101
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Obst R, van Santen HM, Melamed R, Kamphorst AO, Benoist C, Mathis D. Sustained antigen presentation can promote an immunogenic T cell response, like dendritic cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15460-5. [PMID: 17881563 PMCID: PMC2000557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707331104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of dendritic cells (DCs) enhances their ability to prime naïve T cells. How activation renders them immunogenic rather than tolerogenic is unclear. Here, we show, using temporally regulated expression of a transgene-encoded neoself antigen in DCs, that either prolonged antigen presentation or DC activation could elicit full expansion, effector cytokine production, and memory-cell differentiation. Microarray analysis of gene expression in T cells showed that all changes linked to DC activation through CD40 could be reproduced by persistent antigen delivery, suggesting that stabilization of antigen presentation is an important consequence of DC activation in vivo. In this system, DC activation by CD40 engagement indeed extended their ability to present antigen to CD4(+) T cells in vivo, although different results were obtained with antigen delivered to DCs by means of endocytosis from the cell surface. These results suggest that antigen persistence may be an important discriminator of immunogenic and tolerogenic antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Obst
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Goethestrasse 31, 80336 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Hisse-Martien van Santen
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Rachel Melamed
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Alice O. Kamphorst
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Christophe Benoist
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
| | - Diane Mathis
- *Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
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102
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Muntasell A, Berger AC, Roche PA. T cell-induced secretion of MHC class II-peptide complexes on B cell exosomes. EMBO J 2007; 26:4263-72. [PMID: 17805347 PMCID: PMC2230838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific interactions between B cells and T cells are essential for the generation of an efficient immune response. Since this requires peptide-MHC class II complexes (pMHC-II) on the B cell to interact with TCR on antigen-specific T cells, we have examined the mechanisms regulating the persistence, loss, and secretion of specific pMHC-II complexes on activated B cells. Using a mAb that recognizes specific pMHC-II, we found that activated B cells degrade approximately 50% of pMHC-II every day and release 12% of these pMHC-II from the cell on small membrane vesicles termed exosomes. These exosomes directly stimulate primed, but not naïve, CD4 T cells. Interestingly, engagement of antigen-loaded B cells with specific CD4 T cells stimulates exosome release in a manner that can be mimicked by pMHC-II crosslinking. Biochemical studies revealed that the pMHC-II released on exosomes was previously expressed on the plasma membrane of the B cells, suggesting that regulated exosome release from activated B cells is a mechanism to allow pMHC-II to escape intracellular degradation and decorate secondary lymphoid organs with membrane-associated pMHC-II complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam C Berger
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Roche
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 10, Room 4B36, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel.: +1 301 594 2595; Fax: +1 301 496 0887; E-mail:
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103
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Barriere H, Nemes C, Du K, Lukacs GL. Plasticity of polyubiquitin recognition as lysosomal targeting signals by the endosomal sorting machinery. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:3952-65. [PMID: 17686993 PMCID: PMC1995726 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-07-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal targeting is fundamental for the regulated disposal of ubiquitinated membrane proteins from the cell surface. To elucidate ubiquitin (Ub) configurations that are necessary and sufficient as multivesicular body (MVB)/lysosomal-sorting motifs, the intraendosomal destination and transport kinetics of model transmembrane cargo molecules bearing monoubiquitinated, multi-monoubiquitinated, or polyubiquitinated cytoplasmic tails were determined. Monomeric CD4 chimeras with K63-linked poly-Ub chains and tetrameric CD4-mono-Ub chimeras were rapidly targeted to the lysosome. In contrast, lysosomal delivery of CD4 chimeras exposing K48-linked Ub chains was delayed, whereas delivery of monoubiquitinated CD4 chimeras was undetectable. Similar difference was observed in the lysosomal targeting of mono- versus polyubiquitinated invariant chain and CD4 ubiquitinated by the MARCH (membrane-associated RING-CH) IV Ub ligase. Consistent with this, Hrs (hepatocyte growth factor regulated tyrosine kinase phosphorylated substrate), an endosomal sorting adaptor, binds preferentially to K63-Ub chain and negligibly to mono-Ub. These results highlight the plasticity of Ub as a sorting signal and its recognition by the endosomal sorting machinery, and together with previous data, suggest a regulatory role for assembly and disassembly of Ub chains of specific topology in lysosomal cargo sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Barriere
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8
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104
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Kuwano Y, Prazma CM, Yazawa N, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Kumanogoh A, Okochi H, Tamaki K, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. CD83 influences cell-surface MHC class II expression on B cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19:977-92. [PMID: 17804692 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD83 is a member of the Ig superfamily expressed primarily by mature dendritic cells (DCs). In mice, CD83 expression by thymic stromal cells regulates CD4(+) T cell development, with CD83(-/-) mice demonstrating dramatic reductions in both thymus and peripheral CD4(+) T cells. In this study, CD83 expression was also found to affect MHC class II antigen expression within the thymus and periphery. CD83 deficiency reduced cell-surface class II antigen expression by 25-50% on splenic B cells and DCs, thymic epithelial cells and peritoneal macrophages. Reduced class II expression was a stable and intrinsic property that resulted from increased internalization of class II from the surface of CD83(-/-) B cells. Otherwise, class II antigen transcription, intracellular expression, heterodimer structure, antigen processing and antigen presentation were normal. Reduced class II antigen expression was not the primary cause of the CD83(-/-) phenotype since thymocyte and peripheral T cell development was normal in class II(+/-) mice. Comparable blocks in CD4(+) thymocyte development were also observed in CD83(-/-) and CD83(-/-)class II(+/-) littermates. TCR and CD69 expression patterns in CD83(-/-) mice further suggested that double-positive thymocytes proceed through the class II-dependent stages of positive selection in the absence of CD83. These studies further emphasize a role for CD83 in lymphocyte development and immune regulation and reveal an unexpected role for CD83 expression in influencing cell-surface MHC class II turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kuwano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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105
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Morokuma Y, Nakamura N, Kato A, Notoya M, Yamamoto Y, Sakai Y, Fukuda H, Yamashina S, Hirata Y, Hirose S. MARCH-XI, a novel transmembrane ubiquitin ligase implicated in ubiquitin-dependent protein sorting in developing spermatids. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24806-15. [PMID: 17604280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700414200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanism by which ubiquitinated cargo proteins are sorted into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) from plasma and trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes is well established in yeast and mammalian somatic cells. However, the ubiquitin-dependent sorting pathway has not been clearly defined in germ cells. In this study we identified a novel member of the transmembrane RING-finger family of proteins, termed membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH)-XI, that is expressed predominantly in developing spermatids and weakly in brain and pituitary. MARCH-XI possesses an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that targets CD4 for ubiquitination. Immunoelectron microscopy of rat round spermatids showed that MARCH-XI is localized to TGN-derived vesicles and MVBs. Fluorescence staining of rat round spermatids and immunoprecipitation of rat testis demonstrated that MARCH-XI forms complexes with the adaptor protein complex-1 and with fucose-containing glycoproteins including ubiquitinated forms. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of MARCH-XI mediates its interaction with mu1-adaptin and Veli through a tyrosine-based motif and a PDZ binding motif, respectively. Our data suggest that MARCH-XI acts as a ubiquitin ligase with a role in ubiquitin-mediated protein sorting in the TGN-MVB transport pathway, which may be involved in mammalian spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Morokuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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106
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Abstract
To efficiently establish a persistent infection, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as HHV8) dedicates a large amount of its coding potential to produce proteins that antagonize the immune system of its host. These viral immunomodulators interfere with both the innate and adaptive immune responses and most of them are homologous to cellular proteins, suggesting that they have been pirated from the host during viral evolution. In this Review, I present recent advances in the understanding of immune evasion by KSHV, with a particular focus on the virally encoded modulators of immune responses that are unique to this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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107
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Herrmann TL, Agrawal RS, Connolly SF, McCaffrey RL, Schlomann J, Kusner DJ. MHC Class II levels and intracellular localization in human dendritic cells are regulated by calmodulin kinase II. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:686-99. [PMID: 17586661 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional APC, which activate the adaptive immune response. A Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM)-CaM kinase II (CaMKII) pathway regulates maturation and MHC Class II antigen presentation in human DC. The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanisms by which CaMKII modulates the levels and subcellular distribution of MHC Class II molecules. Inhibition of CaMKII via the highly specific, autoinhibitory peptide derived from the enzyme's regulatory domain resulted in rapid (60 min) and sustained (24 h) reduction of MHC Class II levels in antigen-stimulated, primary, human DC. The initial depletion of intracellular and cell surface MHC Class II was associated with its enhanced lysosomal trafficking and increased activity of specific proteases in the absence of effects on other transmembrane proteins (CD1b and CD34) or a detectable change in lysosomal degradation of exogenous protein. Inhibition of CaMKII also resulted in significant reductions in the level and stability of MHC Class II mRNA and the levels and nucleocytosolic localization of its major transcriptional regulator CIITA. These data support a model in which CaMKII regulates the levels and localization of MHC Class II protein in human DC via transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. These pathways are likely important to the physiologic regulation of MHC Class II as well as to its dysregulation in disease states associated with altered CaMKII function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Herrmann
- The Inflammation Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr., SW 54-8, GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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108
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Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK. The spectrum of HLA-DQ and HLA-DR alleles, 2006: a listing correlating sequence and structure with function. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:539-53. [PMID: 17497145 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The list of alleles in the HLA-DRB, HLA-DQA, and HLA-DQB gene loci has grown enormously since the last listing in this journal 8 years ago. Crystal structure determination of several human and mouse HLA class II alleles, representative of two gene loci in each species, enables a direct comparison of ortholog and paralog loci. A new numbering system is suggested, extending earlier suggestions by [Fremont et al. in Immunity 8:305-317, (1998)], which will bring in line all the structural features of various gene loci, regardless of animal species. This system allows for structural equivalence of residues from different gene loci. The listing also highlights all amino acid residues participating in the various functions of these molecules, from antigenic peptide binding to homodimer formation, CD4 binding, membrane anchoring, and cytoplasmic signal transduction, indicative of the variety of functions of these molecules. It is remarkable that despite the enormous number of unique alleles listed thus far (DQA = 22, DQB = 54, DRA = 2, and DRB = 409), there is invariance at many specific positions in man, but slightly less so in mouse or rat, despite their much lower number of alleles at each gene locus in the latter two species. Certain key polymorphisms (from substitutions to an eight-residue insertion in the cytoplasmic tail of certain DQB alleles) that have thus far gone unnoticed are highly suggestive of differences or diversities in function and thus call for further investigation into the properties of these specific alleles. This listing is amenable to supplementation by future additions of new alleles and the highlighting of new functions to be discovered, providing thus a unifying platform of reference in all animal species for the MHC class II allelic counterparts, aiding research in the field and furthering our understanding of the functions of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Epirus Institute of Technology, GR47100 Arta, Greece
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109
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Traub LM, Lukacs GL. Decoding ubiquitin sorting signals for clathrin-dependent endocytosis by CLASPs. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:543-53. [PMID: 17287393 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cargo selectivity is a hallmark of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. A wide range of structurally unrelated internalization signals specify the preferential clustering of transmembrane cargo into clathrin coats forming on the plasma membrane. Intriguingly, the classical endocytic adaptor AP-2 appears to recognize only a subset of these endocytic sorting signals. New data now reveal the molecular basis for recognition of other internalization signals, including post-translationally appended ubiquitin, by clathrin-coat-associated sorting proteins (CLASPs). Curiously, structurally related ubiquitin-recognition modules are shared by select CLASPs and the 26S proteasome, and recent work indicates that both display similar requirements for ubiquitin binding. During endocytosis, these modules engage oligoubiquitylated cargo in the form of polyubiquitin chains and/or multiple single ubiquitin molecules appended to different acceptor lysines. Functional separation between clathrin-mediated endocytosis and proteasome-dependent proteolysis is probably ensured by temporally regulated, local assembly of ubiquitin-tagged membrane cargo at sorting stations on the cell surface, shielding ubiquitin sorting signals from the proteasome. Thus, an expanded repertoire of CLASPs couples the process of clathrin-coat assembly with high-fidelity incorporation of assorted, cargo-specific sorting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linton M Traub
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA, and Program in Cell and Lung Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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110
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van Niel G, Wubbolts R, Ten Broeke T, Buschow SI, Ossendorp FA, Melief CJ, Raposo G, van Balkom BW, Stoorvogel W. Dendritic cells regulate exposure of MHC class II at their plasma membrane by oligoubiquitination. Immunity 2007; 25:885-94. [PMID: 17174123 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate adaptive immune responses by activating T cells via cognate interactions between MHC-peptide complexes and T cell receptors. In immature DCs, MHC class II is predominantly stored in late endocytic compartments, where it has a short half-life because of degradation. In contrast, mature DCs recruit MHC class II to the plasma membrane. We here demonstrate that in immature DCs, the beta-chain of MHC class II was oligoubiquitinated after proteolytic processing of the associated invariant chain in endosomes and that this modification was required for efficient endocytosis and sorting into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Ubiquitination of MHC class II was suppressed in lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs. Mutated MHC class II lacking its ubiquitination site was expressed at the plasma membrane, irrespective of DC maturation. Together, these data provide a molecular basis for the regulation of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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111
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Abstract
One more mechanism for regulating surface expression of MHC class II proteins in dendritic cells (an important process that regulates both tolerance and immunity) has been uncovered, polyubiquitination of Lys225 in the intracytoplasmic region and subsequent endocytosis and proteolysis (Omura-Hoshino et al., 2006; van Neil et al., 2006; Shin et al., 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
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112
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Matsuki Y, Ohmura-Hoshino M, Goto E, Aoki M, Mito-Yoshida M, Uematsu M, Hasegawa T, Koseki H, Ohara O, Nakayama M, Toyooka K, Matsuoka K, Hotta H, Yamamoto A, Ishido S. Novel regulation of MHC class II function in B cells. EMBO J 2007; 26:846-54. [PMID: 17255932 PMCID: PMC1794403 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of post-translational regulation of MHC class II (MHC II) under physiological conditions has been demonstrated recently in dendritic cells (DCs) that potently function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we report that MARCH-I, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a pivotal role in the post-translational regulation of MHC II in B cells. MARCH-I expression was particularly high in B cells, and the forced expression of MARCH-I induced the ubiquitination of MHC II. In B cells from MARCH-I-deficient mice (MARCH-I KO), the half-life of surface MHC II was prolonged and the ubiquitinated form of MHC II completely disappeared. In addition, MARCH-I-deficient B cells highly expressed exogenous antigen-loaded MHC II on their surface and showed high ability to present exogenous antigens. These results suggest that the function of MHC II in B cells is regulated through ubiquitination by MARCH-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Matsuki
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mari Ohmura-Hoshino
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Goto
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masami Aoki
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mari Mito-Yoshida
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Uematsu
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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113
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Watts C, Zaru R, Prescott AR, Wallin RP, West MA. Proximal effects of Toll-like receptor activation in dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:73-8. [PMID: 17142025 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and influence the immunological outcome of their interactions with T cells. Recent in vitro studies demonstrate that TLR signals also trigger striking reorganisation of the DC vacuolar compartments, the cytoskeleton and the machinery of protein translation and turnover. Moreover, TLR ligation within endosomes and phagosomes appears to establish organelle autonomous signals. These changes, which mostly occur within minutes to a few hours after TLR engagement, are adaptations relevant to the antigen capture, processing and migratory phases of the DC life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
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114
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Hoer S, Smith L, Lehner PJ. MARCH-IX mediates ubiquitination and downregulation of ICAM-1. FEBS Lett 2006; 581:45-51. [PMID: 17174307 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The membrane associated RING-CH (MARCH) family of genes encode a novel group of RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligases. Overexpression of one of these family members, MARCH-IX, leads to a downregulation of cell surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and CD4. Here, we identify MARCH-IX as the first ubiquitin E3 ligase to control expression of the critical cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1. MARCH-IX expression causes ubiquitination and downregulation of ICAM-1 and a short alternative transcript of MARCH-IX lacking the RING-CH domain, termed MARCH-IX RINGless, is shown to act as a positive regulator of MARCH-IX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hoer
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
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115
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Ubiquitylation gives DCs the professional edge. Nat Rev Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/nri1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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116
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Shin JS, Ebersold M, Pypaert M, Delamarre L, Hartley A, Mellman I. Surface expression of MHC class II in dendritic cells is controlled by regulated ubiquitination. Nature 2006; 444:115-8. [PMID: 17051151 DOI: 10.1038/nature05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells have a unique function in the immune response owing to their ability to stimulate immunologically naive T lymphocytes. In response to microbial and inflammatory stimuli, dendritic cells enhance their capacity for antigen presentation by a process of terminal differentiation, termed maturation. The conversion of immature to mature dendritic cells is accompanied by a marked cellular reorganization, including the redistribution of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC II) from late endosomal and lysosomal compartments to the plasma membrane and the downregulation of some forms of endocytosis, which has been thought to slow the clearance of MHC II from the surface. The relative extent to which these or other mechanisms contribute to the regulation of surface MHC II remains unclear, however. Here we find that the MHC II beta-chain cytoplasmic tail is ubiquitinated in mouse immature dendritic cells. Although only partly required for the sequestration of MHC II in multivesicular bodies, this modification is essential for endocytosis. Notably, ubiquitination of MHC II ceased upon maturation, resulting in the accumulation of MHC II at the cell surface. Dendritic cells thus exhibit a unique ability to regulate MHC II surface expression by selectively controlling MHC II ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology and Section of Immunobiology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208002, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8002, USA
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