1901
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Larsson SC, Burgess S, Michaëlsson K. Serum magnesium levels and risk of coronary artery disease: Mendelian randomisation study. BMC Med 2018; 16:68. [PMID: 29769070 PMCID: PMC5956816 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have shown that serum magnesium levels are inversely associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, but whether this association is causal is unknown. We conducted a Mendelian randomisation study to investigate whether serum magnesium levels may be causally associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS This Mendelian randomisation analysis is based on summary-level data from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium's 1000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of 48 studies with a total of 60,801 CAD cases and 123,504 non-cases. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with serum magnesium levels at genome-wide significance were used as instrumental variables. RESULTS A genetic predisposition to higher serum magnesium levels was inversely associated with CAD. In conventional Mendelian randomisation analysis, the odds ratio of CAD was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78 to 0.99; P = 0.03) per 0.1-mmol/L (about 1 standard deviation) increase in genetically predicted serum magnesium levels. Results were consistent in sensitivity analyses using the weighted median and heterogeneity-penalised model averaging methods, with odds ratios of 0.84 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.98; P = 0.03) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.96; P = 0.02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study based on genetics provides evidence that serum magnesium levels are inversely associated with risk of CAD. Randomised controlled trials elucidating whether magnesium supplementation lowers the risk of CAD, preferably in a setting at higher risk of hypomagnesaemia, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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1902
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Li X, Meng X, Spiliopoulou A, Timofeeva M, Wei WQ, Gifford A, Shen X, He Y, Varley T, McKeigue P, Tzoulaki I, Wright AF, Joshi P, Denny JC, Campbell H, Theodoratou E. MR-PheWAS: exploring the causal effect of SUA level on multiple disease outcomes by using genetic instruments in UK Biobank. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1039-1047. [PMID: 29437585 PMCID: PMC6029646 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to investigate the role of serum uric acid (SUA) level in a broad spectrum of disease outcomes using data for 120 091 individuals from UK Biobank. Methods We performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to identify disease outcomes associated with SUA genetic risk loci. We then implemented conventional Mendelianrandomisation (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relevance between SUA level and disease outcomes identified from PheWAS. We next applied MR Egger analysis to detect and account for potential pleiotropy, which conventional MR analysis might mistake for causality, and used the HEIDI (heterogeneity in dependent instruments) test to remove cross-phenotype associations that were likely due to genetic linkage. Results Our PheWAS identified 25 disease groups/outcomes associated with SUA genetic risk loci after multiple testing correction (P<8.57e-05). Our conventional MR analysis implicated a causal role of SUA level in three disease groups: inflammatory polyarthropathies (OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.34), hypertensive disease (OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.14) and disorders of metabolism (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14); and four disease outcomes: gout (OR=4.88, 95% CI 3.91 to 6.09), essential hypertension (OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.14), myocardial infarction (OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.30) and coeliac disease (OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.89). After balancing pleiotropic effects in MR Egger analysis, only gout and its encompassing disease group of inflammatory polyarthropathies were considered to be causally associated with SUA level. Our analysis highlighted a locus (ATXN2/S2HB3) that may influence SUA level and multiple cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases via pleiotropy. Conclusions Elevated SUA level is convincing to cause gout and inflammatory polyarthropathies, and might act as a marker for the wider range of diseases with which it associates. Our findings support further investigation on the clinical relevance of SUA level with cardiovascular, metabolic, autoimmune and respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Athina Spiliopoulou
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aliya Gifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xia Shen
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yazhou He
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Tim Varley
- Public Health and Intelligence, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul McKeigue
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alan F Wright
- Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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1903
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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1904
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM. Coagulation Factors and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e001956. [PMID: 29874180 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation plays a role in ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, which coagulation factors are targets of intervention is unclear. We assessed how genetically predicted vWF (von Willebrand factor), ETP (endogenous thrombin potential), FVIII (factor VIII), d-dimer, tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator), and PAI (plasminogen activator inhibitor)-1 affected IHD. We similarly estimated effects on lipids to determine whether any associations were independent of lipids. METHODS AND RESULTS Separate sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments, that is, Mendelian randomization, was used to obtain unconfounded estimates of effects on IHD using extensively genotyped studies of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Metabochip (64 374 cases, 130 681 controls) and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes (60 801 cases, 123 504 controls), and on lipids using the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium Results (n=196 475). Genetically predicted ETP was positively associated with IHD (odds ratio, 1.05 per log-transformed SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.07) based on 15 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, as were vWF (odds ratio, 1.05 per SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.08) and FVIII (odds ratio, 1.06 per SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.09) based on 16 and 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively, but the latter associations were null after considering pleiotropy. vWF and FVIII were associated with higher LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, but not after considering pleiotropy. Genetically predicted d-dimer, tPA, and PAI-1 were not clearly associated with IHD or lipids based on 3, 3, and 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ETP may affect IHD. Assessing the role of its drivers in more precisely phenotyped studies of IHD could be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- From School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China (J.V.Z., C.M.S.); and City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy (C.M.S.).
| | - C Mary Schooling
- From School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China (J.V.Z., C.M.S.); and City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy (C.M.S.).
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1905
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Larsson SC, Traylor M, Malik R, Dichgans M, Burgess S, Markus HS. Modifiable pathways in Alzheimer's disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis. BMJ 2017; 359:j5375. [PMID: 29212772 PMCID: PMC5717765 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine which potentially modifiable risk factors, including socioeconomic, lifestyle/dietary, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory factors, are associated with Alzheimer's disease. DESIGN Mendelian randomisation study using genetic variants associated with the modifiable risk factors as instrumental variables. SETTING International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project. PARTICIPANTS 17 008 cases of Alzheimer's disease and 37 154 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Odds ratio of Alzheimer's per genetically predicted increase in each modifiable risk factor estimated with Mendelian randomisation analysis. RESULTS This study included analyses of 24 potentially modifiable risk factors. A Bonferroni corrected threshold of P=0.002 was considered to be significant, and P<0.05 was considered suggestive of evidence for a potential association. Genetically predicted educational attainment was significantly associated with Alzheimer's. The odds ratios were 0.89 (95% confidence interval 0.84 to 0.93; P=2.4×10-6) per year of education completed and 0.74 (0.63 to 0.86; P=8.0×10-5) per unit increase in log odds of having completed college/university. The correlated trait intelligence had a suggestive association with Alzheimer's (per genetically predicted 1 SD higher intelligence: 0.73, 0.57 to 0.93; P=0.01). There was suggestive evidence for potential associations between genetically predicted higher quantity of smoking (per 10 cigarettes a day: 0.69, 0.49 to 0.99; P=0.04) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (per 20% higher levels: 0.92, 0.85 to 0.98; P=0.01) and lower odds of Alzheimer's and between higher coffee consumption (per one cup a day: 1.26, 1.05 to 1.51; P=0.01) and higher odds of Alzheimer's. Genetically predicted alcohol consumption, serum folate, serum vitamin B12, homocysteine, cardiometabolic factors, and C reactive protein were not associated with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION These results provide support that higher educational attainment is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Traylor
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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1906
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Liu J, van Klinken JB, Semiz S, van Dijk KW, Verhoeven A, Hankemeier T, Harms AC, Sijbrands E, Sheehan NA, van Duijn CM, Demirkan A. A Mendelian Randomization Study of Metabolite Profiles, Fasting Glucose, and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2915-2926. [PMID: 28847883 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mendelian randomization (MR) provides us the opportunity to investigate the causal paths of metabolites in type 2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis. We developed and tested an MR approach based on genetic risk scoring for plasma metabolite levels, utilizing a pathway-based sensitivity analysis to control for nonspecific effects. We focused on 124 circulating metabolites that correlate with fasting glucose in the Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) study (n = 2,564) and tested the possible causal effect of each metabolite with glucose and type 2 diabetes and vice versa. We detected 14 paths with potential causal effects by MR, following pathway-based sensitivity analysis. Our results suggest that elevated plasma triglycerides might be partially responsible for increased glucose levels and type 2 diabetes risk, which is consistent with previous reports. Additionally, elevated HDL components, i.e., small HDL triglycerides, might have a causal role of elevating glucose levels. In contrast, large (L) and extra large (XL) HDL lipid components, i.e., XL-HDL cholesterol, XL-HDL-free cholesterol, XL-HDL phospholipids, L-HDL cholesterol, and L-HDL-free cholesterol, as well as HDL cholesterol seem to be protective against increasing fasting glucose but not against type 2 diabetes. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes associates with increased levels of alanine and decreased levels of phosphatidylcholine alkyl-acyl C42:5 and phosphatidylcholine alkyl-acyl C44:4. Our MR results provide novel insight into promising causal paths to and from glucose and type 2 diabetes and underline the value of additional information from high-resolution metabolomics over classic biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Bert van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sabina Semiz
- Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nuala A Sheehan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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