1751
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Cwiklinski K, de la Torre-Escudero E, Trelis M, Bernal D, Dufresne PJ, Brennan GP, O'Neill S, Tort J, Paterson S, Marcilla A, Dalton JP, Robinson MW. The Extracellular Vesicles of the Helminth Pathogen, Fasciola hepatica: Biogenesis Pathways and Cargo Molecules Involved in Parasite Pathogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3258-73. [PMID: 26486420 PMCID: PMC4762619 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by parasites have important roles in establishing and maintaining infection. Analysis of the soluble and vesicular secretions of adult Fasciola hepatica has established a definitive characterization of the total secretome of this zoonotic parasite. Fasciola secretes at least two subpopulations of EVs that differ according to size, cargo molecules and site of release from the parasite. The larger EVs are released from the specialized cells that line the parasite gastrodermus and contain the zymogen of the 37 kDa cathepsin L peptidase that performs a digestive function. The smaller exosome-like vesicle population originate from multivesicular bodies within the tegumental syncytium and carry many previously described immunomodulatory molecules that could be delivered into host cells. By integrating our proteomics data with recently available transcriptomic data sets we have detailed the pathways involved with EV biogenesis in F. hepatica and propose that the small exosome biogenesis occurs via ESCRT-dependent MVB formation in the tegumental syncytium before being shed from the apical plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found that the molecular “machinery” required for EV biogenesis is constitutively expressed across the intramammalian development stages of the parasite. By contrast, the cargo molecules packaged within the EVs are developmentally regulated, most likely to facilitate the parasites migration through host tissue and to counteract host immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Maria Trelis
- §Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; ¶Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Bernal
- ‖Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gerard P Brennan
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sandra O'Neill
- ‡‡School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jose Tort
- §§Departmento de Genética. Facultad de Medicina, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Steve Paterson
- ¶¶Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- §Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; ¶Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - John P Dalton
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland; ‖‖Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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1752
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Meehan K, Vella LJ. The contribution of tumour-derived exosomes to the hallmarks of cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:121-31. [PMID: 26479834 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1092496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small, biologically active extracellular vesicles and over the last decade, both stromal and tumour-derived exosomes (TDE) have been implicated in cancer onset, progression and metastases. Cancer is a complex disease that is underpinned by several "cancer hallmarks", originally described by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and then revised in 2011. The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities, along with two emerging hallmarks and two enabling characteristics that facilitate tumour growth and metastatic dissemination. Ample evidence supports a clear role for TDE in four of the original biological hallmarks (sustaining proliferative signalling, resisting cell death, inducing angiogenesis and activating invasion and metastases). A less-defined role exists for TDE in evading growth suppressors, and currently, there is no evidence to suggest a role for TDE in enabling replicative immortality. TDE are intimately involved in the newly defined hallmarks of cancer and enabling characteristics, most evidently in immune inhibition and tumour-promoting inflammation, which ultimately enable escape from immune destruction and tumour progression. Herein, we discuss the role of TDE in the context of the hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Meehan
- a School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia and
| | - Laura J Vella
- b Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Heidelberg , Australia
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1753
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Eaton SA, Jayasooriah N, Buckland ME, Martin DIK, Cropley JE, Suter CM. Roll over Weismann: extracellular vesicles in the transgenerational transmission of environmental effects. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1165-71. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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1754
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Shapiro IM, Landis WJ, Risbud MV. Matrix vesicles: Are they anchored exosomes? Bone 2015; 79:29-36. [PMID: 25980744 PMCID: PMC4501874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that matrix vesicles are unique extracellular membrane-bound microparticles that serve as initial sites for mineral formation in the growth plate and most other vertebrate mineralizing tissues. Microparticle generation is not confined to hard tissues, as cells in soft tissues generate similar structures; numerous studies have shown that a common type of extracellular particle, termed an exosome, a product of the endosomal pathway, shares many characteristics of matrix vesicles. Indeed, analyses of size, morphology and lipid and protein content indicate that matrix vesicles and exosomes are homologous structures. Such a possibility impacts our understanding of the biogenesis, processing and function of matrix vesicles (exosomes) in vertebrate hard tissues and explains in part how cells control the earliest stages of mineral deposition. Moreover, since exosomes influence a spectrum of functions, including cell-cell communication, it is suggested that this type of microparticle may provide a mechanism for the transfer of signaling molecules between cells within the growth plate and thereby regulate endochondral bone development and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - William J Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, OH, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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1755
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Microvesicle- and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells. J Control Release 2015; 220:727-37. [PMID: 26390807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring membrane particles that mediate intercellular communication by delivering molecular information between cells. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of two different populations of EVs (microvesicle- and exosome-enriched) as carriers of Paclitaxel to autologous prostate cancer cells. METHODS EVs were isolated from LNCaP- and PC-3 prostate cancer cell cultures using differential centrifugation and characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot. The uptake of microvesicles and exosomes by the autologous prostate cancer cells was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The EVs were loaded with Paclitaxel and the effectiveness of EV-mediated drug delivery was assessed with viability assays. The distribution of EVs and EV-delivered Paclitaxel in cells was inspected by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Our main finding was that the loading of Paclitaxel to autologous prostate cancer cell-derived EVs increased its cytotoxic effect. This capacity was independent of the EV population and the cell line tested. Although the EVs without the drug increased cancer cell viability, the net effect of enhanced cytotoxicity remained. Both EV populations delivered Paclitaxel to the recipient cells through endocytosis, leading to the release of the drug from within the cells. The removal of EV surface proteins did not affect exosomes, while the drug delivery mediated by microvesicles was partially inhibited. CONCLUSIONS Cancer cell-derived EVs can be used as effective carriers of Paclitaxel to their parental cells, bringing the drug into the cells through an endocytic pathway and increasing its cytotoxicity. However, due to the increased cell viability, the use of cancer cell-derived EVs must be further investigated before any clinical applications can be designed.
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1756
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Huerta-García E, Márquez-Ramírez SG, Ramos-Godinez MDP, López-Saavedra A, Herrera LA, Parra A, Alfaro-Moreno E, Gómez EO, López-Marure R. Internalization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by glial cells is given at short times and is mainly mediated by actin reorganization-dependent endocytosis. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:27-37. [PMID: 26340880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many nanoparticles (NPs) have toxic effects on multiple cell lines. This toxicity is assumed to be related to their accumulation within cells. However, the process of internalization of NPs has not yet been fully characterized. In this study, the cellular uptake, accumulation, and localization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in rat (C6) and human (U373) glial cells were analyzed using time-lapse microscopy (TLM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytochalasin D (Cyt-D) was used to evaluate whether the internalization process depends of actin reorganization. To determine whether the NP uptake is mediated by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was measured and the 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride was used. Expression of proteins involved with endocytosis and exocytosis such as caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and cysteine string proteins (CSPs) was also determined using flow cytometry. TiO2 NPs were taken up by both cell types, were bound to cellular membranes and were internalized at very short times after exposure (C6, 30 min; U373, 2h). During the uptake process, the formation of pseudopodia and intracellular vesicles was observed, indicating that this process was mediated by endocytosis. No specific localization of TiO2 NPs into particular organelles was found: in contrast, they were primarily localized into large vesicles in the cytoplasm. Internalization of TiO2 NPs was strongly inhibited by Cyt-D in both cells and by amiloride in U373 cells; besides, the observed endocytosis was not associated with NBT reduction in either cell type, indicating that macropinocytosis is the main process of internalization in U373 cells. In addition, increases in the expression of Cav-1 protein and CSPs were observed. In conclusion, glial cells are able to internalize TiO2 NPs by a constitutive endocytic mechanism which may be associated with their strong cytotoxic effect in these cells; therefore, TiO2 NPs internalization and their accumulation in brain cells could be dangerous to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huerta-García
- Departamento de Fisiología (Biología Celular), Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico; Departamento de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Sandra Gissela Márquez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología (Biología Celular), Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico; Departamento de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luis Alonso Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico(h); Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Erika Olivia Gómez
- Academia de Biología, Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología (Biología Celular), Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico.
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1757
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MicroRNAs in the Cholangiopathies: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1688-712. [PMID: 26343736 PMCID: PMC4600153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholangiopathies are a group of liver diseases resulting from different etiologies but with the cholangiocyte as the primary target. As a group, the cholangiopathies result in significant morbidity and mortality and represent one of the main indications for liver transplant in both children and adults. Contributing to this situation is the absence of a thorough understanding of their pathogenesis and a lack of adequate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that modify gene expression post-transcriptionally. They have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including the cholangiopathies. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of the literature on miRNAs in the cholangiopathies and discuss future research directions.
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1758
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Gap junctional protein Cx43 is involved in the communication between extracellular vesicles and mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13243. [PMID: 26285688 PMCID: PMC4541155 DOI: 10.1038/srep13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is vital to ensure tissue and organism homeostasis and can occur directly, between neighbour cells via gap junctions (GJ), or indirectly, at longer distances, through extracellular vesicles, including exosomes. Exosomes, as intercellular carriers of messenger molecules, mediate the transfer of biological information between donor and acceptor cells. Although the biological effects of exosomes in target cells have been intensively studied, the mechanisms that govern exosomal uptake are not fully understood. Here, we show that Connexin 43 (Cx43), the most widely expressed GJ protein, is present in exosomes in the form of hexameric channels and, more importantly, that exosomal Cx43 is able to modulate the interaction and transfer of information between exosomes and acceptor cells. This study envisions a new paradigm where Cx43-containing channels mediate the release of exosomal content into cells, which constitutes a novel and unanticipated mechanism to modulate intercellular communication.
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1759
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Assil S, Webster B, Dreux M. Regulation of the Host Antiviral State by Intercellular Communications. Viruses 2015; 7:4707-33. [PMID: 26295405 PMCID: PMC4576201 DOI: 10.3390/v7082840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses usually induce a profound remodeling of host cells, including the usurpation of host machinery to support their replication and production of virions to invade new cells. Nonetheless, recognition of viruses by the host often triggers innate immune signaling, preventing viral spread and modulating the function of immune cells. It conventionally occurs through production of antiviral factors and cytokines by infected cells. Virtually all viruses have evolved mechanisms to blunt such responses. Importantly, it is becoming increasingly recognized that infected cells also transmit signals to regulate innate immunity in uninfected neighboring cells. These alternative pathways are notably mediated by vesicular secretion of various virus- and host-derived products (miRNAs, RNAs, and proteins) and non-infectious viral particles. In this review, we focus on these newly-described modes of cell-to-cell communications and their impact on neighboring cell functions. The reception of these signals can have anti- and pro-viral impacts, as well as more complex effects in the host such as oncogenesis and inflammation. Therefore, these “broadcasting” functions, which might be tuned by an arms race involving selective evolution driven by either the host or the virus, constitute novel and original regulations of viral infection, either highly localized or systemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Assil
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.
| | - Brian Webster
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.
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1760
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Extracellular Vesicles from Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Display Specific Glycosignatures. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1741-61. [PMID: 26248080 PMCID: PMC4598773 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release vesicles to the extracellular environment with characteristic nucleic acid, protein, lipid, and glycan composition. Here we have isolated and characterized extracellular vesicles (EVs) and total cell membranes (MBs) from ovarian carcinoma OVMz cells. EVs were enriched in specific markers, including Tsg101, CD63, CD9, annexin-I, and MBs contained markers of cellular membrane compartments, including calnexin, GRASP65, GS28, LAMP-1, and L1CAM. The glycoprotein galectin-3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) was strongly enriched in EVs and it contained sialylated complex N-glycans. Lectin blotting with a panel of lectins showed that EVs had specific glycosignatures relative to MBs. Furthermore, the presence of glycoproteins bearing complex N-glycans with α2,3-linked sialic acid, fucose, bisecting-GlcNAc and LacdiNAc structures, and O-glycans with the T-antigen were detected. The inhibition of N-glycosylation processing from high mannose to complex glycans using kifunensine caused changes in the composition of EVs and induced a decrease of several glycoproteins. In conclusion, the results showed that glycosignatures of EVs were specific and altered glycosylation within the cell affected the composition and/or dynamics of EVs release. Furthermore, the identified glycosignatures of EVs could provide novel biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
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1761
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, , Phone: 412-624-0096, FAX: 412-624-0264
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1762
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Yoon C, Kim J, Park G, Kim S, Kim D, Hur DY, Kim B, Kim YS. Delivery of miR-155 to retinal pigment epithelial cells mediated by Burkitt's lymphoma exosomes. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 26211004 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellularly secreted vesicles ranging from 40 to 100 nm in diameter that are thought to play important roles in intercellular communication. Exosomes contain numerous proteins, RNA, and lipids that can affect the status of recipient cells under various pathological conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a major role in post-transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with the 3'-untranslated regions of target genes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been reported to induce sustained elevation of cellular miRNAs such as miR-155. We hypothesized that miRNAs delivered by exosomes might affect the angiogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Here, we demonstrated that co-culture of EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells (Raji) with retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells increased the level of miR-155 in recipient cells whereas no major difference was detected for co-culture with EBV-negative BL cells (Ramos). Isolated Raji exosomes increased transcriptional and translational levels of VEGF-A in ARPE-19 cells, which was reversely correlated with von Hippel-Lindau expression. A human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation assay showed that delivery of ectopic miR-155 rendered ARPE-19 cells proangiogenic. Our results demonstrate that sustained accumulation of miR-155 mediated by exosomes might affect remote recipient cells such as retinal pigment epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshin Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabin Park
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea.
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1763
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Huang A, Dong J, Li S, Wang C, Ding H, Li H, Su X, Ge X, Sun L, Bai C, Shen X, Fang T, Li J, Shao N. Exosomal transfer of vasorin expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells promotes migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:961-9. [PMID: 26157350 PMCID: PMC4495413 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasorin (VASN) is a type I transmembrane protein that plays important roles in tumor development and vasculogenesis. In this paper, we showed that VASN could be a key mediator of communication between tumor cells and endothelial cells. We confirmed for the first time that HepG2-derived VASN can be transferred to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via receptor mediated endocytosis of exosomes, at least in part through HSPGs. The HepG2-derived VASN containing exosomes promote migration of recipient HUVECs cells. Our results identify a novel pathway by which a functional protein expressed in tumor cells affects the biological fate of endothelial cells via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xueting Su
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xingfeng Ge
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Leqiao Sun
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xuelian Shen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ningsheng Shao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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1764
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Janas T, Janas MM, Sapoń K, Janas T. Mechanisms of RNA loading into exosomes. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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1765
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Luo X, Fan Y, Park IW, He JJ. Exosomes are unlikely involved in intercellular Nef transfer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124436. [PMID: 25919665 PMCID: PMC4412529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef is an important pathogenic factor for HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. Several recent studies including ours have demonstrated that Nef can be transferred to neighboring cells and alters the function of these cells. However, how the intercellular Nef transfer occurs is in dispute. In the current study, we attempted to address this important issue using several complementary strategies, a panel of exosomal markers, and human CD4+ T lymphocyte cell line Jurkat and a commonly used cell line 293T. First, we showed that Nef was transferred from Nef-expressing or HIV-infected Jurkat to naïve Jurkat and other non-Jurkat cells and that the transfer required the membrane targeting function of Nef and was cell density-dependent. Then, we showed that Nef transfer was cell-cell contact-dependent, as exposure to culture supernatants or exosomes from HIV-infected Jurkat or Nef-expressing Jurkat and 293T led to little Nef detection in the target cells Jurkat. Thirdly, we demonstrated that Nef was only detected to be associated with HIV virions but not with acetylcholinesterase (AChE+) exosomes from HIV-infected Jurkat and not in the exosomes from Nef-expressing Jurkat. In comparison, when it was over-expressed in 293T, Nef was detected in detergent-insoluble AChE+/CD81low/TSG101low exosomes, but not in detergent-soluble AChE-/CD81high/TSG101high exosomes. Lastly, microscopic imaging showed no significant Nef detection in exosomal vesicle-like structures in and out 293T. Taken together, these results show that exosomes are unlikely involved in intercellular Nef transfer. In addition, this study reveals existence of two types of exosomes: AChE+/CD81low/TSG101low exosomes and AChE-/CD81high/TSG101high exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
| | - Johnny J. He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1766
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Transcriptomic Analysis of mRNAs in Human Monocytic Cells Expressing the HIV-1 Nef Protein and Their Exosomes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:492395. [PMID: 25961023 PMCID: PMC4413250 DOI: 10.1155/2015/492395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) promotes viral replication and progression to AIDS. Besides its well-studied effects on intracellular signaling, Nef also functions through its secretion in exosomes, which are nanovesicles containing proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs and are important for intercellular communication. Nef expression enhances exosome secretion and these exosomes can enter uninfected CD4 T cells leading to apoptotic death. We have recently reported the first miRNome analysis of exosomes secreted from Nef-expressing U937monocytic cells. Here we show genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Nef-expressing U937 cells and their exosomes. We identified four key mRNAs preferentially retained in Nef-expressing cells; these code for MECP2, HMOX1, AARSD1, and ATF2 and are important for chromatin modification and gene expression. Interestingly, their target miRNAs are exported out in exosomes. We also identified three key mRNAs selectively secreted in exosomes from Nef-expressing U937 cells and their corresponding miRNAs being preferentially retained in cells. These are AATK, SLC27A1, and CDKAL and are important in apoptosis and fatty acid transport. Thus, our study identifies selectively expressed mRNAs in Nef-expressing U937 cells and their exosomes and supports a new mode on intercellular regulation by the HIV-1 Nef protein.
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1767
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Falcone G, Felsani A, D'Agnano I. Signaling by exosomal microRNAs in cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:32. [PMID: 25886763 PMCID: PMC4391656 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A class of small non-coding RNAs, the microRNAs (miRNAs), have recently attracted great attention in cancer research since they play a central role in regulation of gene-expression and miRNA aberrant expression is found in almost all types of human cancer. The discovery of circulating miRNAs in body fluids and the finding that they are often tumor specific and can be detected early in tumorigenesis has soon led to the evaluation of their possible use as cancer biomarkers and treatment-response predictors. The evidence that tumor cells communicate via the secretion and delivery of miRNAs packed into tumor-released microvesicles has prompted to investigate miRNA contribution as signaling molecules to the establishment and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment and the metastatic niche in cancer. In this review we highlight the recent advances on the role of exosomal miRNAs as mediators of cancer cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Falcone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via Ramarini 32-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Armando Felsani
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via Ramarini 32-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy. .,Genomnia srl, Via Nerviano, 31/B - 20020, Lainate, MI, Italy.
| | - Igea D'Agnano
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via Ramarini 32-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
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1768
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Eitan E, Zhang S, Witwer KW, Mattson MP. Extracellular vesicle-depleted fetal bovine and human sera have reduced capacity to support cell growth. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:26373. [PMID: 25819213 PMCID: PMC4376846 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most widely used serum supplement for mammalian cell culture. It supports cell growth by providing nutrients, growth signals, and protection from stress. Attempts to develop serum-free media that support cell expansion to the same extent as serum-supplemented media have not yet succeeded, suggesting that FBS contains one or more as-yet-undefined growth factors. One potential vehicle for the delivery of growth factors from serum to cultured cells is extracellular vesicles (EVs). Methods EV-depleted FBS and human serum were generated by 120,000g centrifugation, and its cell growth–supporting activity was measured. Isolated EVs from FBS were quantified and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, and protein assay. EV internalization into cells was quantified using fluorescent plate reader analysis and microscopy. Results Most cell types cultured with EV-depleted FBS showed a reduced growth rate but not an increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent etoposide and the endoplasmic reticulum stress–inducing chemical tunicamycin. Supplying cells with isolated FBS-derived EVs enhanced their growth. FBS-derived EVs were internalized by mouse and human cells wherein 65±26% of them interacted with the lysosomes. EV-depleted human serum also exhibited reduced cell growth–promoting activity. Conclusions EVs play a role in the cell growth and survival-promoting effects of FBS and human serum. Thus, it is important to take the effect of EV depletion under consideration when planning EV extraction experiments and while attempting to develop serum-free media that support rapid cell expansion. In addition, these findings suggest roles for circulating EVs in supporting cell growth and survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Eitan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shi Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathology, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;
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1769
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Mittelbrunn M, Vicente Manzanares M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Organizing polarized delivery of exosomes at synapses. Traffic 2015; 16:327-337. [PMID: 25614958 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that transport different molecules between cells. They are formed and stored inside multivesicular bodies (MVB) until they are released to the extracellular environment. MVB fuse along the plasma membrane, driving non-polarized secretion of exosomes. However, polarized signaling potentially directs MVBs to a specific point in the plasma membrane to mediate a focal delivery of exosomes. MVB polarization occurs across a broad set of cellular situations, e.g. in immune and neuronal synapses, cell migration and in epithelial sheets. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art of polarized MVB docking and the specification of secretory sites at the plasma membrane. The current view is that MVB positioning and subsequent exosome delivery requires a polarizing, cytoskeletal dependent-trafficking mechanism. In this context, we propose scenarios in which biochemical and mechanical signals could drive the polarized delivery of exosomes in highly polarized cells, such as lymphocytes, neurons and epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mittelbrunn
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation Department, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente Manzanares
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Department of Medicine / IIS-Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Biology and Inflammation Department, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Department of Medicine / IIS-Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, Madrid, Spain
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1770
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Nassar W, El-Ansary M, Aziz MA, El-Hakim E. Extracellular vesicles: fundamentals and clinical relevance. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.155824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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1771
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Extracellular vesicles in the biology of brain tumour stem cells--Implications for inter-cellular communication, therapy and biomarker development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:17-26. [PMID: 25721810 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as carriers of molecular and oncogenic signatures present in subsets of tumour cells and tumour-associated stroma, and as mediators of intercellular communication. These processes likely involve cancer stem cells (CSCs). EVs represent a unique pathway of cellular export and cell-to-cell transfer of insoluble molecular regulators such as membrane receptors, signalling proteins and metabolites, thereby influencing the functional integration of cancer cell populations. While mechanisms that control biogenesis, cargo and uptake of different classes of EVs (exosomes, microvesicles, ectosomes, large oncosomes) are poorly understood, they likely remain under the influence of stress-responses, microenvironment and oncogenic processes that define the biology and heterogeneity of human cancers. In glioblastoma (GBM), recent molecular profiling approaches distinguished several disease subtypes driven by distinct molecular, epigenetic and mutational mechanisms, leading to formation of proneural, neural, classical and mesenchymal tumours. Moreover, molecularly distinct clonal cellular lineages co-exist within individual GBM lesions, where they differentiate according to distinct stem cell hierarchies resulting in several facets of tumour heterogeneity and the related potential for intercellular interactions. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) may carry signatures of either proneural or mesenchymal GBM subtypes and differ in several biological characteristics that are, at least in part, represented by the output and repertoire of EV production (vesiculome). We report that vesiculomes differ between known GBM subtypes. EVs may also reflect and influence the equilibrium of the stem cell hierarchy, contain oncogenic drivers and modulate the microenvironment (vascular niche). The GBM/GSC subtype-specific differentials in EV cargo of proteins, transcripts, microRNA and DNA may enable detection of the dynamics of the stem cell compartment and result in biological effects that remain to be fully characterized.
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1772
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Minciacchi VR, Freeman MR, Di Vizio D. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: exosomes, microvesicles and the emerging role of large oncosomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:41-51. [PMID: 25721812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their first description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the topic of avid study in a variety of physiologic contexts and are now thought to play an important role in cancer. The state of knowledge on biogenesis, molecular content and horizontal communication of diverse types of cancer EVs has expanded considerably in recent years. As a consequence, a plethora of information about EV composition and molecular function has emerged, along with the notion that cancer cells rely on these particles to invade tissues and propagate oncogenic signals at distance. The number of in vivo studies, designed to achieve a deeper understanding of the extent to which EV biology can be applied to clinically relevant settings, is rapidly growing. This review summarizes recent studies on cancer-derived EV functions, with an overview about biogenesis and molecular cargo of exosomes, microvesicles and large oncosomes. We also discuss current challenges and emerging technologies that might improve EV detection in various biological systems. Further studies on the functional role of EVs in specific steps of cancer formation and progression will expand our understanding of the diversity of paracrine signaling mechanisms in malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Minciacchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; The Urological Diseases Research Center; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; The Urological Diseases Research Center; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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1773
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Tomlinson PR, Zheng Y, Fischer R, Heidasch R, Gardiner C, Evetts S, Hu M, Wade-Martins R, Turner MR, Morris J, Talbot K, Kessler BM, Tofaris GK. Identification of distinct circulating exosomes in Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:353-61. [PMID: 25909081 PMCID: PMC4402081 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Whether circulating microvesicles convey bioactive signals in neurodegenerative diseases remains currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the biochemical composition and biological function of exosomes isolated from sera of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Proteomic analysis was performed on microvesicle preparations from grouped samples of patients with genetic and sporadic forms of PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and healthy subjects. Nanoparticle-tracking analysis was used to assess the number and size of exosomes between patient groups. To interrogate their biological effect, microvesicles were added to primary rat cortical neurons subjected to either nutrient deprivation or sodium arsenite. Results Among 1033 proteins identified, 23 exosome-associated proteins were differentially abundant in PD, including the regulator of exosome biogenesis syntenin 1. These protein changes were detected despite similar exosome numbers across groups suggesting that they may reflect exosome subpopulations with distinct functions. Accordingly, we showed in models of neuronal stress that Parkinson's-derived microvesicles have a protective effect. Interpretation Collectively, these data suggest for the first time that immunophenotyping of circulating exosome subpopulations in PD may lead to a better understanding of the systemic response to neurodegeneration and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Tomlinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Zheng
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ronny Heidasch
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Gardiner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Evetts
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom ; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom ; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom ; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom ; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom ; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
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1774
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Zhang J, Li S, Li L, Li M, Guo C, Yao J, Mi S. Exosome and exosomal microRNA: trafficking, sorting, and function. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 13:17-24. [PMID: 25724326 PMCID: PMC4411500 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1364] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-100 nm nano-sized vesicles that are released from many cell types into the extracellular space. Such vesicles are widely distributed in various body fluids. Recently, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in exosomes, which can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells and subsequently modulate recipient cells. This suggests an active sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, since the miRNA profiles of exosomes may differ from those of the parent cells. Exosomal miRNAs play an important role in disease progression, and can stimulate angiogenesis and facilitate metastasis in cancers. In this review, we will introduce the origin and the trafficking of exosomes between cells, display current research on the sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, and briefly describe how exosomes and their miRNAs function in recipient cells. Finally, we will discuss the potential applications of these miRNA-containing vesicles in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chongye Guo
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuangli Mi
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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1775
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Nishida-Aoki N, Ochiya T. Interactions between cancer cells and normal cells via miRNAs in extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1849-61. [PMID: 25563488 PMCID: PMC4412282 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit many functions in biological activities. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs exist outside cells and are transferred between cells. Extracellular miRNAs are protected from ribonucleases found in body fluids through binding to specific proteins or by being encapsulated in lipid bilayer vesicles. Here, we review the mechanisms of the secretion and uptake as well as the functions of extracellular miRNAs, particularly those encapsulated in extracellular vesicles. Extracellular vesicles are related to cancer progression, and some miRNAs in extracellular vesicles are associated with cancer cells. We describe the transfer of cancer-related miRNAs between cancer cells and non-cancerous cells. Finally, we discuss the anticipated applications of miRNAs present in extracellular vesicles in diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nishida-Aoki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
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1776
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Coenen-Stass AML, Mäger I, Wood MJA. Extracellular microRNAs in Membrane Vesicles and Non-vesicular Carriers. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2015; 106:31-53. [PMID: 26608198 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0955-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Great excitement has surrounded the finding that small RNAs are stable in various biofluids and carry specific signatures reflecting physiological and pathological states. In this chapter, we briefly describe the impact of this revolutionary discovery and introduce different subclasses of circulating microRNAs based on their mode of transport. Subsequently, we review the current state-of-the art knowledge on microRNA selection for export, secretion and possible uptake mechanisms and their potential function in circulation. Furthermore, we give an overview on the possible use of cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers and as therapeutic targets. Overall, we aim to highlight open questions and address some of the pitfalls of current extracellular RNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M L Coenen-Stass
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mathew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
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1777
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Lässer C. Exosomes in diagnostic and therapeutic applications: biomarker, vaccine and RNA interference delivery vehicle. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:103-17. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.977250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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1778
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Kawikova I, Askenase PW. Diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of exosomes in CNS diseases. Brain Res 2014; 1617:63-71. [PMID: 25304360 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A newly discovered cell-to-cell communication system involves small, membrane-enveloped nanovesicles, called exosomes. We describe here how these extracellular nanoparticles were discovered and how it became gradually apparent that they play fundamental roles in regulation of physiological functions and pathological processes. Exosomes enable intercellular communication by transporting genetic material, proteins and lipids to cells in their vicinity or at distant sites, and subsequently regulating functions of targeted cells. Relatively recent experiments indicate that exosomes are released also by CNS cells, including cortical and hippocampal neurons, glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and that exosomes have significant impact on pathophysiology of the brain. How it is decided what individual exosomes will carry to their targets is not understood, but it appears that the contents may represent "signature cargos" that are characteristic for various conditions. Exploration of such characteristics could result in discovery of novel diagnostic biomarkers. Exosomes are also promising as a vehicle for therapeutic delivery of micro RNA or other compounds. How to deliver exosomes to selected sites has been a tantalizing question. Recent experiments revealed that at least some exosomes carry antibodies on their surface, suggesting that it may be feasible to deliver exosomes to unique sites based on the recognition of antigens by those antibodies. This discovery implies that rather precise targeting of both natural and engineered exosomes may be feasible. This would reduce distribution volume of therapeutics, and consequently minimize their side effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuroimmunology in Health And Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kawikova
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S-217, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S-217, 300 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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