornwall DH, Kubinak JL, Zachary E, Stark DL, Seipel D, Potts WK. Experimental manipulation of population-level MHC diversity controls pathogen virulence evolution in Mus musculus. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:314-322. [PMID: 29266576 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The virulence levels attained by serial passage of pathogens through similar host genotypes are much higher than observed in natural systems; however, it is unknown what keeps natural virulence levels below these empirically demonstrated maximum levels. One hypothesis suggests that host diversity impedes pathogen virulence, because adaptation to one host genotype carries trade-offs in the ability to replicate and cause disease in other host genotypes. To test this hypothesis, with the simplest level of population diversity within the loci of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we serially passaged Friend virus complex (FVC) through two rounds, in hosts with either the same MHC genotypes (pure passage) or hosts with different MHC genotypes (alternated passage). Alternated passages showed a significant overall reduction in viral titre (31%) and virulence (54%) when compared to pure passages. Furthermore, a resistant host genotype initially dominated any effects due to MHC diversity; however, when FVC was allowed to adapt to the resistant host genotype, predicted MHC effects emerged; that is, alternated lines show reduced virulence. These data indicate serial exposure to diverse MHC genotypes is an impediment to pathogen adaptation, suggesting genetic variation at MHC loci is important for limiting virulence in a rapidly evolving pathogen and supports negative frequency-dependent selection as a force maintaining MHC diversity in host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Cornwall
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J L Kubinak
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - E Zachary
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D L Stark
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D Seipel
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - W K Potts
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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137
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Krecic MR, Velineni S, Meeus P, Fan H, Loenser M. Diagnostic performances of two rapid tests for detection of feline leukemia virus antigen in sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus-infected cats. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116917748117. [PMID: 29318027 PMCID: PMC5753920 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917748117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of WITNESS FeLV-FIV (Zoetis) and SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test (IDEXX) for the detection of FeLV p27 antigen in the sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats. Methods Diagnostic sensitivities of WITNESS and SNAP were determined through testing of 47 serum samples collected from cats day 56 post-experimental infection with a virulent FeLV Rickard strain. Successful experimental infection was confirmed based on observation of FeLV antigen and proviral DNA in anti-coagulated (EDTA) whole-blood samples by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and PCR, respectively. Diagnostic specificities of both tests were determined through testing of sera of 92 laboratory-housed, non-FeLV-exposed specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats. Results Forty-one of 47 blood samples were IFA positive, whereas all 47 samples were PCR positive. All 92 non-FeLV-infected SPF cats were IFA and PCR negative. In comparison to IFA as the reference method, both WITNESS and SNAP tests yielded equivalent sensitivities and specificities of 100% and 97.8%, respectively. In comparison to PCR as the reference method, both WITNESS and SNAP tests likewise performed equivalently, with sensitivities and specificities of 91.5% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Sensitivity and specificity of WITNESS FeLV-FIV for identifying FeLV p27 antigen in the sera of these experimentally FeLV-infected and non-FeLV-exposed SPF cats equaled those of the SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test. However, all positive results, regardless of the point-of-care test used, should be confirmed before making clinical decisions such as segregation from other cats or euthanasia.
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138
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Chiu ES, Hoover EA, VandeWoude S. A Retrospective Examination of Feline Leukemia Subgroup Characterization: Viral Interference Assays to Deep Sequencing. Viruses 2018; 10:E29. [PMID: 29320424 PMCID: PMC5795442 DOI: 10.3390/v10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was the first feline retrovirus discovered, and is associated with multiple fatal disease syndromes in cats, including lymphoma. The original research conducted on FeLV employed classical virological techniques. As methods have evolved to allow FeLV genetic characterization, investigators have continued to unravel the molecular pathology associated with this fascinating agent. In this review, we discuss how FeLV classification, transmission, and disease-inducing potential have been defined sequentially by viral interference assays, Sanger sequencing, PCR, and next-generation sequencing. In particular, we highlight the influences of endogenous FeLV and host genetics that represent FeLV research opportunities on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott S Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
| | - Edward A Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
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139
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Wedrowicz F, Mosse J, Wright W, Hogan FE. Using non-invasive sampling methods to determine the prevalence and distribution of Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus in a remnant koala population with conservation importance. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/wr17184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Pathogenic infections are an important consideration for the conservation of native species, but obtaining such data from wild populations can be expensive and difficult. Two pathogens have been implicated in the decline of some koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations: urogenital infection with Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus subgroup A (KoRV-A). Pathogen data for a wild koala population of conservation importance in South Gippsland, Victoria are essentially absent. Aims This study uses non-invasive sampling of koala scats to provide prevalence and genotype data for C. pecorum and KoRV-A in the South Gippsland koala population, and compares pathogen prevalence between wild koalas and koalas in rescue shelters. Methods C. pecorum and KoRV-A provirus were detected by PCR of DNA isolated from scats collected in the field. Pathogen genetic variation was investigated using DNA sequencing of the C. pecorum ompA and KoRV-A env genes. Key results C. pecorum and KoRV-A were detected in 61% and 27% of wild South Gippsland individuals tested, respectively. KoRV-A infection tended to be higher in shelter koalas compared with wild koalas. In contrast with other Victorian koala populations sampled, greater pathogen diversity was present in South Gippsland. Conclusions In the South Gippsland koala population, C. pecorum is widespread and common whereas KoRV appears less prevalent than previously thought. Further work exploring the dynamics of these pathogens in South Gippsland koalas is warranted and may help inform future conservation strategies for this important population. Implications Non-invasive genetic sampling from scats is a powerful method for obtaining data regarding pathogen prevalence and diversity in wildlife. The use of non-invasive methods for the study of pathogens may help fill research gaps in a way that would be difficult or expensive to achieve using traditional methods.
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140
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Hamzianpour N, Lam R, Tetas R, Beltran E. Clinical signs, imaging findings, and outcome in twelve cats with internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:382-390. [PMID: 29284192 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To retrospectively evaluate the clinical signs, imaging findings, and outcome of feline internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia. PROCEDURE Medical records were reviewed from 2008 to 2015. Inclusion criteria included cats that presented with internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia, underwent diagnostic imaging, and had follow-up information available. RESULTS Twelve cases of feline internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia were identified. Nine cats were unilaterally affected, and three cats were bilaterally affected. Affected cats had a median age of 10.54 years (range 5.75 to 13.17), and both sexes of varying breeds were affected (nine males; three females). Clinical signs including abnormal mental status (n = 9; 75%) and additional neurologic abnormalities (n = 10; 83%) were observed. Magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography (MRI/CT) of the head were performed in ten cats, revealing a mass lesion in all cases with varying locations. Multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed in two cats via abdominal ultrasound and cytology. All twelve cats were euthanized due to deterioration of clinical signs and/or quality-of-life concerns. Median time from diagnosis to euthanasia was 3.5 days (range 0 to 80 days). CONCLUSIONS Feline internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia rarely presents as the sole clinical sign in a referral hospital. Advanced imaging (MRI/CT) may be necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis in these cases. However, abdominal ultrasound would be advocated in cats with systemic clinical signs as a less expensive and less invasive diagnostic test to further investigate the possible etiology of internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia prior to advanced imaging. Feline cases with internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia associated with other intracranial signs and/or systemic clinical signs have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Hamzianpour
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Richard Lam
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Roser Tetas
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
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141
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Costa FVD, Valle SDF, Machado G, Corbellini LG, Coelho EM, Rosa RB, González FH. Hematological findings and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) positivity in cats from southern Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Using a retrospective study, 493 cats tested for FeLV and FIV were selected for analysis of the association between hematologic findings and positivity at immunoassay test. Individual and hematologic variables were assessed considering the influence of results using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Out 153 of the 493 cats were positive for FeLV (31%), 50 were positive for FIV (10.1%) and 22 were positive for both FIV and FeLV (4.4%). Multivariate analysis detected significant associations between FeLV infection and age below 1 year (p=0.01), age from 1 to 10 years (p=0.03), and crossbreed (p=0.04). Male cats were more likely to be FIV-positive (p=0.002). Regarding hematological changes, FeLV-positive cats have higher odds to anemia, leukopenia and lymphopenia than FeLV-negative cats. FIV-positive cats are more likely to have anemia than negative. Identification of associated factors related to animal status and correlation of hematological disorders with infection by retroviruses in cats could be useful for detecting these retroviral diseases in cats.
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142
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Filoni C, Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Catão-Dias JL, Marques MC, Torres LN, Reinacher M, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi). Virol J 2017; 14:226. [PMID: 29149857 PMCID: PMC5693524 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous gammaretrovirus of domestic cats (Felis catus) and some wild felids. The outcomes of FeLV infection in domestic cats vary according to host susceptibility, virus strain, and infectious challenge dose. Jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) are small wild felids from South and Central America. We previously reported on FeLV infections in jaguarundis. We hypothesized here that the outcomes of FeLV infection in P. yagouaroundi mimic those observed in domestic cats. The aim of this study was to investigate the population of jaguarundis at Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo for natural FeLV infection and resulting outcomes. METHODS We investigated the jaguarundis using serological and molecular methods and monitored them for FeLV-related diseases for 5 years. We retrieved relevant biological and clinical information for the entire population of 23 jaguarundis held at zoo. Post-mortem findings from necropsies were recorded and histopathological and immunohistopathological analyses were performed. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for FeLV-positive samples. For sample prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Fisher's exact test was used to compare frequencies between infected and uninfected animals. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS In total, we detected evidence of FeLV exposure in four out of 23 animals (17%; 95% CI 5-39%). No endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) sequences were detected. An intestinal B-cell lymphoma in one jaguarundi was not associated with FeLV. Two jaguarundis presented FeLV test results consistent with an abortive FeLV infection with seroconversion, and two other jaguarundis had results consistent with a progressive infection and potentially FeLV-associated clinical disorders and post-mortem changes. Phylogenetic analysis of env revealed the presence of FeLV-A, a common origin of the virus in both animals (100% identity) and the closest similarity to FeLV-FAIDS and FeLV-3281 (98.4% identity), originally isolated from cats in the USA. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of progressive and abortive FeLV infection outcomes in jaguarundis, and domestic cats were probably the source of infection in these jaguarundis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Filoni
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin SN, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil.
| | - A Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Marques
- Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP), Av. Miguel Stéfano 4241, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Torres
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Veterinary Hospital (HOVET), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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143
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Martins NDS, Rodrigues APDS, da Luz LA, Dos Reis LDL, de Oliveira RM, de Oliveira RA, Abreu-Silva AL, Dos Reis JKP, Melo FA. Feline immudeficiency virus subtypes B and A in cats from São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil. Arch Virol 2017; 163:549-554. [PMID: 29134339 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus that is distributed worldwide, with prevalence rates varying between 2.5% and 44%. FIV causes immunosuppression, with depletion of TCD4+ lymphocytes, with the majority of clinical signs caused by secondary and opportunistic infections. Blood samples were collected from nine domestic cats (Felis catus domesticus) from the city of São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. All samples were positive in a rapid immunochromatographic test (SNAP® Combo FeLV Ag/FIV Antibody Test) and in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Phylogenetic analysis showed that six samples clustered within subtype B, one within subtype A, and two did not cluster with any known subtype. Five unique haplotypes (Hap-1, Hap-2, Hap-3, Hap-5 and Hap-6) and a shared haplotype (Hap-4) were found, this last one being the most frequent. This is the first report on the genetic diversity of FIV in the city of São Luís and the first report of subtype A in Brazil. New variations of the virus are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathálya Dos S Martins
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
| | - Luciana A da Luz
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
| | - Luana da L Dos Reis
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
| | - Renata M de Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
| | - Rudson A de Oliveira
- Departamento das Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
| | - Jenner Karlisson P Dos Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG-30 123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ferdinan A Melo
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA, 65055-970, Brazil
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Cirkel K, Caliskan N, Rebel‐Bauder B, Courtin F. Kitten in the Netherlands with encephalitozoonosis: histopathology, PCR and immunohistochemistry. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Cirkel
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic CentreUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nermin Caliskan
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic CentreUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Barbara Rebel‐Bauder
- Department of PathobiologyInstitute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Francois Courtin
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic CentreUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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145
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Backel K, Cain C. Skin as a marker of general feline health: Cutaneous manifestations of infectious disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1149-1165. [PMID: 29068251 PMCID: PMC10816623 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17735764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Infectious disease in feline patients often presents a diagnostic challenge. This article reviews the most relevant viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases and their cutaneous manifestations. Many of the diseases discussed have overlapping presentations or may mimic more common noninfectious disease processes. The purpose of the article is to reinforce knowledge of common and uncommon infectious diseases, help practitioners identify possible infectious dermatoses, create a comprehensive and prioritized differential list, and provide guidance for the diagnosis of these diseases. A working knowledge of these clinical syndromes is important if what is thought to be a case of a common disease does not respond to conventional management. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and especially those with an interest in feline dermatology. Tables are included to allow the reader to formulate a concise list of differential diagnoses for clinically similar presentations. The diagnostic approach to a case of ulcerative facial dermatitis is reviewed in a Case Notes quiz. Evidence base: This article includes up-to-date information regarding dermatologic manifestations of less commonly encountered feline cutaneous infectious diseases. Information has been drawn from the published, peer-reviewed literature and the most recent textbook chapters with a particular aim of describing and differentiating clinical lesions and the diagnostic approach to cutaneous disease, especially in unusual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Backel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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146
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Luckman C, Gates MC. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus in client-owned cats in New Zealand. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917729311. [PMID: 30202540 PMCID: PMC6125856 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917729311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objectives were to collect baseline data on the occurrence, testing and vaccination practices, and clinical outcomes of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in New Zealand Methods A cross-sectional survey of 423 veterinary practices in New Zealand was performed to collect data on FeLV and FIV testing and vaccination during the 2015 calendar year. Clinical records from 572 cats tested using a point-of-care ELISA at a first-opinion veterinary practice between 7 April 2010 and 23 June 2016 were also obtained and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify risk factors for test positivity. Survival times were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods. Results The survey was completed by 112 clinics (26.4%) of which 72 performed in-house testing. Of the 2125 tests performed, 56 (2.6%) were positive for FeLV and 393 (18.5%) were positive for FIV. Fewer than 1% of cats were vaccinated for FeLV, with veterinarians citing low perceived prevalence as the primary reason for not vaccinating. Being male compared with being female and having clinical evidence of immunosuppression were significant risk factors for both FeLV and FIV test positivity. The median survival times of FeLV and FIV test-positive cats were 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–16) and 650 days (95% CI 431–993), respectively. Conclusions and relevance Testing and vaccination for FeLV and FIV in New Zealand appears targeted towards high-risk animals, which may bias prevalence estimates. Baseline data should be monitored for changes in FeLV epidemiology now commercial vaccines are no longer available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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147
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Stavisky J, Dean RS, Molloy MH. Prevalence of and risk factors for FIV and FeLV infection in two shelters in the United Kingdom (2011-2012). Vet Rec 2017; 181:451. [PMID: 28918382 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections in cats presented to two RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) animal rehoming centres and to identify risk factors for infection. All cats presented at each centre between August 2011 and August 2012 were subjected to a patient-side test for FeLV/FIV on entry. Kittens under three months and cats euthanased within a short time of presentation were excluded from the study. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to separately determine risk factors for FeLV and FIV infections. At shelter A, the prevalence of FIV infection was 11.4 per cent (54/474) and FeLV infection was 3 per cent (14/473), with two FIV/FeLV coinfections identified. At shelter B, the prevalence of FIV infection was 3 per cent (4/135) and FeLV infection was 0 per cent (0/135). Cats at shelter A were significantly more likely than those at shelter B to test positive for FIV (p=0.0024) and FeLV (p=0.048). Male cats were more likely to be infected with FIV (odds ratio 27.1, p=0.001), and thin body condition and musculoskeletal disease were associated with risk of FeLV. Overall, FIV-positive and FeLV-positive cats were significantly older (median ages 5.1 and 4.75 years, respectively) than the uninfected populations (median ages 3.4 and 3.5 years, respectively). This study shows that the prevalence of these diseases varies between shelter populations. Local knowledge combined with the risk factors identified may be useful in focusing resources for population testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Stavisky
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rachel Sarah Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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148
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Makundi I, Koshida Y, Kuse K, Hiratsuka T, Ito J, Baba T, Watanabe S, Kawamura M, Odahara Y, Miyake A, Yamamoto H, Kuniyoshi S, Onuma M, Nishigaki K. Epidemiologic survey of feline leukemia virus in domestic cats on Tsushima Island, Japan: management strategy for Tsushima leopard cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:889-895. [PMID: 28782421 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717725551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tsushima leopard cat (TLC) Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, a subspecies of P. bengalensis, is designated a National Natural Monument of Japan, and lives only on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. TLCs are threatened by various infectious diseases. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) causes a serious infectious disease with a poor prognosis in cats. Therefore, the transmission of FeLV from Tsushima domestic cats (TDCs) to TLCs may threaten the TLC population. We investigated the FeLV infection status of both TDCs and TLCs on Tsushima Island by screening blood samples for FeLV p27 antigen and using PCR to amplify the full-length FeLV env gene. The prevalence of FeLV was 6.4% in TDCs and 0% in TLCs. We also demonstrated that the virus can replicate in the cells of TLCs, suggesting its potential cross-species transmission. The viruses in TDCs were classified as genotype I/clade 3, which is prevalent on a nearby island, based on previous studies of FeLV genotypes and FeLV epidemiology. The FeLV viruses identified on Tsushima Island can be further divided into 2 lineages within genotype I/clade 3, which are geographically separated in Kamijima and Shimojima, indicating that FeLV may have been transmitted to Tsushima Island at least twice. Monitoring FeLV infection in the TDC and TLC populations is highly recommended as part of the TLC surveillance and management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Makundi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Yushi Koshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Kyohei Kuse
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Takuya Baba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Maki Kawamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Yuka Odahara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Hanae Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Sawako Kuniyoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Manabu Onuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
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149
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Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4003 Animal Disease Biotechnology Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 3115 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 Vet Med 3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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150
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Gates MC, Vigeant S, Dale A. Prevalence and risk factors for cats testing positive for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection in cats entering an animal shelter in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:285-291. [PMID: 28659065 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1348266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the prevalence of cats testing positive for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) antigens in domestic cats entering a New Zealand animal shelter, based on a commercial point-of-care ELISA, to identify risk factors associated with cats testing positive, and to compare the results obtained from the ELISA with those obtained using PCR-based testing. METHOD A cross-sectional study was performed on 388 cats entering the Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals animal shelter in Auckland, New Zealand between 7 February 2014 and 30 May 2014. Whole blood samples were collected from each cat and tested for FIV antibody and FeLV antigen using a commercial point-of-care ELISA. Information on the signalment and health status of the cat at the time of entry was also recorded. Blood and saliva samples from a subset of cats were tested for FIV and FeLV proviral DNA using a real-time PCR assay. RESULTS Of the 388 cats in the study sample, 146 (37.6%) had been relinquished by owners, 237 (62.4%) were strays, and 5 (1.3%) were of unknown origin. Overall, 53/388 (13.7%) cats tested positive for FIV antibodies and 4/388 (1.0%) were positive for FeLV antigen. Stray cats had a higher FIV seroprevalence than relinquished cats (42/237 (17.8%) vs. 11/146 (7.5%); p=0.008). Of 53 cats that were FIV-seropositive, 51 (96%) tested positive for FIV proviral DNA using PCR testing of blood. Of these 51 cats, 28 (55%) were positive by PCR testing of saliva. Of the four cats that were FeLV antigen-positive by ELISA, two (50%) were positive for FeLV proviral DNA by PCR testing of blood. The odds of a cat being seropositive for FIV were greater for intact compared to desexed cats (OR=3.3; 95% CI=1.6-7.4) and for male compared to female cats (OR=6.5; 95% CI=3.2-14.0). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The seroprevalence for FIV was 14% among cats entering an animal shelter in Auckland, whereas the prevalence of FeLV antigen-positive cats was only 1%. These findings suggest differences in the transmission dynamics of each virus in free-roaming cat populations in New Zealand. Our study also highlights the potential role of desexing cats in reducing transmission of FIV. However, further data from first-opinion veterinary practices are required to confirm that these findings may be generalised to the wider domestic cat population in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , 4442 , New Zealand
| | - S Vigeant
- b RNZSPCA , PO Box 15-309, New Lynn, Auckland , 0640 , New Zealand
| | - A Dale
- b RNZSPCA , PO Box 15-309, New Lynn, Auckland , 0640 , New Zealand
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