101
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Wu P. Beyond metacognition: The dominant role of the general factor of personality in learning adaptation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35147. [PMID: 39157391 PMCID: PMC11328064 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notions of metacognition and ego-resilienc seem to commonly represent an ability to adaptively adjust self-control to fit the requirements of environments. The latter presents a general mechanism of adaptive adjustment while the former presents a specific example of learning activity. As ego-resiliency was almost fully indicated by the General Factor of Personality (GFP) as the literature suggested, the present study tested the relationship between the GFP and metacognition and then compared their influences on learning adaptation. As found, the GFP highly overlapped with overall metacognition (r = 0.69). Within the three dimensions of metacognition, metacognitive skills correlated with the GFP much higher than metacognitive knowledge and experience, suggesting that the GFP is more linked with the application of metacognition in learning. By comparison, the GFP displayed much higher correlations with metacognitive skills and experience as well as learning adaptation than any Big Five traits, showing its incremental power in correlation with those variables. More importantly, in the mediation model, the GFP was found to be the root reason for the outcomes of learning adaptation and accounted for most of the impact of metacognition on learning adaptation. With these findings, the limitations of the present study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqian Wu
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Beijing Road No.2, 241000, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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102
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Conroy-Beam D. Mating with Multi-Armed Bandits: Reinforcement Learning Models of Human Mate Search. Open Mind (Camb) 2024; 8:995-1011. [PMID: 39170796 PMCID: PMC11338293 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mate choice requires navigating an exploration-exploitation trade-off. Successful mate choice requires choosing partners who have preferred qualities; but time spent determining one partner's qualities could have been spent exploring for potentially superior alternatives. Here I argue that this dilemma can be modeled in a reinforcement learning framework as a multi-armed bandit problem. Moreover, using agent-based models and a sample of k = 522 real-world romantic dyads, I show that a reciprocity-weighted Thompson sampling algorithm performs well both in guiding mate search in noisy search environments and in reproducing the mate choices of real-world participants. These results provide a formal model of the understudied psychology of human mate search. They additionally offer implications for our understanding of person perception and mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conroy-Beam
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
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103
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Ahmad S, Zhang Q, Ahmad Z. Insights from the COVID-19 perspective on the necessity of corporate social responsibility in times of crisis in the context of Pakistan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303675. [PMID: 39146289 PMCID: PMC11326619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a notable increase in global awareness among businesses and consumers regarding environmental preservation and health concerns. The degree to which individuals identify with an organization is influenced by the appeal of its organizational identity, which aids in fulfilling important self-definitional needs. Nevertheless, there remains a limited understanding regarding the underlying factors that contribute to the phenomenon of firm identity attraction (IA) within the framework of consumer-business interactions. This study presents a validated framework that examines the antecedents of identity attraction, with COVID-19 being considered as a moderator. The framework is developed based on established theories of social identity and organizational identification. The study in Pakistan's cities utilized a questionnaire survey as its primary research method, while the findings were evaluated through the application of structural equation modelling. The results of our study indicate that the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm Identity Attraction (IA) is significantly more pronounced. Although the impact of COVID-19 on the intention to purchase remains unaffected, it does play a favorable role in moderating the influence of CSR on the attraction towards brand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmad
- Research Institute of Business Analytics and Supply Chain Management, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Research Institute of Business Analytics and Supply Chain Management, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaheer Ahmad
- Government College of Management Sciences Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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104
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Chen Y, Liu S, Hao Y, Zhao Q, Ren J, Piao Y, Wang L, Yang Y, Jin C, Wang H, Zhou X, Gao JH, Zhang X, Wei Z. Higher emotional synchronization is modulated by relationship quality in romantic relationships and not in close friendships. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120733. [PMID: 39033788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotions are fundamental to social interaction and deeply intertwined with interpersonal dynamics, especially in romantic relationships. Although the neural basis of interaction processes in romance has been widely explored, the underlying emotions and the connection between relationship quality and neural synchronization remain less understood. Our study employed EEG hyperscanning during a non-interactive video-watching paradigm to compare the emotional coordination between romantic couples and close friends. Couples showed significantly greater behavioral and prefrontal alpha synchronization than friends. Notably, couples with low relationship quality required heightened neural synchronization to maintain robust behavioral synchronization. Further support vector machine analysis underscores the crucial role of prefrontal activity in differentiating couples from friends. In summary, our research addresses gaps concerning how intrinsic emotions linked to relationship quality influence neural and behavioral synchronization by investigating a natural non-interactive context, thereby advancing our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying emotional coordination in romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Chen
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yaru Hao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiecheng Ren
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yi Piao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Liuyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yunping Yang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chenggong Jin
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hangwei Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Application Technology Center of Physical Therapy to Brain Disorders, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive Science Center, Hefei 230071, China; Business School, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China.
| | - Zhengde Wei
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior- Ministry of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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105
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Rudnev M, Barrett HC, Buckwalter W, Machery E, Stich S, Barr K, Bencherifa A, Clancy RF, Crone DL, Deguchi Y, Fabiano E, Fodeman AD, Guennoun B, Halamová J, Hashimoto T, Homan J, Kanovský M, Karasawa K, Kim H, Kiper J, Lee M, Liu X, Mitova V, Nair RB, Pantovic L, Porter B, Quintanilla P, Reijer J, Romero PP, Singh P, Tber S, Wilkenfeld DA, Yi L, Grossmann I. Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6375. [PMID: 39143069 PMCID: PMC11324649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear-distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdom's cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets' wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions-Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets-as perceived by participants-score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudnev
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | - E Machery
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Stich
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - K Barr
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Bencherifa
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - D L Crone
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - E Fabiano
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru
| | - A D Fodeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - J Halamová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - J Homan
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Kanovský
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - H Kim
- Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Kiper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - X Liu
- Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - V Mitova
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R B Nair
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - L Pantovic
- University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Porter
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Quintanilla
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Reijer
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P P Romero
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - P Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - S Tber
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - L Yi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - I Grossmann
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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106
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Zastempowski M. Shaping sustainable futures: The role of micro-entrepreneurs' personality traits in social innovations. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306800. [PMID: 39141603 PMCID: PMC11324120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving business landscape, micro-entrepreneurs stand out as significant contributors to social innovation. However, the link between their personality traits and the social innovations they introduce needs to be studied more. This research, guided by the Big Five model and the Oslo Manual's innovation framework, aims to address this gap. The central question driving this study is whether the personality traits of micro-entrepreneurs, precisely openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, influence the social innovations they bring forth. Through a comprehensive exploration of literature and empirical analysis-quantitative research on a representative sample of 1848 Polish micro-entrepreneurs-this research examines the interconnectedness between personality characteristics and social innovation outcomes. The key findings suggest that three personality variables characterising micro-entrepreneurs-openness for experience, conscientiousness, and extroversion-emerge as shared, statistically significant factors. These variables positively impact all types of social innovations implemented by micro-entrepreneurs (product and process). In none of the analysed cases, agreeableness and neuroticism were statistically significant. Finally, it's worth emphasising that the chances of micro-entrepreneurs introducing social innovations increase more strongly with an increase in their openness to experience than in the case of extroversion and conscientiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Zastempowski
- Department of Enterprise Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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107
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Santo CD, Desmarais A, Christophe NK. Coping with ethnic-racial discrimination: Protective-reactive effects of shift-and-persist coping on internalizing symptoms among Black American adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 39140245 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Ethnic-racial discrimination has pervasive negative effects on Black youth's mental health; therefore, it is crucial to identify factors that provide resilience against discrimination. Two promising factors to help youth cope are ethnic-racial identity (how one feels about their ethnicity/race) and shift-and-persist coping (reappraising and accepting an uncontrollable stressor while remaining optimistic about the future). While there is existing scholarship on ethnic-racial identity among Black youth, this work has not yet assessed the impacts of shift-and-persist in this population. Using a sample of 155 Black youth (ages 13-17), the current study examined the interplay between discrimination, ethnic-racial identity, shift-and-persist coping, and internalizing symptoms. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were positively associated with discrimination and negatively associated with shift-and-persist. Significant interactions between discrimination and shift-and-persist predicting both depressive and anxiety symptoms revealed significant negative associations between shift-and-persist and internalizing symptoms at low and average, but not high discrimination levels. Effects are, thus, protective-reactive; the protective effects of shift-and-persist are not significant for youth facing high levels of discrimination. Ethnic-racial identity, surprisingly, was not significantly associated with either depressive or anxiety symptoms, nor did it interact with shift-and-persist as it has in studies of Latinx youth. By understanding the protective benefits of shift-and-persist and ethnic-racial identity in Black youth, during a pivotal period for mental health, we can provide this growing population with tools to lessen the maladaptive outcomes associated with discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Dal Santo
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ariane Desmarais
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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108
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Tincani M, Gilroy SP, Dowdy A. Extensions of open science for applied behavior analysis: Preregistration for single-case experimental designs. J Appl Behav Anal 2024. [PMID: 39140415 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Open science practices are designed to enhance the utility, integrity, and credibility of scientific research. This article highlights how preregistration in open science practice can be leveraged to enhance the rigor and transparency of single-case experimental designs within an applied behavior analysis framework. We provide an overview of the benefits of preregistration including increased transparency, reduced risk of researcher bias, and improved replicability, and we review the specific contexts under which these practices most benefit the proposed framework. We discuss potential concerns with and unique considerations for preregistering experiments that use single-case designs, with practical guidance for researchers who are seeking to preregister their studies. We present a checklist as a tool for researchers in applied behavior analysis to use for preregistration and provide recommendations for our field to strengthen the contingencies for open science practices that include preregistration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Tincani
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shawn P Gilroy
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Art Dowdy
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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109
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Anderson RE, Johnson N, Jones SCT, Patterson A, Anyiwo N. Racial Socialization and Black Adolescent Mental Health and Developmental Outcomes: A Critical Review and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2024:1-24. [PMID: 39137924 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2024.2384025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black American adolescents are beleaguered with the most frequent and severe experiences of racial discrimination (RD) among their peers. To protect Black adolescents' mental health and developmental outcomes from the pernicious impact of discrimination, parents and other proximal adults and peers often utilize racial socialization (RS), or communications and behaviors emphasizing the importance of race and the harms of racism. While several recent RS reviews have been conducted across ethnicity, a modern review investigating RS practices related to and predictive of Black adolescent psychosocial outcomes is needed. METHOD To ground our critical systematic review of 45 articles, we first highlighted the ways RD impacts the lives of Black adolescents. Then, drawing from integrative models for Black youth development, we synthesized recent psychological, academic, and sociocultural literatures to describe the role of RS in Black adolescents' wellness. RESULTS The impact of various tenets of RS was seen most clearly as a protective factor against RD with respect to adolescents' mental health (e.g. depression), academic achievement (e.g. GPA), and sociocultural identity (e.g. public and private racial regard) development. Cultural socialization, a strategy related to extolling pride for one's race, was the most consistent RS protective factor, with novel RS constructs (e.g. parental competency) emerging as a method to buffer youth internalizing and externalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are made for future research on understudied components of RS and multiple methods and reporters to capture a more holistic depiction of RS practices. We emphasize preventative and intervening approaches to reduce the impetus for RS and its impact, including burgeoning clinical and community-level programs and the importance for provider training to yield positive mental health outcomes for Black adolescents.
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110
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Schippers EE, Hoogsteder LM, de Vogel V. Theories on the Etiology of Deviant Sexual Interests: A Systematic Review. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024:10790632241271308. [PMID: 39138133 DOI: 10.1177/10790632241271308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Not much is known about the etiology, or development, of deviant sexual interests. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a broad overview of current theories on the etiology of sexual deviance. We conducted a systematic search of the databases PubMed and APA PsycInfo (EBSCO). Studies were included when they discussed a theory regarding the etiology or development of sexual deviance. Included studies were assessed on quality criteria for good theories. Common etiological themes were extracted using thematic analysis. We included 47 theories explaining sexual deviance in general as well as various specific deviant sexual interests, such as pedophilia and sadism/masochism. Few theories (k = 7) were of acceptable quality as suggested by our systematic assessment of quality criteria for good theories (QUACGOT). These theories indicated that deviant sexual interests may develop as the result of an interplay of various factors: excitation transfer between emotions and sexual arousal, conditioning, problems with "normative" sexuality, and social learning. Neurobiological findings could not be included as no acceptable quality neurobiological theories could be retrieved. The important roles of excitation transfer and conditioning designate that dynamic, changeable processes take part in the etiology of sexual deviance. These same processes could potentially be deployed to diminish unwanted deviant sexual interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline E Schippers
- Forensic Care Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Larissa M Hoogsteder
- Forensic Care Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivienne de Vogel
- Forensic Care Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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111
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Galil A, Abargil M, Cohen ZZ, Reizer A. Encountering Bias: Examining Biases and Stereotypes in the Evaluation Process Among Expert Psychologists During Specialization Exams. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241269485. [PMID: 39138594 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241269485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The study of cognitive biases in job interviews has garnered significant attention due to its far-reaching implications for the economy and society. However, little research has focused on the biases exhibited by expert psychologists serving on psychology specialization examination committees. As such, this study has conducted a comprehensive examination of biases within the specialization exam in Israel. One additional objective of the research is to assess the levels of distress experienced by examinees following the examination. Questionnaires were administered to 418 psychologists participating in the clinical and educational psychology specialization exams. The findings unveiled several noteworthy outcomes. Firstly, several biases were identified, including ethnic stereotypes, biases stemming from cognitive load, and more. Secondly, examinees who presented a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) case experienced a higher failure rate. Thirdly, a positive association was found between exam failure and personal distress and this effect was stronger for educational examinees compared to clinical examinees. The most intriguing discovery was that all biases, without exception, occurred among clinical psychologists, whereas educational psychologists displayed no biases. This outcome contrasted with initial expectations. Consequently, the present study aims to expand the existing knowledge about psychological biases and stereotypes by elucidate the reasons behind this discrepancy between the two disciplines while considering the advantages and disadvantages associated with a sense of "expertise" in the realm of adult diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avshalom Galil
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Maayan Abargil
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zahira Ziva Cohen
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abira Reizer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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112
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Predoiu R, Piotrowski A, Stan EA, Ciolacu MV, Bitang A, Croitoru D, Cosma G. Explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in striking combat sports. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1451244. [PMID: 39193031 PMCID: PMC11348045 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1451244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aggression in sports is often perceived as a necessary trait for success, especially in martial arts. Aggression can be assessed both explicitly and implicitly, taking into account the dual processing model. The purpose of the research was to examine explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in competitive athletes practicing striking combat sports, according to gender and sports performance. At the same time, we verified whether aggression (implicit/unconscious and explicit) predicts sports performance in martial artists. Materials and methods A total of 85 athletes practicing striking combat sports took part in the research. For implicit, latency-based measure of aggression, an Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was used, while explicit aggression was assessed with the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. Results Data analysis revealed (using multivariate analysis of variance) that athletes from striking combat sports having international sports performances registered significantly higher D-scores (IAT, p = 0.014) and lower values for Go-ahead factor (p = 0.006), compared to athletes without outstanding results. Goodman and Kruskal tau association test was used to check the existing associations between athletes' gender and martial arts athletes' level of explicit and implicit aggression. In addition, binomial logistic regression procedures were performed, predicting martial artists' likelihood to obtain higher sports results, based on explicit and indirect aggression. Conclusion A stronger association between Aggression and Others (at implicit/unconscious level) and a moderate level (generally) for Go-ahead factor of explicit aggression are associated with an increased likelihood of sports performances in athletes. In addition, male martial arts athletes are more persistent despite obstacles, remaining more on the offensive (no gender-related association were found in terms of indirect/unconscious aggression, and for Foul Play and Assertiveness factors of explicit aggression). The study underlines the importance of addressing athletes' subconscious level to promote more constructive behaviors in competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Predoiu
- Department of Teacher Training, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Elena Amelia Stan
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport, and Physiotherapy, Romanian–American University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Valentin Ciolacu
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Bitang
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Doina Croitoru
- Department of Sports and Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Germina Cosma
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- InnovaSport Craiova Interdisciplinary Laboratory, INCESA, Craiova, Romania
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113
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Inuggi A, Domenici N, Tonelli A, Gori M. PsySuite: An android application designed to perform multimodal psychophysical testing. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02475-4. [PMID: 39138734 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In behavioral sciences, there is growing concern about the inflation of false-positive rates due to the amount of under-powered studies that have been shared in the past years. While problematic, having the possibility to recruit (lots of) participants (for a lot of time) is realistically not achievable for many research facilities. Factors that hinder the reaching of optimal sample sizes are, to name but a few, research costs, participants' availability and commitment, and logistics. We challenge these issues by introducing PsySuite, an Android app designed to foster a remote approach to multimodal behavioral testing. To validate PsySuite, we first evaluated its ability to generate stimuli appropriate to rigorous psychophysical testing, measuring both the app's accuracy (i.e., stimuli's onset, offset, and multimodal simultaneity) and precision (i.e., the stability of a given pattern across trials), using two different smartphone models. We then evaluated PsySuite's ability to replicate perceptual performances obtained using a classic psychophysical paradigm, comparing sample data collected with the app against those measured via a PC-based setup. Our results showed that PsySuite could accurately reproduce stimuli with a minimum duration of 7 ms, 17 ms, and 30 ms for the auditory, visual, and tactile modalities, respectively, and that perceptual performances obtained with PsySuite were consistent with the perceptual behavior observed using the classical setup. Combined with the high accessibility inherently supported by PsySuite, here we ought to share the app to further boost psychophysical research, aiming at setting it to a cheap, user-friendly, and portable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Inuggi
- U-VIP, Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83, 16152, Genoa, GE, Italy
| | - Nicola Domenici
- U-VIP, Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83, 16152, Genoa, GE, Italy.
| | - Alessia Tonelli
- U-VIP, Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83, 16152, Genoa, GE, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- U-VIP, Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83, 16152, Genoa, GE, Italy
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Monteiro LCP, da Costa Brito FA, da Costa Brito Lacerda EM, Goulart PRK, Miquilini L, Costa MF, Ripardo RC, Ventura DF, Souza GS. Increased color preference through the introduction of luminance noise in chromatic stimuli. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18711. [PMID: 39134609 PMCID: PMC11319817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit consistent color preferences that are often described as a curvilinear pattern across hues. The recent literature posits that color preference is linked to the preference for objects or other entities associated with those colors. However, many studies examine this preference using isoluminant colors, which don't reflect the natural viewing experience typically influenced by different light intensities. The inclusion of random luminance levels (luminance noise) in chromatic stimuli may provide an initial step towards assessing color preference as it is presented in the real world. Employing mosaic stimuli, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of luminance noise on human color preference. Thirty normal trichromats engaged in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, indicating their color preferences between presented pairs. The chromatic stimuli included saturated versions of 8 standard hues, presented in mosaics with varying diameters under different luminance noise conditions. Results indicated that the inclusion of luminance noise increased color preference across all hues, specifically under the high luminance noise range, while the curvilinear pattern remained unchanged. Finally, women exhibit a greater sensitivity to the presence of luminance noise than men, potentially due to differences between men and women in aesthetic evaluation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe André da Costa Brito
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Av. Perimetral, 2-224, Belém, 66077830, Brazil
| | | | | | - Letícia Miquilini
- Núcleo de Teoria E Pesquisa Do Comportamento, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Rachel Coelho Ripardo
- Núcleo de Teoria E Pesquisa Do Comportamento, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Givago Silva Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Av. Perimetral, 2-224, Belém, 66077830, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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115
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Alqahtani JS, Arowosegbe A, Aldhahir AM, Alghamdi SM, Alqarni AA, Siraj RA, AlDraiwiesh IA, Alwafi H, Oyelade T. Prevalence and burden of loneliness in COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med 2024; 233:107768. [PMID: 39142595 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness poses significant public health concerns on a global scale. Being alone and lacking social connections have been proven to impact prognosis and response to treatment in different diseases, including COPD. Yet, the prevalence and burden of loneliness on COPD outcomes remain unclear. METHODS Various relevant databases were systematically searched in March 2024. The quality of the studies included was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The random effect model was used to compute the pooled prevalence and associated 95 % confidence intervals (95%CI) of loneliness and living alone in COPD patients. RESULTS After reviewing 256 studies, 11 studies, including 4644 COPD patients, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Of the included studies, 5/11 (45.5%) reported the prevalence of loneliness or lone living among COPD patients and were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of loneliness and lone living among COPD patients was 32% (95% CI = 16%-48%) and 29% (95% CI = 16%-41%), respectively. The Three-item UCLA loneliness scale was the most often used loneliness assessment tool (5/11, 45.5%). Loneliness and lone living were associated with poor outcomes, including emergency department visits, readmissions, depression, and reduced pulmonary rehabilitation response. CONCLUSION Despite one-third of COPD patients experiencing loneliness, researchers have not consistently documented its impact on COPD outcomes. More studies are needed to assess the impact of loneliness on COPD and how to mitigate the negative effects on patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber S Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, 34313, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abayomi Arowosegbe
- School of Arts & Creative Technologies, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, United Kingdom; Information School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2SJ, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulelah M Aldhahir
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed M Alghamdi
- Respiratory Care Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alqarni
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan A Siraj
- Respiratory Therapy Department, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A AlDraiwiesh
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, 21514, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tope Oyelade
- UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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116
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Carvalho JMS, Conde A. Individual power in human motivation - Review and theoretical perspective. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 249:104452. [PMID: 39128282 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There are many studies in Psychology and other sciences about the concept of power. We believe that individual power is one of the most critical factors in human motivation, which is considered by prominent motivation theories, like Choice Theory or McClelland's Human Motivation Theory. This paper aims to study the concept of power, considering ego and social orientation. The extensive literature review allowed us to describe the concepts related to those orientations and to induce a theoretical model that may typify and explain the relationships between the two perspectives of power. The model might contribute to describing four motivational profiles, namely the imperator, with high ego-power and power over others orientation; the supporter, with low ego-power and power with other orientation; the leader, with high ego-power and power with others orientation; and the controller, with low ego-power and power over others orientation. The Ego-Social Power Motivation Model could help describe the power signature of an individual. This individual picture might help psychologists work on motivations, attitudes, and behaviours to enhance people's lives and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Conde
- I2P, Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal.
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117
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McGuire J, De Cremer D, Van de Cruys T. Establishing the importance of co-creation and self-efficacy in creative collaboration with artificial intelligence. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18525. [PMID: 39122865 PMCID: PMC11316096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of generative AI technologies has led to an increasing number of people collaborating with AI to produce creative works. Across two experimental studies, in which we carefully designed and programmed state-of-the-art human-AI interfaces, we examine how the design of generative AI systems influences human creativity (poetry writing). First, we find that people were most creative when writing a poem on their own, compared to first receiving a poem generated by an AI system and using sophisticated tools to edit it (Study 1). Following this, we demonstrate that this creativity deficit dissipates when people co-create with-not edit-AI and establish creative self-efficacy as an important mechanism in this process (Study 2). Thus, our findings indicate that people must occupy the role of a co-creator, not an editor, to reap the benefits of generative AI in the production of creative works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack McGuire
- Department of Management & Organizational Development, D'Amore-McKim School of Business, Northeastern University, Hayden Hall, 101, 370 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Management and Organisation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - David De Cremer
- Department of Management & Organizational Development, D'Amore-McKim School of Business, Northeastern University, Hayden Hall, 101, 370 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Management and Organisation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Van de Cruys
- Linguistics Research Unit, Faculty of Arts, KU Leuven, Blijde-Inkomststraat 21, Box 3308, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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118
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Rodríguez-Baiget MJ, Corpas-Reina C, Maz-Machado A, Linde-Valenzuela GDR. Women's participation in university management in Spain: The case of Andalusian universities. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307170. [PMID: 39121074 PMCID: PMC11315352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the presence of women in the management of Andalusian public universities, Spain. The aim of this study is to determine the representation of women in the administration and management of the administrative units of Andalusian public universities at faculty and department level, as well as to identify the distribution of university administration in terms of gender of managers in university centres according to the different macro-areas of the division of scientific knowledge. The method used was a descriptive study with quantitative and ex post facto values. A sample was selected from all public universities in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, which represent 20% of all public universities in Spain. Information was collected from all academic units and the gender of each responsible administrator was determined. The data were deposited in a virtual repository. The results revealed that, in general, there is a disproportion in the predominance of male managers and administrators compared to the number of women involved in university management tasks in Andalusia. Imbalances in gender representation at different levels of management were observed, reflecting the inequalities reported in the literature. This study confirmed the existence of gender biases in university management, aligning with existing literature, which highlights the importance of addressing gender inequalities from a holistic perspective. The findings underline the importance of continuing to work on promoting gender equality in university management through multi-factorial approaches and concrete actions.
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119
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Hernando-Jorge L, Fernández-Mesa A, Azagra-Caro JM, Tur-Porcar AM. Personality and emotional intelligence of researchers: The importance of affects. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304905. [PMID: 39121098 PMCID: PMC11315323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers, who play a crucial role in knowledge production, deal with various emotions in their challenging work environment. Their personality might affect how well they manage their emotions, but their moods could help counteract these effects. This study aims to investigate whether researchers' moods influence the connection between their personality and emotional intelligence. 7,463 Spanish researchers replied to an online survey. Responses analysed through partial least squares structural equation modelling show significant positive relationships between the big five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and emotional stability) and emotional intelligence. In addition, positive affect positively mediates the relationships between each of the personality traits and emotional intelligence, and negative affect mediates the same relationships but negatively. The importance of managing emotional states to regulate emotional experiences in the work of researchers is discussed.
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120
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Napolitano CM, Duckworth AL, Gross JJ. Trait self-control: A Process Model perspective. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 59:101858. [PMID: 39163811 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
What do self-controlled individuals do that distinguishes them from those who are more impulsive? That is, why are some people better able to align their behavior with personal long-term goals despite alternatives that would be more immediately gratifying? To address this question, we use the Process Model of Self-Control [1], which posits that all impulses are generated via a four-stage, recursive process and can be regulated by intentionally intervening at any of these stages. We suggest that this framework illuminates not only individual states of self-control, but also the diverse ways that stable individual differences in self-control can come about.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela L Duckworth
- Department of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania; and Operations, Information, and Decisions Department at the Wharton School, USA
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121
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McDermott AF, Brydges CR, Norris TW. Well-being balance and lived experiences assessment: a valid, comprehensive measure of positive well-being. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1396543. [PMID: 39176049 PMCID: PMC11339688 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1396543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Widely used measures of self-reported subjective well-being and flourishing generally do not directly measure positive experiences that have been demonstrated to improve subjective well-being and flourishing, which could aid in developing personalized interventions to improve individuals' well-being. The present study evaluated the validity of the Well-being Balance and Lived Experience (WBAL) Model and Assessment, a new model of well-being and corresponding assessment instrument that evaluates the self-reported frequency of positive experiences and positive feelings of well-being, balanced across activation and arousal levels. Methods A total of 496 evaluable subjects completed the WBAL Assessment, the PERMA+ Profiler (PERMA+) and the Well-Being Assessment Adult 24-item (WBA-24). A confirmatory factor model corresponding to the WBAL construct was created, and internal and external validity of the WBAL Assessment were interrogated. Results The confirmatory factor model showed good fit, indicating that each of the model factors are related but distinct and all items load significantly onto their factors. The WBAL Assessment demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.95) and internal validity across well-being factors and Feelings (r = 0.96) and Experiences (r = 0.94) domains. The WBAL Assessment demonstrated strong convergent validity in comparison to PERMA+ (r = 0.80) and WBA-24 (r = 0.75), indicating that the WBAL Assessment measures a similar overall concept of well-being and flourishing. Discriminant validity of WBAL factors was demonstrated for an average of 14.3 of 17 comparator domains. The main differences between instruments are WBAL's assessment of positive Experiences, the comparator instruments' inclusion of feelings with negative valence, and WBA-24's inclusion of financial stability. Discussion The WBAL Assessment is a reliable and valid instrument to comprehensively measure positive aspects of well-being that evaluates multiple modifiable contributors to individuals' well-being to guide design of personalized assessment and intervention programs to enhance positive well-being.
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122
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Imwinkelried M, Seewer N, Berger T, Krieger T. [Internet-based self-help for loneliness-a systematic review]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2024:10.1007/s00103-024-03934-1. [PMID: 39117979 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-024-03934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the phenomenon of loneliness has received increasing attention. Loneliness is widespread and can have adverse consequences for mental and physical health if prolonged. Internet-based interventions (IBIs) for self-help have proven to be effective for a variety of psychological disorders. Due to several specific aspects, IBIs are also a relevant option for loneliness. This systematic review aims to present the current research on self-help IBIs for reducing loneliness. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, MedLine, PsycIndex, Cochrane Library and PsyArXiv between December 2023 and early January 2024. We included original German or English studies that addressed IBIs for self-help to reduce loneliness. RESULTS In total, eight studies published between 2017 and 2024 were included in the qualitative analysis. All studies were conducted in high-income countries, included predominantly well-educated female adults and were mostly satisfactory regarding their internal validity. DISCUSSION The results of this review suggest that self-help IBIs may be a promising option for alleviating loneliness. However, the work also points to the need for further research. Future studies should consider larger samples and people of different ages, genders and education levels in order to generalise the results of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Imwinkelried
- Institut für Psychologie, Abteilung klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Schweiz.
| | - Noëmi Seewer
- Institut für Psychologie, Abteilung klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Schweiz
| | - Thomas Berger
- Institut für Psychologie, Abteilung klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Schweiz
| | - Tobias Krieger
- Institut für Psychologie, Abteilung klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Schweiz
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123
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Gillebaart M, Schneider IK. Effortless self-control. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 59:101860. [PMID: 39178788 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Self-control is essential for outcomes in several life domains but is often seen as effortful. We discuss recent research indicating the possibility of effortless self-control. First, we discuss how high levels of self-control are associated with quicker self-control conflict identification and resolution. Second, we describe two pathways that may lead to these associations: (1) How automatization of behaviors plays a role in self-control outcomes. That is, self-control is associated with better, effortless habits. (2) We discuss that self-control conflicts can be anticipated and resolved with strategies that avoid effortful inhibition. Taken together, we aim to demonstrate that there is more to successful self-control than 'simply' working hard to resist your impulses - there may be easier roads to take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Utrecht University, Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Iris K Schneider
- Dresden University of Technology, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Center for Social and Economic Behavior, University of Cologne, Germany
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124
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Heinze G, Baillie M, Lusa L, Sauerbrei W, Schmidt CO, Harrell FE, Huebner M. Regression without regrets -initial data analysis is a prerequisite for multivariable regression. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024; 24:178. [PMID: 39117997 PMCID: PMC11308558 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-024-02294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Statistical regression models are used for predicting outcomes based on the values of some predictor variables or for describing the association of an outcome with predictors. With a data set at hand, a regression model can be easily fit with standard software packages. This bears the risk that data analysts may rush to perform sophisticated analyses without sufficient knowledge of basic properties, associations in and errors of their data, leading to wrong interpretation and presentation of the modeling results that lacks clarity. Ignorance about special features of the data such as redundancies or particular distributions may even invalidate the chosen analysis strategy. Initial data analysis (IDA) is prerequisite to regression analyses as it provides knowledge about the data needed to confirm the appropriateness of or to refine a chosen model building strategy, to interpret the modeling results correctly, and to guide the presentation of modeling results. In order to facilitate reproducibility, IDA needs to be preplanned, an IDA plan should be included in the general statistical analysis plan of a research project, and results should be well documented. Biased statistical inference of the final regression model can be minimized if IDA abstains from evaluating associations of outcome and predictors, a key principle of IDA. We give advice on which aspects to consider in an IDA plan for data screening in the context of regression modeling to supplement the statistical analysis plan. We illustrate this IDA plan for data screening in an example of a typical diagnostic modeling project and give recommendations for data visualizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Heinze
- Center for Medical Data Science, Institute of Clinical Biometrics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Lara Lusa
- Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of Primorska, Natural Sciences and Information Technology, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Willi Sauerbrei
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Oliver Schmidt
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, SHIP-KEF, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank E Harrell
- School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Haddad R, Mattei A, Petrone C, Cachi-Pouyenne M, Bogdanski E, Galant C, Giovanni A. Alterations in Emotional Expression Through Speech in Patients With Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: A Preliminary Study. J Voice 2024:S0892-1997(24)00223-6. [PMID: 39122578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) has a known impact on patients' quality of life. One of the potentially affected domains that has not been studied yet is emotional prosody. To produce and transmit an efficient emotional prosody, several vocal parameters are modulated by the speaker, principally the fundamental frequency, the speech rate, and the voice intensity. We retrieved 300 sentences produced by 10 patients suffering from UVFP, equally in neutral, anger, and sadness. A jury of six health care voice experts was asked to hear these sentences and choose an emotion for each vocalization, between neutral, anger, and sadness. The jury mainly considered the heard sentences as being in a neutral emotion. Vocal parameters analysis of the anger and sadness sentences that were mistaken as neutral showed the absence of significant difference in their fundamental frequencies and speech rates. By being unable to modulate their vocal parameters as needed to produce emotional prosody, specifically the fundamental frequency and speech rate, patients with UVFP suffer from limitations in their capacity to produce the emotional prosody wanted, making the emotions they feel hardly transmitted to their entourage, which can explain the social barriers these patients complain of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Haddad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Alexia Mattei
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Caterina Petrone
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Cachi-Pouyenne
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Bogdanski
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Galant
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Giovanni
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AP-HM, La Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Hart ER, Sperber JF, Troller-Renfree SV, Ortells-Faci P, Halpern-Meekin S, Sandre A, Noble KG. Mothers with low incomes view both individual and structural interventions as potentially helpful for supporting early child development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18374. [PMID: 39112497 PMCID: PMC11306557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Many developmental psychologists aspire to conduct research that informs interventions and policies to prevent income-related disparities in child development. Among growing researcher discussion about the value of interventions that target "structural" and resource-related correlates of income inequality and child development (e.g., housing, food, material goods, cash), rather than individual, person-centered correlates (e.g., parenting behaviors), the perspectives of mothers with low incomes may provide important context. 281 mothers with young children and low incomes rated various structural and individual interventions, framed as having minimal costs and entry barriers, for their perceived helpfulness. Analyses were pre-registered. Overall, mothers rated all interventions very highly, though they rated structural interventions as slightly more helpful than individual interventions. Mothers rated interventions they used in the past as less helpful than those they hadn't previously used. An exploratory qualitative analysis revealed mothers' desires for supports in other intervention domains beyond those addressed in our survey. Together, mothers' responses indicated that they did not see individual interventions as inherently unhelpful due to a focus on individual states, knowledge, and skills. Implications for developmental psychology and intervention science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Hart
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Jessica F Sperber
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aislinn Sandre
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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127
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Dayer A, Aswamenakul C, Turner MA, Nicolay S, Wang E, Shurik K, Holbrook C. Intuitive moral bias favors the religiously faithful. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18291. [PMID: 39112535 PMCID: PMC11306559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Belief in powerful supernatural agents that enforce moral norms has been theoretically linked with cooperative altruism and prosociality. Correspondingly, prior research reveals an implicit association between atheism and extreme antisociality (e.g., serial murder). However, findings centered on associations between lack of faith and moral transgression do not directly address the hypothesized conceptual association between religious belief and prosociality. Accordingly, we conducted two pre-registered experiments depicting a "serial helper" to assess biases related to extraordinary helpfulness, mirroring designs depicting a serial killer used in prior cross-cultural work. In both a predominantly religious society (the U.S., Study 1) and a predominantly secular society (New Zealand, Study 2), we successfully replicated previous research linking atheism with transgression, and obtained evidence for a substantially stronger conceptual association between religiosity and virtue. The results suggest that stereotypes linking religiosity with prosociality are both real and global in scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dayer
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA.
| | - Chanuwas Aswamenakul
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Matthew A Turner
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Scott Nicolay
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
- Interdisciplinary Humanities Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, CA, Merced, USA
| | - Emily Wang
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Katherine Shurik
- Interdisciplinary Humanities Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, CA, Merced, USA
| | - Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
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128
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Raygani S, Martyn-Nemeth P, Park LG. Addressing the Epidemic of Loneliness and Social Isolation for Cardiovascular Health. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2024:00005082-990000000-00214. [PMID: 39116381 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
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129
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Novak L, Kiknadze N. Does the good life feel good? The role of positive emotion in competing conceptions of the good life. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1425415. [PMID: 39171224 PMCID: PMC11335640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1425415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Flourishing refers to one kind of generalized wellbeing. Contemporary flourishing research often privileges positive emotion in the theorization and measurement of the construct, such that flourishing is frequently conceptualized as involving a predominance of positive over negative emotions. Positive emotions are thus, on some views of flourishing, seen as an essential component of "the good life." This paper explores the nuanced variations in conceptions of the good life, focusing on the interplay between positive emotion and flourishing. Through an analysis of contemporary perspectives on flourishing, we underscore the diversity in conceptualizations of flourishing and the implications of this diversity for flourishing theorists. Our review reveals significant disparities in perspectives regarding the significance of positive emotion in the pursuit of a good life. Furthermore, we delineate the theoretical distinctions between objective-list approaches and functional approaches to flourishing, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Theoretical dissensus persists regarding whether positive emotion is a necessary constituent of the good life, thus prompting a critical examination of the justification for its inclusion in flourishing models. Finally, we emphasize the need for greater theoretical clarity in defining wellbeing to inform both research endeavors and societal discourse. We suggest that an adequate appreciation of variation in the development and maintenance of flourishing requires admitting for more complex relationships between the construct and both positive and negative emotionality, while embracing the cultural and individual variety that are unavoidable in accurate models of human life.
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130
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Holzmeister F, Johannesson M, Böhm R, Dreber A, Huber J, Kirchler M. Heterogeneity in effect size estimates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403490121. [PMID: 39078672 PMCID: PMC11317577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403490121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A typical empirical study involves choosing a sample, a research design, and an analysis path. Variation in such choices across studies leads to heterogeneity in results that introduce an additional layer of uncertainty, limiting the generalizability of published scientific findings. We provide a framework for studying heterogeneity in the social sciences and divide heterogeneity into population, design, and analytical heterogeneity. Our framework suggests that after accounting for heterogeneity, the probability that the tested hypothesis is true for the average population, design, and analysis path can be much lower than implied by nominal error rates of statistically significant individual studies. We estimate each type's heterogeneity from 70 multilab replication studies, 11 prospective meta-analyses of studies employing different experimental designs, and 5 multianalyst studies. In our data, population heterogeneity tends to be relatively small, whereas design and analytical heterogeneity are large. Our results should, however, be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of studies and the large uncertainty in the heterogeneity estimates. We discuss several ways to parse and account for heterogeneity in the context of different methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Holzmeister
- Department of Economics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, SE-113 83Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Böhm
- Department of Occupational, Economic, and Social Psychology, University of Vienna, A-1010Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychology and Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Dreber
- Department of Economics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, SE-113 83Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Huber
- Department of Banking and Finance, University of Innsbruck, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Kirchler
- Department of Banking and Finance, University of Innsbruck, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
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131
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Lei Y, Li M, Lin C, Zhang C, Yu Z. The effect of ostracism on social withdrawal behavior: the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1411697. [PMID: 39171229 PMCID: PMC11337101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1411697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extant studies have empirically tested the main two behavior responses following ostracism: prosocial or antisocial. Few studies have investigated the relationship between ostracism and social withdrawal. According to the temporal need-threat model and the self-verification theory, the present study aimed to examine the influence mechanism of ostracism on social withdrawal, especially the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity. A total of 1,315 Chinese high school students (52.6% female) completed a written questionnaire. Results showed that ostracism was positively correlated with social withdrawal. Ostracism not only directly predicted social withdrawal, but also indirectly affected social withdrawal by threatening adolescents' self-esteem. High rejection sensitivity may help aggravate adolescents' self-esteem threaten perceive from ostracism. Adolescents with high rejection sensitivity felt a greater threat to self-esteem when ostracized. Findings suggest a new direction for understanding individuals' responses to ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuju Lei
- School of Education, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
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132
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Corrigan O, Danielsen S, Doherty S, Lane P. Integrated care systems in England: the significance of collaborative community assets in promoting and sustaining health and wellbeing. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2024; 9:1355215. [PMID: 39165862 PMCID: PMC11334352 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1355215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Until recently the healthcare system in England was based on a commissioning/provider model. However, this has been replaced with an Integrated Care Systems (ICSs) approach, aimed at improving health and wellbeing and reducing inequalities through local collaborative partnerships with public sector organizations, community groups, social enterprise organizations and other local agencies. Part of this new approach is an emphasis on the role of community assets (i.e., local resources), that are considered integral to promoting positive health and wellbeing outcomes. This paper presents research from a series of three research studies on "community assets" conducted in the East of England within a newly established ICS. Based on analysis of qualitative data highlighting the lived experience of community asset members, this paper shows the positive wellbeing impact on vulnerable community members that assets provide. Further insight on the local impact and the collaborative nature of the research is provided suggesting that new asset-based approaches recognize the social determinants of health. This presents a shift away from positivistic linear approaches to population health and wellbeing to a new non-linear collaborative approach to addressing health inequalities and promoting wellbeing. The authors suggest that exploring this through a complexity theory lens could illuminate this further. Finally, the authors warn that while community assets have an important role to play in empowering citizens and providing much needed support to vulnerable and disadvantaged communities, they are not a substitute for functioning funded public sector services that are currently being undermined by ongoing local governments funding cuts. As such, while community assets can help ameliorate some of the negative effects people experience due to economic, structural and health disadvantages, only a more fair and more equal distribution of resources can address growing health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Corrigan
- School of Allied Health and Social Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Danielsen
- Health, Partnerships and Wellbeing, Colchester City Council, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pauline Lane
- School of Allied Health and Social Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
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133
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Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Khan N, Abdel-Rahman D, Leitner A, Everett WC, Gaba KL, Fisher WJ, McDonald CC, Winston FK, Rosin RM, Volpp KG, Barnett IJ, Wiebe DJ, Halpern SD, Delgado MK. A randomized trial of behavioral interventions yielding sustained reductions in distracted driving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320603121. [PMID: 39074277 PMCID: PMC11317589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320603121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Distracted driving is responsible for nearly 1 million crashes each year in the United States alone, and a major source of driver distraction is handheld phone use. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of interventions designed to create sustained reductions in handheld use while driving (NCT04587609). Participants were 1,653 consenting Progressive® Snapshot® usage-based auto insurance customers ages 18 to 77 who averaged at least 2 min/h of handheld use while driving in the month prior to study invitation. They were randomly assigned to one of five arms for a 10-wk intervention period. Arm 1 (control) got education about the risks of handheld phone use, as did the other arms. Arm 2 got a free phone mount to facilitate hands-free use. Arm 3 got the mount plus a commitment exercise and tips for hands-free use. Arm 4 got the mount, commitment, and tips plus weekly goal gamification and social competition. Arm 5 was the same as Arm 4, plus offered behaviorally designed financial incentives. Postintervention, participants were monitored until the end of their insurance rating period, 25 to 65 d more. Outcome differences were measured using fractional logistic regression. Arm 4 participants, who received gamification and competition, reduced their handheld use by 20.5% relative to control (P < 0.001); Arm 5 participants, who additionally received financial incentives, reduced their use by 27.6% (P < 0.001). Both groups sustained these reductions through the end of their insurance rating period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Ebert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ruiying A. Xiong
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Neda Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Dina Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Aaron Leitner
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | | | - Kristen L. Gaba
- Progressive Casualty Insurance Company, Mayfield Village, OH44143
| | | | - Catherine C. McDonald
- Penn Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Flaura K. Winston
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Roy M. Rosin
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Kevin G. Volpp
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ian J. Barnett
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Douglas J. Wiebe
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Scott D. Halpern
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Mucio Kit Delgado
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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134
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Yang P, Liu N, Liu X, Shu Y, Ji W, Ren Z, Sheng J, Yu M, Yi R, Zhang D, Liu YJ. A Multimodal Dataset for Mixed Emotion Recognition. Sci Data 2024; 11:847. [PMID: 39103399 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mixed emotions have attracted increasing interest recently, but existing datasets rarely focus on mixed emotion recognition from multimodal signals, hindering the affective computing of mixed emotions. On this basis, we present a multimodal dataset with four kinds of signals recorded while watching mixed and non-mixed emotion videos. To ensure effective emotion induction, we first implemented a rule-based video filtering step to select the videos that could elicit stronger positive, negative, and mixed emotions. Then, an experiment with 80 participants was conducted, in which the data of EEG, GSR, PPG, and frontal face videos were recorded while they watched the selected video clips. We also recorded the subjective emotional rating on PANAS, VAD, and amusement-disgust dimensions. In total, the dataset consists of multimodal signal data and self-assessment data from 73 participants. We also present technical validations for emotion induction and mixed emotion classification from physiological signals and face videos. The average accuracy of the 3-class classification (i.e., positive, negative, and mixed) can reach 80.96% when using SVM and features from all modalities, which indicates the possibility of identifying mixed emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Niqi Liu
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinge Liu
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yezhi Shu
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenqi Ji
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jenny Sheng
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Minjing Yu
- Tianjin University, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ran Yi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Tsinghua University, Department of Psychology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yong-Jin Liu
- Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China.
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135
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Shahabifar S, Yazdanpanah A, Vahabie AH. The effect of an embodied intervention on responsibility: put a load on one's shoulder. Cogn Process 2024:10.1007/s10339-024-01207-y. [PMID: 39101960 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Responsibility is an essential part of our social life. Although responsibility is an abstract concept, it can be represented with concrete ideas through conceptual metaphor. Expressions like "carry a lot of responsibility," "shoulder the responsibility" shows that responsibility can be understood as a load on shoulder that one has to carry. Accordingly, this study tests the question that does putting a burden on one's shoulder makes him/her more responsible or not. In order to investigate this, on each trial, we asked participants to decide between risky situations that vary in magnitude, probability of win/lose, and the ambiguity level in two conditions: "self" and 'group." Each subject wears a vest with a load on each shoulder in half of the trials. As expected, Most of participants choose to defer on the group trials more than on the self-trials. This difference between numbers of deferring in group and self conditions is called responsibility aversion. Results indicate that responsibility aversion scores are lower (responsibility-taking was greater) in the state of wearing the vest than in the form of not wearing the vest significantly. We provided evidence that the abstract concept of responsibility is linked to bodily experiences of feeling load on the shoulder consistent with an embodied cognition theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shahabifar
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aryan Yazdanpanah
- Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdol-Hossein Vahabie
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
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136
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Singer R, Papadopoulos T. There Is no Universal Standard of Beauty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04266-w. [PMID: 39103640 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
This article discusses the various factors that contribute to facial beauty and the different contexts in which they are significant. The authors examine the roles of the golden ratio, ideal proportions, symmetry, and specific facial features in what constitutes an attractive face. They also investigate the influence of cultural and evolutionary perspectives on facial beauty and the impact of social media on our perception of beauty. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the topic and emphasises the significance of facial beauty and its impact on our lives. The authors acknowledge that the concept of beauty is difficult to define with absolute precision, and that the objective-subjective argument regarding facial beauty remains unsolved. However, they argue that physical attributes undoubtedly influence perceptions of attractiveness, but beauty extends beyond surface-level features. They also suggest that embracing diversity in beauty standards fosters a more inclusive society that celebrates the unique qualities of every person.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Singer
- Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery (Voluntary), The University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tim Papadopoulos
- Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia.
- Head of the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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137
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Stuempfle W, Crawford D. A Half-Day Camp Program for Adolescents Affected by Childhood Cancer. J Dr Nurs Pract 2024; 17:100-109. [PMID: 39103192 DOI: 10.1891/jdnp-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Background: Adolescents affected by childhood cancer experience various degrees of psychosocial distress, social isolation, and social support throughout the treatment process. Objective: To create and implement an evidence-based practice project consisting of a pilot half-day camp program to improve social support and connectedness for adolescents affected by childhood cancer. Methods: A pilot half-day camp program was implemented. Twenty adolescent patients, survivors, and siblings (ages 13-18 years) participated in the program. Participants provided basic demographic information and completed pretest, immediate posttest, and 4-week posttest surveys to assess their levels of social support and camp connectedness. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: All measures of social support in adolescent participants affected by childhood cancer trended upward following the conclusion of the program, then trended downward over time, with overall social support and family social support significantly decreasing over time postintervention. Camp connectedness was not significantly impacted by the program. Conclusions: Social support decreases as participants are further out from attending a half-day camp program. This pilot program demonstrated the feasibility of a short-term, local, cost-effective camp program that is scalable to larger groups. Implications for Nursing: Providers should refer adolescents affected by childhood cancer to camp programs for social support. More research is needed to determine if more frequent camp programs sustain a high level of social support in participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Stuempfle
- Banner Health Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Glendale, AZ, USA
- Phoenix Children's, Professional Practice, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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138
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Rossetti MG, Perlini C, Girelli F, Zovetti N, Brambilla P, Bressi C, Bellani M. Developing a brief telematic cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of social isolation in young adults. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1433108. [PMID: 39161688 PMCID: PMC11331789 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to present a novel cognitive-behavioral intervention protocol focused on treating social isolation through telematic interaction, thus overcoming common barriers characteristic of face-to-face interventions. Methods We examined current literature about face-to-face and telematic psychotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of social isolation in early adulthood. Current evidence is mixed, suggesting the need to develop novel interventions focused on patients' cognitive functioning. Moreover, telematic interventions are promising candidates for overcoming common barriers intrinsic to the condition of social isolation. Results The present 8-session model inspired by cognitive behavioral theoretical models and cognitive interventions currently present in the literature is thought to help socially isolated adult patients reduce clinical symptoms associated with the condition and lead to a reduction in the avoidance of social situations, leading to an improvement of the quality of life. Conclusion We presented a telematic psychotherapeutic intervention aimed at helping adult patients suffering from social isolation who are unable to seek help from national health systems and face-to-face interventions, thus overcoming barriers intrinsic to social isolation. The present cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol has been developed in the context of a randomized clinical trial ongoing in Italy, aimed at implementing and testing the feasibility and effectiveness of multimodal digital interventions for treating social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gloria Rossetti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI) Verona, Verona, Veneto, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Girelli
- Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI) Verona, Verona, Veneto, Italy
| | - Niccolò Zovetti
- Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI) Verona, Verona, Veneto, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bressi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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139
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Kohlhoff J, Karlov L, Dadds M, Barnett B, Silove D, Eapen V. Maternal antenatal depression, oxytocin, and infant temperament: The roles of ethnicity and adult attachment avoidance. Infant Ment Health J 2024. [PMID: 39099255 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between maternal depression and oxytocin in pregnancy, caregiving sensitivity and adult attachment style, and infant temperament. One hundred and six women recruited from a public hospital antenatal clinic in Australia, and their infants completed assessments at three time points (Time 1: pregnancy; Time 2: 3-month postpartum; Time 3: 12-month postpartum). Mothers completed self-report questionnaires assessing maternal depression symptom severity at Time 1-3, adult attachment style at Time 2, and infant temperament at Time 3. At Time 1, they also provided a blood sample to assess peripheral oxytocin levels, and at Time 2, participated in a parent-child interaction session, which was later coded for caregiving behavior (sensitivity). Neither maternal depression nor lower levels of oxytocin during pregnancy predicted difficult infant temperament; rather, it was predicted by non-Caucasian ethnicity. When all other variables were free to vary, adult attachment avoidance mediated an association between maternal depression during pregnancy and difficult infant temperament. Results highlight the potential value of interventions focusing on adult attachment insecurity for pregnant women and raise questions about associations between culture/ethnicity and infant temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kohlhoff
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Research Department, Karitane, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa Karlov
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Dadds
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryanne Barnett
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Derrick Silove
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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140
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Husain W, Malik MM, Shakeel A, Riaz A, Mahnoor, Jahrami H. The Psychopathological Predictors and Effects of Death Anxiety. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241272502. [PMID: 39098989 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241272502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Death anxiety has been linked to several psychopathological conditions. However, the causes, comorbidity, and differential diagnosis of death anxiety is unexplored. This paper stands out by identifying common predictors of death anxiety and exploring the potential of death anxiety as a predictor for other psychological conditions. The paper reports the findings of four consecutive studies that involved a total of 2291 conveniently selected participants including 861 men and 1430 women. We focused on clarifying both the predictors of death anxiety and the psychopathological consequences emerging from it. Our findings established depression, anxiety, stress, fear of aging, and reduced life satisfaction as predictors of death anxiety. Psychosocial illness, sleep disturbances, aggression, and daily hassles were established as the adverse outcomes of death anxiety. Fear of aging was the most significant predictor of death anxiety and daily hassles emerged as the most significant adverse consequence of death anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Husain
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Amna Shakeel
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aliya Riaz
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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141
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Waterschoot K, Roelofs TSM, van Dam A, Luijkx KG. Exploring the gender-sensitive feelings of nurses towards residents with intimate and sexual needs in dementia nursing care. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 59:312-320. [PMID: 39098269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Person-centered care emphasizes close care relations regardless of gender. However, when residents with dementia express intimate or sexual needs, nurses may struggle with their own emotions and need to include personal boundaries. METHODS 277 (vocational) nurses from 25 Dutch nursing homes completed a survey, including the Feeling Word Checklist for a resident with perceived sexual needs and another for a resident with perceived intimate needs. RESULTS Positive-nurturing sentiments towards residents prevail, yet residents expressing intimate needs elicit higher levels of positive-nurturing and lower levels of negative emotions than those with sexual needs. Male residents, who expressed more pronounced sexual needs, received less affection and interest from female nurses who felt especially close to female residents with intimate needs. CONCLUSION Close care relations established through nurses' personal emotions inadvertently introduce gender-sensitive and differing emotions towards residents. Nurses' capability to include personal boundaries benefits the relationship and well-being of both parties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Waterschoot
- Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Tineke S M Roelofs
- Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Archipel Landrijt, Expertise Center for Specialized Care, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Arno van Dam
- Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Research and Innovation, GGZ WNB Mental Health Institute, Halsteren, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien G Luijkx
- Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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142
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Smolinski PR, Januszewicz J, Pawlowska B, Winiarski J. Nuclear energy acceptance in Poland: From societal attitudes to effective policy strategies-Network modeling approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305115. [PMID: 39093836 PMCID: PMC11296647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Poland is currently undergoing substantial transformation in its energy sector, and gaining public support is pivotal for the success of its energy policies. We conducted a study with 338 Polish participants to investigate societal attitudes towards various energy sources, including nuclear energy and renewables. Applying a novel network approach, we identified a multitude of factors influencing energy acceptance. Political ideology is the central factor in shaping public acceptance, however we also found that environmental attitudes, risk perception, safety concerns, and economic variables play substantial roles. Considering the long-term commitment associated with nuclear energy and its role in Poland's energy transformation, our findings provide a foundation for improving energy policy in Poland. Our research underscores the importance of policies that resonate with the diverse values, beliefs, and preferences of the population. While the risk-risk trade-off and technology-focused strategies are effective to a degree, we advocate for a more comprehensive approach. The framing strategy, which tailors messages to distinct societal values, shows particular promise.
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143
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Soral W, Bukowski M, Bilewicz M, Cichocka A, Lewczuk K, Marchlewska M, Rabinovitch A, Rędzio A, Skrodzka M, Kofta M. Prolonged unemployment is associated with control loss and personal as well as social disengagement. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 39092487 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND The need for control is a fundamental human motivation, that when deprived can lead to broad and substantial changes in human behavior. We aimed to assess the consequences of control deprivation in a real-life situation that poses a severe threat to personal control: a prolonged unemployment. METHOD Using a sample N = 1055 of unemployed (n = 748) versus working (n = 307) individuals, we examined predictions derived from two models of reactions to control deprivation: control-regaining and disengagement/withdrawal. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that length unemployment is correlated with a psychological state strongly interfering with psychological as well as social functioning. While control-regaining models of responding to lack of control have received virtually no support from our findings, our results provide evidence that long-term unemployed individuals are more disengaged than working individuals. They are more apathetic, less likely to engage in control-regaining efforts and in active forms of construing one's own future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Soral
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Bukowski
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Rędzio
- Faculty of Sociology and Pedagogy, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skrodzka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, UK
| | - Mirosław Kofta
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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144
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Zhang Z, Zhou M. The impact of social media information exposure on appearance anxiety in young acne patients: a moderated chain mediation model. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1409980. [PMID: 39156816 PMCID: PMC11327936 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1409980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The boom of social media has provided a wider space for ordinary people to display themselves, but visual presentation has also intensified the focus on appearance, which in turn triggers anxiety about appearance. The study aims to investigate the impact of social media information exposure on appearance anxiety in young acne patients and the pathways and mechanisms that cause this effect. Methods A moderated chain mediation model was constructed, and a questionnaire was used to collect information on social media information exposure, internalization of beauty ideals, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and appearance anxiety in young acne patients (N = 382), and the relationships between the variables were explored through regression analysis. Results The results show that there was a significant path of effect (t > 2.5, p < 0.05) between social media information exposure, internalization of beauty ideals, fear of negative evaluation, and appearance anxiety. Self-esteem significantly moderated the relationship between social media information exposure and internalization of beauty ideals (t < -2, p < 0.05). Discussion In conclusion, in young acne patients, internalization of beauty ideals and fear of negative evaluation chain mediated the association between social media information exposure and appearance anxiety, and young acne patients' internalization of beauty ideals was inversely correlated with their level of self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- College of Journalism and Communication, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Journalism and Communication, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
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145
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Wang JA, Wang HF, Cao B, Lei X, Long C. Cultural Dimensions Moderate the Association between Loneliness and Mental Health during Adolescence and Younger Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:1774-1819. [PMID: 38662185 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cultural factors, such as country or continent, influence the relationship between loneliness and mental health. However, less is known about how cultural dimensions moderate this relationship during adolescence and younger adulthood, even if these dimensions manifest as country or continent differences. This study aims to examine the potential influence of Hofstede's cultural dimensions on this relationship using a three-level meta-analysis approach. A total of 292 studies with 291,946 participants aged 10 to 24 were included in this study. The results indicate that cultural dimensions, such as individualism vs. collectivism, indulgence vs. restraint, power distance, and long-term vs. short-term orientation, moderated the associations between loneliness and social anxiety, stress, Internet overuse, and negative affect. The association between loneliness and mental health was not moderated by cultural dimensions, such as masculinity and uncertainty avoidance. These findings suggest that culture's influence on the association between loneliness and mental health is based on a domain-specific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ai Wang
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hai-Fan Wang
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xu Lei
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changquan Long
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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146
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Smith-Greenaway E, Weitzman A, Lin Y, Huss K. Intergenerational Clustering of Under-Five Mortality: A Cohort Perspective in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Demography 2024; 61:1043-1067. [PMID: 39023427 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11477436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A burgeoning demographic literature documents the exceedingly high rates at which contemporary cohorts of women across the Global South experience the death of their children-even amid historic declines in child mortality. Yet, the patterning of maternal bereavement remains underinvestigated, as does the extent to which it replicates across generations of the same family. To that end, we ask: Are the surviving daughters of bereaved mothers more likely to eventually experience maternal bereavement? How does the intergenerational clustering of maternal bereavement vary across countries and cohorts? To answer these questions, we make use of Demographic and Health Survey Program data from 50 low- and middle-income countries, encompassing data on 1.05 million women and their mothers spanning three decadal birth cohorts. Descriptive results demonstrate that maternal bereavement is increasingly patterned intergenerationally across cohorts, with most women experiencing the same fate as their mothers. Multivariable hazard models further show that, on average, women whose mothers were maternally bereaved have significantly increased odds of losing a child themselves. In most countries, the association is stable across cohorts; however, in select countries, the risk associated with having a bereaved mother is shrinking among more recent birth cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Weitzman
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yingyi Lin
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katarina Huss
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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147
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Ahola AJ, Suojanen LU, Joki A, Pietiläinen KH. Loneliness and its cross-sectional associations with health, health behaviours, and perceptions in Finnish patients with overweight or obesity taking part in the Healthy Weight Coaching. Prev Med 2024; 185:108032. [PMID: 38851400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate cross-sectional associations between loneliness and health, health behaviours, and perceptions in Finnish individuals with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). METHODS We used baseline data from patients participating, in 2016-2022, in a real-life digital 12-month weight management program known as Healthy Weight Coaching. Patients completed several questionnaires such as those related to loneliness, healthcare resource utilization, physical activity, and life satisfaction. BMI was computed based on self-reported weight and height. In addition to investigating individual health variables, we studied the association between loneliness and factor-analysis-derived health and wellbeing clusters. RESULTS Data were available from 2000 individuals (16.7% men, median age 48 years, median BMI 39.2 kg/m2). Altogether, 11.6%, 42.4%, and 46.0% reported feeling lonely, somewhat lonely, and not lonely, respectively. Feeling lonely was associated with higher BMI, greater healthcare resource utilization, lower life satisfaction, burdensomeness of life, more negative perceptions related to obesity and to the upcoming coaching, lower daytime energy, and reduced 20-min brisk walk results, a measure of functional capacity. Of the five factor-analysis-derived clusters, loneliness was adversely associated with "Life satisfaction" [lonely, 0.337 (0.270-0.421), p < 0.001; somewhat lonely, 0.545 (0.475-0.625), p < 0.001]. Moreover, loneliness associated with "Negative perceptions of obesity/daytime fatigue" [lonely, 4.627 (3.391-6.314), p < 0.001; somewhat lonely 2.021 (1.694-2.412), p < 0.001], and "Obesity/low physical activity" [lonely, 1.474 (1.105-1.966), p = 0.008; somewhat lonely, 1.220 (1.019-1.460), p = 0.030]. CONCLUSIONS Loneliness had several untoward associations with health, health behaviours, and perceptions. Further research should explore the intricate relationship between obesity, loneliness, and physical and psychosocial health. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.cov (Clinical Trials Identifier NCT04019249).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila J Ahola
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura-Unnukka Suojanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Healthy Weight Hub, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Joki
- Healthy Weight Hub, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Healthy Weight Hub, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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148
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Lv Y, Xu Q, Tang Q, Tao Y, Zhang C, Liu X. The unique role of meaning in life in the relationships between trait awe, subjective well-being, and prosocial tendency: A network analysis. Psych J 2024; 13:575-587. [PMID: 38363640 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Although individuals with higher trait awe (the tendency to experience awe) are known to be happier and more prosocial, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying these complex relationships. This study uses network analysis to explore dimension-level relationships between trait awe, meaning in life, subjective well-being (SWB), and prosocial tendency in a joint network and to explore the bridging role of meaning in life in the network. A total of 538 adults (53.2% females; Mage = 19.86 ± 1.51) completed the survey. The network revealed unique and intricate connections between the dimensions of trait awe, meaning in life (i.e., the presence of and the search for meaning, abbreviated as POM and SFM), subjective happiness and life satisfaction (SWB), and prosocial tendency (i.e., willingness to donate money and volunteer time). Trait awe exhibited direct links to subjective happiness, life satisfaction, and prosocial tendency to donate money. Moreover, through POM and SFM, trait awe also exhibited indirect links to each dimension of SWB and prosocial tendency. Within the global network, POM was further identified as acting as a bridge node with the highest bridge strength and closeness, indicating that POM could efficiently transmit influences within the entire network. These findings highlight the distinct contributions of meaning in life to understanding the relationships between trait awe, SWB, and prosocial tendency, and provide valuable insights for improving SWB and fostering prosocial tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Lv
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihui Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiang Tao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Education Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, China
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149
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Hernandez I, Ritter RS, Preston JL. Minds of Monsters: Scary Imbalances Between Cognition and Emotion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1297-1312. [PMID: 37078666 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Four studies investigate a fear of imbalanced minds hypothesis that threatening agents perceived to be relatively mismatched in capacities for cognition (e.g., self-control and reasoning) and emotion (e.g., sensations and emotions) will be rated as scarier and more dangerous by observers. In ratings of fictional monsters (e.g., zombies and vampires), agents seen as more imbalanced between capacities for cognition and emotion (high cognition-low emotion or low cognition-high emotion) were rated as scarier compared to those with equally matched levels of cognition and emotion (Studies 1 and 2). Similar effects were observed using ratings of scary animals (e.g., tigers, sharks; Studies 2 and 3), and infected humans (Study 4). Moreover, these effects are explained through diminished perceived control/predictability over the target agent. These findings highlight the role of balance between cognition and emotion in appraisal of threatening agents, in part because those agents are seen as more chaotic and uncontrollable.
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150
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Gugushvili N. The Association Between Neuroticism and Problematic Social Networking Sites Use: The Role of Fear of Missing out and Self-Control. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1727-1750. [PMID: 36427043 PMCID: PMC11191662 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221142003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Problematic use of social networking sites (SNS) has a negative impact on mental health. It has been found that people who score high on neuroticism are especially vulnerable towards engaging with SNS in a problematic way but it is not clear which psychological mechanisms explain this relationship. We addressed this issue by examining the mediating role of fear of missing out and self-control in the relationship between neuroticism and problematic SNS use. For this purpose, we conducted a cross-sectional study (n = 151, 69.5% female, Mage = 26.23, SD = 7.52) and tested for parallel mediation using structural equation modelling. Neuroticism was found to be predictive of increased levels of problematic SNS use. Moreover, neuroticism was associated with both increased levels of fear of missing out and decreased levels of self-control. However, only fear of missing out was found to robustly mediate the relationship between neuroticism and problematic use of SNS. These findings suggest that fear of missing out could be an intervention target to prevent people scoring high on neuroticism from engaging in problematic SNS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Gugushvili
- Nino Gugushvili, Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, Maastricht 6200, Netherlands.
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