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Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-controllers spontaneously maintain HIV viremia at an undetectable level. We aimed to describe the delay to control from seroconversion, the duration of control, and risk factors for losing control. METHODS HIV-controllers were identified from a pooled dataset of 24 seroconverter cohorts from Europe, Australia, and Canada (CASCADE). HIV-controllers had at least five consecutive viral loads less than 400/500 copies/ml, while antiretroviral therapy naive, for at least 5 years after seroconversion. End of control was defined as two consecutive viral loads above 2000 copies/ml. Duration of control was described using Kaplan-Meier estimates; factors associated with duration of control were identified using a Cox model. CD4⁺ cell count evolution during control was described using a mixed model. RESULTS Of 9896 eligible seroconverters, we identified 140 (1.4%) HIV-controllers, the largest database of HIV-controllers followed from seroconversion. For 64 with viral load measured within 24 months from seroconversion, median delay to control was 16.7 (interquartile range: 7.8-37.9) months. Probability of maintaining control 20 years after seroconversion was 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.85]. Occurrence of blips followed by return to undetectability did not increase the risk of loss of control [hazard ratio: 0.81 (95% CI: 0.10-6.70)]. However, CD4⁺ cell loss during control was significantly accelerated in individuals with blips. CONCLUSION In most individuals, control occurred rapidly after seroconversion; however, more than 3 years were required to achieve control in 25% of HIV-controllers. Control may be sustained even when CD4⁺ cell levels are below 500 cells/μl, opening important new perspectives to understand the physiopathology underlying control.
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102
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High antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses are correlated with strong CD8 T cell viral suppressive activity but not with B57 status in HIV-1 elite controllers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74855. [PMID: 24086385 PMCID: PMC3781132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses in HIV-1 controllers is still unclear due to the heterogeneity of these patients. We analyzed 67 HIV-1 controllers and found significantly higher levels of ADCC antibodies in controllers versus viremic subjects (p = 0.017). Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed significantly higher ADCC titers in HLA B57- controllers compared to HLA-B57+ ones (p = 0.0086). These data suggest a role for ADCC in immune control of HIV, especially in HLA B57 negative controllers.
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103
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Sahu GK, Sango K, Selliah N, Ma Q, Skowron G, Junghans RP. Anti-HIV designer T cells progressively eradicate a latently infected cell line by sequentially inducing HIV reactivation then killing the newly gp120-positive cells. Virology 2013; 446:268-75. [PMID: 24074590 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively reduce plasma HIV loads to undetectable levels, but cannot eliminate latently infected resting memory CD4 T cells that persist for the lifetime of infected patients. Therefore, designing new therapeutic approaches to eliminate these latently infected cells or the cells that produce HIV upon reactivation from latency is a priority in the ART era in order to progress to a cure of HIV. Here, we show that "designer" T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), CD4-CD28-CD3ζ, can target and kill HIV Env-expressing cells. Further, they secrete effector cytokines upon contact with HIV Env+ target cells that can reactivate latent HIV in a cell line model, thereby exposing those cells to recognition and killing by anti-HIV CAR+ T cells. Taken to the limit, this process could form the basis for an eventual functional or sterilizing cure for HIV in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam K Sahu
- HIV Biology and Persistence Laboratory, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
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Flamar AL, Xue Y, Zurawski SM, Montes M, King B, Sloan L, Oh S, Banchereau J, Levy Y, Zurawski G. Targeting concatenated HIV antigens to human CD40 expands a broad repertoire of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. AIDS 2013; 27:2041-51. [PMID: 23615121 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283624305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Targeting HIV antigens directly to dendritic cells using monoclonal antibodies against cell-surface receptors has been shown to evoke potent cellular immunity in animal models. The objective of this study was to configure an anti-human CD40 antibody fused to a string of five highly conserved CD4 and CD8 T-cell epitope-rich regions of HIV-1 Gag, Nef and Pol (αCD40.HIV5pep), and then to demonstrate the capacity of this candidate therapeutic vaccine to target these HIV peptide antigens to human dendritic cells to expand functional HIV-specific T cells. METHODS Antigen-specific cytokine production using intracellular flow cytometry and multiplex bead-based assay, and suppression of viral inhibition, were used to characterize the T cells expanded by αCD40.HIV5pep from HIV-infected patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and dendritic cell/T-cell co-cultures. RESULTS This candidate vaccine expands memory CD4 and CD8 T cells specific to multiple epitopes within all five peptide regions across a wide range of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes from HIV-infected patient PBMC and dendritic cell/T-cell co-cultures. These in vitro expanded HIV antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells produce multiple cytokines and chemokines. αCD40.HIV5pep-expanded CD8 T cells have characteristics of cytotoxic effector cells and are able to kill autologous target cells and suppress HIV-1 replication in vitro. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this CD40-targeting HIV candidate vaccine in inducing a broad repertoire of multifunctional T cells in patients.
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105
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French MA, Abudulai LN, Fernandez S. Isotype Diversification of IgG Antibodies to HIV Gag Proteins as a Therapeutic Vaccination Strategy for HIV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:328-42. [PMID: 26344116 PMCID: PMC4494226 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines to treat and prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of "protective" immune responses against HIV. Natural control of HIV-1 infection is associated with T-cell responses against HIV-1 Gag proteins, particularly CD8⁺ T-cell responses restricted by "protective" HLA-B alleles, but other immune responses also contribute to immune control. These immune responses appear to include IgG antibodies to HIV-1 Gag proteins, interferon-a-dependant natural killer (NK) cell responses and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) responses. Here, it is proposed that isotype diversification of IgG antibodies against HIV-1 Gag proteins, to include IgG2, as well as IgG3 and IgG1 antibodies, will broaden the function of the antibody response and facilitate accessory cell responses against HIV-1 by NK cells and pDCs. We suggest that this should be investigated as a vaccination strategy for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A French
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth 6000, Australia.
| | - Laila N Abudulai
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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106
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Graf EH, Pace MJ, Peterson BA, Lynch LJ, Chukwulebe SB, Mexas AM, Shaheen F, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Connors M, Migueles SA, O’Doherty U. Gag-positive reservoir cells are susceptible to HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated clearance in vitro and can be detected in vivo [corrected]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71879. [PMID: 23951263 PMCID: PMC3737195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells infected with HIV persist in the presence of suppressive anti-viral therapy (ART) and are barriers to a cure. One potential curative approach, therapeutic vaccination, is fueled by recognition of the ability of a subset of elite controllers (EC) to control virus without therapy due to robust anti-HIV immune responses. Controllers have low levels of integrated HIV DNA and low levels of replication competent virus, suggesting a small reservoir. As our recent data indicates some reservoir cells can produce HIV proteins (termed GPR cells for Gag-positive reservoir cells), we hypothesized that a fraction of HIV-expressing resting CD4+ T cells could be efficiently targeted and cleared in individuals who control HIV via anti-HIV cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). To test this we examined if superinfected resting CD4+ T cells from EC express HIV Gag without producing infectious virus and the susceptibility of these cells to CTL. We found that resting CD4+ T cells expressed HIV Gag and were cleared by autologous CD8+ T cells from EC. Importantly, we found the extent of CTL clearance in our in vitro assay correlates with in vivo reservoir size and that a population of Gag expressing resting CD4+ T cells exists in vivo in patients well controlled on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H. Graf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Pace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bennett A. Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay J. Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steve B. Chukwulebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Mexas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Farida Shaheen
- The Center for Aids Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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107
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Buckheit RW, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN. Primary CD8+ T cells from elite suppressors effectively eliminate non-productively HIV-1 infected resting and activated CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2013; 10:68. [PMID: 23816179 PMCID: PMC3702406 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elite controllers or suppressors have the remarkable capacity to maintain HIV-1 plasma RNA levels below the limit of detection of clinical assays (<50 copies/mL) without therapy and have a lower frequency of latently infected cells compared to chronic progressors. While it is unclear how this reduced seeding of the reservoir is achieved, it is possible that effective CTL responses play an in important role in limiting the size of the latent reservoir. Results Herein, we demonstrate that primary CD8+ T cells from HLA-B*57/5801 elite suppressors were able to efficiently eliminate resting and activated primary CD4+ T cells shortly after viral entry and prior to productive infection. CD8+ T cells from elite suppressors were significantly more effective at eliminating these cells than CD8+ T cells from chronic progressors. Conclusions Nonproductively infected CD4+ T cells may represent a subpopulation of cells that are precursors to latently infected cells; therefore, the effective elimination of these cells may partially explain why elite suppressors have a much lower frequency of latently infected cells compared to chronic progressors. Thus, a vaccine strategy that elicits early and potent CD8+ T cell responses may have the capacity to limit the seeding of the latent reservoir in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Buckheit
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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108
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Abstract
Untreated HIV-1 infection typically progresses to AIDS within 10 years, but less than 1% of infected individuals remain healthy and have normal CD4(+) T cell counts and undetectable viral loads; some individuals have remained this way for 35 years and counting. Through a combination of large population studies of cohorts of these 'HIV-1 controllers' and detailed studies of individual patients, a heterogeneous picture has emerged regarding the basis for this remarkable resistance to AIDS progression. In this Review, we highlight the host genetic factors, the viral genetic factors and the immunological factors that are associated with the controller phenotype, we discuss emerging methodological approaches that could facilitate a better understanding of spontaneous HIV-1 immune control in the future, and we delineate implications for a 'functional cure' of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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109
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Demers KR, Reuter MA, Betts MR. CD8(+) T-cell effector function and transcriptional regulation during HIV pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2013; 254:190-206. [PMID: 23772621 PMCID: PMC3693771 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is needed to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim to contain the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. The cellular immune response plays a critical role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection and will likely need to be a part of any vaccine approach. The qualitative feature of the cellular response most closely associated with immunological control of HIV infection is CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxic potential, which is responsible for mediating the elimination of infected CD4(+) T cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in regulating the elicitation and maintenance of this kind of effector response can provide guidance for vaccine design. In this review, we discuss the evidence for CD8(+) T cells as correlates of protection, the means by which their antiviral capacity is evaluated, and transcription factors responsible for their function, or dysfunction, during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey R. Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Morgan A. Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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110
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Sáez-Cirión A, Pancino G. HIV controllers: a genetically determined or inducible phenotype? Immunol Rev 2013; 254:281-94. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales; Paris; France
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111
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Quantitative and qualitative differences in the T cell response to HIV in uninfected Ugandans exposed or unexposed to HIV-infected partners. J Virol 2013; 87:9053-63. [PMID: 23760253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00721-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed and yet persistently uninfected individuals have been an intriguing, repeated observation in multiple studies, but uncertainty persists on the significance and implications of this in devising protective strategies against HIV. We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of exposed uninfected partners in a Ugandan cohort of heterosexual serodiscordant couples (37.5% antiretroviral therapy naive) comparing their T cell responses to HIV peptides with those of unexposed uninfected individuals. We used an objective definition of exposure and inclusion criteria, blinded ex vivo and cultured gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot assays, and multiparameter flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining to investigate the features of the HIV-specific response in exposed versus unexposed uninfected individuals. A response rate to HIV was detectable in unexposed uninfected (5.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3 to 8.1%) and, at a significantly higher level (12.5%, 95% CI = 9.7 to 15.4%, P = 0.0004), in exposed uninfected individuals. The response rate to Gag was significantly higher in exposed uninfected (10/50 [20.%]) compared to unexposed uninfected (1/35 [2.9%]) individuals (P = 0.0004). The magnitude of responses was also greater in exposed uninfected individuals but not statistically significant. The average number of peptide pools recognized was significantly higher in exposed uninfected subjects than in unexposed uninfected subjects (1.21 versus 0.47; P = 0.0106). The proportion of multifunctional responses was different in the two groups, with a higher proportion of single cytokine responses, mostly IFN-γ, in unexposed uninfected individuals compared to exposed uninfected individuals. Our findings demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative differences in T cell reactivity to HIV between HESN (HIV exposed seronegative) and HUSN (HIV unexposed seronegative) subject groups but do not discriminate as to whether they represent markers of exposure or of protection against HIV infection.
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112
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113
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Early Gag immunodominance of the HIV-specific T-cell response during acute/early infection is associated with higher CD8+ T-cell antiviral activity and correlates with preservation of the CD4+ T-cell compartment. J Virol 2013; 87:7445-62. [PMID: 23616666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00865-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of the CD8(+) T-cell response on HIV control is well established. Moreover, the acute phase of infection represents a proper scenario to delineate the antiviral cellular functions that best correlate with control. Here, multiple functional aspects (specificity, ex vivo viral inhibitory activity [VIA] and polyfunctionality) of the HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell subset arising early after infection, and their association with disease progression markers, were examined. Blood samples from 44 subjects recruited within 6 months from infection (primary HIV infection [PHI] group), 16 chronically infected subjects, 11 elite controllers (EC), and 10 healthy donors were obtained. Results indicated that, although Nef dominated the anti-HIV response during acute/early infection, a higher proportion of early anti-Gag T cells correlated with delayed progression. Polyfunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected at early time points but did not associate with virus control. Conversely, higher CD4(+) T-cell set points were observed in PHI subjects with higher HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell VIA at baseline. Importantly, VIA levels correlated with the magnitude of the anti-Gag cellular response. The advantage of Gag-specific cells may result from their enhanced ability to mediate lysis of infected cells (evidenced by a higher capacity to degranulate and to mediate VIA) and to simultaneously produce IFN-γ. Finally, Gag immunodominance was associated with elevated plasma levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β). All together, this study underscores the importance of CD8(+) T-cell specificity in the improved control of disease progression, which was related to the capacity of Gag-specific cells to mediate both lytic and nonlytic antiviral mechanisms at early time points postinfection.
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114
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Liu L, Qiu C, Huang Y, Xu J, Shao Y. Potent T cell responses induced by single DNA vaccine boosted with recombinant vaccinia vaccine. Virol Sin 2013; 28:109-15. [PMID: 23575733 PMCID: PMC8208324 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmid DNA, an effective vaccine vector, can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses. However, plasmid DNA raises issues concerning potential genomic integration after injection. This issue should be considered in preclinical studies. Tiantan vaccinia virus (TV) has been most widely utilized in eradicating smallpox in China. This virus has also been considered as a successful vaccine vector against a few infectious diseases. Potent T cell responses through T-cell receptor (TCR) could be induced by three injections of the DNA prime vaccine followed by a single injection of recombinant vaccinia vaccine. To develop a safer immunization strategy, a single DNA prime followed by a single recombinant Tiantan vaccinia (rTV) AIDS vaccine was used to immunize mice. Our data demonstrated that one DNA prime/rTV boost regimen induced mature TCR activation with high functional avidity, preferential T cell Vβ receptor usage and high sensitivity to anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. No differences in T cell responses were observed among one, two or three DNA prime/rTV boost regimens. This study shows that one DNA prime/rTV boost regimen is sufficient to induce potent T cell responses against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Science Research Department, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
| | - Yang Huang
- Science Research Department, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Science Research Department, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
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115
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Lécuroux C, Girault I, Chéret A, Versmisse P, Nembot G, Meyer L, Rouzioux C, Pancino G, Venet A, Sáez-Cirión A. CD8 T-cells from most HIV-infected patients lack ex vivo HIV-suppressive capacity during acute and early infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59767. [PMID: 23555774 PMCID: PMC3612088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong CD8+ T-cell-mediated HIV-1-suppressive capacity found in a minority of HIV-infected patients in chronic infection is associated with spontaneous control of viremia. However, it is still unclear whether such capacities were also present earlier in the CD8+ T cells from non controller patients and then lost as a consequence of uncontrolled viral replication. We studied 50 patients with primary HIV-1-infection to determine whether strong CD8+ T-cell-mediated HIV suppression is more often observed at that time. Despite high frequencies of polyfunctional HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells and a strong CD4+ T-helper response, CD8+ T-cells from 48 patients lacked strong HIV-suppressive capacities ex vivo. This indicates that the superior HIV-suppressive capacity of CD8+ T-cells from HIV controllers is not a general characteristic of the HIV-specific CD8+ T cell response in primary HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antoine Chéret
- Hôpital Gustave Dron, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et du voyageur, Tourcoing, France
- EA 3620, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Versmisse
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | - Georges Nembot
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Département d’épidémiologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Département d’épidémiologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- EA 3620, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | | | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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116
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Buckheit III RW, Salgado M, Martins KO, Blankson JN. The implications of viral reservoirs on the elite control of HIV-1 infection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1009-19. [PMID: 22864624 PMCID: PMC11113402 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which a small percentage of HIV-1 infected individuals known as elite suppressors or controllers are able to control viral replication are not fully understood. Early cases of viremic control were attributed to infection with defective virus, but subsequent work has demonstrated that infection with a defective virus is not the exclusive cause of control. Replication-competent virus has been isolated from patients who control viral replication, and studies have demonstrated that evolution occurs in plasma virus but not in virus isolates from the latent reservoir. Additionally, transmission pair studies have demonstrated that patients infected with similar viruses can have dramatically different outcomes of infection. An increased understanding of the viral factors associated with control is important to understand the interplay between viral replication and host control, and has implications for the design of an effective therapeutic vaccine that can lead to a functional cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Buckheit III
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 880, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Maria Salgado
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 880, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Institut de Recerca de La SIDA (IrsiCaixa), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Karen O. Martins
- Department of Integrated Toxicology, USAMRIID, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 880, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Kløverpris HN, Payne RP, Sacha JB, Rasaiyaah JT, Chen F, Takiguchi M, Yang OO, Towers GJ, Goulder P, Prado JG. Early antigen presentation of protective HIV-1 KF11Gag and KK10Gag epitopes from incoming viral particles facilitates rapid recognition of infected cells by specific CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2013; 87:2628-38. [PMID: 23255798 PMCID: PMC3571362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02131-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are major players in antiviral immunity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through recognition of viral epitopes presented on the surface of infected cells. However, the early events involving HIV-1 epitope presentation to CD8(+) T cells remain poorly understood but are nonetheless crucial for the rapid clearance of virus-infected cells. Here, we comprehensively studied the kinetics of antigen presentation of two protective epitopes, KF11Gag and KK10Gag, restricted by HLA alleles B*57:01 and B*27:05, respectively, and compared these to KY9Pol and VL9Vpr epitopes in a single cycle of HIV-1 replication. We consistently demonstrate differences in epitope presentation kinetics, with very early presentation, within 3 h postinfection, for the protective KF11Gag, KK10Gag epitopes, and KY9Pol but only late presentation for VL9Vpr. We show that this early presentation relies on the antigen being presented from incoming viral particles and is correlated with rapid CD8(+) T cell activation and clearance of virus-infected cells. Additionally, our data indicate a dose-response dependency between the levels of CD8(+) T cell activation and the amount of virus inoculum. These data reflect a proof of principle emphasizing the importance of identifying early-presented viral epitopes for rapid elimination of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jane T. Rasaiyaah
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Otto O. Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Greg J. Towers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia G. Prado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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McIlroy D. Do HIV-specific CTL continue to have an antiviral function during antiretroviral therapy? If not, why not, and what can be done about it? Front Immunol 2013; 4:52. [PMID: 23459829 PMCID: PMC3587146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression from latent proviruses coupled with fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been suggested as a strategy to eradicate HIV infection. In order for this strategy to be effective, latently infected cells must be killed either by the cytopathic effect of reactivated HIV gene expression, or by HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). However, a review of current data reveals little evidence that CTL retain an antiviral effector capacity in patients on fully suppressive ART, implying that the HIV-specific CTL present in these patients will not be able to eliminate HIV-infected CD4(+) T cells effectively. If this is due to functional impairment or a quantitative deficit of HIV-specific CTL during ART, then therapeutic vaccination may improve the prospects for eradicating latent reservoirs. However, data from the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model indicate that in vivo, SIV-specific CTL are only effective during the early stages of the viral replication cycle, and this constitutes an alternative explanation why HIV-specific CTL do not appear to have an impact on HIV reservoirs during ART. In that case, immunotoxins that target HIV-expressing cells may be a more promising approach for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian McIlroy
- EA4271 Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie et Polymorphisme Génétique, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, LUNAM Université Nantes, France
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Sáez-Cirión A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fenoel V, Girault I, Lecuroux C, Potard V, Versmisse P, Melard A, Prazuck T, Descours B, Guergnon J, Viard JP, Boufassa F, Lambotte O, Goujard C, Meyer L, Costagliola D, Venet A, Pancino G, Autran B, Rouzioux C. Post-treatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003211. [PMID: 23516360 PMCID: PMC3597518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces HIV-associated morbidities and mortalities but cannot cure the infection. Given the difficulty of eradicating HIV-1, a functional cure for HIV-infected patients appears to be a more reachable short-term goal. We identified 14 HIV patients (post-treatment controllers [PTCs]) whose viremia remained controlled for several years after the interruption of prolonged cART initiated during the primary infection. Most PTCs lacked the protective HLA B alleles that are overrepresented in spontaneous HIV controllers (HICs); instead, they carried risk-associated HLA alleles that were largely absent among the HICs. Accordingly, the PTCs had poorer CD8+ T cell responses and more severe primary infections than the HICs did. Moreover, the incidence of viral control after the interruption of early antiretroviral therapy was higher among the PTCs than has been reported for spontaneous control. Off therapy, the PTCs were able to maintain and, in some cases, further reduce an extremely low viral reservoir. We found that long-lived HIV-infected CD4+ T cells contributed poorly to the total resting HIV reservoir in the PTCs because of a low rate of infection of naïve T cells and a skewed distribution of resting memory CD4+ T cell subsets. Our results show that early and prolonged cART may allow some individuals with a rather unfavorable background to achieve long-term infection control and may have important implications in the search for a functional HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | - Charline Bacchus
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM UMR-S 945 Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Orléans, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoel
- AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
- EA 3620, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Girault
- INSERM U1012, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Camille Lecuroux
- INSERM U1012, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Valerie Potard
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 943, Paris, France
- INSERM, U943, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Versmisse
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Melard
- AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Orléans, France
| | - Benjamin Descours
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM UMR-S 945 Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julien Guergnon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM UMR-S 945 Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Viard
- EA 3620, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1012, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Département d'épidémiologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Dominique Costagliola
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 943, Paris, France
- INSERM, U943, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Alain Venet
- INSERM U1012, Université Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM UMR-S 945 Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
- EA 3620, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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French MA, Center RJ, Wilson KM, Fleyfel I, Fernandez S, Schorcht A, Stratov I, Kramski M, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD. Isotype-switched immunoglobulin G antibodies to HIV Gag proteins may provide alternative or additional immune responses to 'protective' human leukocyte antigen-B alleles in HIV controllers. AIDS 2013; 27:519-28. [PMID: 23364441 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835cb720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural control of HIV infection is associated with CD8 T-cell responses to Gag-encoded antigens of the HIV core and carriage of 'protective' human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B alleles, but some HIV controllers do not possess these attributes. As slower HIV disease progression is associated with high levels of antibodies to HIV Gag proteins, we have examined antibodies to HIV proteins in controllers with and without 'protective' HLA-B alleles. METHODS Plasma from 32 HIV controllers and 21 noncontrollers was examined for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 antibodies to HIV proteins in virus lysates by western blot assay and to recombinant (r) p55 and gp140 by ELISA. Natural killer (NK) cell-activating antibodies and FcγRIIa-binding immune complexes were also assessed. RESULTS Plasma levels of IgG1 antibodies to HIV Gag (p18, p24, rp55) and Pol-encoded (p32, p51, p66) proteins were higher in HIV controllers. In contrast, IgG1 antibodies to Env proteins were less discriminatory, with only antigp120 levels being higher in controllers. High-level IgG2 antibodies to any Gag protein were most common in HIV controllers not carrying a 'protective' HLA-B allele, particularly HLA-B*57 (P = 0.016). HIV controllers without 'protective' HLA-B alleles also had higher plasma levels of IgG1 antip32 (P = 0.04). NK cell-activating antibodies to gp140 Env protein were higher in elite controllers but did not differentiate HIV controllers with or without 'protective' HLA-B alleles. IgG1 was increased in FcγRIIa-binding immune complexes from noncontrollers. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that isotype-switched (IgG2+) antibodies to HIV Gag proteins and possibly IgG1 antip32 may provide alternative or additional immune control mechanisms to HLA-restricted CD8 T-cell responses in HIV controllers.
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Mendoza D, Migueles SA, Rood JE, Peterson B, Johnson S, Doria-Rose N, Schneider D, Rakasz E, Trivett MT, Trubey CM, Coalter V, Hallahan CW, Watkins D, Franchini G, Lifson JD, Connors M. Cytotoxic capacity of SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells against primary autologous targets correlates with immune control in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003195. [PMID: 23468632 PMCID: PMC3585127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the study of non-human primates has resulted in important advances for understanding HIV-specific immunity, a clear correlate of immune control over simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication has not been found to date. In this study, CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxic capacity was examined to determine whether this function is a correlate of immune control in the rhesus macaque (RM) SIV infection model as has been suggested in chronic HIV infection. SIVmac251-infected human reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-transduced CD4(+) T-cell clone targets were co-incubated with autologous macaque effector cells to measure infected CD4(+) T-cell elimination (ICE). Twenty-three SIV-infected rhesus macaques with widely varying plasma viral RNA levels were evaluated in a blinded fashion. Nineteen of 23 subjects (83%) were correctly classified as long-term nonprogressor/elite controller (LTNP/EC), slow progressor, progressor or SIV-negative rhesus macaques based on measurements of ICE (weighted Kappa 0.75). LTNP/EC had higher median ICE than progressors (67.3% [22.0-91.7%] vs. 23.7% [0.0-58.0%], p = 0.002). In addition, significant correlations between ICE and viral load (r = -0.57, p = 0.01), and between granzyme B delivery and ICE (r = 0.89, p<0.001) were observed. Furthermore, the CD8(+) T cells of LTNP/EC exhibited higher per-cell cytotoxic capacity than those of progressors (p = 0.004). These findings support that greater lytic granule loading of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and efficient delivery of active granzyme B to SIV-infected targets are associated with superior control of SIV infection in rhesus macaques, consistent with observations of HIV infection in humans. Therefore, such measurements appear to represent a correlate of control of viral replication in chronic SIV infection and their role as predictors of immunologic control in the vaccine setting should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mendoza
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Migueles
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Rood
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bennett Peterson
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Johnson
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas Schneider
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles M. Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vicky Coalter
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claire W. Hallahan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology Clinical Research Building, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Dai SX, Wu G, Zou Y, Feng YL, Liu HB, Feng JS, Chi HG, Lv RX, Zheng XB. Balance of CD8+ CD28+ / CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes is vital for patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:88-96. [PMID: 22851040 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune balances are important for many diseases including ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to explore the role of the balance between CD8+ CD28+ and CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes for the immunological pathogenesis of UC. METHODS Sixteen patients with UC, 16 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 15 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The frequencies of CD8+ CD28+ and CD8+CD28- T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and colon tissue were tested using flow cytometry and immunofluorescent, respectively. The cytokines of the two lymphocytes were detected by protein chips and ELISA. The expression of the signal transducers, the JAK3 and STAT6, as well the transcription factors, the NFATc2 and GATA3, was all detected by both western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS For UC patients, the frequencies of CD8+ CD28+ T lymphocytes, together with the ratios of CD8+ CD28+ / CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes in blood and colon tissue, were significantly lower than those in both IBS patients and healthy volunteers. But the frequencies of CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes in blood and colon tissue of the UC patients were significantly higher than the other two groups. The concentration of IL-7 and -13, and the expression of JAK3 and STAT6 in UC patients, were significantly lower when compared with the other two groups. Conversely, the concentration of IL-12p40 and -15, and the expression of GATA3 and NFATc2 in UC patients, were significantly higher than both IBS and control group. CONCLUSIONS The balance of CD8+ CD28+ / CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes plays a vital role in UC, while the balance tilt towards CD8+ CD28+ T lymphocytes is beneficial for patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xue Dai
- Emergency Department of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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Nkoa Onana DF, Mewoli B, Ouattara DA. Excitability in the host-pathogen interactions of HIV infection and emergence of viral load blips. J Theor Biol 2012; 317:407-17. [PMID: 23108210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV viral blips are characterized by intermittent episodes of detectable low-level viraemia which return spontaneously to an undetectable level in patients with full suppression of viraemia (<50 copies/ml). The precise mechanisms responsible for viraemia blips and their clinical significance are not known. In this work, we analyze HIV blips using a mathematical model describing basic host-pathogen interactions, in particular regulatory processes involving CD4+, CD8+ T-cells and the virus. We show that under adequate conditions, this interaction system can be excitable and small perturbations of the system by external stimuli can generate robust viral load (VL) blips of regular or irregular frequency and peak amplitudes. Importantly, our analysis showed that direct perturbations of the viral load (by latent reservoirs or opportunistic diseases for example) more efficiently trigger VL blips on contrary to direct perturbations of the immune system, in particular the levels of uninfected CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. This feature is shown to rely on specific stability properties in this interaction system. Our analysis moreover suggests that blips should be of low clinical significance since any other VL or immune system perturbations could trigger transient viraemia under adequate excitability conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Fils Nkoa Onana
- University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Inhibitory potential of subpopulations of CD8+ T cells in HIV-1-infected elite suppressors. J Virol 2012; 86:13679-88. [PMID: 23055552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02439-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers or suppressors (ES) are HIV-1-infected individuals who suppress viral replication to clinically undetectable levels without antiretroviral therapy. Understanding the mechanisms by which ES control viral replication may prove informative for the design of a therapeutic vaccine. Qualitative differences in the CD8(+) T cell response have been implicated in control. Therefore, we isolated CD8(+) T cells from ES and characterized the ability of sorted memory and activation subpopulations to control viral replication at various effector-to-target cell ratios using a novel modification of a CD8(+) T cell suppression assay. The effector memory and terminal effector subpopulations of memory CD8(+) T cells had the highest inhibitory potential over the course of a 3-day in vitro infection. Interestingly, after 5 days of infection, central memory CD8(+) T cells were also very effective at suppressing viral replication. No significant correlation between the suppression of viral replication and the number of HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells was observed. HLA-DR(-) CD38(+) CD8(+) T cells possessed the lowest inhibitory potential of the activation subpopulations. Taken together, our data suggest that there are key differences in the magnitude and kinetics of the suppression of HIV-1 replication by different CD8(+) T cell subsets. These data should guide the development of an effective, cellular therapeutic vaccine that has the potential to elicit similar CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Early HLA-B*57-restricted CD8+ T lymphocyte responses predict HIV-1 disease progression. J Virol 2012; 86:10505-16. [PMID: 22811521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00102-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HLA-B*57 (B57) is associated with slow progression to disease following HIV-1 infection, B57 heterozygotes display a wide spectrum of outcomes, including rapid progression, viremic slow progression, and elite control. Efforts to identify differences between B57-positive (B57(+)) slow progressors and B57(+) rapid progressors have largely focused on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) phenotypes and specificities during chronic stages of infection. Although CTL responses in the early months of infection are likely to be the most important for the long-term rate of HIV-1 disease progression, few data on the early CTL responses of eventual slow progressors have been available. Utilizing the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), we retrospectively examined the early HIV-1-specific CTL responses of 14 B57(+) individuals whose time to development of disease ranged from 3.5 years to longer than 25 years after infection. In general, a greater breadth of targeting of epitopes from structural proteins, especially Gag, as well as of highly conserved epitopes from any HIV-1 protein, correlated with longer times until disease. The single elite controller in the cohort was an outlier on several correlations of CTL targeting and time until disease, consistent with reports that elite control is typically not achieved solely by protective HLA-mediated CTLs. When targeting of individual epitopes was analyzed, we found that early CTL responses to the IW9 (ISPRTLNAW) epitope of Gag, while generally subdominant, correlated with delayed progression to disease. This is the first study to identify early CTL responses to IW9 as a correlate of protection in persons with HLA-B*57.
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Abstract
The complex interplay between the host immune response and HIV has been the subject of intense research over the last 25 years. HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) CD8 T cells have been of particular interest since they were demonstrated to be temporally associated with reduction in virus load shortly following transmission. Here, we briefly review the phenotypic and functional properties of HIV-specific and SIV-specific CD8 T-cell subsets during HIV infection and consider the influence of viral variation with specific responses that are associated with disease progression or control. The development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine combined with existing successful prevention and treatment strategies is essential for preventing new infections. In the context of previous clinical HIV/AIDS vaccine trials, we consider the challenges faced by therapeutic and vaccine strategies designed to elicit effective HIV-specific CD8 T cells.
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Abstract
From the publication of the first AIDS issue onwards, major advances have been made in the field of innate immunity during HIV infection. Innate immunity can be defined as the first and unspecific lines of defense constitutively present and ready to be mobilized upon infection. Although a large body of literature adamantly highlights that innate immunity is a critical weapon of defense against HIV and its simian parents (simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV), innate immunity is still underexplored. Focusing on innate immunity may open new paths for the development of innovative therapeutics and vaccine strategies against HIV. Understanding innate immunity may shed light on the natural protection occurring in rare HIV-1-infected individuals who control their infection. This review focuses on innate mechanisms sensing HIV-1 entry and controlling HIV-1 infection, as well as promoting inflammation and shaping adaptive immunity.
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Mendoza D, Johnson SA, Peterson BA, Natarajan V, Salgado M, Dewar RL, Burbelo PD, Doria-Rose NA, Graf EH, Greenwald JH, Hodge JN, Thompson WL, Cogliano NA, Chairez CL, Rehm CA, Jones S, Hallahan CW, Kovacs JA, Sereti I, Sued O, Peel SA, O'Connell RJ, O'Doherty U, Chun TW, Connors M, Migueles SA. Comprehensive analysis of unique cases with extraordinary control over HIV replication. Blood 2012; 119:4645-55. [PMID: 22490332 PMCID: PMC3367872 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-381996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
True long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs)/elite controllers (ECs) maintain durable control over HIV replication without antiretroviral therapy. Herein we describe 4 unique persons who were distinct from conventional LTNPs/ECs in that they had extraordinarily low HIV burdens and comparatively weak immune responses. As a group, typical LTNPs/ECs have unequivocally reactive HIV-1 Western blots, viral loads below the lower threshold of clinical assays, low levels of persistent viral reservoirs, an over-representation of protective HLA alleles, and robust HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. The 4 unique cases were distinguished from typical LTNPs/ECs based on weakly reactive Western blots, undetectable plasma viremia by a single copy assay, extremely low to undetectable HIV DNA levels, and difficult to isolate replication-competent virus. All 4 had at least one protective HLA allele and CD8(+) T-cell responses that were disproportionately high for the low antigen levels but comparatively lower than those of typical LTNPs/ECs. These unique persons exhibit extraordinary suppression over HIV replication, therefore, higher-level control than has been demonstrated in previous studies of LTNPs/ECs. Additional insight into the full spectrum of immune-mediated suppression over HIV replication may enhance our understanding of the associated mechanisms, which should inform the design of efficacious HIV vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mendoza
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Elite controllers with low to absent effector CD8+ T cell responses maintain highly functional, broadly directed central memory responses. J Virol 2012; 86:6959-69. [PMID: 22514340 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of the breadth and specificity of virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses associated with control of HIV have largely relied on measurement of cytokine secretion by effector T cells. These have resulted in the identification of HIV elite controllers with low or absent responses in which non-T-cell mechanisms of control have been suggested. However, successful control of HIV infection may be associated with central memory T cells, which have not been consistently examined in these individuals. Gag-specific T cells were characterized using a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISpot). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV elite controllers (n = 10), progressors (n = 12), and antiretroviral-treated individuals (n = 9) were cultured with overlapping peptides for 12 days. Specificity was assessed by tetramer staining, functional features of expanded cells were assessed by cytokine secretion, and virus inhibition and phenotypic characteristics were assessed by cell sorting and coculture assays. After peptide stimulation, elite controllers showed a greater number of previously undetectable (new) responses compared to progressors (P = 0.0008). These responses were highly polyfunctional, with 64.5% of responses having 3 to 5 functions. Expandable epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells from elite controllers had strong virus inhibitory capacity and predominantly displayed a central memory phenotype. These data indicate that elite controllers with minimal T cell responses harbor a highly functional, broadly directed central memory T cell population that is capable of suppressing HIV in vitro. Comprehensive examination of this cell population could provide insight into the immune responses associated with successful containment of viremia.
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131
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Initial HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection inhibit transmitted/founder virus replication. J Virol 2012; 86:6835-46. [PMID: 22514337 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00437-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8-mediated virus inhibition can be detected in HIV-1-positive subjects who naturally control virus replication. Characterizing the inhibitory function of CD8(+) T cells during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) can elucidate the nature of the CD8(+) responses that can be rapidly elicited and that contribute to virus control. We examined the timing and HIV-1 antigen specificity of antiviral CD8(+) T cells during AHI. Autologous and heterologous CD8(+) T cell antiviral functions were assessed longitudinally during AHI in five donors from the CHAVI 001 cohort using a CD8(+) T cell-mediated virus inhibition assay (CD8 VIA) and transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. Potent CD8(+) antiviral responses against heterologous T/F viruses appeared during AHI at the first time point sampled in each of the 5 donors (Fiebig stages 1/2 to 5). Inhibition of an autologous T/F virus was durable to 48 weeks; however, inhibition of heterologous responses declined concurrent with the resolution of viremia. HIV-1 viruses from 6 months postinfection were more resistant to CD8(+)-mediated virus inhibition than cognate T/F viruses, demonstrating that the virus escapes early from CD8(+) T cell-mediated inhibition of virus replication. CD8(+) T cell antigen-specific subsets mediated inhibition of T/F virus replication via soluble components, and these soluble responses were stimulated by peptide pools that include epitopes that were shown to drive HIV-1 escape during AHI. These data provide insights into the mechanisms of CD8-mediated virus inhibition and suggest that functional analyses will be important for determining whether similar antigen-specific virus inhibition can be induced by T cell-directed vaccine strategies.
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Lambotte O, Lecuroux C, Saez-Cirion A, Barbet C, Shin SY, Boufassa F, Bastides F, Lebranchu Y. Kidney transplantation in an elite HIV controller: limited impact of immunosuppressive therapy on viro-immunological status. J Infect 2012; 64:630-3. [PMID: 22406689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Varadarajan N, Kwon DS, Law KM, Ogunniyi AO, Anahtar MN, Richter JM, Walker BD, Love JC. Rapid, efficient functional characterization and recovery of HIV-specific human CD8+ T cells using microengraving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3885-90. [PMID: 22355106 PMCID: PMC3309713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111205109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of certain clinical samples (tissue biopsies, fluids) or the subjects themselves (pediatric subjects, neonates) often constrain the number of cells available to evaluate the breadth of functional T-cell responses to infections or therapeutic interventions. The methods most commonly used to assess this functional diversity ex vivo and to recover specific cells to expand in vitro usually require more than 10(6) cells. Here we present a process to identify antigen-specific responses efficiently ex vivo from 10(4)-10(5) single cells from blood or mucosal tissues using dense arrays of subnanoliter wells. The approach combines on-chip imaging cytometry with a technique for capturing secreted proteins--called "microengraving"--to enumerate antigen-specific responses by single T cells in a manner comparable to conventional assays such as ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. Unlike those assays, however, the individual cells identified can be recovered readily by micromanipulation for further characterization in vitro. Applying this method to assess HIV-specific T-cell responses demonstrates that it is possible to establish clonal CD8(+) T-cell lines that represent the most abundant specificities present in circulation using 100- to 1,000-fold fewer cells than traditional approaches require and without extensive genotypic analysis a priori. This rapid (<24 h), efficient, and inexpensive process should improve the comparative study of human T-cell immunology across ages and anatomic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
- Infectious Diseases and
| | - Kenneth M. Law
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
| | - Adebola O. Ogunniyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Melis N. Anahtar
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
| | - James M. Richter
- Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
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135
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Goujard C, Girault I, Rouzioux C, Lécuroux C, Deveau C, Chaix ML, Jacomet C, Talamali A, Delfraissy JF, Venet A, Meyer L, Sinet M. HIV-1 control after transient antiretroviral treatment initiated in primary infection: role of patient characteristics and effect of therapy. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:1001-9. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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136
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Sui Y, Gagnon S, Dzutsev A, Zhu Q, Yu H, Hogg A, Wang Y, Xia Z, Belyakov IM, Venzon D, Klinman D, Strober W, Kelsall B, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. TLR agonists and/or IL-15 adjuvanted mucosal SIV vaccine reduced gut CD4⁺ memory T cell loss in SIVmac251-challenged rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2011; 30:59-68. [PMID: 22041305 PMCID: PMC3258186 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant plays an important role in increasing and directing vaccine-induced immune responses. In a previous study, we found that a mucosal SIV vaccine using a combination of IL-15 and TLR agonists as adjuvant mediated partial protection against SIVmac251 rectal challenge, whereas neither IL-15 nor TLR agonists alone as an adjuvant impacted the plasma viral loads. In this study, dissociation of CD4(+) T cell preservation with viral loads was observed in the animals vaccinated with adjuvants. Significantly higher levels of memory CD4(+) T cell numbers were preserved after SIVmac251 infection in the colons of the animals vaccinated with vaccine containing any of these adjuvants compared to no adjuvant. When we measured the viral-specific CD8(+) tetramer responses in the colon lamina propria, we found significantly higher levels of gag, tat, and pol epitope tetramer(+) T cell responses in these animals compared to ones without adjuvant, even if some of the animals had similarly high viral loads. Furthermore, this CD4(+) T preservation was positively correlated with increased levels of gag and Tat, but not pol tetramer(+) T cell responses, and inversely correlated with beta-chemokine expression. The pre-challenged APOBEC3G expression level, which has previously been shown inversely associated with viral loads, was further found positively correlated with CD4(+) T cell number preservation. Overall, these data highlight one unrecognized role of adjuvant in HIV vaccine development, and show that vaccines can produce a surprising discordance between CD4(+) T cell levels and SIV viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Gagnon
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qing Zhu
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huifeng Yu
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alison Hogg
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zheng Xia
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Igor M. Belyakov
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Venzon
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dennis Klinman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Warren Strober
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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137
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Salgado M, Rabi SA, O'Connell KA, Buckheit RW, Bailey JR, Chaudhry AA, Breaud AR, Marzinke MA, Clarke W, Margolick JB, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN. Prolonged control of replication-competent dual- tropic human immunodeficiency virus-1 following cessation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2011; 8:97. [PMID: 22141397 PMCID: PMC3293762 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during primary HIV-1 infection occasionally results in transient control of viral replication after treatment interruption, the vast majority of patients eventually experience a rebound in plasma viremia. Results Here we report a case of a patient who was started on HAART during symptomatic primary infection and who has subsequently maintained viral loads of < 50 copies/mL for more than nine years after the cessation of treatment. This patient had a high baseline viral load and has maintained a relatively high frequency of latently infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, he does not have any known protective HLA alleles. Thus it is unlikely that he was destined to become a natural elite controller or suppressor. The mechanism of control of viral replication is unclear; he is infected with a CCR5/CXCR4 dual-tropic virus that is fully replication-competent in vitro. In addition, his spouse, who transmitted the virus to him, developed AIDS. The patient's CD4+ T cells are fully susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and he has low titers of neutralizing antibodies to heterologous and autologous HIV-1 isolates. Furthermore, his CD8+ T cells do not have potent HIV suppressive activity. Conclusion This report suggests that some patients may be capable of controlling pathogenic HIV-1 isolates for extended periods of time after the cessation of HAART through a mechanism that is distinct from the potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated suppression that has been reported in many elite suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Salgado
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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For protection from HIV-1 infection, more might not be better: a systematic analysis of HIV Gag epitopes of two alleles associated with different outcomes of HIV-1 infection. J Virol 2011; 86:1166-80. [PMID: 22072744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05721-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of women in the Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort, established in 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya, remains uninfected despite repeated high-risk exposure (HIV-exposed, seronegative [HESN]) through active sex work. This HESN phenotype is associated with several alleles of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to HIV-1. The associations of HLA alleles with differential HIV-1 infection are most likely due to their different abilities to present antigen and the different immune responses they induce. The characteristics of epitopes of HLA alleles associated with different outcomes of HIV-1 infection might therefore point to a vital clue for developing an effective vaccine. In this study, we systematically analyzed HIV-1 clade A and D Gag CD8(+) T cell epitopes of two HLA class I alleles associated with different outcomes of HIV-1 infection. Binding affinity and off-rates of the identified epitopes were determined. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays with patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) validated the epitopes. Epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells were further phenotyped for memory markers with tetramer staining. Our study showed that the protective allele A*01:01 recognizes only three Gag epitopes. By contrast, B*07:02, the allele associated with susceptibility, binds 30 epitope variants. These two alleles differ most importantly in the spectrum of Gag epitopes they can present and not in affinity, off-rates, the location of the epitopes, or epitope-specific Tem/Tcm frequencies. The binding of more epitopes and strong IFN-gamma ELISpot responses are associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, while more focused antigen recognition of multiple subtypes is protective. Rational vaccine design should take these observations into account.
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139
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Abstract
A detailed understanding of the cellular response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection is needed to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim to contain the AIDS pandemic. The cellular immune response plays a critical role in reducing viral load in HIV-1 infection and in the nonhuman primate model of SIV infection. Much of this virus suppressive activity has been ascribed to CD8(+)T-cell-directed cytolysis of infected CD4(+)T cells. However, emerging evidence suggests that CD8(+)T cells can maintain a lowered viral burden through multiple mechanisms. A thorough understanding of the CD8(+)T-cell functions in HIV-1 infection that correlate with viral control, the populations responsible for these functions, and the elicitation and maintenance of these responses can provide guidance for vaccine design and potentially the development of new classes of antiretroviral therapies. In this review, we discuss the CD8(+)T-cell correlates of protection in HIV-1 and SIV infection and recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Freel
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Rm 113 SORF Building MSRBII, LaSalle St. Ext., Durham, NC 27710, USA
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140
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Thèze J, Chakrabarti LA, Vingert B, Porichis F, Kaufmann DE. HIV controllers: a multifactorial phenotype of spontaneous viral suppression. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:15-30. [PMID: 21865089 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A small minority of HIV-infected individuals, known as HIV controllers, is able to exert long-term control over HIV replication in the absence of treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that the adaptive immune system plays a critical role in this control but also that a combination of several host and/or viral factors, rather than a single cause, leads to this rare phenotype. Here, we review recent advances in the study of these remarkable individuals. We summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HIV controllers, and subsequently describe contributing roles of host genetic factors, innate and adaptive immune responses, and viral factors to this phenotype. We emphasize distinctive characteristics of HIV-specific CD4 T cell responses and of CD4 T cell subpopulations that are frequently found in HIV controllers. We discuss major controversies in the field and the relevance of the study of HIV controllers for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Thèze
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
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141
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O'Connell KA, Hegarty RW, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN. Viral suppression of multiple escape mutants by de novo CD8(+) T cell responses in a human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected elite suppressor. Retrovirology 2011; 8:63. [PMID: 21812985 PMCID: PMC3173334 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite suppressors or controllers (ES) are HIV-1 infected patients who maintain undetectable viral loads without treatment. While HLA-B*57-positive ES are usually infected with virus that is unmutated at CTL epitopes, a single, dominant variant containing CTL escape mutations is typically seen in plasma during chronic infection. We describe an ES who developed seven distinct and rare escape variants at an HLA-B*57-restricted Gag epitope over a five year period. Interestingly, he developed proliferative, de novo CTL responses that suppressed replication of each of these variants. These responses, in combination with low viral fitness of each variant, may contribute to sustained elite control in this ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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142
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have been published characterizing the epidemiology of elite controllers. The demographic features, clinical characteristics, and HIV disease outcomes of elite controllers are summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Elite controllers are defined by the ability to spontaneously suppress plasma viremia. Despite differing definitions in the literature, studies have shown that elite control of HIV infection is established soon after seroconversion and occurs in less than 1% of HIV-infected individuals. Elite controllers are demographically heterogeneous with diverse racial backgrounds and modes of HIV transmission, though genetic studies demonstrate an overrepresentation of protective HLA alleles. Elite controllers typically have elevated CD4 cell counts, stable CD4 trajectories, and more favorable clinical outcomes compared with viremic patients. A proportion of elite controllers, however, may experience HIV disease progression with loss of virologic control, CD4 cell declines, and rarely AIDS-defining events. SUMMARY Elite controllers are a subgroup of HIV-infected individuals characterized by the ability to spontaneously maintain virologic control. The mechanisms underlying elite control are aggressively being sought to guide vaccine development and novel therapeutic strategies. As elite control may be a temporary state, the ability to distinguish and further characterize elite controllers with long-term clinical success from those with HIV disease progression is of major importance.
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143
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The study of elite controllers: a pure academic exercise or a potential pathway to an HIV-1 vaccine? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6:147-50. [PMID: 21399493 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283457868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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144
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Abstract
How HIV controllers (HICs) maintain undetectable viremia without therapy is unknown. The strong CD8(+) T-cell HIV suppressive capacity found in many, but not all, HICs may contribute to long-lasting viral control. However, other earlier defense mechanisms may be involved. Here, we examined intrinsic HIC cell resistance to HIV-1 infection. After in vitro challenge, monocyte-derived macrophages and anti-CD3-activated CD4(+) T cells from HICs showed low HIV-1 susceptibility. CD4 T-cell resistance was independent of HIV-1 coreceptors and affected also SIVmac infection. CD4(+) T cells from HICs expressed ex vivo higher levels of p21(Waf1/Cip1), which has been involved in the control of HIV-1 replication, than cells from control subjects. However, HIV restriction in anti-CD3-activated CD4(+) T cells and macrophages was not associated with p21 expression. Restriction inhibited accumulation of reverse transcripts, leading to reduction of HIV-1 integrated proviruses. The block could be overcome by high viral inocula, suggesting the action of a saturable mechanism. Importantly, cell-associated HIV-1 DNA load was extremely low in HICs and correlated with CD4(+) T-cell permissiveness to infection. These results point to a contribution of intrinsic cell resistance to the control of infection and the containment of viral reservoir in HICs.
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145
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Unique features of memory T cells in HIV elite controllers: a systems biology perspective. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6:188-96. [DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32834589a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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146
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Autran B, Descours B, Avettand-Fenoel V, Rouzioux C. Elite controllers as a model of functional cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6:181-7. [PMID: 21460722 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328345a328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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147
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to a major reduction in HIV-related mortality and morbidity; however, HIV can still not be cured. Achieving either a functional cure (long-term control of HIV in the absence of cART) or a sterilizing cure (elimination of all HIV-infected cells) remains a major challenge. The most significant barrier to cure is the establishment of a latent or 'silent' infection in resting CD4 T cells. Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment intensification with additional antiretrovirals has little impact on latent reservoirs. Some potential other approaches that may reduce the latent reservoir include very early initiation of cART and the use of agents that could reverse latent infection. Drugs such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, currently used and licensed for the treatment of some cancers; methylation inhibitors; cytokines such as IL-7 or activators of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) such as prostratin, show promising activity in reversing latency in vitro when used either alone or in combination. Alternate strategies include using gene therapy to modify expression of CCR5 and therefore make cells resistant to HIV. This review will primarily focus on the advantages and disadvantages of methods currently being used to quantify persistent virus ex vivo in patients receiving cART and strategies aimed at cure that are being tested in vitro or in early clinical development. In addition, we discuss key issues that need to be addressed to successfully move laboratory research to clinical trials aimed at curing HIV.
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148
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Boufassa F, Saez-Cirion A, Lechenadec J, Zucman D, Avettand-Fenoel V, Venet A, Rouzioux C, Delfraissy JF, Lambotte O, Meyer L. CD4 dynamics over a 15 year-period among HIV controllers enrolled in the ANRS French observatory. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18726. [PMID: 21533035 PMCID: PMC3080877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are few large published studies of HIV controllers with long-term undetectable viral load (VL). We describe the characteristics and outcomes of 81 French HIV controllers. Methods and Results HIV controllers were defined as asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naïve persons infected ≥10 years previously, with HIV-RNA <400 copies/mL in >90% of plasma samples. All available CD4 and VL values were collected at enrolment. Mixed-effect linear models were used to analyze CD4 cell count slopes since diagnosis. HIV controllers represented 0.31% of all patients managed in French hospitals. Patients infected through intravenous drug use were overrepresented (31%) and homosexual men were underrepresented (26% of men) relative to the ANRS SEROCO cohort of subjects diagnosed during the same period. HIV controllers whose VL values were always below the detection limit of the assays were compared with those who had rare “blips” (<50% of VL values above the detection limit) or frequent blips (>50% of VL values above the detection limit). Estimated CD4 cell counts at HIV diagnosis were similar in the three groups. CD4 cell counts remained stable after HIV diagnosis in the “no blip” group, while they fell significantly in the two other groups (−0.26√CD4 and −0.28√CD4/mm3/year in the rare and frequent blip groups, respectively). No clinical, immunological or virological progression was observed in the no blip group, while 3 immunological and/or virological events and 4 cancers were observed in the blip subgroups. Conclusions Viral blips in HIV controllers are associated with a significant decline in CD4 T cells and may be associated with an increased risk of pathological events, possibly owing to chronic inflammation/immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faroudy Boufassa
- Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of HIV and STI Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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149
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CD8 T-cell proliferative capacity is compromised in primary HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56:213-21. [PMID: 21079516 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181ff2aba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the correlates of immunity that control HIV-1 infection is imperative to our understanding of HIV-1 disease and vaccine development. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamental to the control of viremia; however, which T-cell repertoire components enact this control remains unclear. We hypothesize that polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells capable of viral control are present in most patients early in infection and these cells are distinguished by their ability to secrete interleukin (IL)-2 and proliferate. We examined HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) using known HIV-1 cytotoxic T-cell epitopes to exclude CD4 bystander effect. We found that only a subset of patients with PHI demonstrated "CD4-independent" CD8 proliferation ex vivo. The remainder of the patients lacked HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells with proliferative capacity, even after the addition of exogenous IL-2. Among the proliferators, IL-2 production from the total HIV-specific CD8 T-cell population correlated with proliferation. Surprisingly, though, we did not routinely detect both IL-2 secretion and proliferative capacity from the same antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Thus, there are distinct and heterogeneous populations of CD8 T cells, phenotypically characterized by either proliferation or IL-2 secretion and few with dual capacity. Generation of these responses may be an important measure of HIV-1 control but are not universal after PHI. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of this population suggests that a simple measure of an effective vaccine response remains elusive.
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150
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Chen H, Li C, Huang J, Cung T, Seiss K, Beamon J, Carrington MF, Porter LC, Burke PS, Yang Y, Ryan BJ, Liu R, Weiss RH, Pereyra F, Cress WD, Brass AL, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. CD4+ T cells from elite controllers resist HIV-1 infection by selective upregulation of p21. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1549-60. [PMID: 21403397 DOI: 10.1172/jci44539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers represent a unique group of HIV-1-infected persons with undetectable HIV-1 replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. However, the mechanisms contributing to effective viral immune defense in these patients remain unclear. Here, we show that compared with HIV-1 progressors and HIV-1-negative persons, CD4+ T cells from elite controllers are less susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This partial resistance to HIV-1 infection involved less effective reverse transcription and mRNA transcription from proviral DNA and was associated with strong and selective upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (also known as cip-1 and waf-1). Experimental blockade of p21 in CD4+ T cells from elite controllers resulted in a marked increase of viral reverse transcripts and mRNA production and led to higher enzymatic activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), which serves as a transcriptional coactivator of HIV-1 gene expression. This suggests that p21 acts as a barrier against HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells from elite controllers by inhibiting a cyclin-dependent kinase required for effective HIV-1 replication. These data demonstrate a mechanism of host resistance to HIV-1 in elite controllers and may open novel perspectives for clinical strategies to prevent or treat HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabiao Chen
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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