151
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Stauber J, MacAleese L, Franck J, Claude E, Snel M, Kaletas BK, Wiel IMVD, Wisztorski M, Fournier I, Heeren RMA. On-tissue protein identification and imaging by MALDI-ion mobility mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:338-47. [PMID: 19926301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) has become a powerful tool for the detection and localization of drugs, proteins, and lipids on-tissue. Nevertheless, this approach can only perform identification of low mass molecules as lipids, pharmaceuticals, and peptides. In this article, a combination of approaches for the detection and imaging of proteins and their identification directly on-tissue is described after tryptic digestion. Enzymatic digestion protocols for different kinds of tissues--formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) and frozen tissues--are combined with MALDI-ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). This combination enables localization and identification of proteins via their related digested peptides. In a number of cases, ion mobility separates isobaric ions that cannot be identified by conventional MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. The amount of detected peaks per measurement increases (versus conventional MALDI-TOF), which enables mass and time selected ion images and the identification of separated ions. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of direct proteins identification by ion-mobility-TOF IMS from tissue. The tissue digestion combined with MALDI-IM-TOF-IMS approach allows a proteomics "bottom-up" strategy with different kinds of tissue samples, especially FFPE tissues conserved for a long time in hospital sample banks. The combination of IM with IMS marks the development of IMS approaches as real proteomic tools, which brings new perspectives to biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stauber
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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152
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Colsch B, Woods AS. Localization and imaging of sialylated glycosphingolipids in brain tissue sections by MALDI mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2010; 20:661-7. [PMID: 20190299 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a simple and efficient method for mapping the distribution and localization of all sialylated sphingoglycolipids present in coronal mouse brain sections using a conventional axial matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight. A single scan of a histological tissue section gives a complete profile of ganglioside species without derivatization or labeling. We have developed and tested a new matrix preparation (2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone [DHA]/ammonium sulfate/heptafluorobutyric acid [HFBA]) to maximize the detection of all ganglioside species; the ammonium sulfate limits the formation of salt adducts, while the addition of HFBA increases the stability of DHA in a vacuum, thus facilitating imaging applications. Our results, in both extracted samples and whole tissue sections using negative ion reflectron and linear modes, show differences in localization in several brain regions depending on the sialic acids and the ceramide-associated core gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Colsch
- Cellular Neurobiology, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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153
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Amstalden van Hove ER, Smith DF, Heeren RMA. A concise review of mass spectrometry imaging. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3946-54. [PMID: 20223463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric imaging allows the investigation of the spatial distribution of molecules at complex surfaces. The combination of molecular speciation with local analysis renders a chemical microscope that can be used for the direct biomolecular characterization of histological tissue surfaces. MS based imaging advantageously allows label-free detection and mapping of a wide-range of biological compounds whose presence or absence can be the direct result of disease pathology. Successful detection of the analytes of interest at the desired spatial resolution requires careful attention to several steps in the mass spectrometry imaging protocol. This review will describe and discuss a selected number of crucial developments in ionization, instrumentation, and application of this innovative technology. The focus of this review is on the latest developments in imaging MS. Selected biological applications are employed to illustrate some of the novel features discussed. Two commonly used MS imaging techniques, secondary ion mass spectrometric (SIMS) imaging and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric imaging, center this review. New instrumental developments are discussed that extend spatial resolution, mass resolving power, mass accuracy, tandem-MS capabilities, and offer new gas-phase separation capabilities for both imaging techniques. It will be shown how the success of MS imaging is crucially dependent on sample preparation protocols as they dictate the nature and mass range of detected biomolecules that can be imaged. Finally, developments in data analysis strategies for large imaging datasets will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Amstalden van Hove
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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154
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Kim HI, Kim H, Pang ES, Ryu EK, Beegle LW, Loo JA, Goddard WA, Kanik I. Structural characterization of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines using traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 81:8289-97. [PMID: 19764704 DOI: 10.1021/ac900672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of phosphatidylcholine (PC) cations spanning a mass range of 400-1000 Da are investigated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS). A high correlation between mass and mobility is demonstrated with saturated phosphatidylcholine cations in N(2). A significant deviation from this mass-mobility correlation line is observed for the unsaturated PC cation. We found that the double bond in the acyl chain causes a 5% reduction in drift time. The drift time is reduced at a rate of approximately 1% for each additional double bond. Theoretical collision cross sections of PC cations exhibit good agreement with experimentally evaluated values. Collision cross sections are determined using the recently derived relationship between mobility and drift time in TWIMS stacked ring ion guide (SRIG) and compared to estimated collision cross sections using an empiric calibration method. Computational analysis was performed using the modified trajectory (TJ) method with nonspherical N(2) molecules as the drift gas. The difference between estimated collision cross sections and theoretical collision cross sections of PC cations is related to the sensitivity of the PC cation collision cross sections to the details of the ion-neutral interactions. The origin of the observed correlation and deviation between mass and mobility of PC cations is discussed in terms of the structural rigidity of these molecules using molecular dynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I Kim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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155
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
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156
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Sugiura Y, Setou M. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and nanoparticle-based imaging mass spectrometry for small metabolites: a practical protocol. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 656:173-95. [PMID: 20680591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-746-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-imaging mass spectrometry (IMS, also referred to as mass spectrometry imaging [MSI]) enables visualization of the distribution of biomolecules with varied and vast structures in tissue sections. This emerging imaging technique was initially developed as a tool for protein imaging; however, the number of studies reporting imaging of small organic molecules has recently increased. IMS is an effective technique for the visualization of endogenous small metabolites, especially lipids, facilitated by the unique advantages of mass spectrometry-based molecular detection. Despite the promising capability of MALDI-IMS for imaging small metabolites, this technique still has several issues, especially in spatial resolution. One of the critical limitations of the spatial resolution of MALDI-IMS is the size of the organic matrix crystal and the analyte migration during the matrix application process. To overcome these problems, we reported a nanoparticle (NP)-assisted laser desorption/ionization (nano-PALDI)-based IMS, in which the matrix crystallization process is eliminated. In this chapter, a practical protocol for MALDI-IMS of lipids is outlined. In addition, as an attractive alternative to MALDI-based IMS, we also present nanoparticle-based IMS that improves spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
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157
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The application and potential of ion mobility mass spectrometry in imaging MS with a focus on lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 656:99-111. [PMID: 20680586 PMCID: PMC2953758 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-746-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue profiling and imaging by MALDI mass spectrometry has allowed the direct analysis and localization of biomolecules in tissue. However, due to the in situ nature of this technique, the complexity of tissue, and the need for a chemical matrix in MALDI, the signal recorded can be extremely complex and difficult to assign. Combining ion mobility with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization is a very powerful technique for fast separation and analysis of biomolecules in complex mixtures (such as tissue and cells), as isobaric lipid, peptide, and oligonucleotide molecular ions are pre-separated in the mobility cell before mass analysis. Differences in drift time of as much as 30% are obtained in a timescale of hundreds of microseconds. Molecular ions of the same biochemical family fall along trend lines when plotted in 2D plots of mobility drift time as a function of m/z. In this chapter ion mobility MALDI-MS ability to analyze various biomolecules in tissue, that is, lipids and proteins, as well as its ability to separate species from all of the major phospholipid classes from tissue and extracts, the effects that radyl chain length, degree of unsaturation, head group composition have upon their ion's cross section in the gas phase, and how it can be used not only to distinguish them from other biochemical groups in a mixture but also to differentiate them from other lipid species will be illustrated.
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158
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Blanksby SJ, Mitchell TW. Advances in mass spectrometry for lipidomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:433-65. [PMID: 20636050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent expansion in research in the field of lipidomics has been driven by the development of new mass spectrometric tools and protocols for the identification and quantification of molecular lipids in complex matrices. Although there are similarities between the field of lipidomics and the allied field of mass spectrometry (e.g., proteomics), lipids present some unique advantages and challenges for mass spectrometric analysis. The application of electrospray ionization to crude lipid extracts without prior fractionation-the so-called shotgun approach-is one such example, as it has perhaps been more successfully applied in lipidomics than in any other discipline. Conversely, the diverse molecular structure of lipids means that collision-induced dissociation alone may be limited in providing unique descriptions of complex lipid structures, and the development of additional, complementary tools for ion activation and analysis is required to overcome these challenges. In this article, we discuss the state of the art in lipid mass spectrometry and highlight several areas in which current approaches are deficient and further innovation is required.
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159
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Chen LC, Yoshimura K, Yu Z, Iwata R, Ito H, Suzuki H, Mori K, Ariyada O, Takeda S, Kubota T, Hiraoka K. Ambient imaging mass spectrometry by electrospray ionization using solid needle as sampling probe. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1469-1477. [PMID: 19685483 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although being an atmospheric pressure ion source, electrospray ionization (ESI) has rarely been used directly for ambient imaging mass spectrometry because the sample has to be introduced as liquid solution through the capillary. Instead of capillary, probe electrospray ionization (PESI), which has been developed recently, uses a solid needle as the sampling probe, as well as the electrospray emitter, and has been applied not only for liquid solutions but also for the direct sampling on wet samples. Biological tissues are composed of cells that contain 70-90% water, and when the surface is probed by the needle tip, the biological fluid adhering to the needle can be electrosprayed directly or assisted by additional solvent added onto the needle surface. Here, we demonstrate ambient imaging mass spectrometry of mouse brain section using PESI, incorporated with an auxiliary heated capillary sprayer. The solvent vapor generated from the sprayer condensed on the needle tip, re-dissolving the adhered sample, and at the same time, providing an indirect means for needle cleaning. The histological sections were prepared by fixation using paraformaldehyde, and the spatial analysis was automated by maintaining an equal sampling depth into the sample in addition to raster scan. Phospholipids and galactosylceramides were readily detected from the mouse brain section in the positive ion mode, and were mapped with 60 microm lateral resolution to form mass spectrometric images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan.
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160
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McLean JA. The mass-mobility correlation redux: the conformational landscape of anhydrous biomolecules. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1775-81. [PMID: 19646898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural separations on the basis of gas-phase ion mobility-mass spectrometry are increasingly used for the analysis of complex biological samples. As a tool to elucidate biomolecular structure, ion mobility-mass spectrometry methods are unique in that direct molecular structural information is obtained for all resolved species, largely irrespective of the complexity of the sample. Computational approaches are used to interpret and discern structural details consistent with the empirical results. To a first approximation, correlations of mobility with mass allow for qualitative identification of the molecular class to which a particular species belongs. These correlations allow simultaneous characterization of different classes of biomolecules, which provides a means for combining omics measurements, such as lipidomics, proteomics, glycomics, and metabolomics, in the same analysis. Examination of the correlation of fine structure reveals that specific structural motifs, chemical functionality, chemical connectivity, and composition may also be determined, depending on the specific biomolecular class. Mapping the coarse and fine structure in ion mobility-mass spectrometry conformation space measurements provides an atlas for interpretation and discovery in complicated spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37215, USA.
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161
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Zhu ZJ, Rotello VM, Vachet RW. Engineered nanoparticle surfaces for improved mass spectrometric analyses. Analyst 2009; 134:2183-8. [PMID: 19838403 DOI: 10.1039/b910428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of nanoparticle surface functionality provides controlled interactions with biomolecules such as cell membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Concurrently, this surface chemistry control also opens up new avenues for improving mass spectral analyses. In this Minireview, we highlight some of the emerging work that integrates surface-engineered nanoparticles with mass spectrometry to improve the analysis of a wide variety of chemical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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162
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Jackson SN, Woods AS. Direct profiling of tissue lipids by MALDI-TOFMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2822-9. [PMID: 19095508 PMCID: PMC2945280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) have allowed for the direct analysis of biological molecules from tissue. Although most of the early studies of direct tissue profiling by MALDI-TOFMS have focused on proteins and peptides, analysis of lipids has increased dramatically in recent years. This review gives an overview of the factors to consider when analyzing lipids directly from tissue and some recent examples of the use of MALDI-TOFMS for the direct profiling of lipids in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amina S. Woods
- NIDA IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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163
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Murayama C, Kimura Y, Setou M. Imaging mass spectrometry: principle and application. Biophys Rev 2009; 1:131. [PMID: 28509996 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-009-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is two-dimensional mass spectrometry to visualize the spatial distribution of biomolecules, which does not need either separation or purification of target molecules, and enables us to monitor not only the identification of unknown molecules but also the localization of numerous molecules simultaneously. Among the ionization techniques, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the most generally used for IMS, which allows the analysis of numerous biomolecules ranging over wide molecular weights. Proper selection and preparation of matrix is essential for successful imaging using IMS. Tandem mass spectrometry, which is referred to MSn, enables the structural analysis of a molecule detected by the first step of IMS. Applications of IMS were initially developed for studying proteins or peptides. At present, however, targets of IMS research have expanded to the imaging of small endogenous metabolites such as lipids, exogenous drug pharmacokinetics, exploring new disease markers, and other new scientific fields. We hope that this new technology will open a new era for biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Murayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Molecular Imaging Frontier Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, 431-3192, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshishige Kimura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Molecular Imaging Frontier Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, 431-3192, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Molecular Imaging Frontier Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, 431-3192, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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164
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Mass spectrometry imaging of rat brain sections: nanomolar sensitivity with MALDI versus nanometer resolution by TOF–SIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:151-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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165
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Astigarraga E, Barreda-Gómez G, Lombardero L, Fresnedo O, Castaño F, Giralt MT, Ochoa B, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Fernández JA. Profiling and imaging of lipids on brain and liver tissue by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry using 2-mercaptobenzothiazole as a matrix. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9105-14. [PMID: 18959430 DOI: 10.1021/ac801662n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is employed for the first time as a matrix for the analysis of lipids from tissue extracts using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that the performance of MBT is superior to that of the matrixes commonly employed for lipids, due to its low vapor pressure, its low acidity, and the formation of small crystals, although because of the strong background at low m/z, it precludes detection of species below approximately 500 Da. This inconvenience can be partly overcome with the formation of Cs adducts. Using a polymer-based dual calibration, a mass accuracy of approximately 10 ppm in lipid extracts and of approximately 80 ppm in tissues is achieved. We present spectra from liver and brain lipid extracts where a large amount of lipid species is identified, in both positive and negative ion modes, with high reproducibility. In addition, the above-mentioned special properties of MBT allow its employment for imaging mass spectrometry. In the present work, images of brain and liver tissues showing different lipid species are presented, demonstrating the advantages of the employment of MBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egoitz Astigarraga
- Department of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, B(o) Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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166
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MacAleese L, Stauber J, Heeren RMA. Perspectives for imaging mass spectrometry in the proteomics landscape. Proteomics 2009; 9:819-34. [PMID: 19212956 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of techniques are used in the field of proteomics that can be combined to get the most molecular information from a specific biological sample, fluid or tissue. Imaging techniques are often used to obtain local information from tissue samples. However, imaging experiments are often staining experiments, which rely on specific or aspecific interactions between fluorescent markers and pre-defined (families of) peptide or protein. Therefore, imaging is often used as a screening or validation tool for the local presence of proteins that have been identified by other means. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) combines the advantages of MS and microscopy in a single experiment. It is a technique that does not require any labeling of the analytes and provides a high multiplexing capability combined with the potential for analyte identification. It enables simultaneous detection of potentially all peptides and proteins present at a tissue surface and is used for the determination and identification of tissue-specific disease markers. The workflows of IMS experiments closely resemble those of conventional proteomics. In this review, we describe IMS experiments step-by-step to position and evaluate the role of IMS in a comparative proteomics landscape. We illustrate in a concise review that IMS is a true discovery oriented tool for proteomics that seamlessly integrates in conventional proteomics workflows and can be perceived as either an alternative or complementary proteomics technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke MacAleese
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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167
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Sugiura Y, Setou M. Imaging mass spectrometry for visualization of drug and endogenous metabolite distribution: toward in situ pharmacometabolomes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:31-43. [PMID: 19513855 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is important to determine how a candidate drug is distributed and metabolized within the body in early phase of drug discovery. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS; also referred to as mass spectrometry imaging) has attracted great interest for monitoring drug delivery and metabolism. Since this emerging technique enables simultaneous imaging of many types of metabolite molecules, MALDI-IMS can visualize and distinguish the parent drug and its metabolites. As another important advantage, changes in endogenous metabolites in response to drug administration can be mapped and evaluated in tissue sections. In this review, we discuss the capabilities of current IMS techniques for imaging metabolite molecules and summarize representative studies on imaging of both endogenous and exogenous metabolites. In addition, current limitations and problems with the technique are discussed, and reports of progress toward solving these problems are summarized. With this new tool, the pharmacological research community can begin to map the in situ pharmacometabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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168
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Chen R, Hui L, Sturm RM, Li L. Three dimensional mapping of neuropeptides and lipids in crustacean brain by mass spectral imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1068-77. [PMID: 19264504 PMCID: PMC2756544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry is emerging as a powerful tool that has been applied extensively for the localization of proteins, peptides, pharmaceutical compounds, metabolites, and lipids in biological tissues. In this article, a three-dimensional mass spectral imaging (3D MSI) technique was developed to examine distribution patterns of multiple neuropeptide families and lipids in the brain of the crab Cancer borealis. Different matrix/solvent combinations were compared for preferential extraction and detection of neuropeptides and lipids. Combined with morphological information, the distribution of numerous neuropeptides throughout the 3D structure of brain was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). Different localization patterns were observed for different neuropeptide families, and isoforms displaying unique distribution patterns that were distinct from the common family distribution trends were also detected. In addition, multiple lipids were identified and mapped from brain tissue slices. To confirm their identities, MS/MS fragmentation was performed. Different lipid species displayed distinct localization patterns, suggesting their potential different functional roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lingjun Li
- Address reprint requests to Lingjun Li, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222. Phone: (608)265-8491, Fax: (608)262-5345.
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169
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Becker C, Fernandez-Lima FA, Gillig KJ, Russell WK, Cologna SM, Russell DH. A novel approach to collision-induced dissociation (CID) for ion mobility-mass spectrometry experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:907-14. [PMID: 19135385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Collision induced dissociation (CID) combined with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (MALDI-IM-MS) is described. In this approach, peptide ions are separated on the basis of mobility in a 15 cm drift cell. Following mobility separation, the ions exit the drift cell and enter a 5 cm vacuum interface with a high field region (up to 1000 V/cm) to undergo collisional activation. Ion transmission and ion kinetic energies in the interface are theoretically evaluated accounting for the pressure gradient, interface dimensions, and electric fields. Using this CID technique, we have successfully fragmented and sequenced a number of model peptide ions as well as peptide ions obtained by a tryptic digest. This instrument configuration allows for the simultaneous determination of peptide mass, peptide-ion sequence, and collision-cross section of MALDI-generated ions, providing information critical to the identification of unknown components in complex proteomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Becker
- The Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA
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170
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Sugiura Y, Konishi Y, Zaima N, Kajihara S, Nakanishi H, Taguchi R, Setou M. Visualization of the cell-selective distribution of PUFA-containing phosphatidylcholines in mouse brain by imaging mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1776-88. [PMID: 19417221 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900047-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that MALDI-imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) can be used to visualize the distribution of various biomolecules, especially lipids, in the cells and tissues. In this study, we report the cell-selective distribution of PUFA-containing glycerophospholipids (GPLs) in the mouse brain. We established a practical experimental procedure for the IMS of GPLs. We demonstrated that optimization of the composition of the matrix solution and spectrum normalization to the total ion current (TIC) is critical. Using our procedure, we simultaneously differentiated and visualized the localizations of specific molecular species of GPLs in mouse brain sections. The results showed that PUFA-containing phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were distributed in a cell-selective manner: arachidonic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-containing PCs were seen in the hippocampal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, respectively. Furthermore, these characteristic localizations of PUFA-PCs were formed during neuronal maturation. The phenomenon of brain cell-selective production of specific PUFA-GPLs will help elucidate the potential physiological functions of PUFAs in specific brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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171
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Imaging mass spectrometry for the assessment of drugs and metabolites in tissue. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:309-19. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of drug distribution within biological tissue is a key part of the development of new pharmaceuticals. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometric imaging is a powerful new imaging technique that can be used to study the distribution of a diverse range of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds within biological tissue. Here, fundamental aspects of the technique, appropriate instrumentation and applications in the study of xenobiotics and metabolite distribution are described. Sample preparation issues and some of the challenges in data interpretation/handling are also discussed.
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172
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Fenn LS, Kliman M, Mahsut A, Zhao SR, McLean JA. Characterizing ion mobility-mass spectrometry conformation space for the analysis of complex biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:235-44. [PMID: 19247641 PMCID: PMC2762638 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformation space occupied by different classes of biomolecules measured by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is described for utility in the characterization of complex biological samples. Although the qualitative separation of different classes of biomolecules on the basis of structure or collision cross section is known, there is relatively little quantitative cross-section information available for species apart from peptides. In this report, collision cross sections are measured for a large suite of biologically salient species, including oligonucleotides (n = 96), carbohydrates (n = 192), and lipids (n = 53), which are compared to reported values for peptides (n = 610). In general, signals for each class are highly correlated, and at a given mass, these correlations result in predicted collision cross sections that increase in the order oligonucleotides < carbohydrates < peptides < lipids. The specific correlations are described by logarithmic regressions, which best approximate the theoretical trend of increasing collision cross section as a function of increasing mass. A statistical treatment of the signals observed within each molecular class suggests that the breadth of conformation space occupied by each class increases in the order lipids < oligonucleotides < peptides < carbohydrates. The utility of conformation space analysis in the direct analysis of complex biological samples is described, both in the context of qualitative molecular class identification and in fine structure examination within a class. The latter is demonstrated in IM-MS separations of isobaric oligonucleotides, which are interpreted by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S. Fenn
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute of Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA,
| | - Michal Kliman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute of Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA,
| | - Ablatt Mahsut
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute of Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA,
| | - Sophie R. Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute of Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA,
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute of Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA,
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173
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Chan K, Lanthier P, Liu X, Sandhu JK, Stanimirovic D, Li J. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of gangliosides in mouse brain using ionic liquid matrix. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 639:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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174
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Shen H, Kuo CC, Chou J, Delvolve A, Jackson SN, Post J, Woods AS, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y, Harvey BK. Astaxanthin reduces ischemic brain injury in adult rats. FASEB J 2009; 23:1958-68. [PMID: 19218497 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-123281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX) is a dietary carotenoid of crustaceans and fish that contributes to their coloration. Dietary ATX is important for development and survival of salmonids and crustaceans and has been shown to reduce cardiac ischemic injury in rodents. The purpose of this study was to examine whether ATX can protect against ischemic injury in the mammalian brain. Adult rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with ATX or vehicle prior to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). ATX was present in the infarction area at 70-75 min after onset of MCAo. Treatment with ATX, compared to vehicle, increased locomotor activity in stroke rats and reduced cerebral infarction at 2 d after MCAo. To evaluate the protective mechanisms of ATX against stroke, brain tissues were assayed for free radical damage, apoptosis, and excitoxicity. ATX antagonized ischemia-mediated loss of aconitase activity and reduced glutamate release, lipid peroxidation, translocation of cytochrome c, and TUNEL labeling in the ischemic cortex. ATX did not alter physiological parameters, such as body temperature, brain temperature, cerebral blood flow, blood gases, blood pressure, and pH. Collectively, our data suggest that ATX can reduce ischemia-related injury in brain tissue through the inhibition of oxidative stress, reduction of glutamate release, and antiapoptosis. ATX may be clinically useful for patients vulnerable or prone to ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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175
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Mitchell TW, Pham H, Thomas MC, Blanksby SJ. Identification of double bond position in lipids: from GC to OzID. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2722-35. [PMID: 19250888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry and chromatography provide new possibilities for the identification and in some instances quantification of a wide range of lipids in complex matrices. These advances in analytical technologies have provided a tantalizing glimpse of the true structural diversity of lipids in nature and have reinvigorated interest in the role of lipids in biology. While technological advances have been impressive, difficulties in the ready identification of sites of unsaturation (i.e., double bond position) within these molecules presents a significant impediment to understanding lipid biochemistry. This is of particular importance given the growing body of literature suggesting that the presence of naturally occurring lipid double bond isomers can have a significant influence, both positive and negative, on the development of pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This article provides a critical review of the current suite of analytical approaches to the challenge of identification of the position of carbon-carbon double bonds in intact lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Mitchell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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176
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki SUGIURA
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences
| | - Mitsutoshi SETOU
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Anatomy
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177
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Jackson S, Ugarov M, Post J, Egan T, Langlais D, Schultz JA, Woods A. A study of phospholipids by ion mobility TOFMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1655-62. [PMID: 18703352 PMCID: PMC2630282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry with ion mobility (IM) results in the fast sorting of biomolecules in complex mixtures along trend lines. In this two-dimensional (2D) analysis of biological families, lipids, peptides, and nucleotides are separated from each other by differences in their ion mobility drift times in a timescale of hundreds of microseconds. Molecular ions of similar chemical type fall along trend lines when plotted in 2D plots of ion mobility drift time as a function of m/z. In this study, MALDI-IM MS is used to analyze species from all of the major phospholipid classes. Complex samples, including tissue extracts and sections, were probed to demonstrate the effects that radyl chain length, degree of unsaturation, and class/head group have upon an ion's cross section in the gas phase. We illustrate how these changes can be used to identify individual lipid species in complex mixtures, as well as the effects of cationization on ion cross section and ionization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amina Woods
- NIDA IRP, NIH, Houston TX
- corresponding author: Amina S. Woods, Ph.D., NIDA IRP, NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, Tel: 410-550-1507, Fax: 410-550-6859, e-mail:
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178
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Giovane A, Balestrieri A, Napoli C. New insights into cardiovascular and lipid metabolomics. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:648-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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179
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Fenn LS, McLean JA. Enhanced carbohydrate structural selectivity in ion mobility-mass spectrometry analyses by boronic acid derivatization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5505-7. [PMID: 18997933 DOI: 10.1039/b810421b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The boronic acid derivatization of carbohydrates is demonstrated as an ion mobility shift strategy to improve confidence in the identification and characterization of carbohydrate assignments using ion mobility-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Fenn
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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180
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Qiao H, Spicer V, Ens W. The effect of laser profile, fluence, and spot size on sensitivity in orthogonal-injection matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2779-2790. [PMID: 18697229 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of incident laser parameters on sensitivity in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been investigated using orthogonal-injection time-of-flight (TOF) instruments. A qualitative comparison was first made between the beam profiles obtained with a N(2) laser and a Nd:YAG laser using 2-m long optical fibers. The N(2) laser gives better sensitivity, consistent with a more uniform fluence distribution and therefore better coverage of the N(2) laser profile. Most of the difference disappears when a 30-m long fiber is used or when the fibers are twisted during irradiation to smooth out the fluence distribution. In more systematic measurements, the total integrated ion yield from a single spot (a measure of sensitivity) was found to increase rapidly with fluence to a maximum, and then saturate or decrease slightly. Thus, the optimum sensitivity is achieved at high fluence. For a fluence near threshold, the integrated yield has a steep (cubic) dependence on the spot size, but the yield saturates at higher fluence for smaller spots. The area dependence is much weaker (close to linear) for fluence values above saturation, with the result that the highest integrated yields per unit area are obtained with the smallest spot sizes. The results have particular relevance for imaging MALDI, where sensitivity and spatial resolution are important figures of merit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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181
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Fournier I, Wisztorski M, Salzet M. Tissue imaging using MALDI-MS: a new frontier of histopathology proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:413-24. [PMID: 18532909 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modern pathology is an amalgam of many disciplines, such as microbiology, biochemistry and immunology, which historically have been intermingled with the practice of clinical medicine. For centuries, the pre-eminent pathological tool, at least in the context of patients, was a post-mortem examination. With the advent of optical microscopes, morphology became a predominant means of developing tissue classification. A further paradigm shift occurred in the attempt to understand the nature and origin of disease; the recognition that, ultimately, it is the derangement in the structure and function of genes and proteins that causes human disease. More recent progress in pathology has led to the use of genomics and molecular technologies, including DNA sequencing, microarray analysis, PCR, in situ hybridization and proteomics. Today, the newest frontier appears to be histopathology proteomics, which adds the mass spectrometer to the arsenal of tools for the direct analysis of tissue biopsies and molecular diagnosis. Typically called MALDI imaging, this technique takes mass spectral snapshots of intact tissue slices, revealing how proteins and peptides are spatially distributed within a given sample. In this review, MALDI imaging technology is presented as well as applications of such technology in cancer or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fournier
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Annélides, FRE CNRS 2933, MALDI Imaging Team, University of Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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182
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Cornett DS, Frappier SL, Caprioli RM. MALDI-FTICR imaging mass spectrometry of drugs and metabolites in tissue. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5648-53. [PMID: 18564854 DOI: 10.1021/ac800617s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new approach is described for imaging mass spectrometry analysis of drugs and metabolites in tissue using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FTICR). The technique utilizes the high resolving power to produce images from thousands of ions measured during a single mass spectrometry (MS)-mode experiment. Accurate mass measurement provides molecular specificity for the ion images on the basis of elemental composition. Final structural confirmation of the targeted compound is made from accurate mass fragment ions generated in an external quadrupole-collision cell. The ability to image many small molecules in a single measurement with high specificity is a significant improvement over existing MS/MS based technologies. Example images are shown for olanzapine in kidney and liver and imatinib in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Cornett
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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183
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Taira S, Sugiura Y, Moritake S, Shimma S, Ichiyanagi Y, Setou M. Nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization based mass imaging with cellular resolution. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4761-6. [PMID: 18476721 DOI: 10.1021/ac800081z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, two-dimensional mass spectrometry analysis of biological tissues by means of a technique called mass imaging, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), or imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has found application in investigating the distribution of moleculesMSI with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and secondary ion MS (SIMS). However, the size of the matrix crystal and the migration of analytes can decrease the spatial resolution in MALDI, and SIMS can only ionize compounds with relatively low molecular weights. To overcome these problems, we developed a nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization (nano-PALDI)-based MSI. We used nano-PALDI MSI to visualize lipids and peptides at a resolution of 15 microm in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Taira
- Molecular Gerontology Group, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
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184
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Trim PJ, Atkinson SJ, Princivalle AP, Marshall PS, West A, Clench MR. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging of lipids in rat brain tissue with integrated unsupervised and supervised multivariant statistical analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1503-1509. [PMID: 18421763 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To date matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) analysis has been largely concerned with mapping the distribution of known analytes in tissues. An important step in the progression of its applications is the determination of unknown variants for metabolite and protein profiling in both clinical studies and studies of disease. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical approach which can be used as a means of determining latent variables in multivariate data sets. In the work reported here, PCA, in both unsupervised and supervised modes, has been used to differentiate brain regions based on their lipid composition determined by MALDI-MSI. PCA has been shown to be useful in the determination of hidden variables between spectra taken from six regions of brain tissue. It is possible to identify ions of interest from the loadings plot which are likely to be more prominent in the different regions of the brain and thus differentiating between white and grey matter. It is also possible to distinguish between the grey Cerebellar Cortex and the Hippocampal formation, due to the grey Cerebellar Cortex having a positive PC2 and the Hippocampal formation having a negative PC2 score; this is only possible in supervised PCA with this data set because with unsupervised PCA the two regions overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Trim
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Pond Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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185
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Magnusson Y, Friberg P, Sjövall P, Dangardt F, Malmberg P, Chen Y. Lipid imaging of human skeletal muscle using TOF-SIMS with bismuth cluster ion as a primary ion source. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2008; 28:202-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2008.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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186
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187
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Arce L, Menéndez M, Garrido-Delgado R, Valcárcel M. Sample-introduction systems coupled to ion-mobility spectrometry equipment for determining compounds present in gaseous, liquid and solid samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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