101
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Silva M, Morais P, Maia C, de Sousa CB, de Almeida APG, Parreira R. A diverse assemblage of RNA and DNA viruses found in mosquitoes collected in southern Portugal. Virus Res 2019; 274:197769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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102
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Blair CD. Deducing the Role of Virus Genome-Derived PIWI-Associated RNAs in the Mosquito-Arbovirus Arms Race. Front Genet 2019; 10:1114. [PMID: 31850054 PMCID: PMC6901949 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-associated RNA (piRNA) pathway is known for its role in the protection of genome integrity in the germline of Drosophila melanogaster by silencing transposable elements. The piRNAs that target transposons originate from piRNA clusters in transposon-rich regions of the Drosophila genome and are processed by three PIWI family proteins. In Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which are two of the most important vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), the number of PIWI family genes has expanded and some are expressed in somatic, as well as germline, tissues. These discoveries have led to active research to explore the possible expanded functional roles of the piRNA pathway in vector mosquitoes. Virus genome-derived piRNAs (which will be referred to as (virus name) vpiRNAs) have been demonstrated in Aedes spp. cultured cells and mosquitoes after infection by arthropod-borne alpha-, bunya-, and flaviviruses. However, although Culex quinquefasciatus also is an important arbovirus vector and has an expansion of PIWI family genes, vpiRNAs have seldom been documented in this genus after arbovirus infection. Generation of complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments from RNA genomes of alpha-, bunya-, and flaviviruses (viral-derived cDNAs, vDNAs) has been demonstrated in cultured Aedes spp. cells and mosquitoes, and endogenous viral elements (EVEs), cDNA fragments of non-retroviral RNA virus genomes, are found more abundantly in genomes of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus than other vector mosquitoes. These observations have led to speculation that vDNAs are integrated into vector genomes to form EVEs, which serve as templates for the transcription of antiviral vpiRNA precursors. However, no EVEs derived from alphavirus genomes have been demonstrated in genomes of any vector mosquito. In addition, although EVEs have been shown to be a source of piRNAs, the preponderance of EVEs described in Aedes spp. vectors are more closely related to the genomes of persistently infecting insect-specific viruses than to acutely infecting arboviruses. Furthermore, the signature patterns of the “ping-pong” amplification cycle that maintains transposon-targeting piRNAs in Drosophila are also evident in alphavirus and bunyavirus vpiRNAs, but not in vpiRNAs of flaviviruses. These divergent observations have rendered deciphering the mechanism(s) of biogenesis and potential role of vpiRNAs in the mosquito–arbovirus arms race difficult, and the focus of this review will be to assemble major findings regarding vpiRNAs and antiviral immunity in the important arbovirus vectors from Aedes and Culex genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Blair
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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103
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Fredericks AC, Russell TA, Wallace LE, Davidson AD, Fernandez-Sesma A, Maringer K. Aedes aegypti (Aag2)-derived clonal mosquito cell lines reveal the effects of pre-existing persistent infection with the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus on arbovirus replication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007346. [PMID: 31693659 PMCID: PMC6860454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is a vector mosquito of major public health importance, transmitting arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Wild mosquito populations are persistently infected at high prevalence with insect-specific viruses that do not replicate in vertebrate hosts. In experimental settings, acute infections with insect-specific viruses have been shown to modulate arbovirus infection and transmission in Ae. aegypti and other vector mosquitoes. However, the impact of persistent insect-specific virus infections, which arboviruses encounter more commonly in nature, has not been investigated extensively. Cell lines are useful models for studying virus-host interactions, however the available Ae. aegypti cell lines are poorly defined and heterogenous cultures. Methodology/Principle findings We generated single cell-derived clonal cell lines from the commonly used Ae. aegypti cell line Aag2. Two of the fourteen Aag2-derived clonal cell lines generated harboured markedly and consistently reduced levels of the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) known to persistently infect Aag2 cells. In contrast to studies with acute insect-specific virus infections in cell culture and in vivo, we found that pre-existing persistent PCLV infection had no major impact on the replication of the flaviviruses dengue virus and Zika virus, the alphavirus Sindbis virus, or the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus. We also performed a detailed characterisation of the morphology, transfection efficiency and immune status of our Aag2-derived clonal cell lines, and have made a clone that we term Aag2-AF5 available to the research community as a well-defined cell culture model for arbovirus-vector interaction studies. Conclusions/Significance Our findings highlight the need for further in vivo studies that more closely recapitulate natural arbovirus transmission settings in which arboviruses encounter mosquitoes harbouring persistent rather than acute insect-specific virus infections. Furthermore, we provide the well-characterised Aag2-derived clonal cell line as a valuable resource to the arbovirus research community. Mosquito-borne viruses usually only infect humans through the bite of a mosquito that carries the virus. Viruses transmitted by the ‘yellow fever mosquito’ Aedes aegypti, including dengue virus, Zika virus, yellow fever virus and chikungunya virus, are causing an ever-increasing number of human disease cases globally. Mosquito-borne viruses have to infect and replicate inside the mosquito before they are transmitted to humans, and the presence of other infectious agents can change the efficiency of virus transmission. Mosquitoes are known to be infected with ‘insect-specific viruses’ that only infect mosquitoes and cannot cause human disease. We have shown here that in laboratory cell cultures derived from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, pre-existing infection with an insect-specific virus called Phasi Charoen-like virus does not affect the infection and growth of the mosquito-borne viruses dengue virus, Zika virus, Sindbis virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Our research provides important new insights into whether and how insect-specific viruses may affect mosquito-borne virus replication. Ultimately, this information could inform ongoing research into whether insect-specific viruses could be used to prevent the transmission of mosquito-borne viruses to reduce global disease burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Fredericks
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E. Wallace
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF-S); (KM)
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AF-S); (KM)
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104
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Fredericks AC, Russell TA, Wallace LE, Davidson AD, Fernandez-Sesma A, Maringer K. Aedes aegypti (Aag2)-derived clonal mosquito cell lines reveal the effects of pre-existing persistent infection with the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus on arbovirus replication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007346. [PMID: 31693659 DOI: 10.1101/596205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a vector mosquito of major public health importance, transmitting arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Wild mosquito populations are persistently infected at high prevalence with insect-specific viruses that do not replicate in vertebrate hosts. In experimental settings, acute infections with insect-specific viruses have been shown to modulate arbovirus infection and transmission in Ae. aegypti and other vector mosquitoes. However, the impact of persistent insect-specific virus infections, which arboviruses encounter more commonly in nature, has not been investigated extensively. Cell lines are useful models for studying virus-host interactions, however the available Ae. aegypti cell lines are poorly defined and heterogenous cultures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We generated single cell-derived clonal cell lines from the commonly used Ae. aegypti cell line Aag2. Two of the fourteen Aag2-derived clonal cell lines generated harboured markedly and consistently reduced levels of the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) known to persistently infect Aag2 cells. In contrast to studies with acute insect-specific virus infections in cell culture and in vivo, we found that pre-existing persistent PCLV infection had no major impact on the replication of the flaviviruses dengue virus and Zika virus, the alphavirus Sindbis virus, or the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus. We also performed a detailed characterisation of the morphology, transfection efficiency and immune status of our Aag2-derived clonal cell lines, and have made a clone that we term Aag2-AF5 available to the research community as a well-defined cell culture model for arbovirus-vector interaction studies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings highlight the need for further in vivo studies that more closely recapitulate natural arbovirus transmission settings in which arboviruses encounter mosquitoes harbouring persistent rather than acute insect-specific virus infections. Furthermore, we provide the well-characterised Aag2-derived clonal cell line as a valuable resource to the arbovirus research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Fredericks
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E Wallace
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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105
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Maia LMS, Pinto AZDL, Carvalho MSD, Melo FLD, Ribeiro BM, Slhessarenko RD. Novel Viruses in Mosquitoes from Brazilian Pantanal. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100957. [PMID: 31627274 PMCID: PMC6832572 DOI: 10.3390/v11100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous and diverse microorganisms arising as a result of interactions within their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Here we report the presence of different viruses in the salivary glands of 1657 mosquitoes classified over 28 culicinae species from the North region of the Brazilian Pantanal wetland through metagenomics, viral isolation, and RT-PCR. In total, 12 viruses were found, eight putative novel viruses with relatively low similarity with pre-existing species of viruses within their families, named Pirizal iflavirus, Furrundu phlebovirus, Pixé phlebovirus, Guampa vesiculovirus, Chacororé flavivirus, Rasqueado orbivirus, Uru chuvirus, and Bororo circovirus. We also found the already described Lobeira dielmorhabdovirus, Sabethes flavivirus, Araticum partitivirus, and Murici totivirus. Therefore, these findings underscore the vast diversity of culicinae and novel viruses yet to be explored in Pantanal, the largest wetland on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marina Siqueira Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Zelenski de Lara Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Michellen Santos de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Lucas de Melo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Bergmann Morais Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Renata Dezengrini Slhessarenko
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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106
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Agboli E, Leggewie M, Altinli M, Schnettler E. Mosquito-Specific Viruses-Transmission and Interaction. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090873. [PMID: 31533367 PMCID: PMC6784079 DOI: 10.3390/v11090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in discoveries of novel MSVs in recent years. This has expanded our understanding of viral diversity and evolution but has also sparked questions concerning the transmission of these viruses and interactions with their hosts and its microbiome. In fact, there is already evidence that MSVs interact with the immune system of their host. This is especially interesting, since mosquitoes can be infected with both MSVs and arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses of public health concern. In this review, we give an update on the different MSVs discovered so far and describe current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection. Lastly, we discuss potential uses of these viruses, including vector and transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana.
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mine Altinli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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107
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Scolari F, Casiraghi M, Bonizzoni M. Aedes spp. and Their Microbiota: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2036. [PMID: 31551973 PMCID: PMC6738348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes spp. are a major public health concern due to their ability to be efficient vectors of dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and other arboviruses. With limited vaccines available and no effective therapeutic treatments against arboviruses, the control of Aedes spp. populations is currently the only strategy to prevent disease transmission. Host-associated microbes (i.e., microbiota) recently emerged as a promising field to be explored for novel environmentally friendly vector control strategies. In particular, gut microbiota is revealing its impact on multiple aspects of Aedes spp. biology, including vector competence, thus being a promising target for manipulation. Here we describe the technological advances, which are currently expanding our understanding of microbiota composition, abundance, variability, and function in the two main arboviral vectors, the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Aedes spp. microbiota is described in light of its tight connections with the environment, with which mosquitoes interact during their various developmental stages. Unraveling the dynamic interactions among the ecology of the habitat, the mosquito and the microbiota have the potential to uncover novel physiological interdependencies and provide a novel perspective for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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108
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Moraes OS, Cardoso BF, Pacheco TA, Pinto AZL, Carvalho MS, Hahn RC, Burlamaqui TCT, Oliveira LF, Oliveira RS, Vasconcelos JM, Lemos PS, Nunes MRT, Slhessarenko RD. Natural infection by Culex flavivirus in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes captured in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Mid-Western Brazil. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:397-406. [PMID: 30887540 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New species of insect-specific viruses (ISV) have been reported worldwide. In the present study, the complete genome of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) and partial sequences of other ISVs in Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 females (n = 3425) sampled in 200 urban areas census tracts of Cuiaba, state of Mato Grosso, were identified via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for a NS5 region of flaviviruses, nucleotide and high-throughput sequencing, and viral isolation in C6/36 cells. CxFV was detected in 16 of 403 mosquito pools; sequences found in the study presented a high similarity with isolates from São Paulo, Brazil and other countries in Latin American that belong to genotype II, supporting the geographical influence on CxFV evolution. The monthly maximum likelihood estimation for CxFV ranged from 1.81 to 9.94 per 1000 mosquitoes. In addition to the CxFV complete genome, one pool contained an ORF1 sequence (756 bp) that belongs to a novel Negevirus from the Sandewavirus supergroup most similar to the Santana virus (77.1%) and another pool presented an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequence (1081 bp) of a novel Rhabdovirus most similar to Wuhan mosquito virus 9 (44%). After three passages in C6/36 cells, only CxFV was isolated from these co-infected pools. The importance of ISVs relies on their possible ability to interfere with arbovirus replication in competent vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - B F Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - T A Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - A Z L Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - M S Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - R C Hahn
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - T C T Burlamaqui
- Centro de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - L F Oliveira
- Centro de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - R S Oliveira
- Centro de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - J M Vasconcelos
- Centro de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - P S Lemos
- Centro de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - M R T Nunes
- Centro de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - R D Slhessarenko
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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Shi C, Beller L, Deboutte W, Yinda KC, Delang L, Vega-Rúa A, Failloux AB, Matthijnssens J. Stable distinct core eukaryotic viromes in different mosquito species from Guadeloupe, using single mosquito viral metagenomics. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31462331 PMCID: PMC6714450 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are the most important invertebrate viral vectors in humans and harbor a high diversity of understudied viruses, which has been shown in many mosquito virome studies in recent years. These studies generally performed metagenomics sequencing on pools of mosquitoes, without assessment of the viral diversity in individual mosquitoes. To address this issue, we applied our optimized viral metagenomics protocol (NetoVIR) to compare the virome of single and pooled Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected from different locations in Guadeloupe, in 2016 and 2017. RESULTS The total read number and viral reads proportion of samples containing a single mosquito have no significant difference compared with those of pools containing five mosquitoes, which proved the feasibility of using single mosquito for viral metagenomics. A comparative analysis of the virome revealed a higher abundance and more diverse eukaryotic virome in Aedes aegypti, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus harbors a richer and more diverse phageome. The majority of the identified eukaryotic viruses were mosquito-species specific. We further characterized the genomes of 11 novel eukaryotic viruses. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analyses of the six most abundant eukaryotic viruses indicated that the majority of individual mosquitoes were infected by several of the selected viruses with viral genome copies per mosquito ranging from 267 to 1.01 × 108 (median 7.5 × 106) for Ae. aegypti and 192 to 8.69 × 106 (median 4.87 × 104) for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Additionally, in Cx. quinquefasciatus, a number of phage contigs co-occurred with several marker genes of Wolbachia sp. strain wPip. CONCLUSIONS We firstly demonstrate the feasibility to use single mosquito for viral metagenomics, which can provide much more precise virome profiles of mosquito populations. Interspecific comparisons show striking differences in abundance and diversity between the viromes of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Those two mosquito species seem to have their own relatively stable "core eukaryotic virome", which might have important implications for the competence to transmit important medically relevant arboviruses. The presence of Wolbachia in Cx. quinquefasciatus might explain (1) the lower overall viral load compared to Ae. aegypti, (2) the identification of multiple unknown phage contigs, and (3) the difference in competence for important human pathogens. How these viruses, phages, and bacteria influence the physiology and vector competence of mosquito hosts warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Shi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Beller
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Deboutte
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Unit Transmission, Reservoirs and Pathogen Diversity, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
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Cell-Fusing Agent Virus Reduces Arbovirus Dissemination in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00705-19. [PMID: 31243123 PMCID: PMC6714787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00705-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti carries several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that are pathogenic to humans, including dengue and Zika viruses. Interestingly, A. aegypti is also naturally infected with insect-only viruses, such as cell-fusing agent virus. Although interactions between cell-fusing agent virus and dengue virus have been documented in mosquito cells in culture, whether wild strains of cell-fusing agent virus interfere with arbovirus transmission by live mosquitoes was unknown. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate that cell-fusing agent virus infection reduces the propagation of dengue and Zika viruses in A. aegypti mosquitoes. These results support the idea that insect-only viruses in nature can modulate the ability of mosquitoes to carry arboviruses of medical significance and that they could possibly be manipulated to reduce arbovirus transmission. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of public health significance, such as the flaviviruses dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Mosquitoes are also the natural hosts of a wide range of viruses that are insect specific, raising the question of their influence on arbovirus transmission in nature. Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) was the first described insect-specific flavivirus, initially discovered in an A. aegypti cell line and subsequently detected in natural A. aegypti populations. It was recently shown that DENV and the CFAV strain isolated from the A. aegypti cell line have mutually beneficial interactions in mosquito cells in culture. However, whether natural strains of CFAV and DENV interact in live mosquitoes is unknown. Using a wild-type CFAV isolate recently derived from Thai A. aegypti mosquitoes, we found that CFAV negatively interferes with both DENV type 1 and ZIKV in vitro and in vivo. For both arboviruses, prior infection by CFAV reduced the dissemination titer in mosquito head tissues. Our results indicate that the interactions observed between arboviruses and the CFAV strain derived from the cell line might not be a relevant model of the viral interference that we observed in vivo. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that insect-specific flaviviruses may contribute to reduce the transmission of human-pathogenic flaviviruses. IMPORTANCE The mosquito Aedes aegypti carries several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that are pathogenic to humans, including dengue and Zika viruses. Interestingly, A. aegypti is also naturally infected with insect-only viruses, such as cell-fusing agent virus. Although interactions between cell-fusing agent virus and dengue virus have been documented in mosquito cells in culture, whether wild strains of cell-fusing agent virus interfere with arbovirus transmission by live mosquitoes was unknown. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate that cell-fusing agent virus infection reduces the propagation of dengue and Zika viruses in A. aegypti mosquitoes. These results support the idea that insect-only viruses in nature can modulate the ability of mosquitoes to carry arboviruses of medical significance and that they could possibly be manipulated to reduce arbovirus transmission.
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Zhao L, Mwaliko C, Atoni E, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhan J, Hu X, Xia H, Yuan Z. Characterization of a Novel Tanay Virus Isolated From Anopheles sinensis Mosquitoes in Yunnan, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1963. [PMID: 31507570 PMCID: PMC6714596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, mosquitoes are known to be competent vectors to various arboviruses that cause serious and debilitating diseases to humans and animals. Conversely, mosquitoes harbor a wide array of insect specific viruses (ISVs) that are generally neglected. Extensive characterization of these ISVs is important in understanding their persistence infection effect on host behavior and arbovirus transmission. Herein, we report first time isolation of Tanay virus (TANAV) isolate YN15_103_01 in Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes from Yunnan Province, China. Phylogenetically, the isolate’s nucleotide identity had more than 14.47% variance compared to previous TANAV isolates, and it clustered into an independent branch within the genus Sandewavirus in the newly proposed taxon Negevirus. TANAV growth and high titers was attained in Aag2 cells (107 PFU/mL) but with no CPE observed up to 7 days.p.i. compared to C6/36 cells that exhibited extensive CPE at 48 h.p.i. with titers of 107 PFU/mL. Contrarywise, the viral isolate did not replicate in vertebrate cell lines. Electron microscopy analyses showed that its final maturation process takes place in the cell cytoplasm. Notably, the predicted viral proteins were verified to be corresponding to the obtained SDS-PAGE protein bands. Our findings advance forth new and vital knowledge important in understanding insect specific viruses, especially TANAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Division for Viral Disease with Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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112
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Atoni E, Zhao L, Karungu S, Obanda V, Agwanda B, Xia H, Yuan Z. The discovery and global distribution of novel mosquito-associated viruses in the last decade (2007-2017). Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2079. [PMID: 31410931 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, virus hunting and discovery has gained pace. This achievement has been driven by three major factors: (a) advancements in sequencing technologies, (b) scaled-up routine arbovirus surveillance strategies, and (c) the "hunt" for emerging pathogens and novel viruses. Many novel viruses have been discovered from a myriad of hosts, vectors, and environmental samples. To help promote understanding of the global diversity and distribution of mosquito-associated viruses and facilitate future studies, we review mosquito-associated viruses discovered between years 2007 and 2017, across the world. In the analyzed period, novel mosquito-associated viruses belonging to 25 families and a general group of unclassified viruses were categorized. The top three discovered novel mosquito-associated viruses belonged to families Flaviviridae (n=32), Rhabdoviridae (n=16), and Peribunyaviridae (n=14). Also, 67 unclassified viruses were reported. Majority of these novel viruses were identified from Culex spp, Anopheles spp, Aedes spp, and Mansonia spp mosquitoes, respectively. Notably, the number of these discovered novels is not representative of intercontinental virus diversity but rather is influenced by the number of studies done in the study period. Some of these newly discovered mosquito-associated viruses have medical significance, either directly or indirectly. For instance, in the study period, 14 novel mosquito-borne viruses that infect mammalian cells in vitro were reported. These viruses pose a danger to the global health security on emerging viral diseases. On the other hand, some of the newly discovered insect specific viruses described herein have potential application as future biocontrol and vaccine agents against known pathogenic arboviruses. Overall, this review outlines the crucial role played by mosquitoes as viral vectors in the global virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Liu J, Swevers L, Kolliopoulou A, Smagghe G. Arboviruses and the Challenge to Establish Systemic and Persistent Infections in Competent Mosquito Vectors: The Interaction With the RNAi Mechanism. Front Physiol 2019; 10:890. [PMID: 31354527 PMCID: PMC6638189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are capable to establish long-term persistent infections in mosquitoes that do not affect significantly the physiology of the insect vectors. Arbovirus infections are controlled by the RNAi machinery via the production of viral siRNAs and the formation of RISC complexes targeting viral genomes and mRNAs. Engineered arboviruses that contain cellular gene sequences can therefore be transformed to "viral silencing vectors" for studies of gene function in reverse genetics approaches. More specifically, "ideal" viral silencing vectors must be competent to induce robust RNAi effects while other interactions with the host immune system should be kept at a minimum to reduce non-specific effects. Because of their inconspicuous nature, arboviruses may approach the "ideal" viral silencing vectors in insects and it is therefore worthwhile to study the mechanisms by which the interactions with the RNAi machinery occur. In this review, an analysis is presented of the antiviral RNAi response in mosquito vectors with respect to the major types of arboviruses (alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and others). With respect to antiviral defense, the exo-RNAi pathway constitutes the major mechanism while the contribution of both miRNAs and viral piRNAs remains a contentious issue. However, additional mechanisms exist in mosquitoes that are capable to enhance or restrict the efficiency of viral silencing vectors such as the amplification of RNAi effects by DNA forms, the existence of incorporated viral elements in the genome and the induction of a non-specific systemic response by Dicer-2. Of significance is the observation that no major "viral suppressors of RNAi" (VSRs) seem to be encoded by arboviral genomes, indicating that relatively tight control of the activity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) may be sufficient to maintain the persistent character of arbovirus infections. Major strategies for improvement of viral silencing vectors therefore are proposed to involve engineering of VSRs and modifying of the properties of the RdRp. Because of safety issues (pathogen status), however, arbovirus-based silencing vectors are not well suited for practical applications, such as RNAi-based mosquito control. In that case, related mosquito-specific viruses that also establish persistent infections and may cause similar RNAi responses may represent a valuable alternative solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Tschá MK, Suzukawa AA, Gräf T, Piancini LDS, da Silva AM, Faoro H, Riediger IN, Medeiros LC, Wowk PF, Zanluca C, Duarte Dos Santos CN. Identification of a novel alphavirus related to the encephalitis complexes circulating in southern Brazil. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:920-933. [PMID: 31237479 PMCID: PMC6598490 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1632152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In early 2017, an outbreak caused by an unknown and supposedly viral agent in the Marilena region of southern Brazil was investigated. Since the etiological agent causing the outbreak was not identified from human samples, mosquitoes from this region were collected. Three out of 121 mosquito pools collected from the region tested positive for alphavirus in molecular tests. Next generation sequencing results revealed the presence of a novel alphavirus, tentatively named here as Caainguá virus (CAAV). DNA barcoding analyses indicated that different species of Culex are hosts for CAAV. This new virus was basal to the New World encephalitic alphaviruses in a comprehensive and robust phylogenetic approach using complete genomes. Viral particles were observed in the cytosol and inside of intracellular compartments of cells in mosquito-derived cell cultures. Despite being noninfectious in vertebrate derived cell cultures, primary culturing of CAAV in human mononuclear cells suggests monocytes and lymphocytes as CAAV targets. However, the epidemiological link of CAAV on the human outbreak should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kruchelski Tschá
- a Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz PR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Andreia Akemi Suzukawa
- a Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz PR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- b Departamento de Genética , Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Allan Martins da Silva
- c Laboratório Central, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Paraná , São José dos Pinhais , Brazil
| | - Helisson Faoro
- d Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão Gênica, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz PR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | | | - Lia Carolina Medeiros
- e Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz PR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- a Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz PR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Camila Zanluca
- a Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz PR , Curitiba , Brazil
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Houé V, Bonizzoni M, Failloux AB. Endogenous non-retroviral elements in genomes of Aedes mosquitoes and vector competence. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:542-555. [PMID: 30938223 PMCID: PMC6455143 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1599302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent extensive (re)emergences of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as chikungunya (CHIKV), zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses highlight the role of the epidemic vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in their spreading. Differences of vector competence to arboviruses highlight different virus/vector interactions. While both are highly competent to transmit CHIKV (Alphavirus,Togaviridae), only Ae. albopictus is considered as a secondary vector for DENV (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae). Among other factors such as environmental temperature, mosquito antiviral immunity and microbiota, the presence of non-retroviral integrated RNA virus sequences (NIRVS) in both mosquito genomes may modulate the vector competence. Here we review the current knowledge on these elements, highlighting the mechanisms by which they are produced and endogenized into Aedes genomes. Additionally, we describe their involvement in antiviral immunity as a stimulator of the RNA interference pathways and in some rare cases, as producer of viral-interfering proteins. Finally, we mention NIRVS as a tool for understanding virus/vector co-evolution. The recent discovery of endogenized elements shows that virus/vector interactions are more dynamic than previously thought, and genetic markers such as NIRVS could be one of the potential targets to reduce arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Houé
- a Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France.,b Collège Doctoral , Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | | | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- a Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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116
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Heu K, Gendrin M. [Mosquito microbiota and its influence on disease vectorial transmission]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:119-136. [PMID: 30973141 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are found worldwide. Around 100 among 3500 mosquito species are known to be vectors of parasites and viruses, responsible for infectious diseases including malaria and dengue. Mosquitoes host diverse microbial communities that influence disease transmission, either by direct interference or via affecting host immunity and physiology. These microbial communities are present within diverse tissues, including the digestive tract, and vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, its developmental stage, and ecological factors. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mosquito microbiota, defined as a community of commensal, symbiotic or pathogenic microbes harboured by a host. We first describe the current knowledge on the diversity of the microbiota, that includes bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses and on its modes of acquisition throughout the mosquito life cycle. We then focus on microbial interactions within the mosquito gut, which notably affect vector competence, and on host-microbe interactions affecting mosquito fitness. Finally, we discuss current or potential methods based on the use of microbes or microbial products to interfere with pathogen transmission or to reduce mosquito lifespan and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Heu
- Groupe « Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Groupe « Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France - Département « Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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117
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Ochsenreiter R, Hofacker IL, Wolfinger MT. Functional RNA Structures in the 3'UTR of Tick-Borne, Insect-Specific and No-Known-Vector Flaviviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E298. [PMID: 30909641 PMCID: PMC6466055 DOI: 10.3390/v11030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Untranslated regions (UTRs) of flaviviruses contain a large number of RNA structural elements involved in mediating the viral life cycle, including cyclisation, replication, and encapsidation. Here we report on a comparative genomics approach to characterize evolutionarily conserved RNAs in the 3 ' UTR of tick-borne, insect-specific and no-known-vector flaviviruses in silico. Our data support the wide distribution of previously experimentally characterized exoribonuclease resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) within tick-borne and no-known-vector flaviviruses and provide evidence for the existence of a cascade of duplicated RNA structures within insect-specific flaviviruses. On a broader scale, our findings indicate that viral 3 ' UTRs represent a flexible scaffold for evolution to come up with novel xrRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ochsenreiter
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ivo L Hofacker
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Group BCB, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 29, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael T Wolfinger
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Group BCB, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 29, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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118
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Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Three Novel and Prevalent Mosquito Viruses from a Single Pool of Aedes vexans nipponii Collected in the Republic of Korea. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030222. [PMID: 30841520 PMCID: PMC6466275 DOI: 10.3390/v11030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses continue to be a significant global health concern. The unbiased metagenomic analyses of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses are useful to understand viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Metagenomic analysis was conducted on 6368 mosquitoes (736 pools), covering 16 species from 18 locations throughout the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2016. In this report, we describe three viruses detected in a single pool of Aedes vexans nipponii collected at Yongsan U.S. Army Garrison, located in a densely populated district of Seoul, the ROK. The three novel viruses, designated as Yongsan bunyavirus 1 (YBV1), Yongsan picorna-like virus 3 (YPLV3) and Yongsan sobemo-like virus 1 (YSLV1), share sequence and structural characteristics with members belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, order Picornavirales, and family Solemoviridae, with shared RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) amino acid identities of 40%, 42% and 86%, respectively. The real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 3493 Aedes vexans nipponii (257 pools) showed a high prevalence of YBV1 and YSLV1 viruses, which were present in 65% and 62% of tested pools, respectively. This study highlighted the utility of a metagenomic sequencing approach for arbovirus discovery and for a better understanding of the virome of potential medically relevant vectors.
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119
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Theillet G, Grard G, Galla M, Maisse C, Enguehard M, Cresson M, Dalbon P, Leparc-Goffart IL, Bedin F. Detection of chikungunya virus-specific IgM on laser-cut paper-based device using pseudo-particles as capture antigen. J Med Virol 2019; 91:899-910. [PMID: 30734316 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of arbovirus infections has increased dramatically in recent decades, affecting hundreds of millions of people each year. The Togaviridae family includes the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is typically transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes a wide range of symptoms from flu-like fever to severe arthralgia. Although conventional diagnostic tests can provide early diagnosis of CHIKV infections, access to these tests is often limited in developing countries. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop efficient, affordable, simple, rapid, and robust diagnostic tools that can be used in point-of-care settings. Early diagnosis is crucial to improve patient management and to reduce the risk of complications. A glass-fiber laser-cut microfluidic device (paper-based analytical device [PAD]) was designed and evaluated in a proof of principle context, for the analysis of 30 µL of patient serum. Biological raw materials used for the functionalization of the PAD were first screened by MAC-ELISA (IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for CHIKV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture and then evaluated on the PAD using various human samples. Compared with viral lysate traditionally used for chikungunya (CHIK) serology, CHIKV pseudo-particles (PPs) have proven to be powerful antigens for specific IgM capture. The PAD was able to detect CHIKV IgM in human sera in less than 10 minutes. Results obtained in patient sera showed a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of around 98%. The PAD showed few cross-reactions with other tropical viral diseases. The PAD could help health workers in the early diagnosis of tropical diseases such as CHIK, which require specific management protocols in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Theillet
- bioMérieux, Innovations New Immuno-Concepts department, Chemin de l'Orme, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Gilda Grard
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.,IRBA, Unité de virologie, CNR des Arbovirus, HIA Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde Galla
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.,IRBA, Unité de virologie, CNR des Arbovirus, HIA Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Maisse
- Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée, UMR754, INRA, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Margot Enguehard
- Ecologie Microbienne CNRS UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Interspecies transmission of arboviruses and antivirals, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Marie Cresson
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Interspecies transmission of arboviruses and antivirals, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,IVPC UMR754, INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Dalbon
- bioMérieux, Innovations New Immuno-Concepts department, Chemin de l'Orme, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Isabelle Leparc Leparc-Goffart
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.,IRBA, Unité de virologie, CNR des Arbovirus, HIA Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Bedin
- bioMérieux, Innovations New Immuno-Concepts department, Chemin de l'Orme, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
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New Viruses from the Ectoparasite Mite Varroa destructor Infesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020094. [PMID: 30678330 PMCID: PMC6409542 DOI: 10.3390/v11020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of Asian or Eastern honeybees Apis cerana(A. cerana) which has become a serious threat to European subspecies of Western honeybees Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) within the last century. V.destructor and its vectored honeybee viruses became serious threats for colony survival. This is a short period for pathogen- and host-populations to adapt. To look for possible variation in the composition of viral populations we performed RNA metagenomic analysis of the Western honeybee subspecies A. m. ligustica, A. m.syriaca, A. m. intermissa, and A. cerana and their respective V. destructor mites. The analysis revealed two novel viruses: Varroa orthomyxovirus-1 (VOV-1) in A. mellifera and V. destructor and a Hubei like-virga virus-14 homolog in V. destructor. VOV-1 was more prevalent in V. destructor than in A. mellifera and we found evidence for viral replication in both hosts. Interestingly, we found differences in viral loads of A. cerana and their V. destructor, A. m. intermissa, and its V. destructor showed partial similarity, while A. m.ligustica and A. m.syriaca and their varroa where very similar. Deformed wing virus exhibited 82.20%, 99.20%, 97.90%, and 0.76% of total viral reads in A. m. ligustica, A. m. syriaca, A. m. intermissa, and A. cerana, respectively. This is the first report of a complete segmented-single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus genome in honeybees and V. destructor mites.
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Öhlund P, Lundén H, Blomström AL. Insect-specific virus evolution and potential effects on vector competence. Virus Genes 2019; 55:127-137. [PMID: 30632016 PMCID: PMC6458977 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-01629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools has spurred a new age of viral discovery. Arthropods is the largest group of animals and has shown to be a major reservoir of different viruses, including a group known as insect-specific viruses (ISVs). The majority of known ISVs have been isolated from mosquitoes and shown to belong to viral families associated with animal arbovirus pathogens, such as Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Phenuiviridae. These insect-specific viruses have a strict tropism and are unable to replicate in vertebrate cells, these properties are interesting for many reasons. One is that these viruses could potentially be utilised as biocontrol agents using a similar strategy as for Wolbachia. Mosquitoes infected with the viral agent could have inferior vectorial capacity of arboviruses resulting in a decrease of circulating arboviruses of public health importance. Moreover, insect-specific viruses are thought to be ancestral to arboviruses and could be used to study the evolution of the switch from single-host to dual-host. In this review, we discuss new discoveries and hypothesis in the field of arboviruses and insect-specific viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Öhlund
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lundén
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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122
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Souza-Neto JA, Powell JR, Bonizzoni M. Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 67:191-209. [PMID: 30465912 PMCID: PMC8135908 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary transmitter of the four viruses that have had the greatest impact on human health, the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever. Because this mosquito is easy to rear in the laboratory and these viruses grow in laboratory tissue culture cells, many studies have been performed testing the relative competence of different populations of the mosquito to transmit many different strains of viruses. We review here this large literature including studies on the effect of the mosquito microbiota on competence. Because of the heterogeneity of both mosquito populations and virus strains used, as well as methods measuring potential to transmit, it is very difficult to perform detailed meta-analysis of the studies. However, a few conclusions can be drawn: (1) almost no population of Ae. aegypti is 100% naturally refractory to virus infection. Complete susceptibility to infection has been observed for Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV), but not yellow fever viruses (YFV); (2) the dose of virus used is directly correlated to the rate of infection; (3) Brazilian populations of mosquito are particularly susceptible to DENV-2 infections; (4) the Asian lineage of ZIKV is less infective to Ae. aegypti populations from the American continent than is the African ZIKV lineage; (5) virus adaptation to different species of mosquitoes has been demonstrated with CHIKV; (6) co-infection with more than one virus sometimes causes displacement while in other cases has little effect; (7) the microbiota in the mosquito also has important effects on level of susceptibility to arboviral infection; (8) resistance to virus infection due to the microbiota may be direct (e.g., bacteria producing antiviral proteins) or indirect in activating the mosquito host innate immune system; (9) non-pathogenic insect specific viruses (ISVs) are also common in mosquitoes including genome insertions. These too have been shown to have an impact on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to pathogenic viruses. One clear conclusion is that it would be a great advance in this type of research to implement standardized procedures in order to obtain comparable and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A Souza-Neto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Multiuser Central Laboratory, Botucatu, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology, Botucatu, Brazil
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123
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Donald CL, Varjak M, Aguiar ERGR, Marques JT, Sreenu VB, Schnettler E, Kohl A. Antiviral RNA Interference Activity in Cells of the Predatory Mosquito, Toxorhynchites amboinensis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120694. [PMID: 30563205 PMCID: PMC6316411 DOI: 10.3390/v10120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors control the replication of arboviruses through their innate antiviral immune responses. In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. Although much has been done to understand the role of RNAi in vector populations, little is known about its importance in non-vector mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the presence of an RNAi response in Toxorhynchites amboinensis, which is a non-blood feeding species proposed as a biological control agent against pest mosquitoes. Using a derived cell line (TRA-171), we demonstrate that these mosquitoes possess a functional RNAi response that is active against a mosquito-borne alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus. As observed in vector mosquito species, small RNAs are produced that target viral sequences. The size and characteristics of these small RNAs indicate that both the siRNA and piRNA pathways are induced in response to infection. Taken together, this data suggests that Tx. amboinensis are able to control viral infections in a similar way to natural arbovirus vector mosquito species. Understanding their ability to manage arboviral infections will be advantageous when assessing these and similar species as biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627-Pampulha-Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - João T Marques
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627-Pampulha-Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Vattipally B Sreenu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
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124
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Cholleti H, Berg M, Hayer J, Blomström AL. Vector-borne viruses and their detection by viral metagenomics. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1553465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harindranath Cholleti
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliette Hayer
- SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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125
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Koh C, Allen SL, Herbert RI, McGraw EA, Chenoweth SF. The Transcriptional Response of Aedes aegypti with Variable Extrinsic Incubation Periods for Dengue Virus. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:3141-3151. [PMID: 30335126 PMCID: PMC6278894 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is the most prevalent arboviral disease globally. Dengue virus is transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. One measure of the mosquito’s efficiency as a vector is the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), which is the time between the ingestion of viremic blood and the emergence of virions in the saliva. The longer it takes virus to infect the midgut and traverse to the saliva, the fewer opportunities the mosquito will have to transmit the pathogen over its lifetime. We have shown previously that EIP for dengue virus is highly heritable and that it is negatively correlated with vector lifespan. Here, we examined the transcriptional profiles for mosquitoes that varied in their EIP phenotype and identified pathways associated with either short or long EIP. We found that mosquitoes with short EIP have less active immune responses but higher levels of protein translation and calcium ion homeostasis and that mosquitoes with longer EIP may have slower metabolism. These findings indicate a complex interplay between calcium ion distribution, ribosome biogenesis, and metabolism and reveal potential pathways that could be modified to slow the rate of viral progression and hence limit lifetime transmission capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott L Allen
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rosemarie I Herbert
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A McGraw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Stephen F Chenoweth
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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126
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Franzke K, Leggewie M, Sreenu VB, Jansen S, Heitmann A, Welch SR, Brennan B, Elliott RM, Tannich E, Becker SC, Schnettler E. Detection, infection dynamics and small RNA response against Culex Y virus in mosquito-derived cells. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1739-1745. [PMID: 30394867 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insect cell lines are persistently infected with insect-specific viruses (ISV) often unrecognized by the scientific community. Considering recent findings showing the possibility of interference between arbovirus and ISV infections, it is important to pay attention to ISV-infected cell lines. One example is the Entomobirnavirus, Culex Y virus (CYV). Here we describe the detection of CYV using a combination of small RNA sequencing, electron microscopy and PCR in mosquito cell lines Aag2, U4.4 and C7-10. We found CYV-specific small RNAs in all three cell lines. Interestingly, the magnitude of the detected viral RNA genome is variable among cell passages and leads to irregular detection via electron microscopy. Gaining insights into the presence of persistent ISV infection in commonly used mosquito cells and their interactions with the host immune system is beneficial for evaluating the outcome of co-infections with arboviruses of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Franzke
- 1Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection research, partner side Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Jansen
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Heitmann
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen R Welch
- 4MRC - University of Glasgow Centre of Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- 4MRC - University of Glasgow Centre of Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Egbert Tannich
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection research, partner side Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie C Becker
- 5Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Esther Schnettler
- 4MRC - University of Glasgow Centre of Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.,2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection research, partner side Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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127
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Xiao P, Han J, Zhang Y, Li C, Guo X, Wen S, Tian M, Li Y, Wang M, Liu H, Ren J, Zhou H, Lu H, Jin N. Metagenomic Analysis of Flaviviridae in Mosquito Viromes Isolated From Yunnan Province in China Reveals Genes From Dengue and Zika Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:359. [PMID: 30406038 PMCID: PMC6207848 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 6,000 mosquitoes of six species from six sites were collected and tested for their virome using metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The identified viral sequences belonged to more than 50 viral families. The results were verified by PCR of selected viruses in all mosquitoes, followed by phylogenetic analysis. In the present study, we identified the partial dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) sequences in mosquitoes. Metagenomic analysis and the PCR amplification revealed three DENV sequences, one of which encodes a partial envelope protein. Two ZIKV sequences both encoding partial nonstructural protein 3 and one JEV sequence encoding the complete envelope protein were identified. There was variability in the viral titers of the newly isolated virus JEV-China/YN2016-1 of different passage viruses. The newly identified Zika virus gene from ZIKV-China/YN2016-1 was an Asian genotype and shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.1%) with a ZIKV sequence from Thailand isolated in 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of ZIKV-China/YN2016-1 and ZIKV-China/YN2016-2 with known Flavivirus genes indicated that ZIKV has propagated in Yunnan province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xiao
- Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao, China
| | - Shubo Wen
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Maopeng Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Division of Economic Animal Epidemic, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
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128
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Xiao P, Li C, Zhang Y, Han J, Guo X, Xie L, Tian M, Li Y, Wang M, Liu H, Ren J, Zhou H, Lu H, Jin N. Metagenomic Sequencing From Mosquitoes in China Reveals a Variety of Insect and Human Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:364. [PMID: 30406041 PMCID: PMC6202873 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected 8,700 mosquitoes in three sites in China, which belonged to seven species. Their viromes were tested using metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The abundant viral sequences were detected and annotated belonging to more than 50 viral taxonomic families. The results were verified by PCR, followed by phylogenetic analysis. In the present study, we identified partial viral genes of dengue virus (DENV), a novel circovirus (CCV), densovirus (DNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Wuhan mosquito virus (WMV) in mosquitoes. Metagenomic analysis and PCR amplification revealed three DENV sequences, which were as homologous to the NS3 gene of DENV from Singapore isolated in 2005, with at least 91% nucleotide (nt) identity. Seven fragments of JEV encoding structural proteins were identified belonging to genotype I. They all shared high homology with structural protein genes of JEV isolated from Laos in 2009. The production of infectious virus particles of the newly isolated virus YunnanJEV2017-4 increased after passage from the BHK-21 cell line to the Vero cell line. Novel circovirus-related genes were identified and as being related to an unnamed gene of a mosquito circovirus (MCCV) sequence from the USA isolated in 2011, with at least 41% nt identity: this distant relationship suggests that the parent virus might belong to a novel circovirus genus. Additionally, numerous known viruses and some unknown viruses were also detected in mosquitoes from Yunnan province, China, which will be tested for propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xiao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.,Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Maopeng Wang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Division of Economic Animal Epidemic, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
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129
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Complete Genome Sequence of Houston Virus, a Newly Discovered Mosquito-Specific Virus Isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus in Mexico. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA00808-18. [PMID: 30533617 PMCID: PMC6256593 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00808-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We fully sequenced the genome of Houston virus, a recently discovered mosquito-associated virus belonging to the newly established family Mesoniviridae. The isolate was recovered from Culex quinquefasciatus in southern Mexico, which shows that the geographic range of Houston virus is not restricted to the United States in North America. We fully sequenced the genome of Houston virus, a recently discovered mosquito-associated virus belonging to the newly established family Mesoniviridae. The isolate was recovered from Culex quinquefasciatus in southern Mexico, which shows that the geographic range of Houston virus is not restricted to the United States in North America.
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130
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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131
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Discovery and high prevalence of Phasi Charoen-like virus in field-captured Aedes aegypti in South China. Virology 2018; 523:35-40. [PMID: 30077072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses have caused significant global health concerns during the past decade. In this regard, continuous viral surveillance is essential to timely identify emerging arboviruses and other novel viruses. Here, a novel isolate of Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV Zhanjiang01) was identified from field-captured Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Zhanjiang by next generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that PCLV Zhanjiang01 belonged to the genus Phasivirus in the family Phenuiviridae. The presence of PCLV in three batches of Aedes aegypti confirmed its high prevalence in nature. Further detection of PCLV in progenies and adult males suggested vertical transmission in mosquitoes. In parallel, PCLV was detected from multiple organs indicating its broad tissue distribution in the infected mosquitoes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PCLV in China. Our results expanded the global biogeographic distribution of PCLV. Further investigations of PCLV on the arboviral transmission and control strategies are warranted.
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132
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Strand MR. Composition and functional roles of the gut microbiota in mosquitoes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 28:59-65. [PMID: 30551768 PMCID: PMC6296257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 3500 species of mosquitoes (family Culicidae) exist worldwide of which several are known vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and other vertebrates. Mosquitoes also host communities of microbes in their digestive tract that form a gut microbiota. Recent studies provide important insights on how mosquitoes acquire a gut microbiota and the community of microbes that are present. Results also indicate that the gut microbiota affects several aspects of mosquito biology. Altogether, these effects impact mosquito fitness with potential consequences for disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
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133
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Wilson AJ, Harrup LE. Reproducibility and relevance in insect-arbovirus infection studies. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 28:105-112. [PMID: 30551760 PMCID: PMC6299244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental infections of insects with arboviruses are performed to achieve a variety of objectives but principally to draw inferences about the potential role of field populations in transmission or to explore the molecular basis of vector-pathogen interactions. The design of such studies determines both their reproducibility and the extent to which their results can be extrapolated to natural environments, and is constrained by the resources available. We discuss recent findings regarding the effects of nutrition, the microbiome, co-infecting agents and feeding methods on the outcome of such experiments, and identify resource-efficient ways to increase their relevance and reproducibility, including the development of community standards for reporting such studies and better standards for cell line and colony authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony James Wilson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Lara Ellen Harrup
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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134
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Fujita R, Kato F, Kobayashi D, Murota K, Takasaki T, Tajima S, Lim CK, Saijo M, Isawa H, Sawabe K. Persistent viruses in mosquito cultured cell line suppress multiplication of flaviviruses. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00736. [PMID: 30167494 PMCID: PMC6107885 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the growth kinetics analysis of flaviviruses in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell lines obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank and the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Culture (ECACC), these two cells line showed different viral susceptibility for Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis revealed that the C6/36 JCRB strain was persistently infected with two viruses without showing any cytopathic effects. The complete sequence analysis demonstrated that the one virus was Menghai rhabdovirus (MERV), which has been found from Aedes albopictus mosquito. The other virus was a novel virus, designated as Shinobi tetravirus (SHTV). Interestingly, the viral susceptibility of these two strains was almost even for Sindbis virus and Getah virus. We cloned SHTV and MERV from JCRB C6/36 cell line and then re-infected them into another C6/36 cell line, resulting in the reproduction of persistent infection with each virus. ZIKV growth was suppressed in SHTV and/or MERV re-infected C6/36 cells also. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that persistent infection with rhabdovirus and/or permutotetravirus suppressed flavivirus replication in mosquito cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujita
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Isotope Imaging Laboratory, Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Research Promotion, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Research Promotion, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research Promotion, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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135
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Insect-specific viruses: from discovery to potential translational applications. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:33-41. [PMID: 30048906 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade the scientific community has experienced a new age of virus discovery in arthropods in general, and in insects in particular. Next generation sequencing and advanced bioinformatics tools have provided new insights about insect viromes and viral evolution. In this review, we discuss some high-throughput sequencing technologies used to discover viruses in insects and the challenges raised in data interpretations. Additionally, the discovery of these novel viruses that are considered as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) has gained increasing attention in their potential use as biological agents. As example, we show how the ISV Nhumirim virus was used to reduce West Nile virus transmission when co-infecting the mosquito vector. We also discuss new translational opportunities of using ISVs to limit insect vector competence by using them to interfere with pathogen acquisition, to directly target the insect vector or to confer pathogen resistance by the insect vector.
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136
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Cross ST, Kapuscinski ML, Perino J, Maertens BL, Weger-Lucarelli J, Ebel GD, Stenglein MD. Co-Infection Patterns in Individual Ixodes scapularis Ticks Reveal Associations between Viral, Eukaryotic and Bacterial Microorganisms. Viruses 2018; 10:E388. [PMID: 30037148 PMCID: PMC6071216 DOI: 10.3390/v10070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks harbor a variety of microorganisms, including eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses. Some of these can be transmitted to and cause disease in humans and other vertebrates. Others are not pathogenic, but may impact the ability of the tick to harbor and transmit pathogens. A growing number of studies have examined the influence of bacteria on tick vector competence but the influence of the tick virome remains less clear, despite a surge in the discovery of tick-associated viruses. In this study, we performed shotgun RNA sequencing on 112 individual adult I. scapularis collected in Wisconsin, USA. We characterized the abundance, prevalence and co-infection rates of viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms. We identified pairs of tick-infecting microorganisms whose observed co-infection rates were higher or lower than would be expected, or whose RNA levels were positively correlated in co-infected ticks. Many of these co-occurrence and correlation relationships involved two bunyaviruses, South Bay virus and blacklegged tick phlebovirus-1. These viruses were also the most prevalent microorganisms in the ticks we sampled, and had the highest average RNA levels. Evidence of associations between microbes included a positive correlation between RNA levels of South Bay virus and Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent. These findings contribute to the rationale for experimental studies on the impact of viruses on tick biology and vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun T Cross
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Marylee L Kapuscinski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Perino
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Bernadette L Maertens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Mosimann ALP, de Siqueira MK, Ceole LF, Nunes Duarte Dos Santos C. A new Aura virus isolate in Brazil shows segment duplication in the variable region of the nsP3 gene. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:321. [PMID: 29843810 PMCID: PMC5975265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new isolate of Aura virus serendipitously discovered as a cell culture contaminant is reported in this manuscript. Aura virus belongs to the family Togaviridae and is classified in the genus Alphavirus. There are only two reports of Aura virus isolation from mosquitoes in the scientific literature, and the existence of a vertebrate host is still unknown. The discovery of this new isolate was based on transmission electron microscopy and nucleic acid amplification through a non-specific RT-PCR amplification protocol followed by sequencing. Results Genetic analysis has shown that the new virus shares a high degree of identity with the previously described isolate (GenBank: AF126284.1). A major difference was observed in the nsP3 gene in which a 234-nucleotide duplication has been identified. Furthermore, a pronounced difference was observed in cell cultures compared to the data available for the previously described isolate. Cell permissiveness and phenotypic characteristics in C6/36, Vero and BHK-21 cells were found to differ from previous reports. This may be due to the genetic differences that have been observed. Conclusions The genetic and biological characteristics of the new Aura virus isolate are suggestive of viral adaptation to the cell substrate. The development of a cDNA clone will lend a perspective and better understanding of these results as well as open avenues for its use as a biotechnological tool, as seen for other alphaviruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2907-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775, Cidade Industrial, Curitiba, PR, 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Mirian Krystel de Siqueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775, Cidade Industrial, Curitiba, PR, 81350-010, Brazil.,Present Address: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ligia Fernanda Ceole
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775, Cidade Industrial, Curitiba, PR, 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia Nunes Duarte Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775, Cidade Industrial, Curitiba, PR, 81350-010, Brazil.
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138
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Cholleti H, Hayer J, Fafetine J, Berg M, Blomström AL. Genetic characterization of a novel picorna-like virus in Culex spp. mosquitoes from Mozambique. Virol J 2018; 15:71. [PMID: 29669586 PMCID: PMC5907373 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are the potential vectors for a variety of viruses that can cause diseases in the human and animal populations. Viruses in the order Picornavirales infect a broad range of hosts, including mosquitoes. In this study, we aimed to characterize a novel picorna-like virus from the Culex spp. of mosquitoes from the Zambezi Valley of Mozambique. METHODS The extracted RNA from mosquito pools was pre-amplified with the sequence independent single primer amplification (SISPA) method and subjected to high-throughput sequencing using the Ion Torrent platform. Reads that are classified as Iflaviridae, Picornaviridae and Dicistroviridae were assembled by CodonCode Aligner and SPAdes. Gaps between the viral contigs were sequenced by PCR. The genomic ends were analyzed by 5' and 3' RACE PCRs. The ORF was predicted with the NCBI ORF finder. The conserved domains were identified with ClustalW multiple sequence alignment, and a phylogenetic tree was built with MEGA. The presence of the virus in individual mosquito pools was detected by RT-PCR assay. RESULTS A near full-length viral genome (9740 nt) was obtained in Culex mosquitoes that encoded a complete ORF (3112 aa), named Culex picorna-like virus (CuPV-1). The predicted ORF had 38% similarity to the Hubei picorna-like virus 35. The sequence of the conserved domains, Helicase-Protease-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, were identified by multiple sequence alignment and found to be at the 3' end, similar to iflaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the putative RdRP amino acid sequences indicated that the virus clustered with members of the Iflaviridae family. CuPV-1 was detected in both Culex and Mansonia individual pools with low infection rates. CONCLUSIONS The study reported a highly divergent, near full-length picorna-like virus genome from Culex spp. mosquitoes from Mozambique. The discovery and characterization of novel viruses in mosquitoes is an initial step, which will provide insights into mosquito-virus interaction mechanisms, genetic diversity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindranath Cholleti
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Public Health, Box 7028, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Juliette Hayer
- SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Box 7023, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jose Fafetine
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Biotechnology Center, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Public Health, Box 7028, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Public Health, Box 7028, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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139
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Dual Insect specific virus infection limits Arbovirus replication in Aedes mosquito cells. Virology 2018; 518:406-413. [PMID: 29625404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for many pathogenic viruses. Cell culture systems facilitate the investigation of virus growth in the mosquito vector. We found Zika virus (ZIKV) growth to be consistent in A. albopictus cells but hypervariable in A. aegypti cell lines. As a potential explanation of this variability, we tested the hypothesis that our cells harbored opportunistic viruses. We screened Aedes cell lines for the presence of insect specific viruses (ISVs), Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) and Phasi charoen-like virus (PCLV). PCLV was present in the ZIKV-growth-variable A. aegypti cell lines but absent in A. albopictus lines, suggesting that these ISVs may interfere with ZIKV growth. In support of this hypothesis, PCLV infection of CFAV-positive A. albopictus cells inhibited the growth of ZIKV, dengue virus and La Crosse virus. These data suggest ISV infection of cell lines can impact arbovirus growth leading to significant changes in cell permissivity to arbovirus infection.
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140
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Guégan M, Zouache K, Démichel C, Minard G, Tran Van V, Potier P, Mavingui P, Valiente Moro C. The mosquito holobiont: fresh insight into mosquito-microbiota interactions. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:49. [PMID: 29554951 PMCID: PMC5859429 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The holobiont concept was first developed for coral ecosystems but has been extended to multiple organisms, including plants and other animals. Studies on insect-associated microbial communities have produced strong evidence that symbiotic bacteria play a major role in host biology. However, the understanding of these symbiotic relationships has mainly been limited to phytophagous insects, while the role of host-associated microbiota in haematophagous insect vectors remains largely unexplored. Mosquitoes are a major global public health concern, with a concomitant increase in people at risk of infection. The global emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases has led many researchers to study both the mosquito host and its associated microbiota. Although most of these studies have been descriptive, they have led to a broad description of the bacterial communities hosted by mosquito populations. This review describes key advances and progress in the field of the mosquito microbiota research while also encompassing other microbes and the environmental factors driving their composition and diversity. The discussion includes recent findings on the microbiota functional roles and underlines their interactions with the host biology and pathogen transmission. Insight into the ecology of multipartite interactions, we consider that conferring the term holobiont to the mosquito and its microbiota is useful to get a comprehensive understanding of the vector pathosystem functioning so as to be able to develop innovative and efficient novel vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karima Zouache
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colin Démichel
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Potier
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
The power and ease of Drosophila genetics and the medical relevance of mosquito-transmitted viruses have made dipterans important model organisms in antiviral immunology. Studies of virus-host interactions at the molecular and population levels have illuminated determinants of resistance to virus infection. Here, we review the sources and nature of variation in antiviral immunity and virus susceptibility in model dipteran insects, specifically the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and vector mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex. We first discuss antiviral immune mechanisms and describe the virus-specificity of these responses. In the following sections, we review genetic and microbiota-dependent variation in antiviral immunity. In the final sections, we explore less well-studied sources of variation, including abiotic factors, sexual dimorphism, infection history, and endogenous viral elements. We borrow from work on other pathogen types and non-dipteran species when it parallels or complements studies in dipterans. Understanding natural variation in virus-host interactions may lead to the identification of novel restriction factors and immune mechanisms and shed light on the molecular determinants of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Palmer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Infection, Evolution and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK.
| | - Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
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142
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Xia H, Wang Y, Shi C, Atoni E, Zhao L, Yuan Z. Comparative Metagenomic Profiling of Viromes Associated with Four Common Mosquito Species in China. Virol Sin 2018; 33:59-66. [PMID: 29500689 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vast viruses are thought to be associated with mosquitoes. Anopheles sinensis, Armigeres subalbatus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus are very common mosquito species in China, and whether the virome structure in each species is species-specific has not been evaluated. In this study, a total of 2222 mosquitoes were collected from the same geographic location, and RNAs were sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. After querying to the Refseq database, a total of 3,435,781, 2,223,509, 5,727,523, and 6,387,867 paired-end reads were classified under viral sequences from An. sinensis, Ar. subalbatus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, respectively, with the highest prevalence of virus-associated reads being observed in Cx. quinquefasciatus. The metagenomic comparison analysis showed that the virus-related reads were distributed across 26 virus families, together with an unclassified group of viruses. Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Genomoviridae, Iridoviridae, Mesoniviridae, Microviridae, Myoviridae, Parvoviridae, Phenuiviridae, and Podoviridae were the top ten significantly different viral families among the four species. Further analysis reveals that the virome is species-specific in four mosquito samples, and several viral sequences which maybe belong to novel viruses are discovered for the first time in those mosquitoes. This investigation provides a basis for a comprehensive knowledge on the mosquito virome status in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenyan Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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143
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Guzman H, Contreras-Gutierrez MA, Travassos da Rosa APA, Nunes MRT, Cardoso JF, Popov VL, Young KI, Savit C, Wood TG, Widen SG, Watts DM, Hanley KA, Perera D, Fish D, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB. Characterization of Three New Insect-Specific Flaviviruses: Their Relationship to the Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Pathogens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:410-419. [PMID: 29016330 PMCID: PMC5929187 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel insect-specific flaviviruses, isolated from mosquitoes collected in Peru, Malaysia (Sarawak), and the United States, are characterized. The new viruses, designated La Tina, Kampung Karu, and Long Pine Key, respectively, are antigenically and phylogenetically more similar to the mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens, than to the classical insect-specific viruses like cell fusing agent and Culex flavivirus. The potential implications of this relationship and the possible uses of these and other arbovirus-related insect-specific flaviviruses are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Maria Angelica Contreras-Gutierrez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales – PECET – SIU – Sede de Investigacion Universitaria – Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Amelia P. A. Travassos da Rosa
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Marcio R. T. Nunes
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Para, Brazil
| | - Jedson F. Cardoso
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Para, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Para, Brazil
| | - Vsevolod L. Popov
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Katherine I. Young
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Chelsea Savit
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas G. Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Steven G. Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas M. Watts
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit-6, Callao, Peru
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Durland Fish
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Xia H, Wang Y, Atoni E, Zhang B, Yuan Z. Mosquito-Associated Viruses in China. Virol Sin 2018; 33:5-20. [PMID: 29532388 PMCID: PMC5866263 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are classified into approximately 3500 species and further grouped into 41 genera. Epidemiologically, they are considered to be among the most important disease vectors in the world and they can harbor a wide variety of viruses. Several mosquito viruses are considered to be of significant medical importance and can cause serious public health issues throughout the world. Such viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Others are the newly recognized mosquito viruses such as Banna virus (BAV) and Yunnan orbivirus (YNOV) with unclear medical significance. The remaining mosquito viruses are those that naturally infect mosquitoes but do not appear to infect humans or other vertebrates. With the continuous development and improvement of mosquito and mosquito-associated virus surveillance systems in China, many novel mosquito-associated viruses have been discovered in recent years. This review aims to systematically outline the history, characteristics, distribution, and/or current epidemic status of mosquito-associated viruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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145
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Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010030. [PMID: 29329230 PMCID: PMC5795443 DOI: 10.3390/v10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many blood-feeding arthropods are known vectors of viruses that are a source of unprecedented global health concern. Mosquitoes are an integral part of these arthropod vectors. Advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics has expanded our knowledge on the richness of viruses harbored by arthropods. In the present study, we applied a metagenomic approach to determine the intercontinental virome diversity of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Kwale, Kenya and provinces of Hubei and Yunnan in China. Our results showed that viromes from the three locations were strikingly diverse and comprised 30 virus families specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and protozoa as well as unclassified group of viruses. Though sampled at different times, both Kwale and Hubei mosquito viromes were dominated by vertebrate viruses, in contrast to the Yunnan mosquito virome, which was dominated by insect-specific viruses. However, each virome was unique in terms of virus proportions partly influenced by type of ingested meals (blood, nectar, plant sap, environment substrates). The dominant vertebrate virus family in the Kwale virome was Papillomaviridae (57%) while in Hubei it was Herpesviridae (30%) and the Yunnan virome was dominated by an unclassified viruses group (27%). Given that insect-specific viruses occur naturally in their hosts, they should be the basis for defining the viromes. Hence, the dominant insect-specific viruses in Kwale, Hubei, and Yunnan were Baculoviridae, Nimaviridae and Iflaviridae, respectively. Our study is preliminary but contributes to growing and much needed knowledge, as mosquito viromes could be manipulated to prevent and control pathogenic arboviruses.
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146
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Bartholomay LC, Michel K. Mosquito Immunobiology: The Intersection of Vector Health and Vector Competence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:145-167. [PMID: 29324042 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As holometabolous insects that occupy distinct aquatic and terrestrial environments in larval and adult stages and utilize hematophagy for nutrient acquisition, mosquitoes are subjected to a wide variety of symbiotic interactions. Indeed, mosquitoes play host to endosymbiotic, entomopathogenic, and mosquito-borne organisms, including protozoa, viruses, bacteria, fungi, fungal-like organisms, and metazoans, all of which trigger and shape innate infection-response capacity. Depending on the infection or interaction, the mosquito may employ, for example, cellular and humoral immune effectors for septic infections in the hemocoel, humoral infection responses in the midgut lumen, and RNA interference and programmed cell death for intracellular pathogens. These responses often function in concert, regardless of the infection type, and provide a robust front to combat infection. Mosquito-borne pathogens and entomopathogens overcome these immune responses, employing avoidance or suppression strategies. Burgeoning methodologies are capitalizing on this concerted deployment of immune responses to control mosquito-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
| | - Kristin Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;
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147
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Calisher CH, Higgs S. The Discovery of Arthropod-Specific Viruses in Hematophagous Arthropods: An Open Door to Understanding the Mechanisms of Arbovirus and Arthropod Evolution? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:87-103. [PMID: 29324047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of an odd virus from hematophagous arthropods 40 years ago by Stollar and Thomas described cell fusing agent virus in cells derived from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Then came the report of Kamiti River virus from Ae. macintoshi in 1999, followed by worldwide reports of the discovery of other viruses of mosquitoes, ticks, and midges that replicate only in arthropods and not in vertebrates or in vertebrate cells. These viruses (now totaling at least 64 published) have genomes analogous to viruses in various families that include arboviruses and nonarboviruses. It is likely that some of these viruses have been insufficiently studied and may yet be shown to infect vertebrates. However, there is no doubt that the vast majority are restricted to arthropods alone and that they represent a recently recognized clade. Their biology, modes of transmission, worldwide distribution (some have been detected in wild-caught mosquitoes in both Asia and the United States, for example), molecular characteristics of their genomes, and potential for becoming vertebrate pathogens, or at least serving as virus reservoirs, are fascinating and may provide evidence useful in understanding virus evolution. Because metagenomics studies of arthropods have shown that arthropod genomes are the sources of arthropod virus genomes, further studies may also provide insights into the evolution of arthropods. More recently, others have published excellent papers that briefly review discoveries of arthropod viruses and that characterize certain genomic peculiarities, but, to now, there have been no reviews that encompass all these facets. We therefore anticipate that this review is published at a time and in a manner that is helpful for both virologists and entomologists to make more sense and understanding of this recently recognized and obviously important virus group. This review focuses specifically on arthropod viruses in hematophagous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1690;
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-7600;
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148
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Varghese FS, van Rij RP. Insect Virus Discovery by Metagenomic and Cell Culture-Based Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1746:197-213. [PMID: 29492897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7683-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insects are the most abundant and diverse group of animals on earth, but our knowledge of their viruses is biased toward insect-borne viruses that cause disease in plants, animals, or humans. Recent metagenomic studies and systematic surveys of viruses in wild-caught insects have identified an unanticipated large repertoire of novel viruses and viral sequences. These include new members of existing clades, new clades, and even entirely new virus families. These studies greatly expand the known virosphere in insects, provide opportunities to study virus-host interactions, and generate new insights into virus evolution. In this chapter, we discuss the methods used to identify novel viruses in insects and highlight some notable surprises arising from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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149
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Bigot D, Atyame CM, Weill M, Justy F, Herniou EA, Gayral P. Discovery of Culex pipiens associated tunisia virus: a new ssRNA(+) virus representing a new insect associated virus family. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vex040. [PMID: 29340209 PMCID: PMC5763275 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the global context of arboviral emergence, deep sequencing unlocks the discovery of new mosquito-borne viruses. Mosquitoes of the species Culex pipiens, C. torrentium, and C. hortensis were sampled from 22 locations worldwide for transcriptomic analyses. A virus discovery pipeline was used to analyze the dataset of 0.7 billion reads comprising 22 individual transcriptomes. Two closely related 6.8 kb viral genomes were identified in C. pipiens and named as Culex pipiens associated tunisia virus (CpATV) strains Ayed and Jedaida. The CpATV genome contained four ORFs. ORF1 possessed helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains related to new viral sequences recently found mainly in dipterans. ORF2 and 4 contained a capsid protein domain showing strong homology with Virgaviridae plant viruses. ORF3 displayed similarities with eukaryotic Rhoptry domain and a merozoite surface protein (MSP7) domain only found in mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium, suggesting possible interactions between CpATV and vertebrate cells. Estimation of a strong purifying selection exerted on each ORFs and the presence of a polymorphism maintained in the coding region of ORF3 suggested that both CpATV sequences are genuine functional viruses. CpATV is part of an entirely new and highly diversified group of viruses recently found in insects, and that bears the genomic hallmarks of a new viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bigot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Célestine M Atyame
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Justy
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
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150
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Shi W, Li J, Zhou H, Gao GF. Pathogen genomic surveillance elucidates the origins, transmission and evolution of emerging viral agents in China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1317-1330. [PMID: 29270793 PMCID: PMC7088571 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past twenty years, numerous novel zoonotic viral agents with pandemic potential have emerged in China, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and, more recently, the avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus, which have caused outbreaks among humans with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, several emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens have also been imported into China from travelers, e.g. the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and Zika virus (ZIKV). Herein, we review these emerging viral pathogens in China and focus on how surveillance by pathogen genomics has been employed to discover and annotate novel pathogenic agents, identify natural reservoirs, monitor the transmission events and delineate their evolution and adaption to the human host. We also highlight the application of genomic sequencing in the recent Ebola epidemics in Western Africa. In summary, genomic sequencing has become a standard research tool in the field of emerging infectious diseases which has been proven invaluable in containing these viral infections and reducing burden of disease in humans and animals. Genomic surveillance of pathogenic agents will serve as a key epidemiological and research tool in the modern era of precision infectious diseases and in the future studies of virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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