The intestinal functions of PXR and CAR

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are so-called xenobiotic nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Both receptors, highly expressed in the liver and intestine, also have endobiotic functions by regulating the homeostasis of endogenous chemicals. While their hepatic functions are well-documented, the functional roles of PXR and CAR in the gastrointestinal tract are less understood. This review highlights the intestinal functions of PXR and CAR, focusing on their involvement in colon cancer, host-microbiome interactions, inflammation, and gut barrier integrity. PXR exhibits dual roles in colon cancer, acting either as a tumor suppressor by inducing cell-cycle arrest or as a promoter of cancer aggressiveness through activating the FGF19 signaling. CAR, on the other hand, regulates intestinal barrier integrity and immune responses, particularly in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both PXR and CAR interact with gut microbiota, modulating microbial composition and the production of metabolites, such as indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) that influences the gut barrier function and inflammation. Activation of PXR also mitigates intestinal inflammation by antagonizing the NF-κB signaling, while CAR activation affects bile acid metabolism and T-cell homeostasis. These findings underscore the complex and context-dependent roles of PXR and CAR in the intestinal tracts, offering potential therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal diseases.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a new frontier in male reproductive system

BACKGROUND

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor historically recognized for its role in the regulation of toxicity mediated by environmental chemicals. Recent research points to AhR's critical participation in male reproductive physiology, particularly in spermatogenesis, hormone signaling, and the maintenance of sperm quality. Both endogenous ligands (e.g., dietary and gut microbiota-derived metabolites) and exogenous pollutants (e.g., dioxins and benzo-α-pyrene) influence AhR-mediated pathways, making it a key link between environmental exposures and male fertility.

RESULTS

This review highlights AhR's influence on the male reproductive system, emphasizing the role of endogenous AhR ligands and AhR expression in the maturation and function of male reproductive organs. Environmental AhR agonists have been shown to induce oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, and sperm DNA damage, which impact harmfully on the spermatogenesis process, which leads to reproductive abnormalities. Conversely, certain natural compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, and lycopene appear to antagonize AhR activation and reduce its negative effects, thus offering potential protective benefits against male reproductive toxicity. Nevertheless, discrepancies persist regarding the exact interplay between AhR signaling and critical reproductive hormones such as testosterone and LH, and it remains unclear how transgenerational epigenetic changes triggered by AhR activation might affect long-term male fertility.

CONCLUSION

AhR is pivotal in male reproductive physiology, influencing spermatogenesis, sperm quality, and hormone regulation through its interactions with both endogenous and environmental ligands. Persistent pollutants such as dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause oxidative damage and hormonal disturbances via AhR, contributing to reduced sperm quality and fertility.

Glacial Waters Under Threat: Risk Assessment and Source Identification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Meili Snow Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their potential threat to both ecosystems and human health. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), characterized by its low temperatures, pristine ecological conditions, and remoteness from anthropogenic influences, serves as the investigation region. This study analyzed water samples from the temperature glacial watershed and employed the risk assessment method established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) to assess both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PCBs in five age groups. The total concentrations of PCBs (∑3PCBs) varied from 738 to 1914 ng/L, with a mean value of 1058 ng/L, which was comparable to or exceeded levels reported in the surface water around the TP. Notably, the riverine sites located near the villages and towns exhibited the highest pollution levels. Our analyses indicated that glacier melting, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), reductive dechlorination processes, and various anthropogenic activities might be potential sources of PCB emission in the Meili Snow Mountains. According to the established national and international water quality standards, as well as toxic equivalency concentrations (TEQs) for dioxin-like PCBs (DL PCBs), the PCB concentrations detected in this study could result in serious biological damage and adverse ecological toxicological effects. However, the PCBs in all samples posed a negligible cancer risk to five age groups, and a non-carcinogenic risk to adults. These findings contribute valuable insights into the risks and sources of PCBs and may serve as a foundational reference for subsequent study of these compounds in the Meili Snow Mountains area of the southeastern TP.

Estrogenic control of matrix metalloproteinases: a perspective on breast tumor invasion and metastasis

Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in breast cancer patients, and presents an invincible therapeutic challenge. It is a complex process of dissemination of tumor epithelial cells, which is associated with disruption of tissue homeostasis, and alterations in the tumor microenvironment through extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, stromal alteration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a group of more than 25 zinc-dependent endopeptidases. By virtue of their ability to degrade a wide variety of ECM-associated proteins, they enable ECM remodelling during development, and disease. A large body of clinical data, and experimental evidences implicate MMPs in the invasion and metastasis of breast tumors. While MMPs are aberrantly expressed in breast tumors, few appear to have a dual role in disease progression; either promoting or inhibiting metastasis. Given the role of estrogen in breast cancer development, it is natural to ask whether this steroid hormone has any role in breast cancer metastasis. This review is a round-up of the prominent literature that presents estrogenic control of MMPs, which in turn implies its influence on the tumor microenvironment and metastasis.

Air Pollution and Pituitary Adenoma Pathogenesis: Unraveling Environmental Impacts on Neuroendocrine Function and Tumorigenesis

Pituitary adenomas, although predominantly benign, can lead to significant clinical complications due to endocrine imbalances and mass effects on adjacent structures. Traditional research has focused on intrinsic factors like genetic mutations and hormonal dysregulation; however, emerging evidence implicates environmental pollutants-particularly urban air contaminants-in pituitary tumorigenesis. This review consolidates current findings on how chronic exposure to pollutants such as benzene, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may trigger neuroinflammation, disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and alter pituitary cell proliferation and hormone secretion. We explore mechanistic pathways involving inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and microenvironmental modifications that contribute to neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Epidemiological studies, supported by in vitro experiments, suggest that air pollutants not only initiate the development of pituitary adenomas but may also enhance the secretory activity of functioning tumors, potentially increasing their aggressiveness. Given the escalating global burden of air pollution and its far-reaching public health implications, further investigation is essential to elucidate these complex interactions. Advancing our understanding in this area could inform preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating the environmental impact on pituitary tumor behavior.

Populus × euramericana Accumulates More Organic Pollutants (PAHs and PCBs), While P. nigra 'Italica' Absorbs More Heavy Metals

The phytoremediation capacity of three common poplar species, white poplar (Populus alba L.), Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra 'Italica'), and Euro-American hybrid poplar (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier cl. I-214), grown in a middle-sized city with a continental climate in Serbia was analyzed. For this purpose, 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 6 heavy metals (HMs) were tracked in leaves and one-year-old branches. P. × euramericana showed the highest PAH uptake capacity, with concentrations of 821.40 ng g-1 dry weight (DW) and 453.64 ng g-1 DW in leaves and branches, respectively. Likewise, P. euramericana accumulated the highest levels of PCBs in leaves (364.53 ng g-1 DW). Additionally, P. nigra 'Italica' demonstrated the greatest accumulation potential for HMs, particularly zinc, with 310.10 µg g-1 DW in leaves. Leaves accumulated ~30% more pollutants compared with branches. Significant differences in pollutant uptake capacities were found among species and plant organs. These findings highlight the importance of species selection in phytoremediation and clarify the role of poplar species in accumulating pollutants to mitigate urban pollution. Finally, this study provides valuable insights for future phytoremediation strategies using poplars, especially in urban environments with similar conditions.

Dietary flavonoids in health and diseases: A concise review of their role in homeostasis and therapeutics

Over the past few decades, extensive research has delved into the health advantages of flavonoids, exploring their physiological effects through cell-based assays, epidemiological studies, and human intervention trials. The regular intake of plant-derived flavonoids has shown therapeutic potential against noncommunicable pathophysiological conditions, including carcinoma and various inflammatory disorders. Among the myriads of flavonoids, many have been shown to inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides in Alzheimer's disease, while anthocyanins exhibit cardioprotective effects by improving endothelial function and lowering blood pressure. In addition, their efficacy is known to manage infectious communicable diseases caused by various bacteria and viruses, such as S. pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2. Currently, flavonoids are being used to develop new drugs for both communicable and noncommunicable diseases because of their intricate metabolism and bioavailability, leveraging their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This concise review provides insights into the potential of flavonoids for therapeutics and disease management, particularly with respect to cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and antimicrobial action. The implications of these findings underscore the necessity for further exploration of flavonoid-rich diets and their incorporation into therapeutic practices to harness their full health benefits.

Oil and gas produced water for cattle, crops, and surface water discharge: Evaluation of chemistry, toxicity and economics

Oil and gas produced water (PW), may help alleviate regional water scarcity affecting agriculture, but is often rich in salts and organic compounds that constrain agricultural applications. The specific objective is to assess the reuse potential of conventional PW through a comprehensive assessment of chemistry, toxicity, and economics by investigating PW from 18 conventionally drilled wells from sandstone formations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin. Ammonium, total dissolved solids, boron, sodium, and chloride were all close to recommended guidelines for livestock and crop irrigation and surface water discharge. Diesel and gasoline range organics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in low concentrations in evaporation ponds compared to oil water separators, suggesting volatilization or degradation of organic compounds. Radium levels were generally low, but select samples exceeded the regulatory 5 pCi/g threshold, categorizing them as Non-Exempt TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) waste. EC50 with Daphnia magna (D. magna) showed little to no toxicity for PW sampled in evaporation ponds in contrast to EC50 values of 12 % at the oil water separator, indicating that volatile organics controlled toxicity. However, the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) bioassay illustrated toxicity not captured by the EC50 test. After chemical and toxicological analyses, it is clear that treatment is required, which informed our techno-economic assessment (TEA). Current PW volumes result in a treatment cost of $5.38/m3 ($1.42/barrel) by nanofiltration, but a scenario with increased volumes will result in a lower cost of $3.83/m³ ($0.60/barrel). Our chemical, toxicological, and economic assessment indicates that the PW in this study has potential to be discharged to surface water or reused for cattle and crop irrigation.

Rewiring Estrogen Receptor α into Bisphenol Selective Receptors Using Darwin Assembly-Based Directed Evolution (DADE) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Bisphenols are widely used in manufacturing plastics and resins, but their environmental persistence raises concerns to human health and ecosystems. Accurate measurements for bisphenols are crucial for effective monitoring and regulation. Analytical methods detect only preselected bisphenols, while bioassays assessing estrogen receptor α activation suffer from poor sensitivity and strong background signals due to estrogenic contaminations. To develop a bioassay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with increased sensitivity and specificity for bisphenols, we performed multi-site directed mutagenesis and directed evolution of more than 108 stably integrated estrogen receptor variants. By mutating the estrogen receptor α towards recognition of bisphenol A in yeast, we determined the preBASE variant (M421G_V422G_V533D_L536G_Y537S) with elevated bisphenol A sensitivity (EC50:329 nM) and lost estrogen responsiveness (EC50:0,17 mM). Further engineering yielded an off-target mutant, identified as the Bisphenol-Affinity and Specificity-Enhanced (BASE) variant (M421G_V422G_V533D_L536G_Y537S_L544I) that uses bisphenols as its primary agonist (EC50:32 mM) and impaired estrogen sensitivity (EC50:85M). The rewiring into a bisphenol receptor was confirmed in ligand binding assays to purified ligand binding domains. Taken together, the identified variants form stepping stones for further protein engineering to generate bisphenol specific high-throughput yeast-based bioassays.

New insight into the role of SOCS family in immune regulation and autoimmune pathogenesis

BACKGROUND

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins regulate signal transduction by interacting with cytokine receptors and signaling proteins and targeting associated proteins for degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the SOCS proteins serve as crucial inhibitors in cytokine signaling networks and play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses.

AIM OF REVIEW

In this review, we aim to discuss recent advancements in understanding the complex functions of SOCS proteins in various immune cells, as well as the effects of SOCS proteins in human health and diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that SOCS proteins are frequently dysregulated in developing autoimmune diseases, suggesting that therapeutic targeting of SOCS proteins could provide clinical benefit.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This review provides a comprehensive understanding of SOCS proteins in immune regulation and autoimmune pathogenesis, it also highlights the role of SOCS-related mimetic peptides in immunotherapy.

Caffeine modulates immunoproteasome activity and content in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells

Proteasomes hydrolyze most intracellular proteins. Immunoproteasome is a form of proteasome implicated in inflammation, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Modulation of immunoproteasome activity is a promising approach against several pathologies. Using previously obtained reporter colorectal cancer cell lines, we tested how commonly used compounds including ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, vitamin C, caffeine and others, affect immunoproteasome expression. Flow cytometry, qPCR and Western blot were used to evaluate immunoproteasome subunit expression. Proteasome activity was tested using fluorogenic substrates and the activity-based probe. Transcriptome analysis was performed to identify patterns of gene expression changes. Interestingly, caffeine was the only drug that stimulated modest reduction in quantity of immunoproteasomes. The effect of caffeine varied between cell lines and was stronger as a result of prolonged treatment. The reduction of immunoproteasome content in cells coincided with decreased expression of immunoproteasome subunits, genes encoding the Nrf3 transcription factor and a PAC4 proteasome assembly chaperone, as well as the reduced levels of oxidative stress. Caffeine did not affect the degradation of immunoproteasomes by autophagy. Obtained results uncover novel biological effects of caffeine, our data might help to optimize existing and develop new strategies for the treatment of colorectal cancer and several autoimmune diseases.

Therapeutic Potential of Indole Derivatives: Analytical Perspectives on Their Role in Drug Discovery

Indole was first identified around 1869, this being an indole ring system which is a fused benzene and pyrrole ring system. Research findings illustrate that indole derivatives have gained acceptance as therapeutic agents because they contain structural versatility and access different biological targets. Scientific research has established their strong pharmaceutical properties, especially for oncology medicines because they control essential cellular processes while interrupting defective enzymatic activities of topoisomerases, kinases, and histone deacetylases. Research proves that indole-based compounds display broad antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic effects in addition to their cancer-fighting properties. The indole nucleus creates targeted interactions with central nervous system receptors and enzymes for visualization in neurological therapeutic delivery. Research indicates that indole derivatives provide benefits for managing anti-inflammatory responses while lowering blood pressure and diabetes markers although benefiting cardiovascular health through their ability to affect specific disease pathways. The ongoing development of structural optimization methods with synthetic improvements leads to indole compounds which surpass present treatments according to clinical trials. Structural modifications to the indole core system have been explored in recent studies to improve its pharmacological versatility. Research from 2020 to 2024, featuring indole derivatives with their potency, mechanism of action, and strategies to overcome resistance, is highlighted, with a focus on different diseases. Finds from databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, and EMBASE are included in the analysis.

Optimization and characterization of dummy-template molecularly imprinted polymers as sorbents for the selective recognition of the polychlorinated biphenyls

A diydroxbiphenyl molecularly imprinted polymer (DHBP-MIP) was prepared by virtual imprinting using 4,4'-diydroxbiphenyl as a template and 4-vinylpyridine as a functional monomer for the effective removal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from complex environments. To aim at the removal efficiency of PCBs, the material preparation conditions were optimized, and the prepared DHBP-MIP was further characterized. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the adsorption conditions, selectivity, and reusability. The results of the experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of DHBP-MIP could reach 8.43 mg g-1 when the material was injected at 10 mg and the initial concentration of PCBs was 20 mg L-1. The adsorption process of PCBs by DHBP-MIP followed pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. This process is a spontaneous exothermic process. Liquid film diffusion is a factor affecting the removal rate of PCBs. The selectivity studies indicated that the selectivity coefficients for all PCBs and interference substrates in the multi-component system were larger than one and displayed outstanding selective adsorption capability towards PCBs. The DHBP-MIP also showed high reusability and stability.

3,3'-Diindolylmethane, from Cruciferous Vegetables, Ameliorates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammatory Amplification in CIA model mice by Targeting the AhR/NF-κB crosstalk

Environmental factors are important inducement triggering Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Smoke exposure would worse RA by aggravating RA inflammation and bone damage. Previous studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can improve RA patients' clinical symptoms. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a phytochemical from cruciferous vegetables, has been proven to have anti-inflammatory effect. Here, we investigated the effects and potential mechanism of DIM on RA inflammation amplification induced by smoking. Our experiment in vivo confirmed the favorable effects of DIM in CIA mice with smoke exposure, including an improved inflammatory swelling and reduced synovial hyperplasia, in addition to a decrease in serum inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, various experiments demonstrated that DIM effectively inhibited RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) abnormal proliferation, migration and invasion induced by Cigarette Smoke Extract, while reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and MMPs in vitro. AhR is an important target for RA with smoking and smoke exposure. Immunohistochemistry verified that DIM may ameliorate inflammation amplification in mice with CIA by inhibiting AhR expression in synovium. Moreover, our findings indicated DIM and AhR have strong binding affinity and interference AhR expression with siRNA had similar effects to DIM in RA-FLSs. In summary, DIM can ameliorate RA inflammation amplification, which is through disrupting the AhR/NF-κB P65 interaction and inhibiting MAPK pathway activation. Our results provided novel insight into the molecular mechanism of DIM underlying the anti-inflammation effect by targeting the AhR/NF-κB crosstalk. Furthermore, DIM probably as a dietary supplement may improve life quality specially for RA with smoking and smoke exposure.

DNA remnants in red blood cells enable early detection of cancer

Cytoplasmic DNA emerges as a consequence of genomic instability. However, its potential role in disease diagnosis has yet to be fully explored. Here we analyzed DNA remnants in mature red blood cells (rbcDNA) from both healthy individuals and cancer patients. Our study unveiled distinct genomic profiles in rbcDNA from cancer patients with early-stage solid tumors compared to those of healthy donors. Significant changes in read counts at specific genomic regions within rbcDNA were identified in patients, which were termed tumor-associated rbcDNA features. These features demonstrated potential for highly accurate early-stage cancer detection, proposing a novel approach for cancer detection. Moreover, tumor-associated rbcDNA features were observed in tumor mouse models, with some features being conserved between mice and humans. Chronic, but not transient, up-regulation of interleukin-18 is essential for the development of these features by promoting DNA damage in bone marrow hematopoietic cells through the up-regulation of NR4A1. These results underscore the remote regulation of chromosomal stability in hematopoietic cells by solid tumors and propose tumor-associated rbcDNA features as a promising strategy for early cancer detection.

Long Non-Coding RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Progression

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer and is responsible for about 467,000 cancer deaths annually. An oftentimes asymptomatic early phase of this disease results in a delayed diagnosis, and patients often present with advanced disease. Current treatment options have limited survival benefits, and only a minor patient population carries actionable genomic alterations. Hence, innovative personalized treatment strategies that consider molecular, cellular and functional analyses are urgently needed for pancreatic cancer patients. However, the majority of the genetic alterations found in PDAC are currently undruggable, or patients' response is not as expected. Therefore, non-genomic biomarkers and alternative molecular targets should be considered in order to advance the clinical management of PDAC patients. In line with this, recent gene expression and single-cell transcriptome analyses have identified molecular subtypes and transcriptional cell states that affect disease progression and drug efficiency. In this review, we will introduce long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as well as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that are able to modulate the transcriptome of a cell through diverse mechanisms, thereby contributing to disease progression. We will provide a brief overview about the general functions of lncRNAs and RBPs, respectively. Subsequently, we will highlight selected lncRNAs and RBPs that have been shown to play a role in PDAC development, progression and drug response. Finally, we will present strategies aiming to interfere with the expression and function of lncRNAs and RBPs.

Vitamins and dietary supplements in cancer treatment: is there a need for increased usage?

INTRODUCTION

Vitamins are essential for homeostasis and proper functioning of organisms. These micronutrients prevent tumor onset by functioning as antioxidants and enzymatic cofactors involved in anti-stress and immune responses, modulating epigenetic regulators, and shaping the microbiota composition. Unbalanced diets and sedentary lifestyles contribute to obesity, associated with increasing cancer risk. Cancer patients often exhibit vitamin deficiencies due to chronic inflammation, anticancer therapies, and tumor-induced metabolic changes, leading to malnutrition and cachexia.

AREAS COVERED

This review critically analyzes preclinical and clinical studies, sourced from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, that investigate the potential benefits of vitamin supplementation and dietary interventions, such as intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets, in mouse tumor models and cancer patients. This analysis elucidates the limitations of such interventions and suggests optimal dietary strategies to prevent cancer and enhance patients' quality of life and prognosis.

EXPERT OPINION

To date, clinical studies have found no substantial benefit of over-the-counter vitamin supplements and dietary interventions on cancer patients' health and prognosis. To prevent the spread of useless and potentially harmful products by the nutraceutical industry, establishing a regulatory authority is necessary to monitor and ensure product quality and validity before commercialization.

Finding patterns in lung cancer protein sequences for drug repurposing

Proteins are fundamental biomolecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids. They are essential for all living organisms, contributing to various biological functions and regulatory processes. Alterations in protein structures and functions are closely linked to diseases, emphasizing the need for in-depth study. A thorough understanding of these associations is crucial for developing targeted and more effective therapeutic strategies.Computational analyses of biomedical data facilitate the identification of specific patterns in proteins associated with diseases, providing novel insights into their biological roles. This study introduces a computational approach designed to detect relevant sequence patterns within proteins. These patterns, characterized by specific amino acid arrangements, can be critical for protein functionality. The proposed methodology was applied to proteins targeted by drugs used in lung cancer treatment, a disease that remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Given that non-small cell lung cancer represents 85-90% of all lung cancer cases, it was selected as the primary focus of this study.Significant sequence patterns were identified, establishing connections between drug-target proteins and proteins associated with lung cancer. Based on these findings, a novel computational framework was developed to extend this pattern-based analysis to proteins linked to other diseases. By employing this approach, relationships between lung cancer drug-target proteins and proteins associated with four additional cancer types were uncovered. These associations, characterized by shared amino acid sequence features, suggest potential opportunities for drug repurposing. Furthermore, validation through an extensive literature review confirmed biological links between lung cancer drug-target proteins and proteins related to other malignancies, reinforcing the potential of this methodology for identifying new therapeutic applications.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Hold Promise in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) represent one of the most common side effects of diabetes, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and imposing considerable financial burdens on families and society at large. Despite advancements in therapies targeting lower limb revascularization and various medications and dressings, outcomes for patients with severe lesions remain limited. A recent breakthrough in DFU treatment stems from the development of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have shown promising results in treating various diseases and skin wounds due to their ability for multidirectional differentiation and immunomodulation. Recent studies highlight that MSCs primarily repair tissue through their paracrine activities, with exosomes playing a crucial role as the main biologically active components. These exosomes transport proteins, mRNA, DNA, and other substances, facilitating DFU treatment through immunomodulation, antioxidant effects, angiogenesis promotion, endothelial cell migration and proliferation, and collagen remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) not only deliver comparable therapeutic effects to MSCs but also mitigate adverse reactions like immune rejection associated with MSCs transplantation. This article provides an overview of DFU pathophysiology and explores the mechanisms and research progress of MSC-Exo in DFU therapy.

Opposing Visual Impairments Induced by Structurally Similar Organophosphate Flame Retardants TPHP and CDP in Zebrafish Larvae

Vision is the primary sensory function for most animals and is also a sensitive toxic target of environmental pollutants. A new class of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) termed emerging OPFRs (eOPFRs) with limited toxicological information is rapidly developed into the substitutes of traditional OPFRs. In this study, we investigated the visual toxicity of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, one traditional OPFR) and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP, one emerging OPFR) on zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations (3 and 30 nM). After 5 days of exposure, an opposite toxicity was found between the two OPFRs, manifested in the light perception and the gene expressions of visual opsins. CDP caused a weak reaction to light and overall inhibition of opsin expression (0.7- to 0.8-fold) in the larvae, while TPHP tended to stimulate these events (1.2- to 2.4-fold). Besides, we identified a key transcription factor, tbx2a, that was significantly disrupted in both OPFRs' exposure. The differing ways in which both OPFRs bind to Tbx2a may be the reason behind their opposite effects. These findings provided new clues for the toxicological mechanisms of OPFRs and revisited the question regarding safe substitutes for those emerging contaminants.

Photodegradation process and mechanism of 2,3,6-trichloronaphthalene on kaolinite surfaces under ultraviolet-A irradiation: Role of fulvic acid and density functional theory calculations

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pose significant environmental and health risks, with trichloronaphthalene being a predominant congener in atmospheric particulate matter. This study investigates the photodegradation of 2,3,6-trichloronaphthalene (CN-26) on kaolinite surfaces under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) irradiation, focusing on the impact of fulvic acid (FA), temperature, humidity, and pH. The photodegradation mechanism of CN-26 was inferred via radical quenching experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The optimized degradation rate of CN-26 was 75.57 % at 25 °C, 70 % humidity, and pH 7 when FA was added at a concentration of 30 mg kg-1. Based on the radical quenching experiments, •OH are the primary active species involved in the degradation of CN-26, followed by electrons. In the absence of FA, •OH contributed 82.21 %, while electronic was 17.79 %. Conversely, in the presence of FA, the contribution rates of •OH, and electronic are 68.32 % and 21.21 % respectively. DFT calculations indicated that the 6 C site of CN-26 exhibited the highest susceptibility to radical attack, with the highest FED2HOMO+FED2LUMO value (0.25273), corroborated by averaged local ionization energy (ALIE) analysis. In the analysis of the reaction of •OH with CN-26, the lowest transition state ΔrG value of 1.09 kcal mol-1 was observed for compound 6 C, indicating that this site is the most susceptible to •OH attack. The degradation products of CN-26 were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the possible photodegradation pathways were proposed, which included dechlorination, hydroxylation, and aromatic ring opening. This study would provide insights into the photochemical behaviors of PCNs.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Regulate the Occurrence and Development of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Regulating Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has hidden onset, low rate of early diagnosis, and most of them have metastases at the time of diagnosis. The specific pathogenesis of NPC is still unclear. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of contaminants produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter and widespread in the air. Many of these compounds are mutagenic and carcinogenic. PAHs plays an important role in mutagenic and carcinogenic, while its role in NPC still needs further elucidation. In this study, CNE-2 cells were stimulated by PAHs, then the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and CYP1A2 were respectively examined using Real-Time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot. CNE-2 cells proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis were examined by CCK-8, Wound-Healing Assay, Transwell, Flow Cytometry, respectively. We found that AhR expression was increased while the level of apoptosis was inhibited by PAHs. While the ability of cell invasion was weakened, proliferation and migration were not significantly different. After treated by PAHs and ITE, the effect of PAHs on promoting AhR expression was significantly inhibited and apoptosis was up-regulated. The present study found that, PAHs inhibit apoptosis of NPC cells and promote the expression of AhR. Besides, PAHs participates in NPC occurrence and development by regulating AhR expression. Collectively, these findings may provide a possible strategy for the clinical treatment of NPC.

NAG-1/GDF15 as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer: inhibition of β-catenin and NF-κB pathways via interaction with EpCAM

NAG-1/GDF15, a tumor suppressor, is synthesized as a pro-form in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and undergoes cleavage to generate its mature form. While the biological function of pro-NAG-1/GDF15 remains unclear, our study reveals its crucial role in suppressing oncogenic signaling. We demonstrate that pro-NAG-1/GDF15 is predominantly retained within cells, whereas its mature form is secreted into the media. The expression of NAG-1/GDF15, or uncleavable R193A mutant, inhibits β-catenin and NF-κB signaling, key pathways in CRC progression. Mechanistically, the pro-NAG-1/GDF15 interacts with EpCAM, preventing its cleavage and nuclear translocation, thereby reducing β-catenin and NF-κB activity. This inhibition correlates with decreased expression of oncogenic targets such as cyclin D1 and c-myc. In vivo, NAG-1/GDF15 expression significantly reduces tumor growth in cancer xenograft models, accompanied by decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, analysis of public datasets suggests that high NAG-1/GDF15 expression is associated with improved CRC patient survival. These findings highlight NAG-1/GDF15 via the formation of pro-NAG-1/GDF15 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer, with potential applications in modulating tumorigenic signaling pathways.

Chemical characterization and oxidative potential of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in size-resolved particulate matter across industrial and traffic stations

This study is the first to investigate polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) across multiple particulate matter (PM) sizes (PM1.0, PM2.5, TSP) in Taiwan, focusing on spatio-seasonal variations, chemical composition, sources, and oxidative potential (OP) utilizing Real-time Cell Analysis (RTCA) and the Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. PM samples were collected from the Northern Industrial Station (NIS: PM) in Taoyuan, and the Central Industrial (CIS: PM2.5) and Central Traffic (CTS: PM2.5) stations in Taichung (2022-2023). Elevated PCDD/F, PCB, and PCN levels were observed at NIS during winter, with PM2.5 and PM1.0 comprising 90 % and 50 % of TSP, respectively, driven by local emissions and meteorological influences. PCDD/Fs peaked in winter at CTS (7.16 ± 1.64 fg TEQWHO/m3) and in autumn at CIS (8.29 ± 3.21 fg TEQWHO/m3), while PCBs were highest in summer (CIS: 0.151 ± 0.212 fg TEQWHO/m3; CTS: 0.006 ± 0.013 fg TEQWHO/m3), likely due to temperature-driven volatilization. Notably, PCNs exhibited no clear seasonal trends. Cytotoxicity assays revealed a size-dependent toxicity gradient (PM1.0: 71.8 % > PM2.5: 62.1 % > TSP: 51.9 %), with PM2.5 toxicity consistent across sources (P = 0.58). DTT assays indicated higher OP at Northern Taiwan's industrial site on weekdays, whereas Central Taiwan's industrial and traffic sites showed no substantial variation (p > 0.05). Markedly, NO3- strongly correlated with OP across all PM sizes, while Cu and Cr were linked to OPv, and Mn and Cr to OPm. These findings highlight seasonal and source-driven PM toxicity, with smaller particles posing greater health risks, requiring targeted mitigation.

Identification of Ferroptosis -Related Genes in MAFLD/MASH and HQHF Validation

Purpose

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its progressive form, Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis(MASH), are prevalent liver disorders with significant health implications. This study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with MAFLD/MASH and explore their potential link to ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death.

Methods

We conducted differential expression analysis using two datasets from the GEO database. Genes related to ferroptosis were identified from the Genecards and FerrDb databases, and the intersection genes were obtained by intersecting the DEGs with ferroptosis-related genes. Functional enrichment was performed using GO and KEGG pathways. The clinical diagnostic value of the intersection genes was evaluated through ROC analysis. Finally, the research findings were validated using a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model, observing the improvement in gene expression with HQHF treatment.

Results

We utilized two datasets, GSE89632 and GSE63067, from the GEO database, comprising 39 samples, including 24 healthy controls. Differential expression analysis revealed significant gene expression changes in NAFLD and NASH compared to healthy controls. These DEGs were visualized using volcano plots. Ferroptosis-related genes were identified from Genecards and FerrDb databases, resulting in 1937 unique genes. Venn analysis revealed intersections between DEGs and ferroptosis genes, highlighting potential regulatory roles. Functional enrichment analysis using GO and KEGG pathways indicated significant involvement in cellular components and signaling pathways, such as PPAR and HIF-1. The clinical diagnostic value of intersecting genes was assessed using ROC analysis, demonstrating promising diagnostic potential. In addition, a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model was used to validate the research findings, showing that HQHF treatment can alleviate lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver. Transmission electron microscopy results indicated that HQHF prevented mitochondrial damage and significantly reduced the content of Fe2+ in the liver, alleviating iron deposition. We verified the reliable genes with diagnostic value through qPCR, and the results suggested that HQHF can lower the transcription levels of P4HA1, NR4A1, and EFEMP1, while increasing the transcription levels of ENo3, GRIA3, ME1, and FADS2, confirming our ROC results.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MAFLD/MASH and suggests ferroptosis-related genes as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Further research is warranted to explore these findings in clinical settings.

Monitoring Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Disease, Lesson From SARS-CoV-2 Infection

The concept of macrophage polarization has been largely used in human diseases to define a typology of activation of myeloid cells reminiscent of lymphocyte functional subsets. In COVID-19, several studies have investigated myeloid compartment dysregulation and macrophage polarization as an indicator of disease prognosis and monitoring. SARS-CoV-2 induces an in vitro activation state in monocytes and macrophages that does not match the polarization categories in most studies. In COVID-19 patients, monocytes and macrophages are activated but they do not show a polarization profile. Therefore, the investigation of polarization under basic conditions was not relevant to assess monocyte and macrophage activation. The analysis of monocytes and macrophages with high-throughput methods has allowed the identification of new functional subsets in the context of COVID-19. This approach proposes an innovative stratification of myeloid cell activation. These new functional subsets of myeloid cells would be better biomarkers to assess the risk of complications in COVID-19, reserving the concept of polarization for pharmacological programme evaluation. This review reappraises the polarization of monocytes and macrophages in viral infections, particularly in COVID-19.

Associations between blood levels of persistent organic pollutants and oxidative stress biomarkers among women in France in the 90's

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of organic chemicals potentially toxic to human health. Induction of oxidative stress is one of the suspected mechanisms of action. The aims of this study were to model exposure-response functions between blood levels of a mixture of POPs and biomarkers of oxidative stress, to identify potential interactions between POPs, and to estimate the overall effect of the mixture. Levels of POPs and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in the blood of 467 women from the French E3N cohort study, aged 45-73 years, collected between 1994 and 1999. In total, 41 POPs quantified in at least 75% of samples, and 3 antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), and alpha-Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTα)) were included. A Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model was fitted for each oxidative stress biomarker, including the 41 POPs as exposure variables and adjusting for potential confounders identified using a directed acyclic graph. Additionally, linear regression models including each POP biomarker separately adjusted for potential confounders were run. With the BKMR models, only two POPs biomarkers were found associated to SOD1 (PFPeS) and SOD2 (PCB-156). A greater number of POPs appeared associated to GSTα (oxychlordane, dieldrin, PFUnDA, PFHpA, PCB-28, PCB-153, PCB-180, PBDE-47, PBDE-100, and PBDE-153). Single-pollutant linear models also highlighted statistically significant associations in the same direction as the BKMR model. The BKMR models also highlighted non-linear cumulative effects, with overall negative trends for SOD1 and SOD2 and a positive trend for GSTα. These findings support that oxidative stress may be involved in the mechanisms linking the exposure of mixtures of POPs and related health effects. Further epidemiological studies on larger populations, as well as toxicological studies, are necessary to confirm these results.

Mycoestrogen Exposure during Pregnancy: Impact of the ABCG2 Q141K Variant on Birth and Placental Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin ("mycoestrogen") that contaminates global grain crops leading to detectable concentrations of ZEN and its metabolites, including the synthetic version α -zearalanol (also called zeranol; ZER), in human populations. Despite in vitro and in vivo animal evidence of endocrine disruption by ZEN, there has been limited investigation in humans.

OBJECTIVES

To examine markers of fetal growth following prenatal exposure to ZEN and evaluate the role of the placental efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2 in protecting against ZEN's potential fetoplacental toxicity.

METHODS

Placentas were collected from participants (n = 271 ) in the Understanding Pregnancy Signals and Development cohort (Rochester, New York, USA). Placental ZEN and its metabolites were analyzed from tissue samples using HPLC-MS. Birth weights and placental weights were obtained from medical records and direct measurement, respectively; fetoplacental weight ratio (FPR) was calculated by dividing birth weight by placental weight. Covariate-adjusted generalized linear regression models were used to examine ZEN, ZER, and total mycoestrogens (sum of ZEN, ZER, and their metabolites) in relation to birth length, birth weight, placental weight and FPR. We additionally stratified models by infant sex and ABCG2 C421A (Q141K) genotype.

RESULTS

Mycoestrogens were detected in 84% of placentas (median ZEN: 0.010  ng / g ) and total mycoestrogens were associated with lower FPR [- 0.20 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.32 , - 0.08 ], particularly in female infants (- 0.31 ; 95% CI: - 0.52 , - 0.09 ). Associations with birth weight were inverse and overall nonsignificant. Among the 17% of participants with the reduced function 421A ABCG2 variant (AA or AC), total mycoestrogens were associated with lower birth weight (- 113.5 g ; 95% CI: - 226.5 , - 0.50 ), whereas in wild-type individuals, total mycoestrogens were associated with higher placental weight (9.9; 95% CI: 0.57, 19.2) and reduced FPR (- 0.19 ; 95% CI: - 0.33 , - 0.05 ).

DISCUSSION

Results from this epidemiological study of prenatal mycoestrogen exposure and perinatal health suggest that mycoestrogens may reduce placental efficiency, resulting in lower birth weight, particularly in female and ABCG2 421A infants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14478.

Function and therapeutic potential of Amuc_1100, an outer membrane protein of Akkermansia muciniphila: A review

The gut microbiota-derived protein Amuc_1100, a key outer membrane component of Akkermansia muciniphila, has emerged as a groundbreaking therapeutic agent with unique structural and functional properties. Amuc_1100 exerts multifaceted immune-metabolic effects through novel mechanisms, including modulation of TLR2/4 and JAK/STAT pathways. This review highlights its unique multi-component structure that enables synergistic biological activity, and its pharmacological properties, which underlies its ability to enhance intestinal barrier integrity, restore microbiota balance, and suppress systemic inflammation. Crucially, Amuc_1100 demonstrates unprecedented therapeutic versatility across both intestinal disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic-associated diarrhea) and extraintestinal conditions-notably improving neuropsychiatric symptoms via gut-serotonin axis regulation, combating cancer through CD8+ T cell activation, and mitigating cardiotoxicity via gut-heart immune crosstalk. Emerging innovations in targeted delivery systems, including gut-retentive nano-formulations and engineered probiotic vectors, further amplify its clinical potential. We critically evaluate recent advances distinguishing Amuc_1100's mechanisms from live bacterial interventions. By synthesizing evidence from preclinical models, this work positions Amuc_1100 as a prototype for next-generation microbiome-derived therapeutics, bridging microbial ecology with precision medicine.

Sociodemographic and dietary predictors of maternal and placental mycoestrogen concentrations in a US pregnancy cohort

BACKGROUND

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin contaminating grains and processed foods. ZEN alters nuclear estrogen receptor α/β signaling earning its designation as a mycoestrogen. Experimental evidence demonstrates that mycoestrogen exposure during pregnancy is associated with altered maternal sex steroid hormones, changes in placental size, and decreases in fetal weight and length. While mycoestrogens have been detected in human biospecimens worldwide, exposure assessment of ZEN in US populations, particularly during pregnancy, is lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize urinary and placental concentrations of ZEN and its metabolites in healthy US pregnant people and examine demographic, perinatal, and dietary predictors of exposure.

METHODS

Urine samples were collected in each trimester from pregnant participants in the UPSIDE study and placenta samples were collected at delivery (Rochester, NY, n = 317). We used high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry to measure total urinary (ng/ml) and placental mycoestrogens (ng/g). Using linear regression and linear mixed effect models, we examined associations between mycoestrogen concentrations and demographic, perinatal, and dietary factors (Healthy Eating Index [HEI], ultra-processed food [UPF] consumption).

RESULTS

Mycoestrogens were detected in 97% of urines (median 0.323 ng/ml) and 84% of placentas (median 0.012 ng/g). Stability of urinary mycoestrogens across pregnancy was low (ICC: 0.16-0.22) and did not correlate with placental levels. In adjusted models, parity (multiparous) and pre-pregnancy BMI (higher) predicted higher urinary concentrations. Birth season (fall) corresponded with higher placental mycoestrogens. Dietary analyses indicated that higher HEI (healthier diets) predicted lower exposure (e.g., Σmycoestrogens %∆ -2.03; 95%CI -3.23, -0.81) and higher percent calories from UPF predicted higher exposure (e.g., Σmycoestrogens %∆ 1.26; 95%CI 0.29, 2.24).

IMPACT

The mycotoxin, zearalenone (ZEN), has been linked to adverse health and reproductive impacts in animal models and livestock. Despite evidence of widespread human exposure, relatively little is known about predictors of exposure. In a pregnant population, we observed that maternal ZEN concentrations varied by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and parity. Consumption of ultra-processed foods, added sugars, and refined grains were linked to higher ZEN concentrations while healthier diets were associated with lower levels. Our research suggests disparities in exposure that are likely due to diet. Further research is needed to understand the impacts of ZEN on maternal and offspring health.

Indole metabolism and its role in diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications

Tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid obtained through dietary sources, plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. The metabolism of Trp branches into three principal pathways: the serotonin pathway, the kynurenine pathway, and the indole pathway. The kynurenine and serotonin pathways are host pathways while the indole pathway is solely the result of bacterial metabolism. Trp metabolites extend their influence beyond protein biosynthesis to affect a spectrum of pathophysiological mechanisms including, but not limited to, neuronal function, immune modulation, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress regulation, and maintenance of intestinal health. This review focuses on indole derivatives and their impact on vascular health. Trp-containing dipeptides are highlighted as a targeted nutraceutical approach to modulate Trp metabolism, enhance beneficial metabolite production, and mitigate risk factors for vascular diseases. The importance of optimizing Trp intake and dietary strategies to harness the benefits of Trp-derived metabolites for vascular health is underscored, bringing to light the need for further research to refine these therapeutic approaches.

The crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress in cancer progression

As living standards elevate, cancers are appearing in growing numbers among younger individuals globally and these risks escalate with advancing years. One of the reasons is that instability in the cancer genome reduces the effectiveness of conventional drug treatments and chemotherapy, compared with more targeted therapies. Previous research has discovered non-coding RNAs' crucial role in shaping genetic networks involved in cancer cell growth and invasion through their influence on messenger RNA production or protein binding. Additionally, the interaction between non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress, a crucial process in cancer advancement, cannot be overlooked. Essentially, oxidative stress results from the negative effects of radicals within the body and ties directly to cancer gene expression and signaling. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanism between non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress in cancer progression, which is conducive to finding new cancer treatment strategies.

Perspective: Isoflavones-Intriguing Molecules but Much Remains to Be Learned about These Soybean Constituents

Isoflavones are naturally occurring compounds found in a wide range of plants, but among commonly consumed foods are especially abundant in soybeans and foods derived from this legume. Much of the substantial amount of research conducted on soy protein and soy foods over the past 30 y is because of their isoflavone content. Research interest in isoflavones increased dramatically beginning in the early 1990s as evidence highlighted their possible role in the prevention of a wide range of cancers, including breast, prostate, and colon cancer. Recognition that isoflavones preferentially bind to estrogen receptor (ER)β in comparison with ERα provided a conceptual basis for classifying these diphenolic molecules as selective ER modulators (SERMs). Isoflavone research soon greatly expanded beyond cancer to include areas such as coronary artery disease, bone health, cognitive function, and vasomotor symptoms of menopause. Nevertheless, safety concerns about isoflavones, based primarily on the results of rodent studies and presumed estrogenic effects, also arose. However, recent work challenges the traditional view of the estrogenicity of isoflavones. Furthermore, safety concerns have largely been refuted by intervention and population studies. On the other hand, investigation of the proposed benefits of isoflavones has produced inconsistent data. The small sample size and short duration common to many intervention trials, combined with marked interindividual differences in isoflavone metabolism, likely contribute to the conflicting findings. Also, many different intervention products have been employed, which vary not only in the total amount, but also in the relative proportion of the 3 soybean isoflavones, and the form in which they are delivered (glycoside compared with aglycone). For those interested in exploring the proposed benefits of isoflavones, studies justify an intake recommendation of ∼50 mg/d, an amount provided by ∼2 servings of traditional Asian soy foods.

Evaluating the role of kynurenine/tryptophan ratio as an indicator of disease activity in Indian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Tryptophan (T), an essential amino acid, is primarily metabolized (∼90%) to kynurenine (K) by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mainly in intestinal cells. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is an increase in IDO1 activity which would increase Kynurenine levels and Kynurenine/Tryptophan (K/T) ratio. We hypothesize that alteration in K/T may be an indicator of disease severity in IBD.

METHODS

55 healthy controls (HC), 55 Ulcerative colitis (UC) (35 active and 20 remission) and 30 Crohn's disease (CD) (20 active and 10 remission) were enrolled from November 2020 to March 2023. Plasma Kyn & Trp were simultaneously estimated using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC). K/T ratio was correlated with disease activity and fecal calprotectin. In 25 patients follow-up samples were also collected with change in disease activity.

RESULTS

Median K/T ratio was significantly higher in patients with active disease as compared to those in remission and HC (p < .0001). A cut-off of ≤41 distinguished remission/healthy controls with a sensitivity of 92.73%, specificity of 76.36%, and an AUC of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95, p < .001). The K/T ratio correlated with FC levels at a diagnostic cut-off of 250 µg/g. A significant reduction in K/T ratio with disease activity was noted in 80% of follow-up patients.

CONCLUSION

The K/T ratio with a cut-off of 41, correlated with the disease activity in 82% of patients, suggesting that the K/T ratio alters remarkably with disease activity in IBD patients. These findings can be further assessed for disease marker in a larger cohort of IBD patients.

Targeting hypoxia-mediated chemo-immuno resistance by a hybrid NBDHEX-Pt(IV) prodrug via declining nuclear STING1-promoted AhR-CIN in human lung squamous cell carcinoma

As found in human lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), STING1 involved in ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) could coordinate immune responses to ectopic DNA triggered by DNA-targeted chemotherapy. ERGIC STING1 is considered to compete with nuclear STING1 to decline aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-chromosomal instability (CIN)-triggered chronic STING activation which could cause therapeutic resistance. Moreover, GSTP1 was proved to inhibit ERGIC-STING1 via promoting S-glutathione modification of STING1. Hence, a potent GSTP1-targeted Pt(IV) hybrid NBDHEX-DN604, was designed via conjugating a GSTP1 inhibitor NBDHEX to the axial position of Pt(IV) prodrug. As mentioned, hypoxia is mainly observed in malignant tumors and develops acquired drug resistance. In vitro bio-properties of hypoxic SK-MES-1/cDDP cells demonstrated that NBDHEX-DN604 could reverse chemo-immuno resistance via intercepting GSTP1 to activate ERGIC STING1, leading to the decrease of nuclear STING1. The mechanistic data indicated that NBDHEX-DN604 could elevate ERGIC STING1 to mitigate nuclear STING1-mediated AhR-TLS-CIN-chronic activation. Meanwhile, NBDHEX-DN604 was found to decline STING1-AhR-CIN to circumvent chemo-immuno resistance, resulting in predominant in vivo antitumor effect in HY-KLN-205/cDDP-inoculated BALB/c mice. The data provide a novel rationale for the mixed chemo-immunotherapy of NBDHEX-DN604 as a potent Pt(IV) therapeutic method for patients with resistant LUSC.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Herman L, Anguita M, Bozzi Cionci N, Innocenti ML, Tarrés‐Call J. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-arginine produced with Corynebacterium glutamicumKCCM 80393 for all animal species (Daesang Europe BV)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l-arginine produced with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80393) when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. The Panel concluded that the product under assessment does not give rise to any safety concern with regard to the genetic modification of the production strain. No DNA of the production strain was detected in the final product. l-Arginine produced by fermentation with C. glutamicum KCCM 80393 is safe for the target species when supplemented in appropriate amounts to the diet according to the nutritional needs of the target species. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns on the use of l-arginine in water for drinking. The use of l-arginine produced by fermentation with C. glutamicum KCCM 80393 in animal nutrition is considered safe for the consumers and for the environment. Regarding the user safety, in the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive to be irritant to skin and/or eyes, or to be a dermal or respiratory sensitiser. The additive l-arginine produced by fermentation with C. glutamicum KCCM 80393 is regarded as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-arginine for non-ruminant nutrition. For the supplemental l-arginine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it requires protection against degradation in the rumen.

Exploring DMT: Endogenous role and therapeutic potential

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a naturally occurring amine and psychedelic compound, found in plants, animals, and humans. While initial studies reported only trace amounts of DMT in mammalian brains, recent findings have identified alternative methylation pathways and DMT levels comparable to classical neurotransmitters in rodent brains, calling for a re-evaluation of its biological role and exploration of this inconsistency. This study evaluated DMT's biosynthetic pathways, focusing on indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) and its isoforms, and possible regulatory mechanisms, including alternative routes of synthesis and how physiological conditions, such as stress and hypoxia influence DMT levels. This review considers the impact of endogenous regulatory factors on DMT synthesis and degradation, particularly under conditions affecting monoamine oxidase (MAO) efficiency and activity. We also examined DMT's potential roles in various physiological processes, including neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, mitochondrial homeostasis, immunomodulation, and protection against hypoxia and oxidative stress. DMT's lipophilic properties allow it to cross cell membranes and activate intracellular 5-HT2A receptors, contributing to its role in neuroplasticity. This suggests DMT may act as an endogenous ligand for intracellular receptors, highlighting its broader biological significance beyond traditional receptor pathways. The widespread evolutionary presence of DMT's biosynthetic pathways across diverse species suggests it may play essential roles in various developmental stages and cellular adaptation to environmental challenges, highlighting the neurobiological significance of DMT and its potential clinical applications. We propose further research to explore the role of endogenous DMT, particularly as a potential neurotransmitter.

Protective effects of ascorbic acid against anticancer drug-induced oxidative stress and genotoxic damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The widely used dietary antioxidant ascorbic acid (AA) is evident to possess protective effects against many chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AA on oxidative stress and genotoxic damage caused by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), docetaxel (DOCE), and tamoxifen (TAMOX) in two proficient and four isogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. For this, we performed disc diffusion and comet alkaline assay using suitable standard drugs. The results suggest that 5-FU, DOCE, TAMOX, and their combinations induced significant oxidative damage (p < 0.001) in all S. cerevisiae strains. These anticancer drugs and their combinations also induced genotoxicity (p < 0.05) in the SODWT strain when compared to the negative control group. These drugs and their combinations augmented damage index (ID) and damage frequency (FD) in the comet assay. However, AA alone, as well as when co-treated with these anticancer drugs, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the damaging effects (oxidative stress and genotoxicity) on all test strains. AA showed the highest damage modulation with TAMOX (ID = 51.4% and FD = 50%), followed by 5-FU + DOCE (ID = 43.5% and FD = 42.9%), DOCE (ID = 42.5% and FD = 39.1%), and 5-FU + TAMOX (ID = 37% and FD = 33.6%), respectively. Taken together, AA reduced oxidative stress caused by the inducer hydrogen peroxide and showed anti-genotoxic activities against 5-FU, DOCE, and TAMOX, and their combinations mediated genotoxic effects on S. cerevisiae strains. Further studies are necessary to understand the molecular interference of AA in cancer therapies.

Assessment of POPs in foods from western China: Machine learning insights into risk and contamination drivers

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs, are major environmental and food safety concerns due to their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, comprehensive research on the concentrations and influencing factors of POPs across different food types and regions, particularly in underdeveloped regions of western China, remains scarce. This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of POPs contamination in six food types (pig liver, pork, freshwater fish, marine fish, beef, and eggs) from western China by integrating environmental, geographical, socio-economic data, and food POP concentrations with machine learning and multivariate analyses to evaluate distribution patterns, key influencing factors, and associated health risks. The results showed distinct contamination patterns across food types and regions. Among all food, pig liver exhibited the highest levels of ∑PCDD/Fs, while marine fish showed elevated PBDEs and ndl-PCBs, highlighting the influence of organ-specific bioaccumulation and global oceanic pollution. Freshwater fish displayed higher ∑PCDD/Fs due to localized agricultural and industrial pollution. Regional differences were most pronounced in pork, with higher contamination in Yunnan and Sichuan, driven by industrial emissions, biomass burning, and geographical factors. Regression models, particularly Random Forest and SHAP analyses, identified food type, latitude, GDP, and climatic conditions as key predictors of POP variability. Risk assessments indicated that dietary exposure to POPs from high-consumption foods remained within safety thresholds, posing no significant health risks to the general population. This study highlights the utility of advanced analytical tools in understanding contamination dynamics and emphasizes the need for systematic monitoring, targeted interventions, and enhanced food safety regulations, particularly in western China.

Source apportionment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil from the Gyirong Valley in the Himalayas

The Tibetan Plateau is an important area for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) research because of high-altitude condensation and global distillation. However, the sources of the POPs in remote regions have not been quantified, which is critical for global control of POPs. The Gyirong Valley in the Himalayas bordering Nepal serves as an important pathway for cross-border transport of POPs to the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the occurrences of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as typical POPs were investigated in surface soil samples collected along the Gyirong Valley. The PCDD/F and PCB congener profiles and positive matrix factorization were used to identify sources and quantify their contribution to PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the valley. The main source of PCDD/Fs was long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), while the main sources of PCBs were domestic burning of coal and wood (27.3 %), LRAT (23.7 %), by-products from pigments, paints, and dyes (42.4 %) and industrial activities related to maintenance, disassembly or accidental releases of electrical equipment (6.5 %). A backward trajectory simulation indicated that the Indian monsoon played a dominant role in facilitating the transport of POPs from Nepal through the Gyirong Valley to the Tibetan Plateau. These results for the occurrences, distribution characteristics, and primary sources of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the Himalayas will be helpful for POPs risk assessments and control in remote regions.

Phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer: Current progress and future prospects

Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, owing to its aggressive nature and suboptimal treatment options, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Emerging studies have exhibited promising results regarding the therapeutic utility of plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential of phytochemicals in the treatment and prevention of pancreatic cancer. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was applied to collect articles for this review. Scholarly databases, including PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect, were queried for relevant studies using the following keywords: phytochemicals, phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds, in vitro, in vivo, clinical studies, pancreatic cancer, tumour, treatment and prevention. Aggregate results pooled from qualified studies indicate phytochemicals can inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth or decrease tumour size and volume in animal models. These effects have been attributed to various mechanisms, such as increasing proapoptotic factors, decreasing antiapoptotic factors, or inducing cell death and cell cycle arrest. Notable signalling pathways modulated by phytochemicals include the rat sarcoma/mitogen activated protein kinase, wingless-related integration site/β-catenin and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signal transduction pathways. Clinically, phytochemicals have been found to increase survival while being well-tolerated and safe, though research is scarce. While these promising results have produced great interest in this field, further in-depth studies are required to characterize the anticancer activities of phytochemicals before they can be utilized to prevent or treat pancreatic cancer in clinical practice. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Natural Products and Cancer: From Drug Discovery to Prevention and Therapy. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v182.10/issuetoc.

Sp2 Transcription Factor Alleviates Chondrocyte Loss in Osteoarthritis by Repressing the DVL1-Dependent Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) ranks as the most prevalent condition affecting the musculoskeletal system, where chondrocyte loss or dysfunction plays a crucial pathogenic role. This study is aimed at investigating key molecular cascades implicated in chondrocyte loss and cartilage injury in OA.

METHODS

A mouse model of OA was generated by destabilization of the medial meniscus. Histological staining was performed to evaluate the pathological changes in the knee joint tissue, the cartilage morphology, and the osteoblast population. A high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed to analyze aberrantly expressed genes in OA cartilage. Gain- or loss-of-function assays of dishevelled segment polarity protein 1 (DVL1) and Sp2 transcription factor (SP2) were carried out to analyze their effects on cartilage injury in mice and chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. The interaction between SP2 and DVL1 was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays.

RESULTS

DVL1 was expressed at aberrantly high levels in the cartilage of OA mice. Its knockdown suppressed protein levels and transcriptional activity of β-catenin, thereby reducing cartilage damage and loss in mice. In vitro, chondrocyte apoptosis was inhibited upon DVL1 silencing. SP2, poorly expressed in OA cartilage, was found to repress DVL1 transcription by binding to its promoter. Overexpression of SP2 similarly alleviated cartilage injury and chondrocyte loss; however, these effects were negated by the additional DVL1 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that SP2 represses DVL1 transcription and inactivates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus alleviating chondrocyte loss and cartilage injury in OA mice.

Integrating structure-activity relationships, computational approaches, and experimental validation to unlock the therapeutic potential of indole-3-carbinol and its derivatives

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) a bioactive compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has garnered significant attention for its role in cancer prevention and its broad-spectrum biological activities, including anti-inflammatory properties and the modulation of critical signaling pathways. This review explores the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of I3C and its derivatives, emphasizing their molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Key cellular targets, such as estrogen receptors, and pathways, including NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt, are highlighted for their roles in apoptosis, autophagy, and the disruption of mitogenic signaling. The SAR analysis reveals the influence of molecular modifications, particularly in dimeric forms like diindolylmethane (DIM) on pharmacokinetics and bioactivity. Computational approaches, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) provide insights into ligand-receptor interactions, binding energetics, and electronic properties, facilitating biological activity predictions. Experimental evidence from in vitro assays and synergistic studies underscores the cytotoxic efficacy and combinatorial benefits of I3C with conventional chemotherapeutics. Challenges in clinical translation, such as bioavailability and targeted delivery, are addressed, highlighting the potential of integrating computational and experimental findings to develop novel I3C-based therapeutics. This comprehensive analysis positions I3C as a promising scaffold for designing effective agents against cancer and other diseases.

Canine coronavirus infection is intensified by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

In humans as well as in animals, the toxic contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) stimulates immunosuppression and increases responsiveness to infectious diseases. The relationship between environmental contaminants and different infectious diseases, including COVID-19, has been described. Nevertheless, reports about the potential impact of TCDD on coronaviruses (CoVs) are limited. In this study, the impact of TCDD (0-100 pg/mL) was assessed during infection in vitro with canine coronavirus (CCoV-II), the alphaCoV causing moderate enteric disease in dogs, although genetic alterations may surprisingly generate new dangerous strains. For instance, outbreaks of lethal infections in dogs were related to highly virulent CCoV strains, and cases of pneumonia and malaise in humans were associated with new canine-feline recombinant strains of CCoV, underlining the cross-species spread capability of CoVs. Herein, during CCoV infection, TCDD induced a substantial growth in virus yield and in the expression of viral nucleocapsid protein in infected groups. Infected cells exhibited alterations in cell morphology, extensively enhanced by TCDD. Moreover, in infection, TCDD modulated the protein levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a signaling responsive to both environmental contaminant and CoVs infections. Overall, our findings showed that TCDD, playing a role in AHR signaling, may worsen CCoV infection.

Tracing anthropogenic imprints on polybrominated and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans in soil: A comprehensive field study in an urban agglomeration of China

Polybrominated and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs) are primarily generated through anthropogenic thermal and chemical processes involving bromine and chlorine, respectively. However, the differential impacts of these anthropogenic activities on their environmental occurrences remain incompletely characterized yet. We conducted a comprehensive field soil study in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), a representative urban agglomeration in South China, to investigate the occurrence, sources, and risks of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs. Compared to PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs in the PRD soils demonstrated comparable ubiquity and enrichment potential in organic-rich soils, but exhibited distinct compositions, inverse spatial distributions, and concentrations one to three orders of magnitude lower. PBDD/Fs in these samples were predominantly derived from bromine-involved industries (particularly those related to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)), thermal-related activities, and vehicular emissions. Consequently, they showed higher levels in highly industrialized/urbanized regions of the PRD and displayed positive correlations with local industrial/urban-related socioeconomic parameters, including gross domestic product (GDP), industrial output, population density, and volumes of vehicles, wastewater, waste gas, and waste incineration. In contrast, PCDD/Fs in these samples were primarily contributed by local agricultural activities (particularly the historical use of pentachlorophenol (PCP)/PCP-Na), thereby exhibiting significant positive correlations with local grain acreage, grain yield, and consumptions of pesticides and agricultural films. The contributions from biomass/waste open-burning and metalworking-related industries were three times lower. Unlike organic carbon content, the particle size of the PRD soils demonstrated insignificant influences on the distributions of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs. PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs collectively exhibited notable carcinogenic risks in ≥50 % of the PRD soils and unacceptable non-carcinogenic risks in approximately one-quarter of the PRD soils. Most of these high-risk samples were collected from sites located in rural agricultural regions of the PRD, warranting continuous attention.

Neonatal co-administration of the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein disrupts sexual behavior and fertility

Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal compounds that, can act as agonists and/or antagonists by binding to estrogen receptors; consequently they can modify estrogen-dependent processes of neonatal sexual differentiation. Results of the analysis of the sexual behavior of experimental rats that received 6.8 mg of isoflavones/kg/day, showed significantly more mating activity, but fewer ejaculations (p < 0.01), and a lower copulatory efficiency than the control group. Aggressive behavior was prominent in the phytoestrogen-treated males (p < 0.05), but defensive behavior was infrequent. Phytoestrogens may interfere with the development of male and female traits by competing with estradiol in contexts of sexual behavior. Compared to the control group, the phytoestrogen-treated males exhibited delayed olfactory perception and uncertain preference. The ventrolateral area of the medial hypothalamus is influenced by neonatal neuro estrogens that can produce changes in differentiation, such as the aggressiveness manifested by the males. A probable explanation is that this is due to the inhibition of aromatase by isoflavones. Regarding fertility, the females impregnated by the control males had more offspring (12.2 ± 2.10), than those of the experimental males (4.02 ± 1.13, p < 0.01). Spermatozoa analysis showed a low concentration (p < 0.05) due to isoflavone treatment, with increased immaturity (p < 0.01) and more dead spermatozoa (p < 0.05). We conclude that neonatal administration of genistein and daidzein alters olfactory functions, aggressiveness, sexual behaviors, and fertility through changes in spermatozoa quality. The most notable effect was the decreased of fertility in experimental male demonstrated by the lower number of pregnant females and smaller litters.

Congener-specific transfer modelling of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in free-ranging cattle grazing in the Dutch floodplains

Cattle grazing in the Dutch floodplains are exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) through the consumption of grass and adhering soil. This can lead to elevated dioxin and dl-PCB levels in meat fat. To manage this contamination issue, the kinetics of these compounds in cattle need to be better understood. This study describes the development and application of a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model to predict dioxin and dl-PCB levels in muscle fat of 'Rode Geus' cattle based on measured levels in grass and soil. Calibration of the model was performed separately for each congener, using measured dioxin and dl-PCB levels in various tissues of 14 animals. Model validation performed using dioxin and dl-PCB samples of 14 other cattle, showed that PBK model predictions were on average a factor 2.4 higher than the measured dioxin and dl-PCB TEQ levels in fat. Despite this difference, the model may still be particularly useful to better understand the relation between environmental dioxin and dl-PCB levels and those in cattle. The model is publicly available with a user-friendly interface on www.feedfoodtransfer.nl and may provide relevant insights for risk assessment and risk management.

Polyhalogenated carbazoles in the environment: Analysis, origins, occurrence, and toxicity

Polyhalogenated carbazoles are a class of emerging organic compounds characterized by the substitution of one to eight hydrogen atoms in the carbazole structure with halogen atom(s). Polyhalogenated carbazoles originate from natural and anthropogenic sources and are widely distributed in the environment. They are persistent in the environment and present a range of toxic effects, notably dioxin-like activity. This review focused on recent progress in determining their distribution, analytical methodologies, toxicity, origins, and transformation in the environment, highlighting their potential ecological and health risks. It confirmed the critical need for ongoing research regarding their environmental behavior and fate, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the resulting environmental risks. This review also identified future research needs regarding these compounds.

Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of polyphenols from pomegranate peel and coffee pulp on cancer cells

Pomegranate peel (PP) and coffee pulp (CP) are by-products of the food industry that can cause environmental pollution if not handled adequately. These by-products contain a significant amount of polyphenolic compounds which have antioxidant and possibly anticancer properties. We investigated the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of polyphenols from PP, CP and a 50-50% mixture of both against HeLa, A549, MDA-MB and Hek-293 cells. The total phenolic content of the PP and CP extracts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation/mass spectrometry, and the antiproliferative and cytotoxic potentials were evaluated by MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) and Lactate Dehydogenase assays, respectively. Results showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of polyphenols from PP and CP when administered at different concentrations or mixtures on HeLa, A549 and MDA-MB cells. No significant antiproliferative effects were observed on Hek-293 cells treated under similar conditions. These results suggest the potential of PP and CP polyphenols, individually or in combination, to modulate biological mechanisms involved in cervical, breast and lung cancer.