1801
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Cytokines: roles in atherosclerosis disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1317-30. [PMID: 27357616 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the walls of medium and large arteries. CVD is currently responsible for about one in three global deaths and this is expected to rise in the future due to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Current therapies for atherosclerosis mainly modulate lipid homeostasis and while successful at reducing the risk of a CVD-related death, they are associated with considerable residual risk and various side effects. There is, therefore, a need for alternative therapies aimed at regulating inflammation in order to reduce atherogenesis. This review will highlight the key role cytokines play during disease progression as well as potential therapeutic strategies to target them.
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1802
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Wang HS, Nie X, Wu RB, Yuan HW, Ma YH, Liu XL, Zhang JY, Deng XL, Na Q, Jin HY, Bian YC, Gao YM, Wang YD, Chen WD. Downregulation of human Wnt3 in gastric cancer suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3849-60. [PMID: 27390525 PMCID: PMC4930241 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways is closely involved in the occurrence and progression of several types of human malignancies. However, as a fundamental component in this cascade, Wnt3 has not been well understood for the expression level and pathogenic mechanism in gastric carcinogenesis. Here, this research was undertaken to elucidate the important role of Wnt3 in gastric cancer. Wnt3 expression in gastric carcinomas and their respective normal tissues was examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In all cases, Wnt3 expression was significantly elevated in gastric carcinomas compared with normal tissues. Knocking down Wnt3 in MGC-803 gastric cancer cells by small interfering RNAs transfection led to an obvious decrease in both transcript and protein levels. Silence of Wnt3 expression in gastric cancer cells inhibited the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 genes in Wnt/β-catenin pathway, significantly blocked cellular proliferation, delayed cell cycle, suppressed cell invasion and metastasis, accompanied by a higher apoptosis rate. Together, we conclude that upregulation of Wnt3 plays a crucial role in gastric tumorigenesis by inducing proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibiting apoptosis of cancer cells, and Wnt3 might be a potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Xiaobo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng
| | - Rui-Bing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Hong-Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Yue-Hong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Xiu-Lan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Jian-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Qin Na
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Hai-Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Yan-Chao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Yu-Min Gao
- Epidemiology Section, Public Health School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot; Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng
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1803
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Khan S, Islam A, Hassan MI, Ahmad F. Purification and structural characterization of Mce4A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:235-241. [PMID: 27355757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mce4A gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a 400 amino acid residues protein of 43kDa, which is a mammalian cell entry protein (Mce4A) and plays important role in host cell invasion. Mce4A helps in long-term survival of M. tuberculosis by cholesterol utilization. Host cholesterol utilization mechanism by Mce4A is not clearly understood. In order to investigate the role of Mce4A in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, we purified the recombinant protein by affinity chromatography, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by western blot. We performed structural studies of Mce4A as function of pH and salt concentration by using different spectroscopic techniques. This protein was found to be stable over the wide range of pH 5.5≤pH≤11.5. An addition of sodium chloride up to the concentration of 150mM, shows no significant change in the secondary structure content of the protein. To confirm its activity, we performed isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of Mce4A in the presence of cholesterol. This is the first report of binding of cholesterol to Mce4A in vitro. Binding of cholesterol to Mce4A is sequential four-step and entropy driven process. The structural studies of this protein will help to understand the mechanism of pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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1804
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Strassburg CP. HCC-Associated Liver Transplantation - Where Are the Limits and What Are the New Regulations? Visc Med 2016; 32:263-271. [PMID: 27722163 DOI: 10.1159/000446385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents an increasing health burden worldwide and a challenging disease both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS The literature available on PubMed for the period of 1990-2016 was reviewed with reference to liver allocation, HCC, liver transplantation (LT), and prediction, and the allocation rules of the German Transplant Act were reviewed. RESULTS Due to etiological and geographical diversity, HCC is not a homogeneous disease. In the vast majority of patients, HCC develops as a complication of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. While most patients present with advanced HCC for which palliative strategies are the only available option, LT is the best treatment approach as it not only eliminates the diseased liver and the underlying hepatocarcinogenic mechanisms but also the cancer. The decision for LT is not an easy one to make, because outcome prediction, staging, bridging therapy, and recurrence prevention are difficult and are estimated against the background of the scarce resource of donor organs which are also competitively sought after by patients suffering from non-neoplastic terminal liver diseases, raising the issue of equality of chances in a rationed therapeutic modality. Currently, the Milan criteria are the best evaluated decision tool for LT, but many issues such as down-staging, favorable biological behavior during treatment, expansion of the morphological classification, molecular predictors, and individualized approaches are not yet satisfactorily addressed. CONCLUSION In order to provide a fair and effective approach to LT in HCC, the employed allocation rules require continuous development and scientific evaluation. Recently, the allocation rules for standard exception priority according to the German Transplant Act have been revised to improve patient selection for LT in HCC.
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1805
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Söderberg-Nauclér C, Fornara O, Rahbar A. Cytomegalovirus driven immunosenescence-An immune phenotype with or without clinical impact? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:3-13. [PMID: 27318107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emerging increase in life span has led to vulnerability to a number of different diseases in the elderly. Some of these risks may be attributed to specific changes in the immune system referred to as immunoscenescence. This term aims to describe decreased immune functions among elderly individuals, and is characterized to be harmful age-associated changes in the immune system that lead to its gradual immune dysfunction. An impaired function of the immune system may increase susceptibility to various diseases in the elderly population such as infections, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Although it is unclear how this immune phenotype develops, emerging evidence suggest that it may reflect an exhaustion of the immune system, possibly caused by one or several chronic infections. The main candidate is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can induce immune dysfunctions observed in immunoscenescence. Although the immune system is currently considered to be exhausted in CMV positive elderly individuals, it is not known whether such dysfunction of the immune system is a main reason for increased susceptibility to other diseases, or if direct effects of the virus in disease pathogenesis reflect the increased vulnerability to them. These aspects will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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1806
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Abstract
Because of their elevated steady-state stress level, cancer cells are particularly sensitive to perturbation of mechanisms regulating protein homeostasis. In this issue, Cerezo and colleagues show that pharmacologic modulation of GRP78, master regulator of the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum, can be exploited for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Xu
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Len Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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1807
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Feo F, Simile MM, Pascale RM. Focal loss of long non-coding RNA-PRAL, as determinant of cell function and phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:183. [PMID: 27275496 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.03.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria M Simile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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1808
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Ning WF, Wang F, Deng HJ, Chen HH. Screening of differentially expressed genes in chronic hepatitis B patients and prediction of related biological pathways. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2485-2491. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i16.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B.
METHODS: Based on microarray experiment, GeneSpring software was used to screen differentially expressed genes in chronic hepatitis B patients, and GeneTrail software was used to perform enrichment analysis of related biological pathways.
RESULTS: A total of 417 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 205 were upregulated and 212 downregulated. Significant pathways to which downregulated genes belong include ErbB, non-small cell lung cancer, mTOR, RNA degradation, T cell receptor, chronic myeloid leukemia, and renal cell carcinoma pathways. Significant pathways to which upregulated genes belong include chemokine, lysosomes, Vibrio cholerae infection, and IgG Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis pathways.
CONCLUSION: PI3K/AKT downregulation is likely a major molecular mechanism of persistent hepatitis B.
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1809
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Lei CJ, Liu JN, Wu R, Long ZX, Zhang JZ, Tao D, Liu YP. Change of the peripheral blood immune pattern and its correlation with prognosis in patients with liver cancer treated by sorafenib. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:592-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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1810
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Khan S, Karmokar A, Howells L, Thomas AL, Bayliss R, Gescher A, Brown K. Targeting cancer stem-like cells using dietary-derived agents - Where are we now? Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1295-309. [PMID: 27060283 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diet has been linked to an overwhelming proportion of cancers. Current chemotherapy and targeted therapies are limited by toxicity and the development of resistance against these treatments results in cancer recurrence or progression. In vitro evidence indicates that a number of dietary-derived agents have activity against a highly tumorigenic, chemoradiotherapy resistant population of cells within a tumour. This population is associated with cancer recurrence and is therefore clinically significant. Targeting this subpopulation, termed cancer stem-like cells with dietary-derived agents provides a potentially low toxicity strategy to enhance current treatment regimens. In addition, dietary-derived compounds also provide a novel approach to cancer prevention strategies. This review focusses on selected diet-derived agents that have been shown to specifically target cancer stem-like cells using in vivo models, or in clinical trials. Furthermore, the potential limitations of these studies are discussed, and areas of research that need to be addressed to allow successful translation of dietary-derived agents to the clinical arena are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Khan
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ankur Karmokar
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lynne Howells
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Anne L Thomas
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andreas Gescher
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Karen Brown
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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1811
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Beneficial effects of vitamin C treatment on pregnant rats exposed to formaldehyde: Reversal of immunosuppression in the offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 300:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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1812
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Saito MS, Lourenço AL, Kang HC, Rodrigues CR, Cabral LM, Castro HC, Satlher PC. New approaches in tail-bleeding assay in mice: improving an important method for designing new anti-thrombotic agents. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:285-92. [PMID: 27377432 PMCID: PMC4960579 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a modified, simple, low-cost and more sensitive method to determine bleeding patterns and haemoglobin concentration in a tail-bleeding assay using BALB/c mice and tail tip amputation. The cut tail was immersed in Drabkin's reagent to promote erythrocyte lysis and haemoglobin release, which was monitored over 30 min. The operator was blinded to individual conditions of the mice, which were treated with either saline (NaCl 0.15m), DMSO (0.5%) or clinical anti-thrombotic drugs. Our experimental protocols showed good reproducibility and repeatability of results when using Drabkin's reagent than water. Thus, the use of Drabkin's reagent offered a simple and low-cost method to observe and quantify the bleeding and rebleeding episodes. We also observed the bleeding pattern and total haemoglobin loss using untreated animals or those under anti-coagulant therapy in order to validate the new Drabkin method and thus confirm that it is a useful protocol to quantify haemoglobin concentrations in tail-bleeding assay. This modified method provided a more accurate results for bleeding patterns in mice and for identifying new anti-thrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Seidy Saito
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hye Chung Kang
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Plínio Cunha Satlher
- Laboratório de Antibióticos Bioquímica Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF) - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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1813
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Heme dynamics and trafficking factors revealed by genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7539-44. [PMID: 27247412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523802113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule. Heme acquisition by proteins and heme signaling are ultimately reliant on the ability to mobilize labile heme (LH). However, the properties of LH pools, including concentration, oxidation state, distribution, speciation, and dynamics, are poorly understood. Herein, we elucidate the nature and dynamics of LH using genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent heme sensors in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae We find that the subcellular distribution of LH is heterogeneous; the cytosol maintains LH at ∼20-40 nM, whereas the mitochondria and nucleus maintain it at concentrations below 2.5 nM. Further, we find that the signaling molecule nitric oxide can initiate the rapid mobilization of heme in the cytosol and nucleus from certain thiol-containing factors. We also find that the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase constitutes a major cellular heme buffer, and is responsible for maintaining the activity of the heme-dependent nuclear transcription factor heme activator protein (Hap1p). Altogether, we demonstrate that the heme sensors can be used to reveal fundamental aspects of heme trafficking and dynamics and can be used across multiple organisms, including Escherichia coli, yeast, and human cell lines.
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1814
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Buehler J, Zeltzer S, Reitsma J, Petrucelli A, Umashankar M, Rak M, Zagallo P, Schroeder J, Terhune S, Goodrum F. Opposing Regulation of the EGF Receptor: A Molecular Switch Controlling Cytomegalovirus Latency and Replication. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005655. [PMID: 27218650 PMCID: PMC4878804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses persist indefinitely in their host through complex and poorly defined interactions that mediate latent, chronic or productive states of infection. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV or HCMV), a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus, coordinates the expression of two viral genes, UL135 and UL138, which have opposing roles in regulating viral replication. UL135 promotes reactivation from latency and virus replication, in part, by overcoming replication-suppressive effects of UL138. The mechanism by which UL135 and UL138 oppose one another is not known. We identified viral and host proteins interacting with UL138 protein (pUL138) to begin to define the mechanisms by which pUL135 and pUL138 function. We show that pUL135 and pUL138 regulate the viral cycle by targeting that same receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR is a major homeostatic regulator involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival, making it an ideal target for viral manipulation during infection. pUL135 promotes internalization and turnover of EGFR from the cell surface, whereas pUL138 preserves surface expression and activation of EGFR. We show that activated EGFR is sequestered within the infection-induced, juxtanuclear viral assembly compartment and is unresponsive to stress. Intriguingly, these findings suggest that CMV insulates active EGFR in the cell and that pUL135 and pUL138 function to fine-tune EGFR levels at the cell surface to allow the infected cell to respond to extracellular cues. Consistent with the role of pUL135 in promoting replication, inhibition of EGFR or the downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) favors reactivation from latency and replication. We propose a model whereby pUL135 and pUL138 together with EGFR comprise a molecular switch that regulates states of latency and replication in HCMV infection by regulating EGFR trafficking to fine tune EGFR signaling. Cytomegalovirus, a herpesvirus, persists in its host through complex interactions that mediate latent, chronic or productive states of infection. Defining the mechanistic basis viral persistence is important for defining the costs and possible benefits of viral persistence and to mitigate pathologies associated with reactivation. We have identified two genes, UL135 and UL138, with opposing roles in regulating states of latency and replication. UL135 promotes replication and reactivation from latency, in part, by overcoming suppressive effects of UL138. Intriguingly, pUL135 and pUL138 regulate the viral cycle by targeting the same receptor tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR is a major homeostatic regulator controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival, making it an ideal target for viruses to manipulate during infection. We show that CMV insulates and regulates EGFR levels and activity by modulating its trafficking. This work defines a molecular switch that regulates latent and replicative states of infection through the modulation of host trafficking and signaling pathways. The regulation of EGFR at the cell surface provides a novel means by which the virus may sense and respond to changes in the host environment to enter into or exit the latent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Buehler
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Zeltzer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Justin Reitsma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Mike Rak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Patricia Zagallo
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joyce Schroeder
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Scott Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1815
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Pinto HA, de Melo AL. Comments on human eurytremiasis in Brazil. World J Exp Med 2016; 6:55-57. [PMID: 27226956 PMCID: PMC4873560 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v6.i2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eurytremiasis is an important parasitic disease of cattle that was recently suggested to be a neglected and emerging human disease in Brazil. Based on a misinterpretation of the life cycle of the parasite, it was suggested that a great number of people could be infected with this fluke in the country. In the present letter, aspects of the life cycle of Eurytrema spp. are revisited and clarified. The mechanism of transmission previously reported for the few accidental human cases involved the ingestion of raw or undercooked insects (grasshoppers and crickets) harboring the infective metacercariae. In reality, the zoonotic potential of Eurytrema species is extremely low, and human eurytremiasis is not, and probably never will be, a zoonotic disease in countries where entomophagy is not a common food habit.
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1816
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Lopes da Silva M, O'Connor MN, Kriston-Vizi J, White IJ, Al-Shawi R, Simons JP, Mössinger J, Haucke V, Cutler DF. Type II PI4-kinases control Weibel-Palade body biogenesis and von Willebrand factor structure in human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2096-105. [PMID: 27068535 PMCID: PMC4878995 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are endothelial storage organelles that mediate the release of molecules involved in thrombosis, inflammation and angiogenesis, including the pro-thrombotic glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (VWF). Although many protein components required for WPB formation and function have been identified, the role of lipids is almost unknown. We examined two key phosphatidylinositol kinases that control phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate levels at the trans-Golgi network, the site of WPB biogenesis. RNA interference of the type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ in primary human endothelial cells leads to formation of an increased proportion of short WPB with perturbed packing of VWF, as exemplified by increased exposure of antibody-binding sites. When stimulated with histamine, these cells release normal levels of VWF yet, under flow, form very few platelet-catching VWF strings. In PI4KIIα-deficient mice, immuno-microscopy revealed that VWF packaging is also perturbed and these mice exhibit increased blood loss after tail cut compared to controls. This is the first demonstration that lipid kinases can control the biosynthesis of VWF and the formation of WPBs that are capable of full haemostatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie N O'Connor
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- Bioinformatics Image Core, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian J White
- Electron Microscopy Core, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Raya Al-Shawi
- Royal Free Centre for Biomedical Science, and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - J Paul Simons
- Royal Free Centre for Biomedical Science, and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Julia Mössinger
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel F Cutler
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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1817
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Yan J, Liu T, Zhou X, Dang Y, Yin C, Zhang G. FZD6, targeted by miR-21, represses gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration via activating non-canonical wnt pathway. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2354-2364. [PMID: 27347343 PMCID: PMC4891448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
FZD6 plays crucial roles in human tumorigenesis. However, its mechanism in regulating cancers has not been fully elucidated. In the study, we found that FZD6 repressed gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration via activating non-canonical wnt pathway. In addition, non-canonical wnt pathway ameliorated expression of canonical wnt pathway. We also demonstrated that the FZD6 was involved in miR-21-dependent effects in the canonical and non-canonical wnt pathways in gastric cancer. These findings provide a better understanding of the development and progression of gastric cancer and may be an important implication for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Tingyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yini Dang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Chengqiang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
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1818
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Trypanosoma cruzi-Trypanosoma rangeli co-infection ameliorates negative effects of single trypanosome infections in experimentally infected Rhodnius prolixus. Parasitology 2016; 143:1157-67. [PMID: 27174360 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease, co-infects its triatomine vector with its sister species Trypanosoma rangeli, which shares 60% of its antigens with T. cruzi. Additionally, T. rangeli has been observed to be pathogenic in some of its vector species. Although T. cruzi-T. rangeli co-infections are common, their effect on the vector has rarely been investigated. Therefore, we measured the fitness (survival and reproduction) of triatomine species Rhodnius prolixus infected with just T. cruzi, just T. rangeli, or both T. cruzi and T. rangeli. We found that survival (as estimated by survival probability and hazard ratios) was significantly different between treatments, with the T. cruzi treatment group having lower survival than the co-infected treatment. Reproduction and total fitness estimates in the T. cruzi and T. rangeli treatments were significantly lower than in the co-infected and control groups. The T. cruzi and T. rangeli treatment group fitness estimates were not significantly different from each other. Additionally, co-infected insects appeared to tolerate higher doses of parasites than insects with single-species infections. Our results suggest that T. cruzi-T. rangeli co-infection could ameliorate negative effects of single infections of either parasite on R. prolixus and potentially help it to tolerate higher parasite doses.
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1819
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Quiros-Roldan E, Raffetti E, Donato F, Magoni M, Pezzoli C, Ferraresi A, Brianese N, Castelnuovo F, Focà E, Castelli F. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in HIV-Infected Patients: A Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154900. [PMID: 27148878 PMCID: PMC4858273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to predict occurrence of cardiovascular events in the general population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of NLR to predict major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in HIV-infected subjects. We performed a retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients residing in the Local Health Authority (LHA) of Brescia, northern Italy, from 2000 to 2012. The incidence of CVD events in HIV-positive patients was compared with that expected in the general population living in the same area, computing standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). To evaluate the predictive role of NLR, univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied, computing hazard ratios (HRs). A total of 3766 HIV-infected patients (mean age 38.1 years, 71.3% males) were included (person-years 28768.6). A total of 134 CVD events occurred in 119 HIV-infected patients. A 2-fold increased risk (SIR 2.02) of CVD was found in HIV-infected patients compared to the general population. NLR levels measured at baseline and during follow-up were independently associated with CVD incidence, when also adjusting for both traditional CVD risk factors and HIV-related factors (HR 3.05 for NLR≥ 1.2). The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve showed a modest, not statistically significant, increase, from 0.81 to 0.83, with addition of NLR to Framingham risk score model covariates. In conclusion an elevated NLR is a predictor of risk CVD in HIV-infected patients, independently from the traditional CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Raffetti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Donato
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Magoni
- Local Health Agency of the Brescia Province, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pezzoli
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Ferraresi
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nigritella Brianese
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Castelnuovo
- Hospital Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Focà
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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1820
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Rafii S, Butler JM, Ding BS. Angiocrine functions of organ-specific endothelial cells. Nature 2016; 529:316-25. [PMID: 26791722 DOI: 10.1038/nature17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells that line capillaries are not just passive conduits for delivering blood. Tissue-specific endothelium establishes specialized vascular niches that deploy sets of growth factors, known as angiocrine factors. These cues participate actively in the induction, specification, patterning and guidance of organ regeneration, as well as in the maintainance of homeostasis and metabolism. When upregulated following injury, they orchestrate self-renewal and differentiation of tissue-specific resident stem and progenitor cells into functional organs. Uncovering the mechanisms by which organotypic endothelium distributes physiological levels of angiocrine factors both spatially and temporally will lay the foundation for clinical trials that promote organ repair without scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jason M Butler
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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1821
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Qian Z, Lv J, Kelly GT, Wang H, Zhang X, Gu W, Yin X, Wang T, Zhou T. Expression of nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2-mediated genes differentiates tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99:56-62. [PMID: 27450006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During infection and host defense, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) dependent signaling is an efficient antioxidant defensive mechanism used by host cells to control the destructive effects of reactive oxygen species. This allows for effective defense responses against microbes while minimizing oxidative injury to the host cell itself. As a central regulator of antioxidant genes, Nrf2 has gained great attention in its pivotal role in infection, especially in tuberculosis (TB), the top infectious disease killer worldwide. To elucidate the genes potentially regulated by Nrf2 in TB, we conducted a meta-analysis on published gene expression datasets. Firstly, we compared the global gene expression profiles between control and Nrf2-deficient human cells. The differentially expressed genes were deemed as "Nrf2-mediated genes". Next, the whole blood gene expression pattern of TB patients was compared with that of healthy controls, pneumonia patients, and lung cancer patients. We found that the genes deregulated in TB significantly overlap with the Nrf2-mediated genes. Based on the intersection of Nrf2-mediated and TB-regulated genes, we identified an Nrf2-mediated 17-gene signature, which reflects a cluster of gene ontology terms highly related to TB physiology. We demonstrated that the 17-gene signature can be used to distinguish TB patients from healthy controls and patients with latent TB infection, pneumonia, or lung cancer. Also, the Nrf2-mediated gene signature can be used as an indicator of the anti-TB therapeutic response. More importantly, we confirmed that the predictive power of the Nrf2-mediated 17-gene signature is significantly better than the random gene sets selected from the human transcriptome. Also, the 17-gene signature performs even better than the random gene signatures selected from TB-associated genes. Our study confirms the central role of Nrf2 in TB pathogenesis and provides a novel and useful diagnostic method to differentiate TB patients from other human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233003, China.
| | - Jingzhu Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233003, China.
| | - Gabriel T Kelly
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1656 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233003, China.
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233003, China.
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Research Center for Learning Sciences, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1656 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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1822
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Schwertz CI, Gabriel ME, Henker LC, Bottari NB, Carmo GD, Guarda NDS, Moresco RN, Machado G, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Stedille FA, Baska P, Mattei V, da Silva AS, Mendes RE. Oxidative stress associated with pathological changes in the pancreas of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:102-10. [PMID: 27198785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Eurytrema coelomaticum is considered a parasite with low pathogenicity, it may be associated with mortality and loss of productive performance in animals due to chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by E. coelomaticum in naturally infected cattle, correlating the biochemical findings with the parasite load and histopathological changes. For this study, blood and pancreas samples from 51 cattle were collected, and levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in the serum and pancreas, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in total blood. Parasite burden was determined opening the pancreatic ducts, and then fragments of pancreas were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for histopathology. From the 51 collected pancreas, 33 (63.5%) were parasitized. The average parasite burden per pancreas was 532 (12-2,578). TBARS and FRAP showed higher levels in serum and pancreas of infected animals (p<0.05), with a positive correlation between the histopathological changes and the number of parasites. SOD level in blood was 42% higher in parasitized group compared with control group (p<0.05), as well as AOPP in serum. Based on these results, we concluded that in natural infection by E. coelomaticum in cattle, oxidative stress occurs, characterized by the occurrence of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claiton I Schwertz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Rod. SC 283, km 08, CP 58, Concórdia, SC 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Mateus E Gabriel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Rod. SC 283, km 08, CP 58, Concórdia, SC 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Luan C Henker
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Rod. SC 283, km 08, CP 58, Concórdia, SC 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme do Carmo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Naiara Dos S Guarda
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Moresco
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vera M Morsch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa C Schetinger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Stedille
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Rod. SC 283, km 08, CP 58, Concórdia, SC 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Piotr Baska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 8 Ciszewkiego, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vanessa Mattei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S da Silva
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Sete de Setembro 77D, Chapecó, SC 89806-152, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Rod. SC 283, km 08, CP 58, Concórdia, SC 89703-720, Brazil.
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1823
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Comparative In Vivo Effects of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC) with Varying Prooxidant and Physiological Reactivity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153909. [PMID: 27097326 PMCID: PMC4838227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier candidates (HBOC), previously noted for their differences in prooxidative and physiological reactivity, were compared in terms of the negative effects displayed upon injection in Wistar rats. At the concentrations tested, antioxidant strategies based on albumin as well as based on rubrerythrin appear to offer observable physiological advantages.
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1824
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Cao RY, Zheng H, Guo J, Redfearn DP. Prognostic value of plasma biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a review of advances in the past decade. Biomark Med 2016; 10:525-35. [PMID: 27089223 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), especially myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious life-threatening cardiovascular disease. Despite dramatic therapeutic advances, there have still been more than 20% patients with ACS suffering recurrent adverse cardiovascular events 3 years after disease onset. Therefore, the aim to prevent cardiac death caused by the heart attack remains challenging. Plasma biomarkers, originally developed to complement clinical assessment and electrocardiographic examination for the diagnosis of ACS, have been reported to play important prognostic roles in predicting adverse outcomes. These biomarkers mirror different pathophysiological mechanisms in association with ACS. In this review, we focus on advances of prognostic biomarkers in the past decade for short- and long-term risk assessment and management of patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchao Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Damian P Redfearn
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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1825
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El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr EG, El-Bahrawy HA, Abd El-Fattah EE. Sorafenib effect on liver neoplastic changes in rats: more than a kinase inhibitor. Clin Exp Med 2016; 17:185-191. [PMID: 27085325 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-016-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although sorafenib was approved as antiangiogenic agent in case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the pathways mediating its antitumorigenic effects were not fully examined in vivo. This study was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effect of sorafenib in livers of rats exposed to the hepatocarcinogen diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) regarding oxidative stress, proliferation, and apoptotic pathways. Male albino rats were divided into three groups: normal control, DENA group, and sorafenib group. Sorafenib (10 mg/kg) was given daily to rats orally for 2 weeks, started 6 weeks after DENA (200 mg/kg, single i.p. dose). The histopathological results proved that sorafenib corrected neoplastic changes in the liver as evidenced by a decrease in size of hepatocellular foci. The liver index, glutathione, as well as Bcl-2 were significantly decreased in sorafenib group compared with DENA group. Sorafenib also exhibited antiproliferative effect through suppression of gene expression of cyclin D1 and β-catenin. Thus, the apoptotic and proliferative pathways in HCC could be interrupted by sorafenib, supporting the role of sorafenib as antineoplastic agent and nominating it as a candidate drug for other neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hoda A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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1826
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Hong JF, Song YF, Liu Z, Zheng ZC, Chen HJ, Wang SS. Anticancer activity of taraxerol acetate in human glioblastoma cells and a mouse xenograft model via induction of autophagy and apoptotic cell death, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell migration. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4541-8. [PMID: 27081915 PMCID: PMC4878554 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer and apoptotic effects of taraxerol acetate in U87 human glioblastoma cells. The effects on cell cycle phase distribution, cell cycle-associated proteins, autophagy, DNA fragmentation and cell migration were assessed. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay, and phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy was utilized to determine the viability and apoptotic morphological features of the U87 cells. Flow cytometry using propidium iodide and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate demonstrated the effect of taraxerol acetate on the cell cycle phase distribution and apoptosis induction. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effect of the taraxerol acetate on cell cycle-associated proteins and autophagy-linked LC3B-II proteins. The results demonstrated that taraxerol acetate induced dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects in the U87 cells. Apoptotic induction following taraxerol acetate treatment was observed and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased from 7.3% in the control cells, to 16.1, 44.1 and 76.7% in the 10, 50 and 150 µM taraxerol acetate-treated cells, respectively. Furthermore, taraxerol acetate treatment led to sub-G1 cell cycle arrest with a corresponding decrease in the number of S-phase cells. DNA fragments were observed as a result of the gel electrophoresis experiment following taraxerol acetate treatment. To investigate the inhibitory effects of taraxerol acetate on the migration of U87 cell, a wound healing assay was conducted. The number of cells that migrated to the scratched area decreased significantly following treatment with taraxerol acetate. In addition, taraxerol acetate inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Administration of 0.25 and 0.75 µg/g taraxerol acetate reduced the tumor weight from 1.2 g in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated group (control) to 0.81 and 0.42 g, respectively. Similarly, 0.25 and 0.75 µg/g taraxerol acetate injection reduced the tumor volume from 1.3 cm3 in the PBS-treated group (control) to 0.67 and 0.25 cm3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fang Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Fang Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Cong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Sen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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1827
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Effects of Danhong Injection (丹红注射液) and its main components on anticoagulation and fibrinolysis in cultured vein endothelial cells. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 22:276-83. [PMID: 27059485 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Danhong Injection (丹红注射液) and its main components, including daiclzein and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), on the anticoagulation, fibrinolysis, anti-apoptosis in hypoxia model of vein endothelial cells (VECs). METHODS VECs were prepared and were put in a hypoxia environment, which consisted of mixed gas of 95% N and 5% CO mixed gas, when reached confluent culture. Five groups used different treatments, including normal control group, hypoxia group, daiclzein group, HSYA group and Danhong Injection group. The VECs were identified by fluorescence double labeling methods. The morphology was observed by a phase contrast microscopy. The effects of Danhong Injection, daiclzein and HSYA on 6 keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) level was measured by the method of radioimmunoassay (RIA). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was tested by water soluble tetrazolium salt. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by thiobarbituric acid. The activities of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) were measured by the method of chromogenic substrate. The contents of endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected by non-equilibrium RIA and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Cells apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the floating cells number, PAI activity, ET and MDA contents, and cells apoptosis rate in the culture solution of hypoxia group were all significantly increased, whereas the 6-keto-PGF1α and NO contents, and t-PA and SOD activities were decreased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the hypoxia group, Danhong Injection markedly increased the 6-keto-PGF1α content and SOD activity, regulated PAI and t-PA activities, ET and NO contents, and decreased MDA content and cells apoptosis rate (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Danhong Injection and its main components played an important role in protecting primary VECs from hypoxic damage by regulating the secretion and vasomotor function of VECs. The function of Danhong Injection was most remarkable.
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1828
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Zidi I, Kharrat N, Abdelhedi R, Hassine AB, Laaribi AB, Yahia HB, Abdelmoula NB, Abid L, Rebai A, Rizzo R. Nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA-G, HLA-E, and HLA-F) in coronary artery disease. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:325-9. [PMID: 26780503 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Several evidences suggest the association between the evolution of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the development of coronary syndrome that is often associated with disrupted plaque and partial or complete thrombosis of the related artery. Because of the inflammatory nature of CAD, we investigated the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, HLA-E, and HLA-F genetic polymorphisms within CAD patients and evaluated their potential association with this disease in Tunisian population. METHODS Different polymorphisms in HLA-G (14-bp Insertion/Deletion, +3142C/G), HLA-E (HLA-E*01:01/01:03 A/G), HLA-F (HLA-F*01:02 T/C, 01:03 C/T, 01:04 A/C) genes were typed using different laboratory techniques in a cohort of 89 CAD patients and 84 controls. RESULTS A significant association was reported between the HLA-G +3142 G allele (OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.05-2.56, p=0.02) and increased risk of CAD. No association was found for the other studied polymorphisms. When we considered the haplotypes, we found TDELCA and TDELGG haplotypes associated to CAD with p=0.008 and p=0.030, respectively, suggesting the potential interaction between HLA-G and HLA-E genes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the HLA-G +3142C/G polymorphism and TDELCA and TDELGG haplotypes can harbour a reliable diagnosis value for the risk of CAD development suggesting that HLA-G, -E and -F molecules might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, further studies are necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zidi
- Laboratory Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Najla Kharrat
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Molecular and Cellular Screening Process, route Sidi Mansour, BP1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rania Abdelhedi
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Molecular and Cellular Screening Process, route Sidi Mansour, BP1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amna Ben Hassine
- Laboratory Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Baligh Laaribi
- Laboratory Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Ben Yahia
- Laboratory Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Leila Abid
- Hospital of Hedi Chaker (CHU), Service de cardiologie, Route el Ain Km 0.5, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Molecular and Cellular Screening Process, route Sidi Mansour, BP1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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1829
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Zhang SJ, Yang W, Wang C, He WS, Deng HY, Yan YG, Zhang J, Xiang YX, Wang WJ. Autophagy: A double-edged sword in intervertebral disk degeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 457:27-35. [PMID: 27018178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism through which intracellular damaged organelles and proteins are degraded and recycled in response to increased metabolic demands or stresses. Although primarily cytoprotective, dysfunction of autophagy is often associated with many degenerative diseases, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). As a main contributing factor to low back pain, IDD is the pathological basis for various debilitating spinal diseases. Either higher or lower levels of autophagy are observed in degenerative IVD cells. Despite the precise role of autophagy in disc degeneration that is still controversial, with difference from protection to aggravation, targeting autophagy has shown promise for mitigating disc degeneration. In the current review, we summarize the changes of autophagy in degenerative IVD cells and mainly discuss the relationship between autophagy and IDD. With continued efforts, modulation of the autophagic process could be a potential and attractive therapeutic strategy for degenerative disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wen-Si He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Hai-Yang Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Xiang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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1830
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Saito MS, Lourenço AL, Dias LRS, Freitas ACC, Vitorino MI, Albuquerque MG, Rodrigues CR, Cabral LM, Dias EP, Castro HC, Satlher PC. Antiplatelet pyrazolopyridines derivatives: pharmacological, biochemical and toxicological characterization. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1591-601. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1158712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max Seidy Saito
- Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) – Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) – Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) – Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) – Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
| | - Luiza Rosaria Sousa Dias
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal (LQMed) – Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
| | | | - Maíra Ingrid Vitorino
- Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) – Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
| | | | | | - Lúcio Mendes Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF) – Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Pedra Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) – Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) – Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia (PPG-UFF) – Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
| | - Plínio Cunha Satlher
- Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol) – Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF) – Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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1831
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Schiavone S, Trabace L. Pharmacological targeting of redox regulation systems as new therapeutic approach for psychiatric disorders: A literature overview. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:195-204. [PMID: 26995306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Redox dysregulation occurs following a disequilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing and degrading systems, i.e. mitochondria, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on one hand and the principal antioxidant system, the glutathione, on the other hand. Increasing recent evidence points towards a pathogenetic role of an altered redox state in the development of several mental disorders, such as anxiety, bipolar disorders, depression, psychosis, autism and post-traumaticstress disorders (PTSD). In this regard, pharmacological targeting of the redox state regulating systems in the brain has been proposed as an innovative and promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of these mental diseases. This review will summarize current knowledge obtained from both pre-clinical and clinical studies in order to descant "lights and shadows" of targeting pharmacologically both the producing and degrading reactive oxygen species (ROS) systems in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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1832
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Ma Y, Huang D, Yang F, Tian M, Wang Y, Shen D, Wang Q, Chen Q, Zhang L. Long Noncoding RNA Highly Upregulated in Liver Cancer Regulates the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:296-300. [PMID: 26981838 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. During the pathological process of atherosclerosis, inflammation participates in all stages of atherosclerosis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), one of the most important inflammatory factor, induces apoptosis of endothelial cells, which play a central role in endothelial dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism involved in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated the role of lncRNA highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) in TNF-α-induced apoptosis. HULC expression was decreased with TNF-α treatment. Restoring HULC expression rescued the apoptosis induced by TNF-α. HULC regulated TNF-α-induced apoptosis through regulation of miR-9 expression. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays showed that HULC modulated miR-9 expression through association with DNA methyltransferases and suppression of miR-9 expression. HULC-miR-9 pathway may be a potential target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Dangsheng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Miao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Qiushuang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
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1833
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Zhou Q, Bennett LL, Zhou S. Multifaceted ability of naturally occurring polyphenols against metastatic cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:394-409. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa Florida
| | | | - Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa Florida
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1834
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Callegari AJ. Does transcription-associated DNA damage limit lifespan? DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 41:1-7. [PMID: 27010736 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small mammals undergo an aging process similar to that of larger mammals, but aging occurs at a dramatically faster rate. This phenomenon is often assumed to be the result of damage caused by reactive oxygen species generated in mitochondria. An alternative explanation for the phenomenon is suggested here. The rate of RNA synthesis is dramatically elevated in small mammals and correlates quantitatively with the rate of aging among different mammalian species. The rate of RNA synthesis is reduced by caloric restriction and inhibition of TOR pathway signaling, two perturbations that increase lifespan in multiple metazoan species. From bacteria to man, the transcription of a gene has been found to increase the rate at which it is damaged, and a number of lines of evidence suggest that DNA damage is sufficient to induce multiple symptoms associated with normal aging. Thus, the correlations frequently found between the rate of RNA synthesis and the rate of aging could potentially reflect an important role for transcription-associated DNA damage in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Callegari
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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1835
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Challenges in an underestimated disease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 101:193-206. [PMID: 27021395 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) are considered a relatively unusual oncologic entity. Due to its relative good prognosis, surgery remains the goal standard therapy not only in localized disease but also in the setting of locally or metastatic disease. Most of the patients are diagnosed in metastatic scenario, where multidisciplinary approach based on surgery, chemotherapies, liver-directed and/or molecular targeted therapies are commonly used. Owing to a deeper molecular knowledge of this disease, these targeted therapies are nowadays widely implemented, being the likely discovery of predictive biomarkers that would allow its use in other settings. This review is focused on describing the different classifications, etiology, prognostic biomarkers and multidisciplinary approaches that are typically used in PanNET.
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1836
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Nascentes GAN, Hernández CG, Rabelo RADS, Coelho RF, Morais FRD, Marques T, Batista LR, Meira WSF, Oliveira CJFD, Lages Silva E, Ramírez LE. The Driving of Immune Response by Th1 Adjuvants in Immunization of Mice with Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei Elicits a Controversial Infection Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:317-25. [PMID: 26959861 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we have demonstrated that inoculation with a Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei (avirulent RM1 strain) was able to reduce parasitemia in mice challenged with T. cruzi, although it was not able to prevent histopathological lesions. Th1 response stimulation by immunization is necessary for T. cruzi infection control, but the resistance is also dependent on immunoregulatory mechanisms, which can be induced by adjuvants. Thus, we evaluated whether inoculation of T. cruzi marinkellei associated with administration of different adjuvants would be capable of inducing different patterns of immune response to maximize the immune response against T. cruzi (virulent Romildo strain) infection. Two hundred eighty nonisogenic mice were divided into 14 groups according to the immunization scheme and the subsequent challenge with virulent Romildo T. cruzi strain. Nonimmunized groups and animals inoculated without adjuvants were also included. Immune protection was not observed with Th2 adjuvants (incomplete Freund's adjuvant [IFA] and Alum) due to high parasitemia. Th1/Th2-polarizing adjuvants also did not induce immune protection because inulin was unable to maintain survival, and immune-stimulating complexes induced intense inflammatory processes. Animals sensitized with RM1 strain without adjuvants were able to reduce parasitemia, increase survival, and protect against severe histological lesions, followed by adequate cytokine stimulation. Finally, our results demonstrate that the early and balanced IFN-γ production becomes critical to promote protection and that Th1 adjuvant elicited a controversial infection control due to increased histopathological damage. Therefore, the host's immunomodulation remains one of the most important challenges in the research for effective protection against T. cruzi infection. Similarly, the identification of protective antigens in the RM1 strain of T. cruzi marinkellei may contribute to further studies on vaccine development against human Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Antonio Nogueira Nascentes
- 1 Microbiology and Immunology Discipline, Federal Institute of Education , Science and Technology at Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - César Gómez Hernández
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Rosiley Aparecida de Souza Rabelo
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Raquel Fernandes Coelho
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rossetto de Morais
- 3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Marques
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Lara Rocha Batista
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Wendell Sérgio Ferreira Meira
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire de Oliveira
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Eliane Lages Silva
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Ramírez
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba, Brazil
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1837
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Yapp DT, Wong MQ, Kyle AH, Valdez SM, Tso J, Yung A, Kozlowski P, Owen DA, Buczkowski AK, Chung SW, Scudamore CH, Minchinton AI, Ng SSW. The differential effects of metronomic gemcitabine and antiangiogenic treatment in patient-derived xenografts of pancreatic cancer: treatment effects on metabolism, vascular function, cell proliferation, and tumor growth. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:229-44. [PMID: 26961182 PMCID: PMC4819514 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metronomic chemotherapy has shown promising activity against solid tumors and is believed to act in an antiangiogenic manner. The current study describes and quantifies the therapeutic efficacy, and mode of activity, of metronomic gemcitabine and a dedicated antiangiogenic agent (DC101) in patient-derived xenografts of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Two primary human pancreatic cancer xenograft lines were dosed metronomically with gemcitabine or DC101 weekly. Changes in tumor growth, vascular function, and metabolism over time were measured with magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the anti-tumor effects of the respective treatments. RESULTS Tumors treated with metronomic gemcitabine were 10-fold smaller than those in the control and DC101 groups. Metronomic gemcitabine, but not DC101, reduced the tumors' avidity for glucose, proliferation, and apoptosis. Metronomic gemcitabine-treated tumors had higher perfusion rates and uniformly distributed blood flow within the tumor, whereas perfusion rates in DC101-treated tumors were lower and confined to the periphery. DC101 treatment reduced the tumor's vascular density, but did not change their function. In contrast, metronomic gemcitabine increased vessel density, improved tumor perfusion transiently, and decreased hypoxia. CONCLUSION The aggregate data suggest that metronomic gemcitabine treatment affects both tumor vasculature and tumor cells continuously, and the overall effect is to significantly slow tumor growth. The observed increase in tumor perfusion induced by metronomic gemcitabine may be used as a therapeutic window for the administration of a second drug or radiation therapy. Non-invasive imaging could be used to detect early changes in tumor physiology before reductions in tumor volume were evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Yapp
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada. .,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - May Q Wong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Alastair H Kyle
- Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon M Valdez
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jenny Tso
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Yung
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David A Owen
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrzej K Buczkowski
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen W Chung
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charles H Scudamore
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvia S W Ng
- The Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 5th Floor, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
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1838
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Manoharan J, Lopez CL, Hackmann K, Albers MB, Pehl A, Kann PH, Slater EP, Schröck E, Bartsch DK. An unusual phenotype of MEN1 syndrome with a SI-NEN associated with a deletion of the MEN1 gene. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2016; 2016:160011. [PMID: 27076911 PMCID: PMC4828980 DOI: 10.1530/edm-16-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report about a young female who developed an unusual and an aggressive phenotype of the MEN1 syndrome characterized by the development of a pHPT, malignant non-functioning pancreatic and duodenal neuroendocrine neoplasias, a pituitary adenoma, a non-functioning adrenal adenoma and also a malignant jejunal NET at the age of 37 years. Initial Sanger sequencing could not detect a germline mutation of the MEN1 gene, but next generation sequencing and MPLA revealed a deletion of the MEN1 gene ranging between 7.6 and 25.9 kb. Small intestine neuroendocrine neoplasias (SI-NENs) are currently not considered to be a part of the phenotype of the MEN1-syndrome. In our patient the SI-NENs were detected during follow-up imaging on Ga68-Dotatoc PET/CT and could be completely resected. Although SI-NENs are extremely rare, these tumors should also be considered in MEN1 patients. Whether an aggressive phenotype or the occurrence of SI-NENs in MEN1 are more likely associated with large deletions of the gene warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerena Manoharan
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
| | - Caroline L Lopez
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Clinical Genetics, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 7401307, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Max B Albers
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
| | - Anika Pehl
- Department of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
| | - Peter H Kann
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
| | - Emily P Slater
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Clinical Genetics, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 7401307, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef K Bartsch
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg , Baldingerstrasse35043, Marburg , Germany
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1839
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Sabbione AC, Rinaldi G, Añón MC, Scilingo AA. Antithrombotic Effects of Amaranthus hypochondriacus Proteins in Rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:19-27. [PMID: 26627100 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world. Diets with antithrombotic components offer a convenient and effective way of preventing and reducing CVD incidence. The aim of the present work was to assess in vivo and ex vivo effects of Amaranthus hypochondriacus proteins on platelet plug formation and coagulation cascade. Amaranth proteins were orally administrated to rats (AG, 8 animals) and bleeding time was determined showing no significant difference compared with control rats (CG, 7 animals). However, results show a strong tendency, suggesting that amaranth proteins are involved in the inhibition of thrombus formation. Non-anticoagulated blood extracted from animals was analyzed with the hemostatometer, where AG parameters obtained were twice the values showed by CG. The clotting tests, thrombin time (TT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), presented a 17 and 14% clotting formation increase respectively when comparing AG with CG. The ex-vivo assays confirm the hypothesis inferring that amaranth proteins are a potential antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Sabbione
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CCT, La Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Rinaldi
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CIC), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Avenida 60 y 120 2° piso, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CCT, La Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adriana A Scilingo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CCT, La Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), La Plata, Argentina.
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1840
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Nam S, Park S, Park HS, Kim S, Kim JY, Kim SI. Association Between Insulin Resistance and Luminal B Subtype Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2825. [PMID: 26945364 PMCID: PMC4782848 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is limited information on the clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients with insulin resistance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between insulin resistance and clinicopathological factors in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients without diabetes. We assessed 760 patients with breast cancer treated between 2012 and 2014. We compared the clinicopathological characteristics between patients with and without insulin resistance using univariate and multivariate analyses, including after stratification by menopausal status. Insulin resistance was defined according to the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Of 760 patients, 26.4% had insulin resistance. Age, menopausal status, body mass index, tumor size, histologic grade, Ki-67 expression, and breast cancer subtype significantly differed according to the presence of insulin resistance. Multivariate analysis revealed that postmenopausal status and obesity were significantly associated with insulin resistance. In postmenopausal women, older age, obesity, larger tumor size, advanced stage, and high proliferative luminal B subtype were significantly associated with insulin resistance. In contrast, in premenopausal patients, only obesity was related to insulin resistance. Multivariate analysis indicated that insulin resistance was independently correlated with obesity, larger tumor size, and the luminal B/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative subtype in postmenopausal but not premenopausal patients. Insulin resistance was significantly associated with larger tumors and proliferative luminal B subtype breast cancer in postmenopausal women only. These findings suggest that insulin resistance could mechanistically induce tumor progression and might be a good prognostic factor, and that it could represent a therapeutic target in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanggeun Nam
- From the Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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1841
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Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Benninga MA. Abdominal migraine in children: association between gastric motility parameters and clinical characteristics. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 26924750 PMCID: PMC4770524 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 0.2–1 % of children suffers from abdominal migraine (AM). Pathophysiology of AM has not been adequately studied. This study evaluated gastric motility in children with AM. Methods Seventeen children (6 boys), within an age range of 4–15 years, referred to a tertiary care paediatric unit, North Colombo Teaching Hospital Ragama, Sri Lanka, from 2007 to 2012, were screened. Those fulfilling Rome III criteria for AM were recruited after obtaining parental consent. None had clinical or laboratory evidence of organic disorders. Twenty healthy children (8 boys), with an age range of 4–14 years, were recruited as controls. Liquid gastric emptying rate (GE) and antral motility parameters were assessed using an ultrasound method. Results Average GE (41.6 % vs. 66.2 %, in controls), amplitude of antral contractions (A) (57.9 % vs. 89.0 %) and antral motility index (MI) (5.0 vs. 8.3) were lower and fasting antral area (1.8 cm2 vs. 0.6 cm2) was higher in children with AM (p < 0.01). No significant difference in the frequency of antral contractions (F) (8.8/3 min vs. 9.3/3 min, p = 0.08) was found between the two groups. Scores obtained for severity of abdominal pain had a negative correlation with A (r = −0.55, p = 0.03). Average duration of abdominal pain episodes correlated with GE (r = −0.58, p = 0.02). Negative correlations were observed between duration of AM and A (r = −0.55), F (r = −0.52), and MI (r = −0.57) (p < 0.05). Conclusions GE and antral motility parameters were significantly lower in children with AM. A significant correlation was found between symptoms and gastric motility. These findings suggest a possible role of abnormal gastric motility in the pathogenesis of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranga Manjuri Devanarayana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, 11010, Sri Lanka.
| | - Shaman Rajindrajith
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, 11010, Sri Lanka
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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1842
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Sophia J, Kiran Kishore T K, Kowshik J, Mishra R, Nagini S. Nimbolide, a neem limonoid inhibits Phosphatidyl Inositol-3 Kinase to activate Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in a hamster model of oral oncogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22192. [PMID: 26902162 PMCID: PMC4763291 DOI: 10.1038/srep22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine kinase is frequently inactivated by the oncogenic signalling kinases PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK in diverse malignancies. The present study was designed to investigate GSK-3β signalling circuits in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis model and the therapeutic potential of the neem limonoid nimbolide. Inactivation of GSK-3β by phosphorylation at serine 9 and activation of PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK and β-catenin was associated with increased cell proliferation and apoptosis evasion during stepwise evolution of HBP carcinomas. Administration of nimbolide inhibited PI3K/Akt signalling with consequent activation of GSK-3β thereby inducing trafficking of β-catenin away from the nucleus and enhancing the expression of miR-126 and let-7. Molecular docking studies confirmed interaction of nimbolide with PI3K, Akt, ERK and GSK-3β. Furthermore, nimbolide attenuated cell proliferation and induced apoptosis as evidenced by increased p-cyclin D1Thr286 and pro-apoptotic proteins. The present study has unravelled aberrant phosphorylation as a key determinant for oncogenic signalling and acquisition of cancer hallmarks in the HBP model. The study has also provided mechanistic insights into the chemotherapeutic potential of nimbolide that may be a useful addition to the armamentarium of natural compounds targeting PI3K for oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephraj Sophia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kranthi Kiran Kishore T
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaganathan Kowshik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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1843
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CD36 is a co-receptor for hepatitis C virus E1 protein attachment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21808. [PMID: 26898231 PMCID: PMC4761891 DOI: 10.1038/srep21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is a membrane protein related to lipid metabolism. We show that HCV infection in vitro increased CD36 expression in either surface or soluble form. HCV attachment was facilitated through a direct interaction between CD36 and HCV E1 protein, causing enhanced entry and replication. The HCV co-receptor effect of CD36 was independent of that of SR-BI. CD36 monoclonal antibodies neutralized the effect of CD36 and reduced HCV replication. CD36 inhibitor sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO), which directly bound CD36 but not SR-BI, significantly interrupted HCV entry, and therefore inhibited HCV replication. SSO’s antiviral effect was seen only in HCV but not in other viruses. SSO in combination with known anti-HCV drugs showed additional inhibition against HCV. SSO was considerably safe in mice. Conclusively, CD36 interacts with HCV E1 and might be a co-receptor specific for HCV entry; thus, CD36 could be a potential drug target against HCV.
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1844
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Kunworarath N, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Thiantanawat A, Satayavivad J. Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in macrophages by suppressing NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:156-61. [PMID: 26721218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Flower, seed, and fruit of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) have been used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) serving as a common herb in relief of swelling which can be applied in cases of inflammatory diseases. However, the scientific evidence related to their effects on inflammation especially the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of longan need to be clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the various parts of longan including flower, seed, and pulp. The mechanisms and molecular targets involved in their effects were also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different longan extracts were analyzed for their bioactive compounds and evaluated for anti-inflammation. Corilagin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid were detected using HPLC-DAD. In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of longan extracts and their polysaccharides were examined by analyzing nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Expression of the proteins that involved in NO production was detected by Western blot. RESULTS Flower extract contained the highest amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, corilagin and ellagic acid when compared to seed and pulp extracts. The extracts of different longan parts inhibited LPS-induced NO production with different potency. The highest potency for the inhibition of NO production was shown with flower extract follow by seed and pulp (IC50=128.2, 1127.4, and 1260.2μgmL(-1), respectively). The mechanisms of this anti-NO production were associated with their NO scavenging effect and their decreasing the expression and catalytic activity of an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, these longan extracts suppressed LPS-induced degradation of IκBα and activation of NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), Akt, and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the longan extracts possess anti-inflammatory property. Therefore, longan could provide potential dietary supplement for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Kunworarath
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nuchanart Rangkadilok
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Apinya Thiantanawat
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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1845
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New Insights Into the Mechanism of COP9 Signalosome-Cullin-RING Ubiquitin-Ligase Pathway Deregulation in Urological Cancers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:181-229. [PMID: 26944622 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urological cancers are a very common type of cancer worldwide and have alarming high incidence and mortality rates, especially in kidney cancers, illustrate the urgent need for new therapeutic targets. Recent publications point to a deregulated COP9 signalosome (CSN)-cullin-RING ubiquitin-ligase (CRL) pathway which is here considered and investigated as potential target in urological cancers with strong focus on renal cell carcinomas (RCC). The CSN forms supercomplexes with CRLs in order to preserve protein homeostasis and was found deregulated in several cancer types. Examination of selected CSN-CRL pathway components in RCC patient samples and four RCC cell lines revealed an interesting deregulated p27(Kip1)-Skp2-CAND1 axis and two p27(Kip1) point mutations in 786-O cells; p27(Kip1)V109G and p27(Kip1)I119T. The p27(Kip1) mutants were detected in patients with RCC and appear to be responsible for an accelerated growth rate in 786-O cells. The occurrence of p27(Kip1)V109G and p27(Kip1)I119T in RCC makes the CSN-CRL pathway an attractive therapeutic target.
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1846
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Wang F, Chang JTH, Kao CJ, Huang RS. High Expression of miR-532-5p, a Tumor Suppressor, Leads to Better Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer Both In Vivo and In Vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1123-31. [PMID: 26873729 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death for gynecologic cancers, ranking fifth overall for cancer-related death among women. The identification of biomarkers and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms for improving treatment options have received extensive efforts in ovarian cancer research. miRNAs have high potential to act as both ovarian cancer biomarkers and as critical regulators of ovarian tumor behavior. We comprehensively analyzed global mRNA, miRNA expression, and survival data for ovarian cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to pinpoint miRNAs that play critical roles in ovarian cancer survival through their effect on mRNA expression. We performed miRNA overexpression and gene knockdown experiments to confirm mechanisms predicted in our bioinformatics approach. We established that overexpression of miR-532-5p in OVCAR-3 cells resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability over a 96-hour time period. In the TCGA ovarian cancer dataset, we found 67 genes whose expression levels were negatively correlated with miR-532-5p expression and correlated with patient survival, such as WNT9A, CSNK2A2, CHD4, and SH3PXD2A The potential miR-532-5p-regulated gene targets were found to be enriched in the Wnt pathway. Overexpression of miR-532-5p through miRNA mimic caused downregulation of CSNK2A2, CHD4, and SH3PXD2A in the OVCAR-3 cell line. We have discovered and validated the tumor-suppressing capabilities of miR-532-5p both in vivo through TCGA analysis and in vitro through ovarian cancer cell lines. Our work highlights the potential clinical importance of miR-532-5p expression in ovarian cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1123-31. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeremy T-H Chang
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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1847
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Simone V, D'Avenia M, Argentiero A, Felici C, Rizzo FM, De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity and Breast Cancer: Molecular Interconnections and Potential Clinical Applications. Oncologist 2016; 21:404-17. [PMID: 26865587 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is an important risk factor for breast cancer (BC) in postmenopausal women; interlinked molecular mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis. Increased levels of estrogens due to aromatization of the adipose tissue, inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2, insulin resistance and hyperactivation of insulin-like growth factors pathways, adipokines, and oxidative stress are all abnormally regulated in obese women and contribute to cancerogenesis. These molecular factors interfere with intracellular signaling in the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatydilinositol-3-phosphate/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, which regulate the progression of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and protein synthesis. In this context, structural defects of typical genes related to both BC and obesity, such as leptin, leptin receptor, serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1, the fat mass and obesity-associated gene and melanocortin receptor 4, have been associated with a high or low risk of BC development. The early detection of these gene alterations might be useful as risk predictors in obese women, and targeting these pathways involved in the BC pathogenesis in obese women is a potential therapeutic tool. In particular, mTOR pathway deregulation concurs in both obesity and BC, and inhibition of this might disrupt the molecular interlinks in a similar manner to that of metformin, which exerts definite anticancer activity and is currently used as an antidiabetic drug with a weight-reducing property. The identification of both genetic and pharmacological implications on the prevention and management of BC is the ultimate aim of these studies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Obese women are at risk of breast cancer, but clinicians lack concrete tools for the prevention or early diagnosis of this risk. The present study, starting from the biology and the molecular defects characterizing both obesity and breast cancer, analyzed the potential molecules and genetic defects whose early identification could delineate a risk profile. Three steps are proposed that are potentially achievable in the clinical assessment of obese women, namely the evaluation of altered levels of serum molecules, the identification of genetic polymorphisms, and the study of the transcriptomic profile of premalignant lesions. Finally, the therapeutic implications of this molecular assessment were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Morena D'Avenia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Felici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro," Bari, Italy
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1848
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Gucyetmez B, Atalan HK. C-Reactive Protein and Hemogram Parameters for the Non-Sepsis Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis: What Do They Mean? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148699. [PMID: 26863002 PMCID: PMC4749228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sepsis is one of the most common reasons of increased mortality and morbidity in the intensive care unit. The changes in CRP levels and hemogram parameters and their combinations may help to distinguish sepsis from non-sepsis SIRS. The aim of this study is to investigate the CRP and hemogram parameters as an indicator of sepsis. Methods A total of 2777 patients admitted to the ICU of two centers between 2006–2013 were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were diagnosed as SIRS (-), non-sepsis SIRS and sepsis. The patients who were under 18 years old, re-admitted, diagnosed with hematological disease, on corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy, SIRS (-), culture negative, undocumented laboratory values and outcomes were excluded. 1257 patients were divided into 2 groups as non-sepsis SIRS and sepsis. The patients’ demographic data, CRP levels, hemogram parameters, length of ICU stay and mortality were recorded. Results 1257 patients were categorized as non-sepsis SIRS (816, 64.9%) and sepsis (441, 35.1%). In the multivariate analysis, the likelihood of sepsis was increased 3.2 (2.2–4.6), 1.7 (1.2–2.4), 1.6 (1.2–2.1), 2.3 (1.4–3.8), 1.5 (1.1–2.1) times by the APACHE II≥13, SOFA score≥4, CRP≥4.0, LymC<0.45 and PLTC<150 respectively (p<0.001 p = 0.007 p = 0.004 p<0.001 p = 0.027). The likelihood of sepsis was increased 18.1 (8.4–38.7) times by the combination of CRP≥4.0, lymC<0.45 and PLTC<150 (P<0.001). Conclusions While WBCC, NeuC, Neu%, NLCR and EoC are far from being the indicators to distinguish sepsis from non-sepsis SIRS, the combinations of CRP, LymC and PLTC can be used to determine the likelihood of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Gucyetmez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Acıbadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Hakan K. Atalan
- Intensive Care Unit, Ataşehir Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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1849
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Sims CR, Nguyen TC, Mayeux PR. Could Biomarkers Direct Therapy for the Septic Patient? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:228-39. [PMID: 26857961 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious medical condition caused by a severe systemic inflammatory response to a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection that most commonly affects neonates and the elderly. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis have resulted in guidelines for care that have helped reduce the risk of dying from sepsis for both children and older adults. Still, over the past three decades, a large number of clinical trials have been undertaken to evaluate pharmacological agents for sepsis. Unfortunately, all of these trials have failed, with the use of some agents even shown to be harmful. One key issue in these trials was the heterogeneity of the patient population that participated. What has emerged is the need to target therapeutic interventions to the specific patient's underlying pathophysiological processes, rather than looking for a universal therapy that would be effective in a "typical" septic patient, who does not exist. This review supports the concept that identification of the right biomarkers that can direct therapy and provide timely feedback on its effectiveness will enable critical care physicians to decrease mortality of patients with sepsis and improve the quality of life of survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark R Sims
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.R.S., P.R.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas (T.C.N.)
| | - Trung C Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.R.S., P.R.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas (T.C.N.)
| | - Philip R Mayeux
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (C.R.S., P.R.M.); and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas (T.C.N.)
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van den Bijgaart RJE, Kong N, Maynard C, Plaks V. Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment. J Vis Exp 2016:e53741. [PMID: 26862704 PMCID: PMC4781718 DOI: 10.3791/53741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause for cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular and molecular processes that govern metastatic dissemination and growth are still elusive. Live imaging allows visualization of the dynamic and spatial interactions of cells and their microenvironment. Solid tumors commonly metastasize to the lungs. However, the anatomical location of the lungs poses a challenge to intravital imaging. This protocol provides a relatively simple and quick method for ex vivo live imaging of the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding stroma within lung metastasis. Using this method, the motility of cancer cells as well as interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in their microenvironment can be visualized in real time for several hours. By using transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, a fluorescent cell line, injectable fluorescently labeled molecules and/or antibodies, multiple components of the lung microenvironment can be visualized, such as blood vessels and immune cells. To image the different cell types, a spinning disk confocal microscope that allows long-term continuous imaging with rapid, four-color image acquisition has been used. Time-lapse movies compiled from images collected over multiple positions and focal planes show interactions between live metastatic and immune cells for at least 4 hr. This technique can be further used to test chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Moreover, this method could be adapted for the study of other lung-related pathologies that may affect the lung microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niwen Kong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California
| | - Carrie Maynard
- Department of Anatomy, University of California; Hubrecht Institute-Royal Dutch Academy of Science and University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Vicki Plaks
- Department of Anatomy, University of California; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; ;
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