151
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Li P, Lahvic JL, Binder V, Pugach EK, Riley EB, Tamplin OJ, Panigrahy D, Bowman TV, Barrett FG, Heffner GC, McKinney-Freeman S, Schlaeger TM, Daley GQ, Zeldin DC, Zon LI. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids enhance embryonic haematopoiesis and adult marrow engraftment. Nature 2015; 523:468-71. [PMID: 26201599 PMCID: PMC4754787 DOI: 10.1038/nature14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplant is a widely used treatment for life-threatening conditions such as leukaemia; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating HSPC engraftment of the recipient niche remain incompletely understood. Here we develop a competitive HSPC transplant method in adult zebrafish, using in vivo imaging as a non-invasive readout. We use this system to conduct a chemical screen, and identify epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) as a family of lipids that enhance HSPC engraftment. The pro-haematopoietic effects of EETs were conserved in the developing zebrafish embryo, where 11,12-EET promoted HSPC specification by activating a unique activator protein 1 (AP-1) and runx1 transcription program autonomous to the haemogenic endothelium. This effect required the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) pathway, specifically PI(3)Kγ. In adult HSPCs, 11,12-EET induced transcriptional programs, including AP-1 activation, which modulate several cellular processes, such as migration, to promote engraftment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the EET effects on enhancing HSPC homing and engraftment are conserved in mammals. Our study establishes a new method to explore the molecular mechanisms of HSPC engraftment, and discovers a previously unrecognized, evolutionarily conserved pathway regulating multiple haematopoietic generation and regeneration processes. EETs may have clinical application in marrow or cord blood transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Li
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Jamie L. Lahvic
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vera Binder
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Emily K. Pugach
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Elizabeth B. Riley
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Owen J. Tamplin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Teresa V. Bowman
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Francesca G. Barrett
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Garrett C. Heffner
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Thorsten M. Schlaeger
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George Q. Daley
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Haematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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152
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Förster M, Belle JI, Petrov JC, Ryder EJ, Clare S, Nijnik A. Deubiquitinase MYSM1 Is Essential for Normal Fetal Liver Hematopoiesis and for the Maintenance of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Adult Bone Marrow. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1865-77. [PMID: 26125289 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MYSM1 is a chromatin-interacting deubiquitinase recently shown to be essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and normal progression of hematopoiesis in both mice and humans. However, it remains unknown whether the loss of function in Mysm1-deficient HSCs is due to the essential role of MYSM1 in establishing the HSC pool during development or due to a continuous requirement for MYSM1 in adult HSCs. In this study we, for the first time, address these questions first, by performing a detailed analysis of hematopoiesis in the fetal livers of Mysm1-knockout mice, and second, by assessing the effects of an inducible Mysm1 ablation on adult HSC functions. Our data indicate that MYSM1 is essential for normal HSC function and progression of hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. Furthermore, the inducible knockout model demonstrates a continuous requirement for MYSM1 to maintain HSC functions and antagonize p53 activation in adult bone marrow. These studies advance our understanding of the role of MYSM1 in HSC biology, and provide new insights into the human hematopoietic failure syndrome resulting from MYSM1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Förster
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jad I Belle
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica C Petrov
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward J Ryder
- 3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- 3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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153
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field. EXPERT OPINION With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher, the mouse is a powerful experimental tool. The field lacks genetically engineered metastatic models, and xenograft models do not allow for the study of the immune system during the metastatic process. There remain several important limitations to discovering and testing novel drugs in mice for eventual human use, but these can often be overcome. Overall, mouse modeling is an essential part of prostate cancer research and drug discovery. Emerging technologies and better and ever-increasing forms of communication are moving the field in a hopeful direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- The Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology , 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA
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154
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Welner RS, Amabile G, Bararia D, Czibere A, Yang H, Zhang H, Pontes LLDF, Ye M, Levantini E, Di Ruscio A, Martinelli G, Tenen DG. Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia by blocking cytokine alterations found in normal stem and progenitor cells. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:671-81. [PMID: 25965572 PMCID: PMC4447336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic cells disrupt normal patterns of blood cell formation, but little is understood about the mechanism. We investigated whether leukemic cells alter functions of normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Exposure to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) caused normal mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells to divide more readily, altered their differentiation, and reduced their reconstitution and self-renewal potential. Interestingly, the normal bystander cells acquired gene expression patterns resembling their malignant counterparts. Therefore, much of the leukemia signature is mediated by extrinsic factors. Indeed, IL-6 was responsible for most of these changes. Compatible results were obtained when human CML were cultured with normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-6 prevented these changes and treated the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Welner
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Amabile
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepak Bararia
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Akos Czibere
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Hong Zhang
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Min Ye
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Levantini
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Ruscio
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Specialized Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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155
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Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, Da Sacco S, Mirisola M, Quinn DI, Dorff TB, Kopchick JJ, Longo VD. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 14:810-23. [PMID: 24905167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune system defects are at the center of aging and a range of diseases. Here, we show that prolonged fasting reduces circulating IGF-1 levels and PKA activity in various cell populations, leading to signal transduction changes in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and niche cells that promote stress resistance, self-renewal, and lineage-balanced regeneration. Multiple cycles of fasting abated the immunosuppression and mortality caused by chemotherapy and reversed age-dependent myeloid-bias in mice, in agreement with preliminary data on the protection of lymphocytes from chemotoxicity in fasting patients. The proregenerative effects of fasting on stem cells were recapitulated by deficiencies in either IGF-1 or PKA and blunted by exogenous IGF-1. These findings link the reduced levels of IGF-1 caused by fasting to PKA signaling and establish their crucial role in regulating hematopoietic stem cell protection, self-renewal, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Cheng
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gregor B Adams
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Laura Perin
- Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Min Wei
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ben S Lam
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stefano Da Sacco
- Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Mario Mirisola
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Forensics, University of Palermo, via Divisi 83, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - David I Quinn
- Translational Oncology Program, Kenneth J. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tanya B Dorff
- Translational Oncology Program, Kenneth J. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
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156
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Ho MSH, Medcalf RL, Livesey SA, Traianedes K. The dynamics of adult haematopoiesis in the bone and bone marrow environment. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:472-86. [PMID: 25854627 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the dynamic relationship between bone and bone marrow in the genesis and regulation of adult haematopoiesis and will provide an overview of the haematopoietic hierarchical system. This will include the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and its niches, as well as discuss emerging evidence of the reciprocal interplay between bone and bone marrow, and support of the pleiotropic role played by bone cells in the regulation of HSC proliferation, differentiation and function. In addition, this review will present demineralized bone matrix as a unique acellular matrix platform that permits the generation of ectopic de novo bone and bone marrow and provides a means of investigating the temporal sequence of bone and bone marrow regeneration. It is anticipated that the utilization of this matrix-based approach will help researchers in gaining deeper insights into the major events leading to adult haematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Furthermore, this model may potentially offer new avenues to manipulate the HSC niche and hence influence the functional output of the haematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriel S H Ho
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital Prahran, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital Prahran, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen A Livesey
- Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathy Traianedes
- Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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157
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O'Connell KE, Mikkola AM, Stepanek AM, Vernet A, Hall CD, Sun CC, Yildirim E, Staropoli JF, Lee JT, Brown DE. Practical murine hematopathology: a comparative review and implications for research. Comp Med 2015; 65:96-113. [PMID: 25926395 PMCID: PMC4408895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hematologic parameters are important markers of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Biomedical research has benefited from mouse models that recapitulate such disease, thus expanding knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms and investigative therapies that translate across species. Mice in health have many notable hematologic differences from humans and other veterinary species, including smaller erythrocytes, higher percentage of circulating reticulocytes or polychromasia, lower peripheral blood neutrophil and higher peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocyte percentages, variable leukocyte morphologies, physiologic splenic hematopoiesis and iron storage, and more numerous and shorter-lived erythrocytes and platelets. For accurate and complete hematologic analyses of disease and response to investigative therapeutic interventions, these differences and the unique features of murine hematopathology must be understood. Here we review murine hematology and hematopathology for practical application to translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn E O'Connell
- Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southboro, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy M Mikkola
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron M Stepanek
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Public Health and Professional Degree Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andyna Vernet
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher D Hall
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chia C Sun
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Cellular and Translational Immunology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John F Staropoli
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeannie T Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane E Brown
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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158
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Enforced differentiation of Dnmt3a-null bone marrow leads to failure with c-Kit mutations driving leukemic transformation. Blood 2015; 125:619-28. [PMID: 25416276 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-594564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing studies of patient samples have implicated the involvement of various components of the epigenetic machinery in myeloid diseases, including the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A. We have recently shown that Dnmt3a is essential for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Here, we investigated the effect of loss of Dnmt3a on hematopoietic transformation by forcing the normally quiescent hematopoietic stem cells to divide in vivo. Mice transplanted with Dnmt3a-null bone marrow in the absence of wildtype support cells succumbed to bone marrow failure (median survival, 328 days) characteristic of myelodysplastic syndromes with symptoms including anemia, neutropenia, bone marrow hypercellularity, and splenomegaly with myeloid infiltration. Two out of 25 mice developed myeloid leukemia with >20%blasts in the blood and bone marrow. Four out of 25 primary mice succumbed to myeloproliferative disorders, some of which progressed to secondary leukemia after long latency. Exome sequencing identified cooperating c-Kit mutations found only in the leukemic samples. Ectopic introduction of c-Kit variants into a Dnmt3a-deficient background produced acute leukemia with a short latency (median survival, 67 days). Our data highlight crucial roles of Dnmt3a in normal and malignant hematopoiesis and suggest that a major role for this enzyme is to facilitate developmental progression of progenitor cells at multiple decision checkpoints.
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159
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Pannu J, Belle JI, Förster M, Duerr CU, Shen S, Kane L, Harcourt K, Fritz JH, Clare S, Nijnik A. Ubiquitin specific protease 21 is dispensable for normal development, hematopoiesis and lymphocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117304. [PMID: 25680095 PMCID: PMC4332479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
USP21 is a ubiquitin specific protease that catalyzes protein deubiquitination, however the identification of its physiological substrates remains challenging. USP21 is known to deubiquitinate transcription factor GATA3 and death-domain kinase RIPK1 in vitro, however the in vivo settings where this regulation plays a biologically significant role remain unknown. In order to determine whether USP21 is an essential and non-redundant regulator of GATA3 or RIPK1 activity in vivo, we characterized Usp21-deficient mice, focusing on mouse viability and development, hematopoietic stem cell function, and lymphocyte differentiation. The Usp21-knockout mice were found to be viable and fertile, with no significant dysmorphology, in contrast to the GATA3 and RIPK1 knockout lines that exhibit embryonic or perinatal lethality. Loss of USP21 also had no effect on hematopoietic stem cell function, lymphocyte development, or the responses of antigen presenting cells to TLR and TNFR stimulation. GATA3 levels in hematopoietic stem cells or T lymphocytes remained unchanged. We observed that aged Usp21-knockout mice exhibited spontaneous T cell activation, however this was not linked to altered GATA3 levels in the affected cells. The contrast in the phenotype of the Usp21-knockout line with the previously characterized GATA3 and RIPK1 knockout mice strongly indicates that USP21 is redundant for the regulation of GATA3 and RIPK1 activity during mouse development, in hematopoietic stem cells, and in lymphocyte differentiation. The Usp21-deficient mouse line characterized in this study may serve as a useful tool for the future characterization of USP21 physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Pannu
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jad I. Belle
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Förster
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Claudia U. Duerr
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shiyang Shen
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg H. Fritz
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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160
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Abstract
Obesity markedly increases susceptibility to a range of diseases and simultaneously undermines the viability and fate selection of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and thus the kinetics of leukocyte production that is critical to innate and adaptive immunity. Considering that blood cell production and the differentiation of HSCs and their progeny is orchestrated, in part, by complex interacting signals emanating from the bone marrow microenvironment, it is not surprising that conditions that disturb bone marrow structure inevitably disrupt both the numbers and lineage-fates of these key blood cell progenitors. In addition to the increased adipose burden in visceral and subcutaneous compartments, obesity causes a marked increase in the size and number of adipocytes encroaching into the bone marrow space, almost certainly disturbing HSC interactions with neighbouring cells, which include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells. As the global obesity pandemic grows, the short-term and long-term consequences of increased bone marrow adiposity on HSC lineage selection and immune function remain uncertain. This Review discusses the differentiation and function of haematopoietic cell populations, the principal physicochemical components of the bone marrow niche, and how this environment influences HSCs and haematopoiesis in general. The effect of adipocytes and adiposity on HSC and progenitor cell populations is also discussed, with the goal of understanding how obesity might compromise the core haematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Kenneth Kaushansky
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8430, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
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161
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Coşkun S, Chao H, Vasavada H, Heydari K, Gonzales N, Zhou X, de Crombrugghe B, Hirschi KK. Development of the fetal bone marrow niche and regulation of HSC quiescence and homing ability by emerging osteolineage cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9:581-90. [PMID: 25310984 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside within a specialized niche where interactions with vasculature, osteoblasts, and stromal components regulate their self-renewal and differentiation. Little is known about bone marrow niche formation or the role of its cellular components in HSC development; therefore, we established the timing of murine fetal long bone vascularization and ossification relative to the onset of HSC activity. Adult-repopulating HSCs emerged at embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5), coincident with marrow vascularization, and were contained within the c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+)Lin(-) (KSL) population. We used Osterix-null (Osx(-/-)) mice that form vascularized marrow but lack osteolineage cells to dissect the role(s) of these cellular components in HSC development. Osx(-/-) fetal bone marrow cells formed multilineage colonies in vitro but were hyperproliferative and failed to home to and/or engraft transplant recipients. Thus, in developing bone marrow, the vasculature can sustain multilineage progenitors, but interactions with osteolineage cells are needed to regulate long-term HSC proliferation and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Coşkun
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hsu Chao
- Children's Nutrition Research Center and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hema Vasavada
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- Cell Sorter Core Facility, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Naomi Gonzales
- Children's Nutrition Research Center and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benoit de Crombrugghe
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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162
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Kularatne SA, Deshmukh V, Ma J, Tardif V, Lim RKV, Pugh HM, Sun Y, Manibusan A, Sellers AJ, Barnett RS, Srinagesh S, Forsyth JS, Hassenpflug W, Tian F, Javahishvili T, Felding-Habermann B, Lawson BR, Kazane SA, Schultz PG. A CXCR4-targeted site-specific antibody-drug conjugate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11863-7. [PMID: 25213874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A chemically defined anti-CXCR4-auristatin antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) was synthesized that selectively eliminates tumor cells overexpressing the CXCR4 receptor. The unnatural amino acid p-acetylphenylalanine (pAcF) was site-specifically incorporated into an anti-CXCR4 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and conjugated to an auristatin through a stable, non-cleavable oxime linkage to afford a chemically homogeneous ADC. The full-length anti-CXCR4 ADC was selectively cytotoxic to CXCR4(+) cancer cells in vitro (half maximal effective concentration (EC50 )≈80-100 pM). Moreover, the anti-CXCR4 ADC eliminated pulmonary lesions from human osteosarcoma cells in a lung-seeding tumor model in mice. No significant overt toxicity was observed but there was a modest decrease in the bone-marrow-derived CXCR4(+) cell population. Because CXCR4 is highly expressed in a majority of metastatic cancers, a CXCR4-auristatin ADC may be useful for the treatment of a variety of metastatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumith A Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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163
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Kularatne SA, Deshmukh V, Ma J, Tardif V, Lim RKV, Pugh HM, Sun Y, Manibusan A, Sellers AJ, Barnett RS, Srinagesh S, Forsyth JS, Hassenpflug W, Tian F, Javahishvili T, Felding-Habermann B, Lawson BR, Kazane SA, Schultz PG. A CXCR4-Targeted Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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164
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Panikov NS, Mandalakis M, Dai S, Mulcahy LR, Fowle W, Garrett WS, Karger BL. Near-zero growth kinetics of Pseudomonas putida deduced from proteomic analysis. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:215-28. [PMID: 25088710 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intensive microbial growth typically observed in laboratory rarely occurs in nature. Because of severe nutrient deficiency, natural populations exhibit near-zero growth (NZG). There is a long-standing controversy about sustained NZG, specifically whether there is a minimum growth rate below which cells die or whether cells enter a non-growing maintenance state. Using chemostat with cell retention (CCR) of Pseudomonas putida, we resolve this controversy and show that under NZG conditions, bacteria differentiate into growing and VBNC (viable but not non-culturable) forms, the latter preserving measurable catabolic activity. The proliferating cells attained a steady state, their slow growth balanced by VBNC production. Proteomic analysis revealed upregulated (transporters, stress response, self-degrading enzymes and extracellular polymers) and downregulated (ribosomal, chemotactic and primary biosynthetic enzymes) proteins in the CCR versus batch culture. Based on these profiles, we identified intracellular processes associated with NZG and generated a mathematical model that simulated the observations. We conclude that NZG requires controlled partial self-digestion and deep reconfiguration of the metabolic machinery that results in the biosynthesis of new products and development of broad stress resistance. CCR allows efficient on-line control of NZG including VBNC production. A well-nuanced understanding of NZG is important to understand microbial processes in situ and for optimal design of environmental technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai S Panikov
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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165
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Ramsey H, Zhang Q, Wu MX. Mitoquinone restores platelet production in irradiation-induced thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2014; 26:459-66. [PMID: 25025394 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.935315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hallmarked by cytopenia and dysplasia of hematopoietic cells, often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within affected cells. However, it is not known whether the increase in ROS production is an instigator or a byproduct of the disease. The present investigation shows that mice lacking immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1) exhibit lineage specific increases in ROS production and abnormal cytology upon radiation in blood cell types commonly identified in MDS. These affected cell lineages chiefly have the bone marrow as a primary site of differentiation and maturation, while cells with extramedullary differentiation and maturation like B- and T-cells remain unaffected. Increased ROS production is likely to contribute significantly to irradiation-induced thrombocytopenia in the absence of IEX-1 as demonstrated by effective reversal of the disorder after mitoquinone (MitoQ) treatment, a mitochondria-specific antioxidant. MitoQ reduced intracellular ROS production within megakaryocytes and platelets. It also normalized mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide production in platelets in irradiated, IEX-1 deficient mice. The lineage-specific effects of mitochondrial ROS may help us understand the etiology of thrombocytopenia in association with MDS in a subgroup of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Ramsey
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School (HMS) , Boston , MA and
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166
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Deshpande S, Bosbach B, Yozgat Y, Park CY, Moore MAS, Besmer P. KIT receptor gain-of-function in hematopoiesis enhances stem cell self-renewal and promotes progenitor cell expansion. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1683-95. [PMID: 23681919 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The KIT receptor tyrosine kinase has important roles in hematopoiesis. We have recently produced a mouse model for imatinib resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) carrying the Kit(V558Δ) and Kit(T669I) (human KIT(T670I) ) mutations found in imatinib-resistant GIST. The Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) mice developed microcytic erythrocytosis with an increase in erythroid progenitor numbers, a phenotype previously seen only in mouse models of polycythemia vera with alterations in Epo or Jak2. Significantly, the increased hematocrit observed in Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) mice normalized upon splenectomy. In accordance with increased erythroid progenitors, myeloerythroid progenitor numbers were also elevated in the Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) mice. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers in the bone marrow (BM) of Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) mice were unchanged in comparison to wild-type mice. However, increased HSC numbers were observed in fetal livers and the spleen and peripheral blood of adult Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) mice. Importantly, HSC from Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) BM had a competitive advantage over wild-type HSC. In response to 5-fluorouracil treatment, elevated numbers of dividing Lin(-) Sca(+) cells were found in the Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) BM compared to wild type. Our study demonstrates that signaling from the Kit(V558Δ;T669I/+) receptor has important consequences in hematopoiesis enhancing HSC self-renewal and resulting in increased erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayu Deshpande
- Developmental Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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167
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Kedarisetty CK, Anand L, Khanam A, Kumar A, Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Growth factors enhance liver regeneration in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int 2014. [PMID: 26201333 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome characterized by a rapid progression of liver disease culminating in organ failure and death. The only definitive treatment is liver transplantation. However, there is a possible element of reversibility and hepatic regeneration if the acute insult can be tided over. Exogenously administered growth factors may stimulate hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived cells to supplement hepatic regeneration. The proposed review is intended to provide an in-depth analysis of the individual components of hepatic and bone marrow niches and highlight the growing role of various growth factors in liver regeneration in health and in liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lovkesh Anand
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshi Khanam
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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168
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Yu ZTF, Yong KMA, Fu J. Microfluidic blood cell sorting: now and beyond. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1687-703. [PMID: 24515899 PMCID: PMC4013196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood plays an important role in homeostatic regulation with each of its cellular components having important therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Therefore, separation and sorting of blood cells hasa been of a great interest to clinicians and researchers. However, while conventional methods of processing blood have been successful in generating relatively pure fractions, they are time consuming, labor intensive, and are not optimal for processing small volume blood samples. In recent years, microfluidics has garnered great interest from clinicians and researchers as a powerful technology for separating blood into different cell fractions. As microfluidics involves fluid manipulation at the microscale level, it has the potential for achieving high-resolution separation and sorting of blood cells down to a single-cell level, with an added benefit of integrating physical and biological methods for blood cell separation and analysis on the same single chip platform. This paper will first review the conventional methods of processing and sorting blood cells, followed by a discussion on how microfluidics is emerging as an efficient tool to rapidly change the field of blood cell sorting for blood-based therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeta Tak For Yu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
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169
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Skin extracellular matrix components accelerate the regenerative potential of Lin− cells. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to their unique properties, bone marrow-derived Lin− cells can be used to regenerate damaged tissues, including skin. The objective of our study was to determine the influence of the skin tissue-specific microenvironment on mouse Lin− cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Cells were analyzed for the expression of stem/progenitor surface markers by flow cytometry. Proliferation of MACS-purified cells in 3D cultures was investigated by WST-8 assay. Lin− cell migration was evaluated by in vitro scratch assay. The results obtained show that basement membrane matrix is more effective for Lin− cell proliferation in vitro. However, type I collagen matrix better enhances the re-epithelization process, that depends on the cell migratory properties. These studies are important for preparing cells to be used in transplantation.
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170
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Adler BJ, Green DE, Pagnotti GM, Chan ME, Rubin CT. High fat diet rapidly suppresses B lymphopoiesis by disrupting the supportive capacity of the bone marrow niche. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90639. [PMID: 24595332 PMCID: PMC3942453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) niche is the primary site of hematopoiesis, and cues from this microenvironment are critical to maintain hematopoiesis. Obesity increases lifetime susceptibility to a host of chronic diseases, and has been linked to defective leukogenesis. The pressures obesity exerts on hematopoietic tissues led us to study the effects of a high fat diet (HFD: 60% Kcal from fat) on B cell development in BM. Seven week old male C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a high fat (HFD) or regular chow (RD) diet for periods of 2 days, 1 week and 6 weeks. B-cell populations (B220+) were not altered after 2 d of HFD, within 1 w B-cell proportions were reduced by −10%, and by 6 w by −25% as compared to RD (p<0.05). BM RNA was extracted to track the expression of B-cell development markers Il-7, Ebf-1 and Pax-5. At 2 d, the expression of Il-7 and Ebf-1 were reduced by −20% (p = 0.08) and −11% (p = 0.06) whereas Pax-5 was not significantly impacted. At one week, however, the expressions of Il-7, Ebf-1, and Pax-5 in HFD mice fell by -19%, −20% and −16%, and by six weeks were further reduced to −23%, −29% and −34% as compared to RD (p<0.05 for all), a suppression paralleled by a +363% increase in adipose encroachment within the marrow space (p<0.01). Il-7 is a critical factor in the early B-cell lineage which is secreted by supportive cells in the BM niche, and is necessary for B-cell commitment. These data indicate that BM Il-7 expression, and by extension B-cell differentiation, are rapidly impaired by HFD. The trend towards suppressed expression of Il-7 following only 2 d of HFD demonstrates how susceptible the BM niche, and the cells which rely on it, are to diet, which ultimately could contribute to disease susceptibility in metabolic disorders such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Danielle E. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriel M. Pagnotti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Ete Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Clinton T. Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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171
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Mahadik BP, Wheeler TD, Skertich LJ, Kenis PJA, Harley BAC. Microfluidic generation of gradient hydrogels to modulate hematopoietic stem cell culture environment. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:449-58. [PMID: 23997020 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow provides spatially and temporally variable signals that impact the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While multiple biomolecular signals and bone marrow cell populations have been proposed as key regulators of HSC fate, new tools are required to probe their importance and mechanisms of action. Here, a novel method based on a microfluidic mixing platform to create small volume, 3D hydrogel constructs containing overlapping patterns of cell and matrix constituents inspired by the HSC niche is described. This approach is used to generate hydrogels containing opposing gradients of fluorescent microspheres, MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, primary murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and combinations thereof in a manner independent of hydrogel density and cell/particle size. Three different analytical methods are described to characterize local properties of these hydrogels at multiple scales: 1) whole construct fluorescent analysis; 2) multi-photon imaging of individual cells within the construct; 3) retrieval of discrete sub-regions from the hydrogel post-culture. The approach reported here allows the creation of stable gradients of cell and material cues within a single, optically translucent 3D biomaterial to enable a range of investigations regarding how microenvironmental signals impact cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan P. Mahadik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 110 Roger Adams Lab, 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Tobias D. Wheeler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 110 Roger Adams Lab, 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Luke J. Skertich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 110 Roger Adams Lab, 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 110 Roger Adams Lab, 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 1206 West Gregory Drive, MC-195 Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 110 Roger Adams Lab, 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 1206 West Gregory Drive, MC-195 Urbana IL 61801 USA
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172
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Filip S, Mokrý J, Vávrová J, Sinkorová Z, Mičuda S, Sponer P, Filipová A, Hrebíková H, Dayanithi G. The peripheral chimerism of bone marrow-derived stem cells after transplantation: regeneration of gastrointestinal tissues in lethally irradiated mice. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:832-43. [PMID: 24444357 PMCID: PMC4119389 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow–derived cells represent a heterogeneous cell population containing haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These cells have been identified as potential candidates for use in cell therapy for the regeneration of damaged tissues caused by trauma, degenerative diseases, ischaemia and inflammation or cancer treatment. In our study, we examined a model using whole-body irradiation and the transplantation of bone marrow (BM) or haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to study the repair of haematopoiesis, extramedullary haematopoiesis and the migration of green fluorescent protein (GFP+) transplanted cells into non-haematopoietic tissues. We investigated the repair of damage to the BM, peripheral blood, spleen and thymus and assessed the ability of this treatment to induce the entry of BM cells or GFP+lin−Sca-1+ cells into non-haematopoietic tissues. The transplantation of BM cells or GFP+lin−Sca-1+ cells from GFP transgenic mice successfully repopulated haematopoiesis and the haematopoietic niche in haematopoietic tissues, specifically the BM, spleen and thymus. The transplanted GFP+ cells also entered the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) following whole-body irradiation. Our results demonstrate that whole-body irradiation does not significantly alter the integrity of tissues such as those in the small intestine and liver. Whole-body irradiation also induced myeloablation and chimerism in tissues, and induced the entry of transplanted cells into the small intestine and liver. This result demonstrates that grafted BM cells or GFP+lin−Sca-1+ cells are not transient in the GIT. Thus, these transplanted cells could be used for the long-term treatment of various pathologies or as a one-time treatment option if myeloablation-induced chimerism alone is not sufficient to induce the entry of transplanted cells into non-haematopoietic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Filip
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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173
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Hoggatt J, Tate TA, Pelus LM. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1185:43-64. [PMID: 25062621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1133-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be performed with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) acquired directly from bone marrow, from umbilical cord blood or placental tissue, or from the peripheral blood after treatment of the donor with agents that enhance egress of HSPC into the circulation, a process known as "mobilization." Mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) have become the predominate hematopoietic graft for HSCT, particularly for autologous transplants. Despite the success of PBSC transplant, many patients and donors do not achieve optimal levels of mobilization. Thus, accurate animal models and basic laboratory investigations are needed to further investigate the mechanisms that lead to PBSC mobilization and define improved or new mobilizing agents and/or strategies to enhance PBSC mobilization and transplant. This chapter outlines assays and techniques for exploration of hematopoietic mobilization using mice as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hoggatt
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Sherman Fairchild Room 201, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA,
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174
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Mallaney C, Kothari A, Martens A, Challen GA. Clonal-level responses of functionally distinct hematopoietic stem cells to trophic factors. Exp Hematol 2013; 42:317-327.e2. [PMID: 24373928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings from several groups have identified distinct classes of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow, each with inherent functional biases in terms of their differentiation, self-renewal, proliferation, and lifespan. It has previously been demonstrated that myeloid- and lymphoid-biased HSCs can be prospectively enriched based on their degree of Hoechst dye efflux. In the present study, we used differential Hoechst efflux to enrich lineage-biased HSC subtypes and analyzed their functional potentials. Despite similar outputs in vitro, bone marrow transplantation assays revealed contrasting lineage differentiation in vivo. To stratify the molecular differences underlying these contrasting functional potentials at the clonal level, single-cell gene expression analysis was performed using the Fluidigm BioMark system and revealed dynamic expression of genes including Meis1, CEBP/α, Sfpi1, and Dnmt3a. Finally, single-cell gene expression analysis was used to unravel the opposing proliferative responses of lineage-biased HSCs to the growth factor TGF-β1, revealing a potential role for the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1c as molecular mediator. This work lends further credence to the concept of HSC heterogeneity, and it presents unprecedented molecular resolution of the HSC response to trophic factors using single-cell gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cates Mallaney
- Division of Oncology, Section of Molecular Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alok Kothari
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrew Martens
- Division of Oncology, Section of Molecular Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Grant A Challen
- Division of Oncology, Section of Molecular Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
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175
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Olme CH, Brown N, Finnon R, Bouffler S, Badie C. Frequency of acute myeloid leukaemia-associated mouse chromosome 2 deletions in X-ray exposed immature haematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. Mutat Res 2013; 756:119-26. [PMID: 23665297 PMCID: PMC4028086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionising radiation can lead to an increased risk of cancer, particularly leukaemia. In radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (rAML), a partial hemizygous deletion of mouse chromosome 2 is a common feature in several susceptible strains. The deletion is an early event detectable 24h after exposure in bone marrow cells using cytogenetic techniques. Expanding clones of bone marrow cells with chromosome 2 deletions can be detected less than a year after exposure to ionising radiation in around half of the irradiated mice. Ultimately, 15-25% of exposed animals develop AML. It is generally assumed that leukaemia originates in an early progenitor cell or haematopoietic stem cell, but it is unknown whether the original chromosome damage occurs at a similar frequency in committed progenitors and stem cells. In this study, we monitored the frequency of chromosome 2 deletions in immature bone marrow cells (Lin(-)) and haematopoietic stem cells/multipotent progenitor cells (LSK) by several techniques, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and through use of a reporter gene model, flow cytometry and colony forming units in spleen (CFU-S) following ex vivo or in vivo exposure. We showed that partial chromosome 2 deletions are present in the LSK subpopulation, but cannot be detected in Lin(-) cells and CFU-S12 cells. Furthermore, we transplanted irradiated Lin(-) or LSK cells into host animals to determine whether specific irradiated cell populations acquire an increased proliferative advantage compared to unirradiated cells. Interestingly, the irradiated LSK subpopulation containing cells carrying chromosome 2 deletions does not appear to repopulate as well as the unirradiated population, suggesting that the chromosomal deletion does not provide an advantage for growth and in vivo repopulation, at least at early stages following occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - C. Badie
- Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics Group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORQ, United Kingdom
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176
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Rennert RC, Sorkin M, Garg RK, Gurtner GC. Stem cell recruitment after injury: lessons for regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2013; 7:833-50. [PMID: 23164083 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are thought to involve resident cell proliferation as well as the selective recruitment of circulating stem and progenitor cell populations through complex signaling cascades. Many of these recruited cells originate from the bone marrow, and specific subpopulations of bone marrow cells have been isolated and used to augment adult tissue regeneration in preclinical models. Clinical studies of cell-based therapies have reported mixed results, however, and a variety of approaches to enhance the regenerative capacity of stem cell therapies are being developed based on emerging insights into the mechanisms of progenitor cell biology and recruitment following injury. This article discusses the function and mechanisms of recruitment of important bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cell populations following injury, as well as the emerging therapeutic applications targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Rennert
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Hagey Building GK-201, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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177
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Will B, Vogler TO, Bartholdy B, Garrett-Bakelman F, Mayer J, Barreyro L, Pandolfi A, Todorova TI, Okoye-Okafor UC, Stanley RF, Bhagat TD, Verma A, Figueroa ME, Melnick A, Roth M, Steidl U. Satb1 regulates the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells by promoting quiescence and repressing differentiation commitment. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:437-45. [PMID: 23563689 PMCID: PMC3633104 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How hematopoietic stem cells coordinate the regulation of opposing cellular mechanisms like self-renewal and differentiation commitment remains unclear. Here, we identified the transcription factor and chromatin remodeler Satb1 as a critical regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate. HSCs lacking Satb1 displayed defective self-renewal, less quiescence and accelerated lineage commitment, resulting in progressive depletion of functional HSCs. Increased commitment was caused by reduced symmetric self-renewal and increased symmetric differentiation divisions of Satb1-deficient HSCs. Satb1 simultaneously repressed gene sets involved in HSC activation and cellular polarity, including Numb and Myc, two key factors for stem cell fate specification. Thus, Satb1 is a regulator that promotes HSC quiescence and represses lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Will
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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178
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Ataxin1L is a regulator of HSC function highlighting the utility of cross-tissue comparisons for gene discovery. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003359. [PMID: 23555280 PMCID: PMC3610904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare quiescent cells that continuously replenish the cellular components of the peripheral blood. Observing that the ataxia-associated gene Ataxin-1-like (Atxn1L) was highly expressed in HSCs, we examined its role in HSC function through in vitro and in vivo assays. Mice lacking Atxn1L had greater numbers of HSCs that regenerated the blood more quickly than their wild-type counterparts. Molecular analyses indicated Atxn1L null HSCs had gene expression changes that regulate a program consistent with their higher level of proliferation, suggesting that Atxn1L is a novel regulator of HSC quiescence. To determine if additional brain-associated genes were candidates for hematologic regulation, we examined genes encoding proteins from autism- and ataxia-associated protein–protein interaction networks for their representation in hematopoietic cell populations. The interactomes were found to be highly enriched for proteins encoded by genes specifically expressed in HSCs relative to their differentiated progeny. Our data suggest a heretofore unappreciated similarity between regulatory modules in the brain and HSCs, offering a new strategy for novel gene discovery in both systems. Our labs, working separately on brain function and blood stem cells, noticed that a particular gene involved in movement disorders was also expressed in the blood system. We discovered through bone marrow transplantation experiments that this gene, called Ataxin-1-like, normally plays a role in restricting the number of blood-forming stem cells; stem cells lacking this gene were more numerous and more active. We wondered if this brain-blood similarity would hold for a larger number of genes, so we used bioinformatics approaches to compare large datasets our labs had generated from each system. We found that a surprising number of genes implicated in autism and ataxia by molecular studies were also highly expressed in blood-forming stem cells. We suggest that such cross-system comparisons could be used more widely to discover genes with important functions in brain and blood, but also perhaps other systems.
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179
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Klauke K, Radulović V, Broekhuis M, Weersing E, Zwart E, Olthof S, Ritsema M, Bruggeman S, Wu X, Helin K, Bystrykh L, de Haan G. Polycomb Cbx family members mediate the balance between haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:353-62. [PMID: 23502315 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of adult stem cells is essential for tissue homeostasis. Here we show that in the haematopoietic system this process is governed by polycomb chromobox (Cbx) proteins. Cbx7 is specifically expressed in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its overexpression enhances self-renewal and induces leukaemia. This effect is dependent on integration into polycomb repressive complex-1 (PRC1) and requires H3K27me3 binding. In contrast, overexpression of Cbx2, Cbx4 or Cbx8 results in differentiation and exhaustion of HSCs. ChIP-sequencing analysis shows that Cbx7 and Cbx8 share most of their targets; we identified approximately 200 differential targets. Whereas genes targeted by Cbx8 are highly expressed in HSCs and become repressed in progenitors, Cbx7 targets show the opposite expression pattern. Thus, Cbx7 preserves HSC self-renewal by repressing progenitor-specific genes. Taken together, the presence of distinct Cbx proteins confers target selectivity to PRC1 and provides a molecular balance between self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Klauke
- European Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), Section Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
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180
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Barteneva NS, Ketman K, Fasler-Kan E, Potashnikova D, Vorobjev IA. Cell sorting in cancer research--diminishing degree of cell heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:105-22. [PMID: 23481260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of intratumor heterogeneity and its augmentation due to selective pressure of microenvironment and recent achievements in cancer therapeutics lead to the need to investigate and track the tumor subclonal structure. Cell sorting of heterogeneous subpopulations of tumor and tumor-associated cells has been a long established strategy in cancer research. Advancement in lasers, computer technology and optics has led to a new generation of flow cytometers and cell sorters capable of high-speed processing of single cell suspensions. Over the last several years cell sorting was used in combination with molecular biological methods, imaging and proteomics to characterize primary and metastatic cancer cell populations, minimal residual disease and single tumor cells. It was the principal method for identification and characterization of cancer stem cells. Analysis of single cancer cells may improve early detection of tumors, monitoring of circulating tumor cells, evaluation of intratumor heterogeneity and chemotherapeutic treatments. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of major cell sorting applications and approaches with new prospective developments such as microfluidics and microchip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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181
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Pilat S, Carotta S, Klump H. Development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from mouse embryonic stem cells, in vitro, supported by ectopic human HOXB4 expression. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1029:129-147. [PMID: 23756947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-478-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells can recapitulate many aspects of hematopoiesis, in vitro, and can even generate cells capable of long-term multilineage repopulation after transplantation into recipient mice, when the homeodomain transcription factor HOXB4 is ectopically expressed. Thus, the ES-cell differentiation system is of great value for a detailed understanding of the process of blood formation. Furthermore, it is also promising for future application in hematopoietic cell and gene therapy. Since the arrival of techniques which allow the reprogramming of somatic cells back to an ES cell-like state, the generation of hematopoietic stem cells from patient-specific so-called induced pluripotent stem cells shows great promise for future therapeutic applications. In this chapter, we describe how to cultivate a certain feeder cell-independent mouse embryonic stem cell line, to manipulate these cells by retroviral gene transfer to ectopically express HOXB4, to differentiate these ES cells via embryoid body formation, and to selectively expand the arising, HOXB4-expressing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pilat
- Department of Medical Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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182
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Ruan GP, Wang JX, Yao X, Pang RQ, Cai XM, He J, Pan XH. Different Hematopoietic Reconstruction Abilities of Transplanted Cells from Bone Marrow, Spleen, Liver and Peripheral Blood. CYTOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.78.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Ruan
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
| | - Jin-Xiang Wang
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
| | - Xiang Yao
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
| | - Rong-Qing Pang
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
| | - Xue-Min Cai
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
| | - Jie He
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
| | - Xing-Hua Pan
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command
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183
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Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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184
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Identification of key regulatory pathways of myeloid differentiation using an mESC-based karyotypically normal cell model. Blood 2012; 120:4712-9. [PMID: 23086752 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-414979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the process of myeloid differentiation offers important insights into both normal and abnormal developmental processes but is limited by the dearth of experimental models. Here we show that myeloid progenitors can be derived from embryonic stem cells, immortalized, and applied to the study of the mechanisms underlying myeloid differentiation. The embryonic stem cell-derived myeloid progenitors, when immortalized with estrogen-regulated Hoxb8 protein, demonstrate normal karyotyping, are genetically tractable, and can be differentiated into functional neutrophils. Using this model, we identified mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 as a critical regulator of myeloid differentiation. Together, our studies led to a convenient, karyotypically normal, and genetically manipulatable cellular system, which can be used to shed new light on the mechanisms for myeloid differentiation.
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185
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De Lisio M, Baker JM, Parise G. Exercise promotes bone marrow cell survival and recipient reconstitution post-bone marrow transplantation, which is associated with increased survival. Exp Hematol 2012; 41:143-54. [PMID: 23063724 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is associated with a high risk of mortality, partially because of the harmful effects of the preconditioning myeloablative regimens. We have recently demonstrated increased bone marrow cell survival and proliferation in response to exercise training, which may be attributable to increased quality of the niche. The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which exercise preconditioning of recipients could increase the success of BMT. Recipient mice remained sedentary (SED) or were exercise-trained (EX) on a treadmill (3 d/wk for 8 weeks) before reconstitution with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled donor marrow. Recipient survival, both donor-derived and total (donor- and recipient-derived) blood reconstitution were measured by flow cytometry. The first and fourth day after BMT apoptosis, cellularity and donor cell homing were determined in the recipients' bone marrow cavity by flow cytometry. Whereas only 25% of SED mice survived, 82% of EX recipients survived the BMT. Homing of donor-derived marrow cells to the recipients' marrow cavity acutely after BMT was not altered in EX, but EX mice displayed decreased levels (10%; p < 0.05) of activated caspase-3/-7 one day after BMT, leading to a maintenance of marrow cellularity in mice preconditioned with exercise. The acute inhibition of marrow cell apoptosis in EX mice resulted in increased total blood cell reconstitution at 1 and 3.5 months after BMT in EX mice (42% and 43%, respectively; both p < 0.05). Short- and long-term donor-derived engraftment was not different between EX and SED recipients. Exercise training increases recipient survival after BMT with increased total blood cell reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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186
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Forni MF, Loureiro RR, Cristovam PC, Bonatti JA, Sogayar MC, Gomes JÁP. Comparison Between Different Biomaterial Scaffolds for Limbal-Derived Stem Cells Growth and Enrichment. Curr Eye Res 2012; 38:27-34. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.733053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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187
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De Lisio M, Parise G. Characterization of the effects of exercise training on hematopoietic stem cell quantity and function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1576-84. [PMID: 23019311 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00717.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of exercise training on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is largely unknown. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether exercise training could expand the bone marrow HSC pool and influence various aspects of HSC function. Mice were either exercise trained (EX; 1 h/day, 3 days/wk, for 8 wk) or remained sedentary (SED). Bone marrow (BM) from SED or EX mice was extracted from different HSC niches for cell cycle analysis, HSC (lineage(-), Sca-1(+), c-Kit(+)) quantification, and differentiation along various hematopoietic lineages via flow cytometry. Serum was collected for evaluation of cytokines known to regulate HSC. To determine HSC function, BM from EX and SED mice was transplanted into primary and secondary recipients in a BM transplant assay. EX increased HSC quantity in the vascular BM niche 20% vs. SED (P < 0.05) and increased the proportion of whole BM cells in G(2)/M phase of cell cycle (P < 0.05). The number of spleen colonies was 48% greater (P < 0.05) in recipients transplanted with BM from EX. Serum IL-6 levels were decreased 38% in EX, and differentiation along the lineage trended to increase (16%, P = 0.053 and 16%, P = 0.061, respectively). Short- or long-term engraftment and homing in primary recipients were not altered in EX. HSC self-renewal as analyzed by hematopoietic regeneration in secondary recipients was also unaffected by EX. Here we demonstrate that HSC quantity is increased in the BM niche associated with more activated, differentiated HSC, and that this expansion does not improve or impair HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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188
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Gpr171, a putative P2Y-like receptor, negatively regulates myeloid differentiation in murine hematopoietic progenitors. Exp Hematol 2012; 41:102-12. [PMID: 23022127 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gpr171 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor putatively related to the P2Y family of purinergic receptors (P2YRs) for extracellular nucleotides, a group of mediators previously shown to regulate hematopoietic progenitor cells. No information is currently available on the ligand responsible for Gpr171 activation and its biological role remains unknown. We reconstructed Gpr171 phylogenesis in mice and confirmed that Gpr171 is evolutionally related to members of a P2Y gene-cluster localized on mouse chromosome 3. As a first step toward unveiling a role for Gpr171, we investigated its expression profile in murine hematopoietic cells. As opposed to other P2YRs, we found that Gpr171 expression is down-regulated in monocytes and granulocytes, suggesting a negative role in myeloid lineage specification. To test Gpr171 functional role, we next enforced Gpr171 expression in a myeloblastic cell line (32D cells) and in primary Sca-1(+) hematopoietic progenitors, and observed a decreased expression of myeloid markers upon induction of Gpr171, as well as an increased generation of colonies in vitro. Conversely, Gpr171 silencing induced opposite results, diminishing the expression of myeloid markers and the clonogenic potential of 32D cells. In vivo, mice transplanted with hematopoietic progenitor cells overexpressing Gpr171 displayed a significant reduction in the percentage of Mac-1(+)Gr-1(-) cells. As a preliminary step in the investigation of Gpr171 role in murine hematopoiesis, our findings indicate that the orphan receptor Gpr171 negatively regulates myeloid differentiation. Together with phylogenic analyses, our data suggest that Gpr171 may have followed a separate evolutionary pathway as compared to other P2YRs belonging to the same gene cluster.
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189
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Walasek MA, Bystrykh LV, Olthof S, de Haan G, van Os R. Sca-1 is an early-response target of histone deacetylase inhibitors and marks hematopoietic cells with enhanced function. Exp Hematol 2012; 41:113-23.e2. [PMID: 22989761 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have been shown to enhance hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity and improve stem cell outcomes after ex vivo culture. Identification of gene targets of HDIs is required to understand the full potential of these compounds and can allow for improved stem cell culturing protocols. The molecular process that underlies the biological effects of valproic acid (VPA), a widely used HDI, on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells was investigated by studying the early-response genes of VPA. These genes were linked to VPA-induced enhancement of cell function as measured by in vitro assays. Genome-wide gene expression studies revealed over-representation of genes involved in glutathione metabolism, receptor and signal transducer activity, and changes in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells surface profile after short, 24-hour VPA treatment. Sca-1, a well-known and widely used stem cell surface marker, was identified as a prominent VPA target. We showed that multiple HDIs induce Sca-1 expression on hematopoietic cells. VPA strongly preserved Sca-1 expression on Lin(-)Sca1(+)ckit(+) cells, but also reactivated Sca-1 on committed progenitor cells that were Sca-1(neg), thereby reverting them to the Lin(-)Sca1(+)ckit(+) phenotype. We demonstrated that reacquired Sca-1 expression coincided with induced self-renewal capacity as measured by in vitro replating assays, while Sca-1 itself was not required for the biological effects of VPA as demonstrated using Sca-1-deficient progenitor cells. In conclusion, our results show that VPA modulates several genes involved in multiple signal transduction pathways, of which Sca-1 was shown to mark cells with increased self-renewal capacity in response to HDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Walasek
- Department of Biology of Aging, Section Stem Cell Biology, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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190
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Pagnotti G, Adler BJ, Green DE, Chan ME, Frechette D, Shroyer KR, Beamer WG, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Low magnitude mechanical signals mitigate osteopenia without compromising longevity in an aged murine model of spontaneous granulosa cell ovarian cancer. Bone 2012; 51:570-7. [PMID: 22584009 PMCID: PMC3412935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is often paralleled by a decline in bone mass, raising risk of fracture. Concerns persist regarding anabolic interventions for skeletal protection, as these may inadvertently exacerbate neoplastic tissue expansion. Given bone's inherent mechanosensitivity, low intensity vibration (LIV), a mechanical signal that encourages osteoblastogenesis, could possibly slow cancer-associated bone loss, but this goal must be achieved without fostering disease progression. Seventy 12w female F1-SWRxSWXJ-9 mice, a strain prone to developing granulosa cell tumors, were randomized into baseline control (BC: n=10), age-matched control (AC: n=30), and LIV (n=30), which received mechanical signals (90Hz @ 0.3g) for 15m/day, 5 day/w over the course of 1 year. Survival curves for AC (10 died) and LIV (8 died) followed similar trends (p=0.62), indicating longevity was unperturbed by LIV. At 1 year, bone volume of proximal tibiae in LIV mice was 25% greater than AC (p<0.02), while bone volume of L5 vertebrae was 16% higher in LIV over AC (p<0.02). Primary lesions and peripheral metastases were apparent in both LIV and AC; however, overall tumor incidence was approximately 30% less in LIV (p=0.27) and, when disease was evident, involved fewer organ systems (p=0.09). Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were 52% lower (p<0.01) in LIV, and 31% lower (p=0.08) in mice lacking pathology, suggesting higher MSC levels in this model of cancer susceptibility may have contributed to tumor progression. These experiments indicate that LIV helps protect bone mass in mice inherently susceptible to cancer without compromising life expectancy, perhaps through mechanical control of stem cell fate. Further, these data reflect the numerous system-level benefits of exercise in general, and mechanical signals in particular, in the preservation of bone density and the suppression of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pagnotti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Benjamin J. Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Danielle E. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Meilin E. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Danielle Frechette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | | | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Clinton T. Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
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191
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Sakaki-Yumoto M, Katsuno Y, Derynck R. TGF-β family signaling in stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2280-96. [PMID: 22959078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity of cell types and tissue types that originate throughout development derives from the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells. While the former are pluripotent, and thus can give rise to a full differentiation spectrum, the latter have limited differentiation potential but drive tissue remodeling. Additionally cancer tissues also have a small population of self-renewing cells with stem cell properties. These cancer stem cells may arise through dedifferentiation from non-stem cells in cancer tissues, illustrating their plasticity, and may greatly contribute to the resistance of cancers to chemotherapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW The capacity of the different types of stem cells for self-renewal, the establishment and maintenance of their differentiation potential, and the selection of differentiation programs are greatly defined by the interplay of signaling molecules provided by both the stem cells themselves, and their microenvironment, the niche. Here we discuss common and divergent roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of embryonic, reprogrammed pluripotent, somatic, and cancer stem cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence highlights the similarities between responses of normal and cancer stem cells to signaling molecules, provided or activated by their microenvironment. While TGF-β family signaling regulates stemness of normal and cancer stem cells, its effects are diverse and depend on the cell types and physiological state of the cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Further mechanistic studies will provide a better understanding of the roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of stem cells. These basic studies may lead to the development of a new therapeutic or prognostic strategies for the treatment of cancers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Sakaki-Yumoto
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
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192
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Mayle A, Luo M, Jeong M, Goodell MA. Flow cytometry analysis of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Cytometry A 2012; 83:27-37. [PMID: 22736515 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain the most well-characterized adult stem cell population both in terms of markers for purification and assays to assess functional potential. However, despite over 40 years of research, working with HSCs in the mouse remains challenging because of the relative abundance (or lack thereof) of these cells in the bone marrow. The frequency of HSCs in murine bone marrow is about 0.01% of total nucleated cells and ∼5,000 can be isolated from an individual mouse depending on the age, sex, and strain of mice as well as purification scheme utilized. Adding to the challenge is the continual reporting of new markers for HSC purification, which makes it difficult for the uninitiated in the field to know which purification strategies yield the highest proportion of long-term, multilineage HSCs. In this updated version of our review from 2009, we review different strategies for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell identification and purification. We will also discuss methods for rapid flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cell types, and novel strategies for working with rare cell populations such as HSCs in the analysis of cell cycle status by BrdU, Ki-67, and Pyronin Y staining. The purpose of updating this review is to provide insight into some of the recent experimental and technical advances in mouse hematopoietic stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Mayle
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Shapiro H, Nolan J, Tárnok A. CYTOMETRY 2012-What would Ehrlich do? Cytometry A 2012; 81:437-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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194
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Fricke S, Rothe K, Hilger N, Ackermann M, Oelkrug C, Fricke C, Schönfelder U, Niederwieser D, Emmrich F, Sack U. Allogeneic bone marrow grafts with high levels of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells can lead to engraftment failure. Cytometry A 2012; 81:476-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hematopoietic stem cells lacking Ott1 display aspects associated with aging and are unable to maintain quiescence during proliferative stress. Blood 2012; 119:4898-907. [PMID: 22490678 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-403089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging degrades hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions, including stress response; however, the involved molecular pathways are incompletely defined. Murine BM conditionally deleted for One-Twenty-Two-1 (Ott1), is able to maintain lifelong hematopoiesis and has preserved numbers of long-term HSCs, yet cannot repopulate nor sustain itself after transplantation against a competitor even when Ott1 is excised after engraftment. We show, specifically under replicative stress, that Ott1-deleted HSCs have a significant reduction of the G(0) cell-cycle fraction associated with self-renewal and undergo early failure. Therefore, Ott1 is required to preserve HSC quiescence during stress but not steady-state hematopoiesis. Reduced tolerance of replicative stress, increased myeloid potential, and greater absolute numbers are mutual characteristics of both Ott1-deleted and aged HSCs, and comparison of their gene expression profiles reveals a shared signature. Ott1-deleted HSCs share multiple aging-associated physiologic changes, including increases in NF-κB activation and DNA damage. Loss of Ott1 causes increased reactive oxygen species; however, antioxidant treatment does not rescue the competitive defect, indicating the existence of additional essential Ott1-dependent HSC pathways. In conclusion, our data establish a requirement for Ott1 in stress hematopoiesis and suggest that Ott1-dependent processes may converge with those affected by aging.
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The critical role of histone H2A-deubiquitinase Mysm1 in hematopoiesis and lymphocyte differentiation. Blood 2012; 119:1370-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-352666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation and lineage specification depend on coordinated programs of gene expression, but our knowledge of the chromatin-modifying factors regulating these events remains incomplete. Ubiquitination of histone H2A (H2A-K119u) is a common chromatin modification associated with gene silencing, and controlled by the ubiquitin-ligase polycomb repressor complex 1 (PRC1) and H2A-deubiquitinating enzymes (H2A-DUBs). The roles of H2A-DUBs in mammalian development, stem cells, and hematopoiesis have not been addressed. Here we characterized an H2A-DUB targeted mouse line Mysm1tm1a/tm1a and demonstrated defects in BM hematopoiesis, resulting in lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytosis. Development of lymphocytes was impaired from the earliest stages of their differentiation, and there was also a depletion of erythroid cells and a defect in erythroid progenitor function. These phenotypes resulted from a cell-intrinsic requirement for Mysm1 in the BM. Importantly, Mysm1tm1a/tm1a HSCs were functionally impaired, and this was associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, γH2AX DNA damage marker, and p53 protein in the hematopoietic progenitors. Overall, these data establish a role for Mysm1 in the maintenance of BM stem cell function, in the control of oxidative stress and genetic stability in hematopoietic progenitors, and in the development of lymphoid and erythroid lineages.
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Rantes/Ccl5 influences hematopoietic stem cell subtypes and causes myeloid skewing. Blood 2012; 119:2500-9. [PMID: 22289892 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-391730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HSCs undergo dramatic changes with aging. An increase in absolute numbers of HSCs along with a functional deficit in reconstitution potential and a shift toward production of myeloid cells are the hallmarks of murine hematopoietic aging. Here, we show that high levels of the inflammatory cytokine Rantes are found in the aging stem cell milieu. Forced overproduction of Rantes by retroviral expression in BM progenitors resulted in a deficit of T-cell output, and brief ex vivo exposure of HSCs to Rantes resulted in a decrease in T-cell progeny concomitant with an increase in myeloid progenitors. In contrast, Rantes knockout (KO) animals exhibit a decrease in myeloid-biased HSCs and myeloid progenitors and an increase in T cells and lymphoid-biased HSCs. KO HSCs retained their HSC subtype distribution and they produced more lymphoid-biased HSCs in transplantations. Rantes deficiency also resulted in a decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity in KLS cells. In a heterochronic transplantation setting, we further show that aged HSCs placed in a young environment generate less myeloid cells. These data establish a critical role for environmental factors in the establishment of the aged-associated myeloid skewing phenotype, which may contribute to age-associated immune deficiency.
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Hald J, Galbo T, Rescan C, Radzikowski L, Sprinkel AE, Heimberg H, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Jensen J, Scharfmann R, Gradwohl G, Kaestner KH, Stoeckert C, Jensen JN, Madsen OD. Pancreatic islet and progenitor cell surface markers with cell sorting potential. Diabetologia 2012; 55:154-65. [PMID: 21947380 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of the study was to identify surface bio-markers and corresponding antibody tools that can be used for the imaging and immunoisolation of the pancreatic beta cell and its progenitors. This may prove essential to obtain therapeutic grade human beta cells via stem cell differentiation. METHODS Using bioinformatics-driven data mining, we generated a gene list encoding putative plasma membrane proteins specifically expressed at distinct stages of the developing pancreas and islet beta cells. In situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were used to further prioritise and identify candidates. RESULTS In the developing pancreas seizure related 6 homologue like (SEZ6L2), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 (LRP11), dispatched homologue 2 (Drosophila) (DISP2) and solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC30A8) were found to be expressed in early islet cells, whereas discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (DDR1) and delta/notch-like EGF repeat containing (DNER) were expressed in early pancreatic progenitors. The expression pattern of DDR1 overlaps with the early pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)⁺/NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6-1)⁺ multipotent progenitor cells from embryonic day 11, whereas DNER expression in part overlaps with neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3)⁺ cells. In the adult pancreas SEZ6L2, LRP11, DISP2 and SLC30A8, but also FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2 (FXYD2), tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7) and transmembrane protein 27 (TMEM27), retain an islet-specific expression, whereas DDR1 is undetectable. In contrast, DNER is expressed at low levels in peripheral mouse and human islet cells. Re-expression of DDR1 and upregulation of DNER is observed in duct-ligated pancreas. Antibodies to DNER and DISP2 have been successfully used in cell sorting. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Extracellular epitopes of SEZ6L2, LRP11, DISP2, DDR1 and DNER have been identified as useful tags by applying specific antibodies to visualise pancreatic cell types at specific stages of development. Furthermore, antibodies recognising DISP2 and DNER are suitable for FACS-mediated cell purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hald
- Department of Beta-Cell Regeneration, Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensens Vej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor mobilization has revolutionized the field of hematopoietic transplantation. Currently, hematopoietic grafts acquired from the peripheral blood of patients or donors treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) are the preferred source for transplantation. G-CSF mobilization regimens, however, are associated with known morbidities and a significant number of normal donors and patient populations fail to mobilize sufficient numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for transplantation, necessitating the need for non-G-CSF mobilization strategies. Mechanistic studies evaluating hematopoietic bone marrow niche interactions have uncovered novel agents with the capacity for hematopoietic mobilization. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of mobilizing agents, other than G-CSF, and experimental procedures and technical aspects important to evaluate and define their hematopoietic mobilizing activities alone and in combination.
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Abstract
Distinct stem cell types have been established from embryos and identified in the fetal tissues and umbilical cord blood as well as in specific niches in many adult mammalian tissues and organs such as bone marrow, brain, skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, breast, ovaries, and prostate. All stem cells are undifferentiated cells that exhibit unlimited self-renewal and can generate multiple cell lineages or more restricted progenitor populations that can contribute to tissue homeostasis by replenishing the cells or to tissue regeneration after injury. The remarkable progress of regenerative medicine in the last few years indicates promise for the use of stem cells in the treatment of ophthalmic disorders. Experimental and human studies with intravitreal bone marrow-derived stem cells have begun. This paper reviews recent advances and potential sources of stem cells for cell therapy in retinal diseases.
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