1501
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Trujillo M, Alvarez B, Souza JM, Romero N, Castro L, Thomson L, Radi R. Mechanisms and Biological Consequences of Peroxynitrite-Dependent Protein Oxidation and Nitration. Nitric Oxide 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-373866-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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1502
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Requejo R, Chouchani ET, Hurd TR, Menger KE, Hampton MB, Murphy MP. Measuring Mitochondrial Protein Thiol Redox State. Methods Enzymol 2010; 474:123-47. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)74008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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1503
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Tsumoto H, Taguchi R, Kohda K. Efficient Identification and Quantification of Peptides Containing Nitrotyrosine by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry after Derivatization. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:488-94. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsumoto
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kohfuku Kohda
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University
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1504
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Yang D, Sun ZN, Peng T, Wang HL, Shen JG, Chen Y, Tam PKH. Synthetic fluorescent probes for imaging of peroxynitrite and hypochlorous acid in living cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 591:93-103. [PMID: 19957125 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-404-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are two highly reactive oxygen species generated in biological systems. The overproduction of peroxynitrite or hypochlorous acid is implicated in a broad array of human pathologies including vascular, immunological, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, unambiguous detection of these reactive oxygen species has been relatively difficult due to their short biological half-lives and multiple reaction pathways. Based on their specific chemical reactions, we have developed fluorescent probes HKGreen-1 and HKOCl-1 for highly sensitive detection of peroxynitrite and hypochlorous acid, respectively. Both probes have been demonstrated to be able to discriminate corresponding reactive species from other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) in not only chemical systems but also biological systems. The endogenous production of peroxynitrite in neuronal cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions has been visualized for the first time by utilizing HKGreen-1 probe, whilst the endogenous production of hypochlorous acid in macrophage cells upon stimulation with LPS, IFN-gamma, and PMA has been imaged by utilizing HKOCl-1 probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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1505
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Durand G, Prosak RA, Han Y, Ortial S, Rockenbauer A, Pucci B, Villamena FA. Spin trapping and cytoprotective properties of fluorinated amphiphilic carrier conjugates of cyclic versus linear nitrones. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1570-81. [PMID: 19678661 DOI: 10.1021/tx900114v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrones have been employed as spin trapping reagent as well as pharmacological agent against neurodegenerative diseases and ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. The structure-activity relationship was explored for the two types of nitrones, i.e., cyclic (DMPO) and linear (PBN), which are conjugated to a fluorinated amphiphilic carrier (FAC) for their cytoprotective properties against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), 3-morpholinosynonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) induced cell death on bovine aortic endothelial cells. The compound FAMPO was synthesized and characterized, and its physical-chemical and spin trapping properties were explored. Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective properties of various nitrones either conjugated and nonconjugated to FAC (i.e., AMPO, FAMPO, PBN, and FAPBN) were assessed using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay. Results show that of all the nitrones tested, FAPBN is the most protective against H(2)O(2), but FAMPO and to a lesser extent its unconjugated form, AMPO, are more protective against SIN-1 induced cytotoxicity. However, none of the nitrones used protect the cells from HNE-induced cell death. The difference in the cytoprotective properties observed between the cyclic and linear nitrones may arise from the differences in their intrinsic antioxidant properties and localization in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Durand
- Laboratoire de Chimie BioOrganique et des Systèmes Moléculaires Vectoriels, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 33 Rue Louis Pasteur, 84000 Avignon, France.
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1506
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Lange M, Hamahata A, Traber DL, Esechie A, Jonkam C, Bansal K, Nakano Y, Traber LD, Enkhbaatar P. A murine model of sepsis following smoke inhalation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1555-60. [PMID: 20036639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) by smoke inhalation with subsequent pneumonia and sepsis represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. The aim of the present study was to develop a murine model of ALI and sepsis to enhance the knowledge of mechanistic aspects and pathophysiological changes in patients with these injuries. In deeply anesthetized female C57BL/6 mice, injury was induced by four sets of cotton smoke using an inhalation chamber. Afterward, live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.2x10(7) colony-forming units) was administered intranasally. The indicated dose of bacteria was determined based on the results of a dose-response study (n=47). The following study groups were monitored for survival over 96h: (1) sham injury group, (2) only smoke inhalation group, (3) only bacteria group, and (4) smoke inhalation plus bacteria group. Each group included 10 mice. The survival rates were 100%, 90%, 30%, and 10%, respectively. The double hit injury was associated with excessive releases of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma, and enhanced neutrophil accumulation, increased lipid peroxidation, and excessive formation of reactive nitrogen species in the lung. In mice receiving only smoke inhalation injury, no systemic cytokine release and increased lung tissue lipid peroxidation were observed. However, smoke alone significantly increased neutrophil accumulation and formation of reactive nitrogen species in lung tissue. In conclusion, bacterial pneumonia is predominantly responsible for mortality and morbidity in this novel murine model of smoke inhalation and pulmonary sepsis. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species mediate the severity of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lange
- Department of Anesthesiology, Investigational Intensive Care Unit, The University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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1507
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Schopfer MP, Mondal B, Lee DH, Sarjeant AAN, Karlin KD. Heme/O2/*NO nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) reactivity: phenolic nitration via a putative heme-peroxynitrite intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11304-5. [PMID: 19627146 DOI: 10.1021/ja904832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An oxy-heme complex, the heme-superoxo species (tetrahydrofuran)(F(8))Fe(III)-(O(2)(*-)) (2) (F(8) = an ortho-difluoro substituted tetraarylporphyrinate), reacts with nitrogen monoxide (*NO; nitric oxide) to produce a nitrato-iron(III) compound (F(8))Fe(III)-(NO(3)(-)) (3) (X-ray). The chemistry mimics the action of *NO Dioxygenases (NODs), microbial and mammalian heme proteins which facilitate *NO detoxification/homeostasis. A peroxynitrite intermediate complex is implicated; if 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol is added prior to *NO reaction with 2, o-nitration occurs giving 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-nitrophenol. The iron product is (F(8))Fe(III)-(OH) (4). The results suggest that heme/O(2)/*NO chemistry may lead to peroxynitrite leakage and/or exogenous substrate oxidative/nitrative reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Schopfer
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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1508
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Corpas FJ, Hayashi M, Mano S, Nishimura M, Barroso JB. Peroxisomes are required for in vivo nitric oxide accumulation in the cytosol following salinity stress of Arabidopsis plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:2083-94. [PMID: 19783645 PMCID: PMC2785999 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.146100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are unique organelles involved in multiple cellular metabolic pathways. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical active in many physiological functions under normal and stress conditions. Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) wild type and mutants expressing green fluorescent protein through the addition of peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1), which enables peroxisomes to be visualized in vivo, this study analyzes the temporal and cell distribution of NO during the development of 3-, 5-, 8-, and 11-d-old Arabidopsis seedlings and shows that Arabidopsis peroxisomes accumulate NO in vivo. Pharmacological analyses using nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors detected the presence of putative calcium-dependent NOS activity. Furthermore, peroxins Pex12 and Pex13 appear to be involved in transporting the putative NOS protein to peroxisomes, since pex12 and pex13 mutants, which are defective in PTS1- and PTS2-dependent protein transport to peroxisomes, registered lower NO content. Additionally, we show that under salinity stress (100 mM NaCl), peroxisomes are required for NO accumulation in the cytosol, thereby participating in the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and in increasing protein tyrosine nitration, which is a marker of nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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1509
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Giroud C, Moreau M, Mattioli TA, Balland V, Boucher JL, Xu-Li Y, Stuehr DJ, Santolini J. Role of arginine guanidinium moiety in nitric-oxide synthase mechanism of oxygen activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:7233-45. [PMID: 19951943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) are highly regulated heme-thiolate enzymes that catalyze two oxidation reactions that sequentially convert the substrate L-Arg first to N(omega)-hydroxyl-L-arginine and then to L-citrulline and nitric oxide. Despite numerous investigations, the detailed molecular mechanism of NOS remains elusive and debatable. Much of the dispute in the various proposed mechanisms resides in the uncertainty concerning the number and sources of proton transfers. Although specific protonation events are key features in determining the specificity and efficiency of the two catalytic steps, little is known about the role and properties of protons from the substrate, cofactors, and H-bond network in the vicinity of the heme active site. In this study, we have investigated the role of the acidic proton from the L-Arg guanidinium moiety on the stability and reactivity of the ferrous heme-oxy complex intermediate by exploiting a series of L-Arg analogues exhibiting a wide range of guanidinium pK(a) values. Using electrochemical and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, we have analyzed the effects of the analogues on the heme, including characteristics of its proximal ligand, heme conformation, redox potential, and electrostatic properties of its distal environment. Our results indicate that the substrate guanidinium pK(a) value significantly affects the H-bond network near the heme distal pocket. Our results lead us to propose a new structural model where the properties of the guanidinium moiety finely control the proton transfer events in NOS and tune its oxidative chemistry. This model may account for the discrepancies found in previously proposed mechanisms of NOS oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Giroud
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydants et Detoxication, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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1510
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Okun Z, Kupershmidt L, Amit T, Mandel S, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH, Gross Z. Manganese corroles prevent intracellular nitration and subsequent death of insulin-producing cells. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:910-4. [PMID: 19715343 DOI: 10.1021/cb900159n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are heavily involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) because the insulin-producing beta cells are particularly vulnerable to free-radical-mediated cytotoxicity. Catalytic anti-oxidants have been successfully applied for attenuation of DM and its consequences, but most recent research revealed that preventing the nitration of vital proteins/enzymes might be an even more powerful strategy. We now report an unprecedented efficiency of manganese(III) corroles regarding the protection of rat pancreatic beta cells against intracellular nitration by peroxynitrite and subsequent cell death. A comparison between analogous corroles and porphyrin metal complexes reveals significant superiority of the former in all examined aspects. This is particularly true for the positively-charged manganese(III) corrole, which decomposes peroxynitrite fast enough and through a unique catalytic mechanism that is devoid of potentially nitrating reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Okun
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Lana Kupershmidt
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion−Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion−Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion−Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion−Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion−Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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1511
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Sikora A, Zielonka J, Lopez M, Joseph J, Kalyanaraman B. Direct oxidation of boronates by peroxynitrite: mechanism and implications in fluorescence imaging of peroxynitrite. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1401-7. [PMID: 19686842 PMCID: PMC3375817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that boronates, a class of synthetic organic compounds, react rapidly and stoichiometrically with peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) to form stable hydroxy derivatives as major products. Using a stopped-flow kinetic technique, we measured the second-order rate constants for the reaction with ONOO(-), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and found that ONOO(-) reacts with 4-acetylphenylboronic acid nearly a million times (k=1.6x10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) faster than does H(2)O(2) (k=2.2 M(-1) s(-1)) and over 200 times faster than does HOCl (k=6.2x10(3) M(-1) s(-1)). Nitric oxide and superoxide together, but not alone, oxidized boronates to the same phenolic products. Similar reaction profiles were obtained with other boronates. Results from this study may be helpful in developing a novel class of fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of ONOO(-) formed in cellular and cell-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sikora
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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1512
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Park GY, Deepalatha S, Puiu SC, Lee DH, Mondal B, Narducci Sarjeant AA, del Rio D, Pau MYM, Solomon EI, Karlin KD. A peroxynitrite complex of copper: formation from a copper-nitrosyl complex, transformation to nitrite and exogenous phenol oxidative coupling or nitration. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:1301-11. [PMID: 19662443 PMCID: PMC2908284 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of nitrogen monoxide with a copper(I) complex possessing a tridentate alkylamine ligand gives a Cu(I)-(*NO) adduct, which when exposed to dioxygen generates a peroxynitrite (O=NOO(-))-Cu(II) species. This undergoes thermal transformation to produce a copper(II) nitrito (NO(2) (-)) complex and 0.5 mol equiv O(2). In the presence of a substituted phenol, the peroxynitrite complex effects oxidative coupling, whereas addition of chloride ion to dissociate the peroxynitrite moiety instead leads to phenol ortho nitration. Discussions include the structures (including electronic description) of the copper-nitrosyl and copper-peroxynitrite complexes and the formation of the latter, based on density functional theory calculations and accompanying spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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1513
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. High-dose folate and dietary purines promote scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals – Clinical potential in inflammatory disorders. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:824-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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1514
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Wang H, Li Y, Liu H, Liu S, Liu Q, Wang XM, Shi Y, Duan H. Peroxynitrite mediates glomerular lesion of diabetic rat via JAK/STAT signaling pathway. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:844-51. [PMID: 19636222 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxynitrite, a highly reactive oxidant produced by the reaction of nitric oxide with free radicals superoxide, has been indicated to be involved in many diseases. However, the contributions of peroxynitrite to diabetic nephropathy and the underlying mechanism have not been fully explored. AIM The present study was designed to evaluate the role and the underlying mechanism of peroxynitrite in glomerular lesion of diabetic rat. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by i.p. injection of streptozotocin, and urate was used as a specific scavenger of peroxynitrite; the pathological changes of rat glomerulus were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff staining and transmission electron microscopy observation; immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the content of nitrotyrosine (the marker of peroxynitrite) in renal cortex; the expression levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 were assessed by Western blot assay; RT-PCR and Western blot were used to assay expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and fibronectin; biochemical indicators of renal function were also detected. RESULTS The content of nitrotyrosine was increased, consistent with the pathological changes of glomerulus and renal dysfunction in the diabetes group. Urate prevented the formation of nitrotyrosine in rat glomerulus and attenuated the pathological alterations. Furthermore, urate inhibited the activation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3. Finally, homogenates from renal cortices demonstrated reduced expression of TGF- beta1 and fibronectin under urate treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings thus provides in vivo evidence that exaggerated peroxynitrite formation mediates the glomerular lesion in, at least, Type 1 diabetes, which may function through JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
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1515
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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1516
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Dixit K, Khan MA, Sharma YD, Moinuddin, Alam K. Physicochemical studies on peroxynitrite-modified H3 histone. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 46:20-6. [PMID: 19878690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histones are DNA protective proteins and may adopt different structures under nitrosative stress. Peroxynitrite is a powerful oxidant and nitrating agent and has in vivo existence. In this communication, we report effect of peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation and nitration on the structure of calf thymus H3 histone. Fine details of peroxynitrite-modified H3 histone were worked out by UV, fluorescence, circular dichroism and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel. The results revealed that peroxynitrite-mediated nitration and oxidation in H3 histone produced partially folded structure in comparison to the intrinsically disordered structure of native H3 histone. It may be concluded that the H3 histone, constituent of core histones, is highly sensitive to peroxynitrite and can adopt different structures under nitrosative stress in order to protect the packaged DNA from the deleterious insult of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dixit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U.), Aligarh 202 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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1517
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Esechie A, Enkhbaatar P, Traber DL, Jonkam C, Lange M, Hamahata A, Djukom C, Whorton EB, Hawkins HK, Traber LD, Szabo C. Beneficial effect of a hydrogen sulphide donor (sodium sulphide) in an ovine model of burn- and smoke-induced acute lung injury. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1442-53. [PMID: 19845680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The present study investigated whether the pathophysiological changes induced by burn and smoke inhalation are modulated by parenteral administration of Na(2)S, a H(2)S donor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The study used a total of 16 chronically instrumented, adult female sheep. Na(2)S was administered 1 h post injury, as a bolus injection at a dose of 0.5 mg.kg(-1) and subsequently, as a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.2 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) for 24 h. Cardiopulmonary variables (mean arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, ventricular stroke work index, vascular resistance) and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured. Lung wet-to-dry ratio and myeloperoxidase content and protein oxidation and nitration were also measured. In addition, lung inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cytochrome c were measured in lung homogenates via Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) respectively. KEY RESULTS The H(2)S donor decreased mortality during the 96 h experimental period, improved pulmonary gas exchange and lowered further increase in inspiratory pressure and fluid accumulation associated with burn- and smoke-induced acute lung injury. Further, the H(2)S donor treatment reduced the presence of protein oxidation and 3-nitrotyrosine formation following burn and smoke inhalation injury. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Parenteral administration of the H(2)S donor ameliorated the pulmonary pathophysiological changes associated with burn- and smoke-induced acute lung injury. Based on the effect of H(2)S observed in this clinically relevant model of disease, we propose that treatment with H(2)S or its donors may represent a potential therapeutic strategy in managing patients with acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimalohi Esechie
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77550, USA
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1518
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Cena JJ, Lalu MM, Cho WJ, Chow AK, Bagdan ML, Daniel EE, Castro MM, Schulz R. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity in vivo protects against vascular hyporeactivity in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H45-51. [PMID: 19837953 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00273.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent arterial hypotension is a hallmark of sepsis and is believed to be caused, at least in part, by excess nitric oxide (NO). NO can combine with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite, which activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Whether MMP inhibition in vivo protects against vascular hyporeactivity induced by endotoxemia is unknown. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4 mg/kg ip) or vehicle (pyrogen-free water). Later (30 min), animals received the MMP inhibitor doxycycline (4 mg/kg ip) or vehicle (pyrogen-free water). After LPS injection (6 h), animals were killed, and aortas were excised. Aortic rings were mounted in organ baths, and contractile responses to phenylephrine or KCl were measured. Aortas and plasma were examined for MMP activity by gelatin zymography. Aortic MMP and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined by immunoblot and/or immunohistochemistry. Doxycycline prevented the LPS-induced development of ex vivo vascular hyporeactivity to phenylephrine and KCl. iNOS protein was significantly upregulated in aortic homogenates from endotoxemic rats; doxycycline did not alter its level. MMP-9 activity was undetectable in aortic homogenates from LPS-treated rats but significantly upregulated in the plasma; this was attenuated by doxycycline. Plasma MMP-2 activities were unchanged by LPS. Specific MMP-2 activity was increased in aortas from LPS-treated rats. This study demonstrates the in vivo protective effect of the MMP inhibitor doxycycline against the development of vascular hyporeactivity in endotoxemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Cena
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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1519
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Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Role of nitroso radicals as drug targets in circulatory shock. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:494-508. [PMID: 19630831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals (especially, superoxide and hydroxyl radical) and high-energy oxidants [such as peroxynitrite (OONO(-))] as mediators of shock and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Reactive oxygen species can initiate a wide range of toxic oxidative reactions. These include initiation of lipid peroxidation, direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibition of membrane sodium/potassium adenosine 5'-triphosphate-ase activity, inactivation of membrane sodium channels and other oxidative modifications of proteins. All these toxicities are likely to play a role in the pathophysiology of shock and ischaemia and reperfusion. Moreover, various studies have clearly shown that treatment with either OONO(-) decomposition catalysts, which selectively inhibit OONO(-), or with superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics, which selectively mimic the catalytic activity of the human SOD enzymes, have been shown to prevent in vivo the delayed vascular decompensation and the cellular energetic failure associated with shock and ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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1520
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Palomero J, Jackson MJ. Redox regulation in skeletal muscle during contractile activity and aging. J Anim Sci 2009; 88:1307-13. [PMID: 19820047 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the ability to adapt and remodel after functional, mechanical, and metabolic stresses by activation of different adaptation mechanisms that induce gene expression, biochemical changes, and structural remodeling. Skeletal muscle cells continuously generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which can act as mediators in cellular signaling pathways that regulate the adaptation mechanisms. There is strong evidence that indicates that RONS are generated in skeletal muscle cells during contractile activity and this induces the activation of transcription factors which modulate gene expression of antioxidant and protective proteins. Thus, it has been proposed that RONS act as signals that modulate the adaptation mechanisms in skeletal muscle and other cells. Structural and functional changes occur in skeletal muscle during aging and are characterized by a reduction of muscle mass and force (sarcopenia). The causes are known, however, there is considerable support for an involvement of RONS in the process of aging and sarcopenia. Several studies indicate that adaptive responses of skeletal muscle that are activated and regulated by RONS are disrupted during aging. This reduction of skeletal muscle adaptation to contractile activity during aging might be responsible for the loss of muscle mass and function and the progressive deterioration of this organ. In summary, there is sufficient evidence that indicates that cellular redox regulation in skeletal muscle is crucial in the physiology and pathology of skeletal muscle. However, new methodologies and experimental models are required for understanding the complex biology of RONS in the cell. This will provide future interventions that mitigate pathologies and aging of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palomero
- Pathophysiology Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom.
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1521
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Rabbani ZN, Spasojevic I, Zhang X, Moeller BJ, Haberle S, Vasquez-Vivar J, Dewhirst MW, Vujaskovic Z, Batinic-Haberle I. Antiangiogenic action of redox-modulating Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), via suppression of oxidative stress in a mouse model of breast tumor. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:992-1004. [PMID: 19591920 PMCID: PMC2749298 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MnTE-2-PyP(5+) is a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, primarily superoxide and peroxynitrite. It therefore not only attenuates primary oxidative damage, but was found to modulate redox-based signaling pathways (HIF-1alpha, NF-kappaB, SP-1, and AP-1) and thus, in turn, secondary oxidative injury also. Cancer has been widely considered an oxidative stress condition. The goal of this study was to prove if and why a catalytic SOD mimic/peroxynitrite scavenger would exert anti-cancer effects, i.e., to evaluate whether the attenuation of the oxidative stress by MnTE-2-PyP(5+) could suppress tumor growth in a 4T1 mouse breast tumor model. Tumor cells were implanted into Balb/C mouse flanks. Three groups of mice (n=25) were studied: control (PBS) and 2 and 15 mg/kg/day of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) given subcutaneously twice daily starting when the tumors averaged 200 mm(3) (until they reached approximately 5-fold the initial volume). Intratumoral hypoxia (pimonidazole, carbonic anhydrase), HIF-1alpha, VEGF, proliferating capillary index (CD105), microvessel density (CD31), protein nitration, DNA oxidation (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (Nox-4), apoptosis (CD31), macrophage infiltration (CD68), and tumor drug levels were assessed. With 2 mg/kg/day a trend toward tumor growth delay was observed, and a significant trend was observed with 15 mg/kg/day. The 7.5-fold increase in drug dose was accompanied by a similar (6-fold) increase in tumor drug levels. Oxidative stress was largely attenuated as observed through the decreased levels of DNA damage, protein 3-nitrotyrosine, macrophage infiltration, and NADPH oxidase. Further, hypoxia was significantly decreased as were the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF. Consequently, suppression of angiogenesis was observed; both the microvessel density and the endothelial cell proliferation were markedly decreased. Our study indicates for the first time that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) has anti-cancer activity in its own right. The anti-cancer activity via HIF/VEGF pathways probably arises from the impact of the drug on the oxidative stress. Therefore, the catalytic scavenging of ROS/RNS by antioxidants, which in turn suppresses cellular transcriptional activity, could be an appropriate strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Enhancement of the anti-cancer effects may be achieved by optimizing the dosing regime, utilizing more bioavailable Mn porphyrins (MnP), and combining MnP treatment with irradiation, hyperthermia, and chemotherapy. Mn porphyrins may be advantageous compared to other anti-cancer drugs, owing to their radioprotection of normal tissue and the ability to afford pain management in cancer patients via prevention of chronic morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid N. Rabbani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - XiuWu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Benjamin J. Moeller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sinisa Haberle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Corresponding authors: Ines Batinic-Haberle, Ph. D., Department of Radiation Oncology-Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b/285 MSRB I, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8718, , Zeljko Vujaskovic, MD, PhD, Duke University Medical Center, 201 MSRB, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-681-1675, Fax: 919-684-8718,
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Corresponding authors: Ines Batinic-Haberle, Ph. D., Department of Radiation Oncology-Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b/285 MSRB I, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8718, , Zeljko Vujaskovic, MD, PhD, Duke University Medical Center, 201 MSRB, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-681-1675, Fax: 919-684-8718,
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1522
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Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins has emerged as a central mechanism for cells to regulate metabolism, growth, differentiation, cell-cell interactions, and immune responses. By influencing protein structure and function, PTM leads to a multiplication of proteome diversity. Redox-dependent PTMs, mediated by environmental and endogenously generated reactive species, induce cell signaling responses and can have toxic effects in organisms. PTMs induced by the electrophilic by-products of redox reactions most frequently occur at protein thiols; other nucleophilic amino acids serve as less favorable targets. Advances in mass spectrometry and affinity-chemistry strategies have improved the detection of electrophile-induced protein modifications both in vitro and in vivo and have revealed a high degree of amino acid and protein selectivity of electrophilic PTM. The identification of biological targets of electrophiles has motivated further study of the functional impact of various PTM reactions on specific signaling pathways and how this might affect organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja K. Rudolph
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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1523
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Chen W, Zhu H, Jia Z, Li J, Misra HP, Zhou K, Li Y. Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated DNA strand cleavage and hydroxyl radical formation by aspirin at pharmacologically relevant concentrations: implications for cancer intervention. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:142-7. [PMID: 19785994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that the long-term use of aspirin is associated with a decreased incidence of human malignancies, especially colorectal cancer. Since accumulating evidence indicates that peroxynitrite is critically involved in multistage carcinogenesis, this study was undertaken to investigate the ability of aspirin to inhibit peroxynitrite-mediated DNA damage. Peroxynitrite and its generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) were used to cause DNA strand breaks in phiX-174 plasmid DNA. We demonstrated that the presence of aspirin at concentrations (0.25-2mM) compatible with amounts in plasma during chronic anti-inflammatory therapy resulted in a significant inhibition of DNA cleavage induced by both peroxynitrite and SIN-1. Moreover, the consumption of oxygen caused by 250 microM SIN-1 was found to be decreased in the presence of aspirin, indicating that aspirin might affect the auto-oxidation of SIN-1. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy using 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trap demonstrated the formation of DMPO-hydroxyl radical adduct (DMPO-OH) from authentic peroxynitrite, and that aspirin at 0.25-2mM potently diminished the radical adduct formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that aspirin at pharmacologically relevant concentrations can inhibit peroxynitrite-mediated DNA strand breakage and hydroxyl radical formation. These results may have implications for cancer intervention by aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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1524
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Chen W, Jia Z, Zhu H, Zhou K, Li Y, Misra HP. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and hydroxyl radical generation: implications for neuroprotection. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:336-42. [PMID: 19768540 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has recently been reported to afford protection against neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism underlying EP-mediated neuroprotection remains to be elucidated. Because peroxynitrite has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of neurodegenerative disorders via its cytotoxic effects, this study was undertaken to investigate whether the neuroprotective effect of EP is associated with inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced DNA strand breaks, a critical event leading to peroxynitrite elicited cytotoxicity. Incubation of phiX-174 plasmid DNA with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite generator, led to the formation of both single- and double-stranded DNA breaks in a concentration- and time- dependent manner. The presence of EP (0.5-10 mM) was found to significantly inhibit SIN-1-induced DNA strand breaks in a concentration-dependent fashion. The consumption of oxygen induced by 250 microM SIN-1 was found to be decreased in the presence of EP (0.5-10 mM), indicating that EP might affect the auto-oxidation of SIN-1. It was observed that incubation of the plasmid DNA with authentic peroxynitrite caused significant DNA strand breaks, which could also be dramatically inhibited by EP (0.5-10 mM). EPR spectroscopy in combination with spin-trapping technique using 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N- oxide (DMPO) as a spin trap demonstrated the formation of DMPO-hydroxyl radical adducts (DMPO-OH) from authentic peroxynitrite, and that EP at 0.5-10 mM inhibited the adduct signal in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that EP can inhibit peroxynitrite-mediated DNA damage and hydroxyl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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1525
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Lim W, Kim JH, Gook E, Kim J, Ko Y, Kim I, Kwon H, Lim H, Jung B, Yang K, Choi N, Kim M, Kim S, Choi H, Kim O. Inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by 635-nm irradiation in sodium nitroprusside-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:850-7. [PMID: 19545621 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a major factor contributing to the loss of neurons in ischemic stroke, demyelinating diseases, and other neurodegenerative disorders. NO not only functions as a direct neurotoxin, but also combines with superoxide (O(2)(-)) by a diffusion-controlled reaction to form peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), a species that contributes to oxidative signaling and cellular apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which ONOO(-) induces apoptosis remains unclear, although subsequent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been suggested. The aim of this study was to further investigate the triggers of the apoptotic pathway using O(2)(-) scavenging with light irradiation to block ONOO(-) production. Antiapoptotic effects of light irradiation in sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-treated SH-SY5Y cells were assayed by reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry, Western blot, and caspase activity assays. In addition, NO, total ROS, O(2)(-), and ONOO(-) levels were measured to observe changes in NO and its possible involvement in radical induction. Cell survival was reduced to approximately 40% of control levels by SNP treatment, and this reduction was increased to 60% by low-level light irradiation. Apoptotic cells were observed in the SNP-treated group, but the frequency of these was reduced in the irradiation group. NO, O(2)(-), total ROS, and ONOO(-) levels were increased after SNP treatment, but O(2)(-), total ROS, and ONOO(-) levels were decreased after irradiation, despite the high NO concentration induced by SNP treatment. Cytochrome c was released from mitochondria of SNP-treated SH-SY5Y cells, but not of irradiated cells, resulting in a decrease in caspase-3 and -9 activity in SNP-treated cells. Finally, these results show that 635-nm irradiation, by promoting the scavenging of O(2)(-), protected against neuronal death through blocking the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by ONOO(-) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonBong Lim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Second Stage of Brain Korea 21, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Bug-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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1526
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Vascular dysfunction in retinopathy-an emerging role for arginase. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:303-9. [PMID: 19737603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization is a leading cause of visual disability. Retinal diseases involving neovascularization all follow the same progression, beginning with vascular inflammatory reactions and injury of the vascular endothelium and ending with neovascularization, fibrosis and retinal detachment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is critical for its prevention and treatment. Research using retinopathy models has revealed that the NOX2 NADPH oxidase has a key role in inducing production of reactive oxygen species and angiogenic cytokines and causing vascular inflammatory reactions and neovascularization. This prospective review addresses the potential role of the urea/ornithine pathway enzyme arginase in this process. Studies of peripheral vessels isolated from diabetic animals have shown that increased arginase activity causes vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by decreasing availability of l-arginine to endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase which decreases nitric oxide bioavailability and increases oxidative stress. Increasing arginase activity also increases formation of polyamines and proline, which can induce cell growth and fibrosis. Studies in models of retinopathy show that increases in oxidative stress and signs of vascular inflammation are correlated with increases in arginase activity and arginase 1 expression and that decreasing arginase expression or inhibiting its activity blocks these effects. Furthermore, the induction of arginase during retinopathy is blocked by knocking out NOX2 or inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity. These observations suggest that NADPH oxidase-induced activation of the arginase pathway has a key role in causing retinal vascular dysfunction during retinopathy. Limiting the actions of arginase could provide a new strategy for treating this potentially blinding condition.
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1527
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Guidarelli A, Cerioni L, Fiorani M, Cantoni O. Differentiation-Associated Loss of Ryanodine Receptors: A Strategy Adopted by Monocytes/Macrophages to Prevent the DNA Single-Strand Breakage Induced by Peroxynitrite. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4449-57. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1528
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Schmitt CA, Dirsch VM. Modulation of endothelial nitric oxide by plant-derived products. Nitric Oxide 2009; 21:77-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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1529
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Gloire G, Piette J. Redox regulation of nuclear post-translational modifications during NF-kappaB activation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2209-22. [PMID: 19203223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB controls the expression of hundreds of genes involved in the regulation of the immune/inflammatory response, development, and apoptosis. In resting cells, NF-kappaB proteins are sequestered in the cytoplasm through their tight association with IkappaB proteins. NF-kappaB activation relies on the signal-induced IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation, thereby allowing the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB proteins. In the nucleus, several post-translational modifications of NF-kappaB and chromatin remodeling of target genes are mandatory for NF-kappaB DNA binding and full transcription. Since 1991, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in NF-kappaB activation. ROS enhance the cytoplasmic signaling pathways leading to NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, but reduction/oxidation (redox) also controls several key steps in the nuclear phase of the NF-kappaB program, including chromatin remodeling, recruitment of co-activators, and DNA binding. Here we describe the redox regulation of NF-kappaB activity in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gloire
- GIGA-Research (B34), Unit of Signal Transduction, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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1530
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Role of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 upregulation in adaptive survival response to nitrosative stress. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1163-76. [PMID: 19727608 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosative stress caused by reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite overproduced during inflammation leads to cell death and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human ailments. However, relatively mild nitrosative stress may fortify cellular defense capacities, rendering cells tolerant or adaptive to ongoing and subsequent cytotoxic challenges, a phenomenon known as 'preconditioning' or 'hormesis'. One of the key components of cellular stress response is heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate limiting enzyme in the process of degrading potentially toxic free heme into biliverdin, free iron and carbon monoxide. HO-1 is upregulated by a wide array of stimuli and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other cytoprotective functions. This review is intended to provide readers with a welldocumented account of the research done in the area of cellular adaptive survival response against nitrosative stress with special focus on the role of HO-1 upregulation, especially through activation of the transcription factor, Nrf2.
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1531
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Chatterjee S, Lardinois O, Bonini MG, Bhattacharjee S, Stadler K, Corbett J, Deterding LJ, Tomer KB, Kadiiska M, Mason RP. Site-specific carboxypeptidase B1 tyrosine nitration and pathophysiological implications following its physical association with nitric oxide synthase-3 in experimental sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4055-66. [PMID: 19717511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS-induced sepsis results in oxidative modification and inactivation of carboxypeptidase B1 (CPB1). In this study, immunoprecipitated CPB1 was probed for tyrosine nitration using monoclonal nitrotyrosine-specific Abs in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis. Tyrosine nitration of CPB1 was significantly reduced in the presence of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors and the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol and in NOS-3 knockout (KO) mice. CPB1 tyrosine nitration and loss of activity by the concerted action of NOS-3 and XO were also confirmed in vitro using both the NO donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine and peroxynitrite. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry data indicated five sites of tyrosine nitration in vitro including Tyr(248), the tyrosine at the catalytic site. The site- and protein-specific nitration of CPB1 and the possible high nitration yield to inactivate it were elucidated by confocal microscopy. The studies indicated that CPB1 colocalized with NOS-3 in the cytosol of sinus-lining cells in the red pulp of the spleen. Further analysis of CPB1-immunoprecipitated samples indicated immunoreactivity to a monoclonal NOS-3 Ab, suggesting protein complex formation with CPB1. XO and NOS inhibitors and NOS-3 KO mice injected with LPS had decreased levels of C5a in spleens of septic mice, indicating peroxynitrite as a possible cause for CPB1 functional alteration. Thus, CPB1 colocalization, coupling, and proximity to NOS-3 in the sinus-lining cells of spleen red pulp could explain the site-specific tyrosine nitration and inactivation of CPB1. These results open up new avenues for the investigation of several enzymes involved in inflammation and their site-specific oxidative modifications by protein-protein interactions as well as their role in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chatterjee
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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1532
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Xiong Y, Singh IN, Hall ED. Tempol protection of spinal cord mitochondria from peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:604-12. [PMID: 19513907 DOI: 10.1080/10715760902977432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (PN)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the secondary injury process after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigated the detrimental effects of the PN donor SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) on isolated healthy spinal cord mitochondria and the protective effects of tempol, a catalytic scavenger of PN-derived radicals. A 5 min exposure of the mitochondria to SIN-1 caused a dose-dependent decrease in the respiratory control ratio (RCR) that was accompanied by significant increases in complex I-driven states II and IV respiration rates and decreases in states III and V. These impairments occurred together with an increase in mitochondrial protein 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), but not in lipid peroxidation (LP)-related 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Tempol significantly antagonized the respiratory effects of SIN-1 in parallel with an attenuation of 3-NT levels. These results show that the exogenous PN donor, SIN-1, rapidly causes mitochondrial oxidative damage and complex I dysfunction identical to traumatic spinal cord mitochondrial impairment and that this is mainly due to tyrosine nitration. Consistent with that, the protection of mitochondrial respiratory function by tempol is associated with a decrease in 3-NT levels in mitochondrial proteins also similar to the previously reported antioxidant actions of tempol in traumatically-injured spinal cord mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Xiong
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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1533
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Galijasevic S, Maitra D, Lu T, Sliskovic I, Abdulhamid I, Abu-Soud HM. Myeloperoxidase interaction with peroxynitrite: chloride deficiency and heme depletion. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:431-9. [PMID: 19464362 PMCID: PMC3416043 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a hemoprotein involved in the leukocyte-mediated defense mechanism and uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chloride (Cl(-)) to produce hypochlorous acid. In human saliva and in hypochloremic alkalosis syndrome occurring in breast-fed infants, the MPO-H2O2 system functions in a lower Cl(-) concentration (10-70 mM) compared to plasma levels (100 mM) as part of the antibacterial defense system. The impact of low Cl(-) concentration and exposure to high peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) synthesized from cigarette smoke or oxidative stress on MPO function is still unexplored. Rapid mixing of ONOO(-) and MPO caused immediate formation of a transient intermediate MPO Compound II, which then decayed to MPO-Fe(III). Double mixing of MPO with ONOO(-) followed by H2O2 caused immediate formation of Compound II, followed by MPO heme depletion, a process that occurred independent of ONOO(-) concentration. Peroxynitrite/H2O2-mediated MPO heme depletion was confirmed by HPLC analysis, and in-gel heme staining showing 60-70% less heme content compared to the control. A nonreducing denaturing SDS-PAGE showed no fragmentation or degradation of protein. Myeloperoxidase heme loss was completely prevented by preincubation of MPO with saturating amounts of Cl(-). Chloride binding to the active site of MPO constrains ONOO(-) binding by filling the space directly above the heme moiety or by causing a protein conformational change that constricts the distal heme pocket, thus preventing ONOO(-) from binding to MPO heme iron. Peroxynitrite interaction with MPO may serve as a novel mechanism for modulating MPO catalytic activity, influencing the regulation of local inflammatory and infectious events in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira Galijasevic
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tun Lu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Inga Sliskovic
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhamid
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Address correspondence to: Husam Abu-Soud, Ph.D., Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA, Tel. 313 577-6178; Fax. 313 577-8554;
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1534
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Woodcock SR, Freeman BA. A new hammer in the redox toolbox: high-purity peroxynitrite for cell signaling and toxicology studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 21:2227-8. [PMID: 19053325 DOI: 10.1021/tx8004136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical synthesis has been disclosed for the oxidizing and nitrating species peroxynitrite. This nitric oxide and superoxide-derived cell signaling mediator can also serve as a toxicant at higher rates of generation. The new synthetic strategy reported by Sturzbecher-Höhne and colleagues overcomes long-standing issues with purity and quality of peroxynitrite preparations and should lay a foundation for nailing new insight into the redox reactions of peroxynitrite and its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1340 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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1535
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Zhang W, Baban B, Rojas M, Tofigh S, Virmani SK, Patel C, Behzadian MA, Romero MJ, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Arginase activity mediates retinal inflammation in endotoxin-induced uveitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:891-902. [PMID: 19590038 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Arginase has been reported to reduce nitric oxide bioavailability in cardiovascular disease. However, its specific role in retinopathy has not been studied. In this study, we assessed the role of arginase in a mouse model of endotoxin-induced uveitis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Measurement of arginase expression and activity in the retina revealed a significant increase in arginase activity that was associated with increases in both mRNA and protein levels of arginase (Arg)1 but not Arg2. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry confirmed this increase in Arg1, which was localized to glia and microglia. Arg1 expression and activity were also increased in cultured Muller cells and microglia treated with LPS. To test whether arginase has a role in the development of retinal inflammation, experiments were performed in mice deficient in one copy of the Arg1 gene and both copies of the Arg2 gene or in mice treated with a selective arginase inhibitor. These studies showed that LPS-induced increases in inflammatory protein production, leukostasis, retinal damage, signs of anterior uveitis, and uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase were blocked by either knockdown or inhibition of arginase. Furthermore, the LPS-induced increase in Arg1 expression was abrogated by blocking NADPH oxidase. In conclusion, these studies suggest that LPS-induced retinal inflammation in endotoxin-induced uveitis is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent increases in arginase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912-2500, USA
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1536
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Vareniuk I, Pacher P, Pavlov IA, Drel VR, Obrosova IG. Peripheral neuropathy in mice with neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene deficiency. Int J Mol Med 2009; 23:571-80. [PMID: 19360314 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm_00000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the important role of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite in peripheral diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain is emerging. This study evaluated the contribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to diabetes-induced nitrosative stress in peripheral nerve and dorsal root ganglia, and peripheral nerve dysfunction and degeneration. Control and nNOS-/- mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and maintained for 6 weeks. Peroxynitrite injury was assessed by nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) immunoreactivities. Peripheral diabetic neuropathy was evaluated by measurements of sciatic motor and hind-limb digital sensory nerve conduction velocities, thermal algesia, tactile allodynia, and intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Control nNOS-/- mice displayed normal motor nerve conduction velocity and thermal response latency, whereas sensory nerve conduction velocity was slightly lower compared with non-diabetic wild-type mice, and tactile response threshold and intraepidermal nerve fiber density were reduced by 47 and 38%, respectively. Both diabetic wild-type and nNOS-/- mice displayed enhanced nitrosative stress in peripheral nerve. In contrast to diabetic wild-type mice, diabetic nNOS-/- mice had near normal nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) immunofluorescence in dorsal root ganglia. Both diabetic wild-type and nNOS-/- mice developed motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity deficits and thermal hypoalgesia although nNOS gene deficiency slightly reduced severity of the three disorders. Tactile response thresholds were similarly decreased in control and diabetic nNOS-/- mice compared with non-diabetic wild-type mice. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density was lower by 27% in diabetic nNOS-/- mice compared with the corresponding non-diabetic group, and by 20% in diabetic nNOS-/- mice compared with diabetic wild-type mice. In conclusion, nNOS is required for maintaining the normal peripheral nerve function and small sensory nerve fibre innervation. nNOS gene deficiency does not protect from development of nerve conduction deficit, sensory neuropathy and intraepidermal nerve fiber loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vareniuk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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1537
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Fontana M, Giovannitti F, Pecci L. The protective effect of hypotaurine and cysteine sulphinic acid on peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative reactions. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:320-30. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760801999727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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1538
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Svoboda N, Kerschbaum HH. l-Glutamine-induced apoptosis in microglia is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:196-206. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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1539
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Radovits T, Zotkina J, Lin LN, Karck M, Szabó G. Endothelial dysfunction after hypoxia–reoxygenation: Do in vitro models work? Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 51:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1540
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Tsang AH, Chung KK. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:643-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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1541
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Sturzbecher-Höhne M, Nauser T, Kissner R, Koppenol WH. Photon-Initiated Homolysis of Peroxynitrous Acid. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:7307-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900614e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sturzbecher-Höhne
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Kissner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willem H. Koppenol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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1542
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Versari D, Daghini E, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S. Endothelium-dependent contractions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:527-36. [PMID: 19630832 PMCID: PMC2707964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is a crucial regulator of vascular physiology, producing in healthy conditions several substances with a potent antiatherosclerotic properties. Accordingly, the presence of endothelial dysfunction is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and with an increased future risk of cardiovascular events. A large body of evidence supports the fundamental role of nitric oxide (NO) as the main endothelium-derived relaxing factor. However, in the presence of pathological conditions, such as hypertension, endothelial cells, in response to a number of agents and physical stimuli, become also a source of endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs), including endothelins and angiotensin II and particularly cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids and superoxide anions. These latter were at first identified as responsible for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension. However, cyclooxygenase-dependent EDCFs production is characteristic of the aging process, and essential hypertension seems to only anticipate the phenomenon. It is worth noting that both in aging and hypertension EDCF production is associated with a parallel decrease in NO availability, suggesting that this substance could be oxygen free radicals themselves. Accordingly, in hypertension both indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and vitamin C, an antioxidant, increase the vasodilation to acetylcholine by restoring NO availability. In conclusion, hypertension is characterized by a decline in endothelial function, associated with a progressive decrease in NO bioavailability and increase in the production of EDCF. The mechanisms that regulate the balance between NO and EDCF, and the processes transforming the endothelium from a protective organ to a source of vasoconstrictor, proaggregatory and promitogenic mediators remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Versari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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1543
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Phillips L, Toledo AH, Lopez-Neblina F, Anaya-Prado R, Toledo-Pereyra LH. Nitric oxide mechanism of protection in ischemia and reperfusion injury. J INVEST SURG 2009; 22:46-55. [PMID: 19191157 DOI: 10.1080/08941930802709470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1992 nitric oxide (NO) was declared molecule of the year by Science magazine, and ever since research on this molecule continues to increase. Following this award, NO was shown to be a mediator/protector of ischemia and reperfusion injury in many organs, such as the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Controversy has existed concerning the actual protective effects of NO. However, literature from the past 15 years seems to reinforce the consensus that NO is indeed protective. Some of the protective actions of NO in ischemia and reperfusion are due to its potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, along with its beneficial effects on cell signaling and inhibition of nuclear proteins, such as NF-kappa B and AP-1. New therapeutic potentials for this drug are also continuously emerging. Exogenous NO and endogenous NO may both play protective roles during ischemia and reperfusion injury. Sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin have been used clinically with much success; though only recently have they been tested and proven effective in attenuating some of the injuries associated with ischemia and reperfusion. NO inhalation has, in the past, mostly been used for its pulmonary effects, but has also recently been shown to be protective in other organs. The potential of NO in the treatment of ischemic disease is only just being realized. Elucidation of the mechanism by which NO exerts its protective effects needs further investigation. Therefore, this paper will focus on the mechanistic actions of NO in ischemia and reperfusion injury, along with the compound's potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Phillips
- Department of Research, Michigan State University/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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1544
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Sun ZN, Wang HL, Liu FQ, Chen Y, Tam PKH, Yang D. BODIPY-based fluorescent probe for peroxynitrite detection and imaging in living cells. Org Lett 2009; 11:1887-90. [PMID: 19331349 DOI: 10.1021/ol900279z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe, HKGreen-2, has been developed based on a specific reaction between ketone and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). This probe is highly sensitive and selective for the detection of peroxynitrite not only in abiotic but also in biological systems. With this probe, we successfully detected peroxynitrite generated in murine macrophage cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This new probe will be a useful tool for studying the roles of peroxynitrite in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ning Sun
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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1545
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Insko MA, Deckwerth TL, Hill P, Toombs CF, Szabo C. Detection of exhaled hydrogen sulphide gas in rats exposed to intravenous sodium sulphide. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:944-51. [PMID: 19422378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sodium sulphide (Na(2)S) disassociates to sodium (Na(+)) hydrosulphide, anion (HS(-)) and hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) in aqueous solutions. Here we have established and characterized a method to detect H(2)S gas in the exhaled breath of rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male rats were anaesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, instrumented with intravenous (i.v.) jugular vein catheters, and a tube inserted into the trachea was connected to a pneumotach connected to a H(2)S gas detector. Sodium sulphide, cysteine or the natural polysulphide compound diallyl disulphide were infused intravenously while the airway was monitored for exhaled H(2)S real time. KEY RESULTS Exhaled sulphide concentration was calculated to be in the range of 0.4-11 ppm in response to i.v. infusion rates ranging between 0.3 and 1.1 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1). When nitric oxide synthesis was inhibited with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester the amount of H(2)S exhaled during i.v. infusions of sodium sulphide was significantly increased compared with that obtained with the vehicle control. An increase in circulating nitric oxide using DETA NONOate [3,3-bis(aminoethyl)-1-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-triazene] did not alter the levels of exhaled H(2)S during an i.v. infusion of sodium sulphide. An i.v. bolus of L-cysteine, 1 g.kg(-1), and an i.v. infusion of the garlic derived natural compound diallyl disulphide, 1.8 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), also caused exhalation of H(2)S gas. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This method has shown that significant amounts of H(2)S are exhaled in rats during sodium sulphide infusions, and the amount exhaled can be modulated by various pharmacological interventions.
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1546
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Barth KR, Isabella VM, Wright LF, Clark VL. Resistance to peroxynitrite in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2532-2545. [PMID: 19406894 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.028092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes a number of important genes that aid in survival during times of oxidative stress. The same immune cells capable of oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms also have the capacity to generate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that may function antimicrobially. F62 and eight additional gonococcal strains displayed a high level of resistance to peroxynitrite, while Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli showed a four- to seven-log and a four-log decrease in viability, respectively. Mutation of gonococcal orthologues that are known or suspected to be involved in RNS defence in other bacteria (ahpC, dnrN and msrA) resulted in no loss of viability, suggesting that N. gonorrhoeae has a novel mechanism of resistance to peroxynitrite. Whole-cell extracts of F62 prevented the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine, and decomposition of peroxynitrite was not dependent on ahpC, dnrN or msrA. F62 grown in co-culture with E. coli strain DH10B was shown to protect E. coli viability 10-fold. Also, peroxynitrite treatment of F62 did not result in accumulation of nitrated proteins, suggesting that an active peroxynitrite reductase is responsible for peroxynitrite decomposition rather than a protein sink for amino acid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Barth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Vincent M Isabella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lori F Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Virginia L Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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1547
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Baker PR, Schopfer FJ, O’Donnell VB, Freeman BA. Convergence of nitric oxide and lipid signaling: anti-inflammatory nitro-fatty acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:989-1003. [PMID: 19200454 PMCID: PMC2761210 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The signaling mediators nitric oxide ( NO) and oxidized lipids, once viewed to transduce metabolic and inflammatory information via discrete and independent pathways, are now appreciated as interdependent regulators of immune response and metabolic homeostasis. The interactions between these two classes of mediators result in reciprocal control of mediator synthesis that is strongly influenced by the local chemical environment. The relationship between the two pathways extends beyond coregulation of NO and eicosanoid formation to converge via the nitration of unsaturated fatty acids to yield nitro derivatives (NO(2)-FA). These pluripotent signaling molecules are generated in vivo as an adaptive response to oxidative inflammatory conditions and manifest predominantly anti-inflammatory signaling reactions. These actions of NO(2)-FA are diverse, with these species serving as a potential chemical reserve of NO, reacting with cellular nucleophiles to posttranslationally modify protein structure, function, and localization. In this regard these species act as potent endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Functional consequences of these signaling mechanisms have been shown in multiple model systems, including the inhibition of platelet and neutrophil functions, induction of heme oxygenase-1, inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine release in monocytes, increased insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in adipocytes, and relaxation of preconstricted rat aortic segments. These observations have propelled further in vitro and in vivo studies of mechanisms of NO(2)-FA signaling and metabolism, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this class of molecules as anti-inflammatory drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R.S. Baker
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
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1548
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Martínez-Caro L, Lorente JA, Marín-Corral J, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Nin N, Ferruelo A, de Paula M, Fernández-Segoviano P, Barreiro E, Esteban A. Role of free radicals in vascular dysfunction induced by high tidal volume ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:1110-9. [PMID: 19360397 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that increased formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) is involved in VILI-induced vascular dysfunction. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley anesthetized rats were ventilated for 60 min using low V(T) ventilation [V(T) 9 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH(2)O, n = 18], and high V(T) ventilation (V(T) 35 ml/kg, zero PEEP, n = 18). Arterial pressure and respiratory system mechanics were monitored. Blood samples for the determination of arterial blood gases and lactate concentration were drawn. Vascular rings from the thoracic aortae were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording. We studied endothelium-dependent relaxation in norepinephrine-precontracted rings (acetylcholine, 10 nM-10 microM) and contraction induced by norepinephrine (1 nM-10 microM) in resting vessels. Vascular rings were preincubated for 30 min with Zn-Mn-SOD (100 u/ml) or tempol (10(-4) M) (extracellular and intracellular superoxide scavengers, respectively) or MnTMPyP (10(-5) M) (a superoxide and peroxynitrite scavenger). The presence of superoxide and nitrotyrosine in aortic rings was evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS High V(T) ventilation induced hypotension, systemic acidosis, hypoxemia and hyperlactatemia, as well as impairment in acetylcholine and norepinephrine-induced responses in vitro. Responses to acetylcholine were improved by tempol (P = 0.004) and completely corrected (P < 0.001) by MnTMPyP. Responses to norepinephrine were also improved by treatment with tempol (P < 0.001) and MnTMPyP (P < 0.001). However, Zn-Mn-SOD did not improve acetylcholine- or norepinephrine-induced responses. Immunostaining for both superoxide and nitrotyrosine was increased in aortic rings from the high V(T) group. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for intracellular ROS and peroxynitrite in the high V(T) ventilation-induced vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martínez-Caro
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CibeRes), Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Carretera de Toledo, km 12.500, Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain
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1549
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Wu JJ, Quijano C, Chen E, Liu H, Cao L, Fergusson MM, Rovira II, Gutkind S, Daniels MP, Komatsu M, Finkel T. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress mediate the physiological impairment induced by the disruption of autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:425-37. [PMID: 20157526 PMCID: PMC2806022 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impaired
or deficient autophagy is believed to cause or contribute to aging, as well
as a number of age-related pathologies. The exact mechanism through which
alterations in autophagy induce these various pathologies is not well
understood. Here we describe the creation of two in vivo mouse
models that allow for the characterization of the alteration in
mitochondrial function and the contribution of the corresponding oxidative
stress following deletion of Atg7. Using these models we demonstrate that
isolated mitochondria obtained from Atg7-/- skeletal muscle
exhibit a significant defect in mitochondrial respiration. We further show
that cells derived from Atg7-/- mice have an altered metabolic
profile characterized by decreased resting mitochondrial oxygen consumption
and a compensatory increase in basal glycolytic rates. Atg7-/-cells
also exhibit evidence for increased steady state levels of reactive oxygen
species. The observed mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress is
also evident in a mouse model where Atg7 is deleted within the pancreatic
β cell. In this model, the simple administration of an antioxidant can
significantly ameliorate the physiological impairment in glucose-stimulated
insulin secretion. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential
role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in autophagy related
pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Julie Wu
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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1550
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Peroxynitrite signaling in human erythrocytes: Synergistic role of hemoglobin oxidation and band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 484:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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