151
|
Olivier D, Lubman DI, Fraser R. Tobacco smoking within psychiatric inpatient settings: biopsychosocial perspective. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007; 41:572-80. [PMID: 17558619 DOI: 10.1080/00048670701392809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains a neglected issue within general psychiatry despite high rates of associated morbidity and mortality. While there has been a coordinated community campaign to reduce tobacco smoking within the general population, mental health facilities have been reluctant to adopt such regulatory controls, and rarely target smoking prevention or treatment. This paper summarizes and discusses evidence relating to the clinical impact of tobacco smoking within inpatient psychiatric settings. A selective review of psychiatric and psychological research on smoking within inpatient settings was conducted, with a particular focus on the influence of smoking on the physical and mental health, pharmacotherapy, and social interactions of patients during their inpatient stay. Patients frequently alter their smoking habits during inpatient treatment, which can affect both their presentation and pharmacotherapeutic management. Smoking also appears to play a central role in social interactions on the ward, with staff frequently using cigarettes to reinforce certain behaviours. Despite current guidelines, mental health professionals rarely address nicotine use among their patients. Nevertheless, programmes that assist patients to quit during an inpatient stay have been shown to be both efficacious and cost-effective. Strategies that address staff concerns and assist in the implementation of effective smoking bans on psychiatric units are also available. Cessation should be a key component of inpatient treatment planning because this setting provides a safe and timely opportunity to help patients quit. A flowchart of interventions that could be incorporated within standard inpatient settings is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Olivier
- ORYGEN Youth Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to describe the self-reported practice of paediatricians in brief interventions for adolescents who smoke. We also aimed to compare practice with confidence, skills and knowledge of brief intervention and nicotine replacement therapy after a targeted training programme. METHODS Medical staff at The Children's Hospital at Westmead completed a questionnaire of clinical practice and confidence in brief intervention for smoking cessation. Data were analysed comparing self-reported practice with confidence, skill and knowledge of brief interventions, based on Fiore's 5A's approach (Ask about smoking at every opportunity, Assess willingness to quit, Advise patients to quit smoking, Assist quit attempts and Arrange follow up). RESULTS Fifty-seven clinicians completed questionnaires, 55 (96%) recognised the importance of asking adolescents about smoking. Thirty-one (54%) identified adolescent smokers all or most of the time, increasing to 50 (88%) if their presenting condition was associated with smoking. Twenty-five (44%) clinicians assessed the stage of change, 33 (58%) advised the adolescent to quit smoking, nine (16%) assisted quit attempts and 10 (17.5%) arranged follow up. Clinicians more confident in brief intervention skills, motivational interviewing and relapse prevention were more likely to use the 5A's (P<0.05). Training increased clinician's confidence in brief intervention skills and knowledge of nicotine replacement therapy (P<0.01); however, there was no statistically significant change in clinical practice 1 month post training. CONCLUSION Training paediatricians in brief intervention skills, motivational interviewing and relapse prevention can increase the use of 5A's brief intervention in clinical practice, potentially increasing quit attempts in adolescents who smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Milne
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Christenhusz L, Pieterse M, Seydel E, van der Palen J. Prospective determinants of smoking cessation in COPD patients within a high intensity or a brief counseling intervention. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2007; 66:162-6. [PMID: 17196359 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to identify prospective determinants of smoking cessation in COPD patients, and to assess whether prospective determinants vary between two different cessation interventions. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-five moderate to severe COPD patients were randomly allocated to two smoking cessation interventions. One-year cotinine-validated continuous abstinence rates were 9% for the minimal intervention strategy for lung patients (LMIS) and 19% for the SmokeStopTherapy (SST). The baseline characteristics that showed a significant univariate relationship with 1-year continuous abstinence (p<.20) were included in the logistic regression model. This procedure was performed for each intervention separately. Variables that did not remain independent predictors were removed. RESULTS For the SST separately, no independent significant predictor remained. For the LMIS, attitude towards smoking cessation (OR: 11.8; 95% CI: 1.7-81.5; p=.013) and cotinine level (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.08-3.93; p=.028) remained significant predictors. Within the LMIS, 31% of the variance in continuous abstinence was explained by these variables (p=.003). CONCLUSION This study suggests that a moderately intensive intervention (LMIS) is primarily suitable for COPD patients with a positive attitude regarding smoking cessation. The more intensive SST can be an alternative for patients without such baseline characteristic. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This stepped-care approach in smoking cessation counseling may be useful in clinical practice and will enable health care providers to match interventions to individual needs and increase efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Christenhusz
- University of Twente, Psychology & Communication of Health & Risk, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a rapid scoping review to explore the hypothesis that socioeconomic affluence is associated with a more advanced stage of change for health behaviors. DATA SOURCE Key-word searches of MEDline, Embase, PyschlNFO, and www.google.com were conducted. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Studies identified by the searches were included if they were published between 1982 and September 2003, written in English, and reported information on the distribution of the stages of change for any health behavior according to a marker of socioeconomic position (SEP). DATA EXTRACTION Data on the behavior studied, the sample studied, the measure of SEP used, the definitions of the stages of change used, and the distribution of the stages of change according SEP were extracted by a single reviewer. DATA SYNTHESIS As far as possible, data were reanalyzed by the chi-square test to determine if there was evidence that the distribution of the stages of change varied according to SEP. A formal meta-analysis was not appropriate. Results. Twenty-one studies reporting data on 30 samples and 188,850 individuals were included. Significant variations in the distribution of the stages of change were found according to SEP, in the expected direction, in 16 (53%) samples representing 171,183 (91%) individuals. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial published evidence that more-affluent people tend to be in more-advanced stages of change than are more-deprived people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Adams
- School of Population and Health Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Tönjes B, Meyer C, Ulbricht S, Schumann A, Rüge J, Rumpf HJ, John U. Skalen zur Erfassung der Konstrukte des Transtheoretischen Modells zur Änderung des Rauchverhaltens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1026/0943-8149.15.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Das Transtheoretische Modell der Verhaltensänderung (TTM) stellt eine verbreitete theoretische Basis für die Konzeption von bevölkerungsbezogenen und individualisierten Interventionen dar. Voraussetzung hierfür ist eine valide, reliable und ökonomische Erfassung der Konstrukte des TTM. Für die Implementation derartiger Interventionen stellt die hausärztliche Praxis einen viel versprechenden Zugangsweg dar. Aussagekräftige Daten zu psychometrischen Eigenschaften deutschsprachiger Kurzskalen aus genanntem Setting fehlen jedoch bisher. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurden 1653 rauchende Patienten (Teilnahmerate 82%) aus 34 zufällig ausgewählten hausärztlichen Praxen (Teilnahmerate 87%) schriftlich befragt. Es erfolgte eine Prüfung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften der Skalen Entscheidungsbalance, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und Prozesse der Verhaltensänderung. Es konnte für alle Skalen die postulierte faktorielle Struktur bestätigt werden. Die Skalen zur Entscheidungsbalance und zur Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung wiesen bei der Reliabilität Mängel auf. Die vorliegenden Kurzskalen und Normdaten bilden eine empirische Basis für die Individualisierung von Interventionen zur Abstinenzförderung in der hausärztlichen Praxis. Einschränkungen und Weiterentwicklungsbedarf der Skalen werden diskutiert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britt Tönjes
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Yalçinkaya-Alkar O, Karanci AN. What are the differences in decisional balance and self-efficacy between Turkish smokers in different stages of change? Addict Behav 2007; 32:836-49. [PMID: 16842929 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of an examination of decisional balance (pros and cons of smoking), and self-efficacy constructs, sociodemographic and smoking-related variables among smokers from different stages of change as proposed by the transtheoretical model. A convenience sample of 398 smokers completed the research instrument. Almost 60% of the sample were in the precontemplation stage. The results indicated that pros of smoking dropped significantly from precontemplation to contemplation and preparation but then increased again for the action stage smokers. Cons of smoking increased almost linearly from precontemplation to preparation stages and they were the highest for the action stage. Self-efficacy also increased in a linear fashion and preparation and action stages were significantly higher than the precontemplation and contemplation stages. There were also significant differences among stages of change of groups on age, years of education, and smoking duration and number of quit attempts. Results underlined the importance of finding alternatives that may substitute for the pros of smoking and interventions for changing the cognitive evaluations related to cons of smoking. Additionally, smokers may gain from approaches that focus on encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy during the action and maintenance stages to ensure a long-term positive outcome.
Collapse
|
157
|
Lawrence WT, Haslam C. Smoking during pregnancy: where next for stage-based interventions? J Health Psychol 2007; 12:159-69. [PMID: 17158849 DOI: 10.1177/1359105307071750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a 'window of opportunity' for encouraging positive behaviour change, such as quitting smoking. Associations have been shown between smoking stage of change and other health behaviour during pregnancy. For example, women in the precontemplative stage have poorer assessment of risks associated with smoking, feel less personally responsible for their unborn child's health and in turn are less likely to adopt health-promoting behaviour. Stage of change models are a popular tool within the health services, but the results of stage-based smoking cessation interventions are mixed. Identifying the crucial components of effective interventions is an important imperative for research in this area. This article reviews the literature to ascertain these components and makes recommendations for designing effective interventions.
Collapse
|
158
|
Prochaska JO, Evers KE, Prochaska JM, Van Marter D, Johnson JL. Efficacy and effectiveness trials: examples from smoking cessation and bullying prevention. J Health Psychol 2007; 12:170-8. [PMID: 17158850 DOI: 10.1177/1359105307071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
If health psychology is to maximize impacts on health, there will need to be a shift from relying primarily on efficacy trials to increasing reliance on effectiveness trials. Efficacy trials use homogeneous, highly motivated samples with minimal complications from a single setting receiving intensive treatments delivered under highly controlled conditions. Two effectiveness trials on bullying prevention illustrate the use of a heterogeneous population from multiple sites receiving a low intensity tailored treatment delivered under highly variable conditions. In spite of considerable noise the effectiveness trials produced robust results (odds ratios of about four) that bode well for population impacts under real-world dissemination.
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many medical schools have incorporated the Stages of Change Model into their curricula with specific application to tobacco cessation. OBJECTIVE This study examined the extent to which medical students were prepared to provide stage-based interventions to treat nicotine dependence. DESIGN Using a quasi-experimental design, medical students' counseling interactions were evaluated with a standardized patient portraying a smoker in either the precontemplation or preparation stage of change. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 147 third-year medical students at the University of California, San Francisco. MEASUREMENTS Checklists completed by standardized patients evaluated students' clinical performance. Surveys administered before and after the encounters assessed students' knowledge, attitudes, confidence and previous experience with treating smoking. RESULTS Most students asked about tobacco use (89%), advised patients of the health benefits of quitting (74%), and assessed the patient's readiness to quit (76%). The students were more likely to prescribe medications and offer referrals to patients in the preparation than in the precontemplation stage of change (P < 0.001); however, many students had difficulty identifying patients ready to quit, and few encouraged patients to set a quit date or arranged follow-up to assess progress. Students' tobacco-related knowledge, but not their attitudes, confidence, or previous experience predicted their clinical performance. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated evidence of students tailoring their counseling strategies to the patients' stage of change; however, they still could do more to assist their patients in quitting. Additional training and integration of cessation counseling into clinical rotations are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith J Prochaska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Aveyard P, Lawrence T, Cheng KK, Griffin C, Croghan E, Johnson C. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model-based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage. Br J Health Psychol 2006; 11:263-78. [PMID: 16643698 DOI: 10.1348/135910705x52534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether, as predicted by the transtheoretical model (TTM), stage-matched interventions will be more effective than stage-mismatched interventions. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation advice to pregnant smokers. METHODS Pregnant women currently smoking at 12 weeks gestation were enrolled in a pragmatic three-arm trial of TTM-based interventions to help them stop smoking. One arm constituted standard midwifery advice and a self-help leaflet on stopping smoking, which is generally appropriate for women in preparation. Two arms were TTM-based. Differences in positive movement in stage towards quitting from enrolment to 30 weeks gestation and 10 days post-partum were calculated for each arm of the trial. We then examined whether, as predicted from the TTM, the relative benefit of the TTM-based intervention was greater for women in precontemplation and contemplation, for whom the control intervention was stage-mismatched, than for women in preparation, for whom the control intervention was stage-matched. RESULTS Women in the TTM-based arms were statistically significantly more likely to move forward in stage than were women in the control arm. Contrary to the TTM-derived hypothesis, the greater relative benefit of the TTM-based intervention was seen for women in preparation stage at baseline, rather than women in precontemplation and contemplation. CONCLUSIONS The TTM-based intervention was more effective in stage movement, but this could be due to its greater intensity. The failure to confirm that stage-matching was important casts doubt on the validity of the TTM in explaining smoking cessation behaviour in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Aveyard
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Prochaska JM, Mauriello LM, Sherman KJ, Harlow L, Silver B, Trubatch J. Assessing Readiness for Advancing Women Scientists Using the Transtheoretical Model. SEX ROLES 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
162
|
Nahvi S, Richter K, Li X, Modali L, Arnsten J. Cigarette smoking and interest in quitting in methadone maintenance patients. Addict Behav 2006; 31:2127-34. [PMID: 16473476 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine tobacco use, readiness to quit, and interest in smoking cessation interventions among methadone maintenance patients. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of outpatients enrolled in four urban methadone maintenance clinics. Stage of readiness to quit was determined for all smokers, and factors associated with both readiness to quit and interest in attending an on-site smoking cessation program were determined. RESULTS Among 389 patients, 83% were current smokers. Nearly half (48%) of smokers were contemplating quitting, and an additional 22% were in the preparation stage of readiness to quit. In multivariate analyses, lower nicotine dependence, prior use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and lower methadone dose were associated with being in the preparation stage. Patients with more education, Hispanics/Latinos, and patients who had used smoking cessation pharmacotherapy or were in the preparation or contemplation stages of behavior change were more interested in attending an on-site smoking cessation program. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use is highly prevalent among methadone maintenance patients, but we also observed a high level of readiness to quit and interest in smoking cessation. Targeted smoking cessation interventions, including on-site programs, should be developed for methadone maintenance patients.
Collapse
|
163
|
Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Redding CA. Tailored communications for smoking cessation: past successes and future directions. Drug Alcohol Rev 2006; 25:49-57. [PMID: 16492577 DOI: 10.1080/09595230500459511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tailored communications are one of the most promising approaches to smoking cessation interventions for entire populations. Assessments based on the Transtheoretical Model are processed by computer-based expert systems that generate feedback reports tailored to each individual to accelerate their progress through the stages of change for smoking cessation. Seven studies are reviewed that range from a more traditional clinical trial to trials on entire populations of smokers to population trials designed to change multiple behaviours, including smoking. A series of three tailored communications was found to produce long-term point prevalence abstinence rates within the narrow range of 22-26% abstinence. This same range of abstinence was found even when two or three other behaviours (e.g. diet and sun protection) were treated in the population. These results point to a future in which health behaviour risk interventions will be assessed not solely by their efficacy but by their population impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne F Velicer
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881-0808, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
This study reports the stages of change in smoking cessation in a representative sample of Korean adult smokers. The study subjects, all adult smokers (n=2,422), were recruited from the second Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2001. The stages of change were categorized using demographic (age and sex), socioeconomic (education, residence, and household income), and smoking characteristics (age at smoking onset, duration of smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked per day). Age-stratified analyses of the association of socioeconomic and smoking characteristics with the stages of change in male and female smokers were also conducted. According to the stages of change, the study population consisted of 37.6% (95% CI, 35.7-39.5) pre-contemplation, 56.0% (54.0-58.0) contemplation, and 6.4% (5.4-7.4) preparation. The associations between the characteristics of the smokers and the stages of change were all statistically significant. The age-stratified analyses showed that all the socioeconomic and smoking characteristics were significantly associated with the stages in males, while education and residence had significant associations in females. This study revealed that a relatively small number of Korean smokers were prepared to quit and the stage distribution might be influenced by demographic, socioeconomic, and smoking characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Joon Jhun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Gwan Seo
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Nierkens V, Stronks K, de Vries H. Attitudes, social influences and self-efficacy expectations across different motivational stages among immigrant smokers: replication of the Ø pattern. Prev Med 2006; 43:306-11. [PMID: 16919321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about the factors that determine motivation to quit in immigrant populations is needed to enable the development of tailored smoking cessation programs for them. Dutch studies in the general population suggest that attitudes are important for motivating persons to change and self-efficacy for helping motivated persons to change. We analyzed whether this pattern also exists among Surinamese immigrants. METHODS Structured face-to-face interviews were held among 1,100 Surinamese people in Amsterdam (The Netherlands), including measures of attitudes towards smoking (cessation), social influences and self-efficacy expectations (between 2001 and 2003). RESULTS The majority of the smokers were not motivated to quit and in the pre-contemplation phase (73%). Pre-contemplators perceived significantly weaker advantages of quitting than contemplators and preparators. Self-efficacy expectations of Surinamese pre-contemplators were lower than those of smokers preparing to quit within a month. CONCLUSION Similar attitudinal and self-efficacy patterns as those in the general population were found in an immigrant population. However, the items constituting the factors are culturally sensitive. Furthermore, many Surinamese smokers were unmotivated to quit smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Nierkens
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Centre-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Hahn EJ, Rayens MK, Hopenhayn C, Christian WJ. Perceived risk and interest in screening for lung cancer among current and former smokers. Res Nurs Health 2006; 29:359-70. [PMID: 16847914 DOI: 10.1002/nur.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Factors associated with perceived risk, interest in screening information, and interest in being screened for lung cancer were examined among current and recent former smokers. Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 585 current and former smokers who participated in 12-month follow-up telephone interviews as part of a population-based cessation intervention trial. Current smokers who were thinking about or preparing to quit were more likely to perceive risk of lung cancer and be interested in lung cancer screening information than those who were not motivated to quit or who were in the process of actively quitting or maintaining abstinence. Smokers who participate in lung cancer screening may be motivated to participate in a broad range of tobacco dependence treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Hahn
- University of Kentucky Colleges of Nursing and Public Health, Tobacco Policy Research Program, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Schumann A, John U, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, Meyer C. Changes in the "stages of change" as outcome measures of a smoking cessation intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2006; 43:101-6. [PMID: 16709427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Employing changes in the "stages of change" as alternative outcome measures of a smoking cessation intervention. METHOD RCT carried out between 2002 and 2004 in Germany with 485 daily cigarette smokers recruited from a general population survey. The intervention was conceptually based on the transtheoretical model, involving individualized feedback letters generated by computerized expert-system technology. RESULTS Latent transition analysis was applied to test models for patterns of change, to evaluate stage of change distributions and transitions over time, and to compare the intervention and control group. The patterns of change across three time points could best be described by a model including stability, one-stage regressions, and one-to-four-stage progressions. There were no significant differences between the intervention and control group in the stage of change distributions at each time point or in the amount of stage transitions over time. CONCLUSION The efficacy of the intervention could not be demonstrated. Reasons may include oversampling of smokers who are interested in health-related topics but do not intend to quit, and power problems due to substantial attrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schumann
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
|
169
|
Cervone D, Shadel WG, Smith RE, Fiori M. Self-Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
170
|
Schumann A, Meyer C, Rumpf HJ, Hannöver W, Hapke U, John U. Stage of change transitions and processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy in smokers: a transtheoretical model validation using longitudinal data. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2006; 19:3-9. [PMID: 15783272 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.19.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interactions were examined between stage of change transitions and intraindividual increases or decreases in the processes of change, pros and cons of smoking, and situational temptations longitudinally. A total of 786 ever smokers was assessed 2 times, 6 months apart, with respect to the transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs. Two significant discriminant functions within initial precontemplators and 1 significant function within initial contemplators were found. Ten out of 15 TTM variables contributed to at least 1 function. The functions mainly distinguished between preabstinence (precontemplation, contemplation, or preparation) and abstinence (action or maintenance) stages of change, that is, between current and former smokers. This is one of the few studies providing a longitudinal validation of the postulates of the TTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schumann
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Prochaska JJ, Fletcher L, Hall SE, Hall SM. Return to smoking following a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization. Am J Addict 2006; 15:15-22. [PMID: 16449089 DOI: 10.1080/10550490500419011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the smoking behaviors and motivations of 100 patients hospitalized in a smoke-free psychiatry unit. The sample averaged nineteen cigarettes per day and had a history of repeated failed quit attempts, yet 65% expressed interest in quitting. During hospitalization, nicotine replacement was provided to 70% of smokers to manage nicotine withdrawal. Provider counseling for smoking cessation, however, was rare, and all patients returned to smoking within five weeks of hospital discharge. The inpatient setting provides a potential site for initiating tobacco dependence treatment; however to maintain abstinence following hospital discharge, greater support is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith J Prochaska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0984, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Affiliation(s)
- James O Prochaska
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, 2 Chafee Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Harmsen H, Bischof G, Brooks A, Hohagen F, Rumpf HJ. The relationship between impaired decision-making, sensation seeking and readiness to change in cigarette smokers. Addict Behav 2006; 31:581-92. [PMID: 15982828 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigated whether impaired decision-making as measured by the Gambling Task and Sensation Seeking, on one hand, and nicotine-dependence and readiness to change, on the other hand, show mutual influences in cigarette smokers. METHODS Cigarette smokers were classified as dependent or non-dependent smokers. Assessment included stages of change (RCQ), decisional balance (DBS), Sensation Seeking Scale Form-V (SSS-V), and performance on the Gambling Task (GT). RESULTS With the exception of a significant higher score in the SSS-V subscale Experience Seeking in dependent smokers, correlations between nicotine-dependence and cognitive features were not significant. The directions of the non-significant differences were not consistent. No significant relationship was found between the SSS-V and the GT, on one hand, and the readiness to change smoking behaviour, on the other hand. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that impaired performance on the GT and high scores in Sensation Seeking do not play an important role in nicotine-dependence and readiness to change smoking behaviour or vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Harmsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP, Medical University of Lübeck, and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Karl Friedrich Fleming Hospital Schwerin, Federal Republic of Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Hagler AS, Calfas KJ, Norman GJ, Sallis JF, Patrick K. Construct validity of physical activity and sedentary behaviors staging measures for adolescents. Ann Behav Med 2006; 31:186-93. [PMID: 16542134 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm3102_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the construct validity of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) staging measures for adolescents that incorporate the current national recommendations. METHOD The Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, Actigraph accelerometer, and self-reported hours of TV viewing served as criterion measures. Participants were 878 adolescents (M age = 12.74, 53.6% girls, 39.9% non-White). RESULTS The PA staging measure had mixed evidence of convergent validity and strong evidence of divergent validity. The SB staging measure had strong and generalized evidence of convergent validity but weak evidence of divergent validity, which could be related to inaccurate assumptions about the relation of SB to PA and fitness. Results were generally in the expected direction and provide preliminary evidence for the construct validity and generalizability of both staging measures. However, more research is warranted to validate the staging measures with Actigraph-measured PA and sedentary time. Effect sizes (eta(2) values) ranged from small to large (.02-.63). CONCLUSION PA and SB stage-of-change measures that are congruent with current national recommendations and appropriate for use among adolescents were partially supported for their construct validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athena S Hagler
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
McClure JB, Westbrook E, Curry SJ, Wetter DW. Proactive, motivationally enhanced smoking cessation counseling among women with elevated cervical cancer risk. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 7:881-9. [PMID: 16298723 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500266080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment guidelines recommend that all smokers be given motivational or action-oriented counseling, as is appropriate to their readiness to quit smoking. The present study assessed the acceptability and impact of a proactively delivered, motivationally tailored phone counseling program targeted to women with elevated risk for cervical cancer. Female smokers with a recent abnormal pap exam or a colposcopy were contacted and invited to participate, regardless of their interest in quitting smoking. Participants were randomly assigned to usual care (UC) or UC plus motivationally enhanced phone counseling (MEC). The intervention was well received: 79% of eligible women enrolled (n = 275), and 90% completed at least three of four calls. Participation did not vary by baseline motivation to quit. Compared with control subjects, counseling participants were more likely to seek additional treatment services and had a higher 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate at 6 months (20% MEC vs. 12% UC, p<.05). MEC impact was sustained at 12 months, but abstinence increased among the UC group (18% MEC vs. 20% UC, p = ns). There was no difference in repeated point-prevalence abstinence at 6 and 12 months (11% MEC vs. 10% UC, p = ns). Outcomes were similar in a subgroup of 229 women who, at baseline, were interested in quitting in the next 6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B McClure
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Burkhalter JE, Springer CM, Chhabra R, Ostroff JS, Rapkin BD. Tobacco use and readiness to quit smoking in low-income HIV-infected persons. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 7:511-22. [PMID: 16085522 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500186064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aim was to identify covariates of smoking status and readiness to quit that encompassed key sociodemographic and health status variables, health-related quality of life, drug use and unprotected sex, and tobacco use variables in a cohort of low-income persons living with HIV. We also examined the impact of HIV diagnosis on smoking cessation. The sample (N = 428) was mostly male (59%) and Black (53%) or Hispanic (30%), and had a high school education or less (87%). Mean age was 40 years. Two-thirds of participants were current smokers, 19% former smokers, and 16% never smokers. Current smokers smoked a mean of 16 cigarettes/day for 22 years; 42% were in the precontemplation stage of readiness to quit smoking, 40% were contemplators, and 18% were in preparation. Most current smokers (81%) reported receiving medical advice to quit smoking. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that current smokers, compared with former smokers, were more likely to use illicit drugs, perceive a lower health risk for continued smoking, and report less pain. Current smokers, compared with nonsmokers (former and never smokers), were more likely to report greater illicit drug use in their lifetime, current illicit drug use, and less pain. A multiple linear regression indicated that greater current illicit drug use, greater emotional distress, and a lower number of quit attempts were associated with lower stage of readiness to quit smoking. These findings confirm a high prevalence of smoking among HIV-infected persons and suggest a complex interplay among drug use, pain, and emotional distress that impact smoking status and, among smokers, readiness to quit. Tobacco control programs for HIV-infected persons should build motivation to quit smoking and address salient barriers to cessation--such as comorbid drug use, emotional distress, pain, and access to and coverage for treatment--and should educate smokers regarding the HIV-specific health benefits of cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Burkhalter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Daza P, Cofta-Woerpel L, Mazas C, Fouladi RT, Cinciripini PM, Gritz ER, Wetter DW. Racial and ethnic differences in predictors of smoking cessation. Subst Use Misuse 2006; 41:317-39. [PMID: 16467009 DOI: 10.1080/10826080500410884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Racial/ethnic differences in the determinants of smoking cessation could have important treatment implications. The current study examined racial/ethnic differences in smoking cessation, prospective predictors of cessation, and whether the predictive ability of these factors differed by race/ethnicity. Participants were 709 employed adults recruited through the National Rural Electric Co-op Association or through natural gas pipeline corporations. Data were collected in 1990 and 1994. Although race/ethnicity was not predictive of abstinence, Hispanic, African American, and White smokers displayed differential on tobacco-, alcohol-, and work-related variables. These racial/ethnic differences highlight the specific factors that should be considered when providing smoking cessation treatment to specific populations. Limitations are noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Daza
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Norman SB, Norman GJ, Rossi JS, Prochaska JO. Identifying high- and low-success smoking cessation subgroups using signal detection analysis. Addict Behav 2006; 31:31-41. [PMID: 15936153 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Signal detection analysis was used to identify mutually exclusive groups of smokers (n = 602) at high and low likelihood for smoking cessation 6- and 18-months post-entry into a smoking cessation intervention. Overall quit rates were 10% at 6-months and 18% at 18-months. Four subgroups were identified at 6-months and five at 18-months. The highest quit-rate subgroup at both time points (42% and 52% cessation, respectively) had low perceived stress. The lowest quit-rate subgroup (7% and 13% cessation, respectively) had higher perceived stress, lower self-efficacy to not smoke, lower use of behavioral processes at 6-months, and higher use of pros of smoking at 18-months. These smoker profiles may be useful in developing targeted smoking cessation interventions. Addressing perceived stress in smoking cessation interventions may help to improve smoking cessation success rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya B Norman
- VA San Diego Healthcare Systems and UCSD, MC116A4Z, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Boudreaux ED, Hunter GC, Bos K, Clark S, Camargo CA. Predicting smoking stage of change among emergency department patients and visitors. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13:39-47. [PMID: 16365327 DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about whether emergency department (ED) patients or those who accompany them (visitors) are interested in smoking cessation. The authors hypothesized that several variables would be associated with stage of change, including nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, presence of a smoking-related illness, and anticipated cessation-related health improvement. METHODS For two 24-hour periods, consecutive patients and visitors aged 18 years and older presenting to four Boston EDs were interviewed. The authors assessed a range of smoking-related constructs. Exclusion criteria included severe illness, cognitive insufficiency, and acute distress. RESULTS One thousand ten subjects were screened (56% patients, 44% visitors). Two hundred thirty-seven (23%) subjects were current smokers, with 57% being in precontemplation, 31% in contemplation, and 12% in preparation stages. When ordinal regression was used, the variables most strongly associated with stage of change were as follows: self-efficacy (odds ratio [OR] = 5.1; p < 0.001), anticipated cessation-related health improvement (OR = 2.7; p = 0.02), and having a smoking-related health problem (OR = 1.9; p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Because many disenfranchised Americans use the ED as a regular source of health care, increased attention to smoking in the ED setting holds tremendous public health potential. This study's results reinforce the validity of the stage-of-change model within the ED setting. Developers of ED-initiated interventions will have to consider the heterogeneity in stage of change when designing their treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D Boudreaux
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Schumann A, Kohlmann T, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, John U, Meyer C. Longitudinal relationships among transtheoretical model constructs for smokers in the precontemplation and contemplation stages of change. Ann Behav Med 2005; 30:12-20. [PMID: 16097901 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm3001_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the pattern, direction, and magnitude of longitudinal relationships among the constructs involved in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). PURPOSE The goal was to explore within-TTM relationships to create an integrated structural model that adequately represents the change process. METHOD Data were collected as part of a representative general adult population study in Germany. A total of 688 smokers in the precontemplation and contemplation stages of change were assessed two times, 6 months apart, with respect to the TTM constructs. Structural equation modeling was used and a step approach was employed to evaluate the relationships between cognitive-affective processes, behavioral processes, the pros and cons of smoking, and self-efficacy, stratified for baseline stage of change. RESULTS The model-building process resulted in two final structural equation models detailing longitudinal TTM relationships for precontemplation and contemplation. A structural invariance test showed that the precontemplation model also held for the contemplation sample and visa versa. CONCLUSIONS The TTM constructs can be integrated in a longitudinal structural model. The findings provide empirical support for specific relationships that are posited in the TTM framework. However, differing relationships between TTM constructs for precontemplation and contemplation could not be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schumann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Velicer WF, Keller S, Friedman RH, Fava JL, Gulliver SB, Ward RM, Ramelson H, Prochaska JO, Cottrill SD. Comparing participants and nonparticipants recruited for an effectiveness study of nicotine replacement therapy. Ann Behav Med 2005; 29:181-91. [PMID: 15946112 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2903_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions for smoking cessation have been typically evaluated on reactively recruited samples in clinical trials (efficacy trials). However, to have an impact on smoking rates in a general population, the intervention should also be evaluated with proactively recruited representative samples (effectiveness trials). PURPOSE The characteristics of participants and two groups of nonparticipants recruited for a population-based nicotine replacement therapy study were compared. METHODS All members of a large New England Veterans' Administration Medical Center were contacted, and interviews were completed with 3,239 identified smokers (at least 10 cigarettes per day). At the end of the interview, all smokers were offered participation in a multiple intervention study. Of the interviewed smokers, 2,915 verbally agreed to participate in the study (90%). Of those who gave initial verbal consent, 2,054 returned the written informed consent form and became participants (70%). RESULTS The participants (full consent group) differed significantly from both nonparticipant groups-that is, the smokers who were interviewed but declined participation by active refusal (survey only group) and those who gave verbal consent but passively refused participation by failing to return the written consent form (verbal consent only group). Participants were more likely to be married, younger, and female; to live with others; and to have previously used or considered using nicotine replacement therapy. The survey only group was also more likely to be in the precontemplation stage (54%), whereas the participants were more likely to be in the contemplation (46%) or preparation stage (35%). The verbal consent only group was intermediate of the other two groups in stage-of-change characteristics. CONCLUSIONS An important finding was that it is possible to recruit a large proportion of a sample of identified smokers to an nicotine replacement therapy study. However, the participants are likely to differ in significant ways from those who either actively or passively decline participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne F Velicer
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Spigner C, Shigaki A, Tu SP. Perceptions of Asian American men about tobacco cigarette consumption: a social learning theory framework. J Immigr Minor Health 2005; 7:293-303. [PMID: 19813295 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-005-5126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Little information exists regarding the perceptions that ethnic-specific groups of Asian American men have about tobacco cigarette smoking. Thirty Asian American men of immigrant status living in Seattle, Washington, were stratified by ethnicity (Chinese and Vietnamese), language (Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese) and age to comprise six focus groups (two Mandarin speaking men aged 20-40 years and 10 aged 41-65+ years; three Cantonese men aged 20-40 years and another six aged 41-65+ years; four Vietnamese men aged 20-40 years and another five aged 41-65+ years). All group interviews were audio-taped and six separate hard-copy transcripts were produced, independently theme-coded by three investigators to ensure inter-rater reliability, and analyzed with QRS NUD*IST ethnographic software. Bandura (1969, 1986) categorized emergent contextual themes within the constructs of "predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing" behavioral determinants from Social Learning Theory. Smoking to be sociable emerged as the most salient theme. Awareness of tobacco-related diseases other than lung cancer was less evident, as was a self-perceived lack of will-power to quit. Concerns about side-stream smoking affecting family members, along with smoking to alleviate stress, were key findings. Further tobacco-related research is needed that incorporates considerations for cultural dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Spigner
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357660, Seattle, Washington 98195-7660, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Raherison C, Marjary A, Valpromy B, Prevot S, Fossoux H, Taytard A. Evaluation of smoking cessation success in adults. Respir Med 2005; 99:1303-10. [PMID: 16137875 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a preventable cause of increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, interventions have been used to assist smokers in overcoming their addiction. The aim of the study was to describe factors associated with smoking cessation, in patients applied to our smoking cessation (SC) unit in 1999, in a prospective study. METHODS Patients were followed-up during two years. Detailed medical history, Fagerstrom test, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale questionnaire, Motivation scale and replacement therapy were systematically recorded. RESULTS Three hundred patients (58% men, 42% women) applied to the SC unit from January to December 1999. The mean age was 42 yrs old. They smoked in average 24 cig/d. Mean duration of smoking was 20 years. Fagerstrom score was 5.86 (min 0; max: 10). Patients seemed to be more anxious (score 9.6) than depressed (5.09), according to the HAD score. 79% of them received both psychosocial intervention, pharmacotherapy and nicotine replacement therapy. 66% of patients were followed-up (n=198). Two years later, the smoking cessation rate was 12% (n=36). Motivation, Fagerstrom and HAD scores were not associated with the quitting rate. Quitting rate was higher (25.9%) in patients who attempted to quit smoking for the first time than in others (19%). By contrast, the quitting rate was significantly associated with age (P=0.03). CONCLUSION Success to quit smoking was positively associated with age, and negatively with alcohol dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Raherison
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Service Des Maladies Respiratoires, Hospital du Haut-Leveque, Avenue Magellan, 33604 Pessac, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Abstract
The transtheoretical model has been applied to many addictive disorders. In this study, psychometrics properties of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) scale were evaluated in 234 pathological gamblers initiating treatment. Four components were identified--reflective of precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance stages--with internal consistency from .74 to .88. Cluster analyses identified 4 patterns of responding, ranging from ambivalent to active change. The 4 clusters differed with respect to baseline gambling variables and treatment engagement and outcomes assessed 2 months later. A continuous measure of readiness to change was also correlated with gambling severity and predictive of reductions in gambling. This study provides initial support for reliability and validity of the URICA in treatment-seeking gamblers, and it suggests that stage of change may have an impact on outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Petry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3944, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Murphy JM, Mahoney MC, Cummings KM, Hyland AJ, Lawvere S. A randomized trial to promote pharmacotherapy use and smoking cessation in a Medicaid population (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:373-82. [PMID: 15953979 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-6573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of three different intervention conditions designed to increase use of the Medicaid smoking cessation pharmacotherapy benefit and promote smoking cessation among Medicaid clients. METHODS In 2002, 608 current smokers receiving Medicaid benefits were recruited from the reception areas at the Department of Social Services in Erie County, New York, USA. Participants were randomized to one of three interventions: Minimal (verbal information on the Medicaid pharmacotherapy benefit), Self Help (verbal information plus self-help information materials), or Case Management (verbal information, self-help information, plus case management assistance to facilitate access to the pharmacotherapy benefit). Outcomes included (a) use of a stop-smoking medication during the three month follow-up period, (b) self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence at three months and (c) bioverified non-smoking status at three months (bio-chemically validated by expired Carbon Monoxide (CO) < or =8 ppm). RESULTS 14.6% reported using a stop-smoking medication and staying off cigarettes for 24 h, 4.6% self-reported being smoke-free at three months, and 1.8% were bioverified as smoke-free. There were no differences by intervention group for these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS An intensive intervention designed to promote pharmacotherapy use and smoking cessation among Medicaid smokers was no more effective than less intensive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Murphy
- Health Department, SUNY College at Cortland, 101 Moffett Center, PO Box 2000, Cortland, NY 13045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Wetter DW, Cofta-Gunn L, Irvin JE, Fouladi RT, Wright K, Daza P, Mazas C, Cinciripini PM, Gritz ER. What accounts for the association of education and smoking cessation? Prev Med 2005; 40:452-60. [PMID: 15530598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Education has been identified as a potent sociodemographic predictor of smoking cessation and the Healthy People 2010 goals include the elimination of health disparities attributable to education. METHOD The current study prospectively examined the association of education with smoking cessation as well variables that might account for that association among employed adults residing in the southeastern United States. RESULTS A strong educational gradient in cessation was evident. Only 6% of smokers with less than a high school (HS) degree quit smoking during the 4-year study period, whereas 17% of smokers with a HS degree but no college degree and 28% of smokers with at least a college degree quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS Education appeared to uniquely contribute to the prediction of smoking abstinence over and above the effects of demographic, environmental, tobacco dependence, transtheoretical model, and job-related variables. Obtaining a better understanding of how or why education influences smoking cessation could contribute to reducing the educational gradient in abstinence and warrants further research attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Wetter
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Nigg C, Hellsten L, Norman G, Braun L, Breger R, Burbank P, Coday M, Elliot D, Garber C, Greaney M, Keteyian S, Lees F, Matthews C, Moe E, Resnick B, Riebe D, Rossi J, Toobert D, Wang T, Welk G, Williams G. Physical activity staging distribution: Establishing a heuristic using multiple studies. Ann Behav Med 2005; 29 Suppl:35-45. [PMID: 15921488 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2902s_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the population prevalence across the stages of change (SoC) for regular physical activity and to establish the prevalence of people at risk. With support from the National Institutes of Health, the American Heart Association, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, nine Behavior Change Consortium studies with a common physical activity SoC measure agreed to collaborate and share data. The distribution pattern identified in these predominantly reactively recruited studies was Precontemplation (PC) = 5% (+/- 10), Contemplation (C) = 10% (+/- 10), Preparation (P) = 40% (+/- 10), Action = 10% (+/- 10), and Maintenance = 35% (+/- 10). With reactively recruited studies, it can be anticipated that there will be a higher percentage of the sample that is ready to change and a greater percentage of currently active people compared to random representative samples. The at-risk stage distribution (i.e., those not at criteria or PC, C, and P) was approximately 10% PC, 20% C, and 70% P in specific samples and approximately 20% PC, 10% C, and 70% P in the clinical samples. Knowing SoC heuristics can inform public health practitioners and policymakers about the population's motivation for physical activity, help track changes over time, and assist in the allocation of resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Nigg
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Pisinger C, Vestbo J, Borch-Johnsen K, Jørgensen T. It is possible to help smokers in early motivational stages to quit. The Inter99 study. Prev Med 2005; 40:278-84. [PMID: 15533540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a population-based sample of smokers in early motivational stages, we found a high acceptance of smoking cessation groups. METHODS Inter99 is a randomized population-based intervention study, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Smokers in all motivational stages were included. All participants underwent a lifestyle consultation and 2,168 smokers in the high intensity intervention group were offered assistance to quit in smoking cessation groups. RESULTS Thirty-five percent were validated to be continuously abstinent at the end of the smoking cessation groups. Eighty-four percent of the smokers achieving sustained abstinence in our study had no serious plans to quit soon before the lifestyle consultation. Motivation to quit before the lifestyle consultation could not predict abstinence. Being a man, and having a job and at least 1 year of vocational training were predictors of abstinence in a multivariate model, whereas high nicotine dependence and living with a smoking spouse were predictors of failure. CONCLUSION High cessation rates were obtained in a population of heavy smokers with moderate nicotine dependence. It was possible to obtain sustained abstinence in smokers in early motivational stages. These smokers would probably not have been reached by traditional smoking campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Pisinger C, Vestbo J, Borch-Johnsen K, Jørgensen T. Smoking cessation intervention in a large randomised population-based study. The Inter99 study. Prev Med 2005; 40:285-92. [PMID: 15533541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several large and well-conducted community interventions have failed to detect an effect on prevalence of smoking. METHODS Two thousand four hundred eight daily smokers in all motivational stages were actively recruited and included in a randomised population-based intervention study in Copenhagen, Denmark. All smokers completed a questionnaire and underwent a health examination and a lifestyle consultation. Daily smokers in the high intensity intervention group were offered assistance to quit in smoking cessation groups. RESULTS The validated abstinence rate at 1-year follow-up was 16.3% in the high intensity group and 12.7% in the low intensity group compared with a self-reported abstinence rate of 7.3% in the background population. The adjusted odds ratio of abstinence in the high intervention group was significantly higher, OR = 2.2 (1.6-3.0) than in the background population, also in the 'intention-to-treat' analyses, OR = 1.5 (1.1-2.0). Higher socioeconomic status, higher age at onset of daily smoking, and a higher wish to quit were predictors of success. CONCLUSION In a population-based setting, using active recruitment and offering assistance to quit, it was possible to include many smokers and to achieve a significantly higher validated abstinence in the high intensity intervention than in the background population, even when using 'intention-to-treat' analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Nordre Ringvej, DK-2600 Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, Redding CA, Greene GW, Rossi SR, Sun X, Fava JL, Laforge R, Plummer BA. Multiple risk expert systems interventions: impact of simultaneous stage-matched expert system interventions for smoking, high-fat diet, and sun exposure in a population of parents. Health Psychol 2005; 23:503-16. [PMID: 15367070 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three stage-based expert system interventions for smoking, high-fat diet, and unsafe sun exposure were evaluated in a sample of 2,460 parents of teenagers. Eighty-four percent of the eligible parents were enrolled in a 2-arm randomized control trial, with the treatment group receiving individualized feedback reports for each of their relevant behaviors at 0, 6, and 12 months as well as a multiple behavior manual. At 24 months, the expert system outperformed the comparison condition across all 3 risk behaviors, resulting in 22% of the participants in action or maintenance for smoking (vs. 16% for the comparison condition), 34% for diet (vs. 26%), and 30% for sun exposure (vs. 22%). Proactive, home-based, and stage-matched expert systems can produce significant multiple behavior changes in at-risk populations where the majority of participants are not prepared to change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James O Prochaska
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881-0808, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Wang SHQ, Borland R, Whelan A. Determinants of intention to quit: Confirmation and extension of western theories in male chinese smokers. Psychol Health 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/08870440412331296062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
192
|
Thyrian JR, Rumpf HJ, Meyer C, Hapke U, John U. Comparison of a population-based sample of "risky drinking" smokers and groups consuming just one substance. Subst Use Misuse 2005; 40:1721-32. [PMID: 16253937 DOI: 10.1080/10826080500224640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This population-based study compares a group of "risky drinking" smokers (n = 137) with groups of either smokers (n = 760) or "risky drinkers" (n = 173) regarding sociodemographic, behavioral and motivational variables. The study took place in a rural and urban region of Germany in 1997. No differences were found in sociodemographics, nicotine-related variables, frequency of alcohol consumption, and most alcohol-related diagnoses. People who drink and smoke show a higher proportion of alcohol dependence (ES: h = .20), drink more alcohol per occasion (ES: d = .39), and are more motivated to decrease alcohol consumption (ES: h = .45). The data suggest focusing research in more alcohol-related clinical settings and examining the relationship between smoking cessation and alcohol reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen René Thyrian
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Abstract
Behavioral health interventions are often gauged with a dichotomous outcome, "success" or "failure." Hidden by this dichotomy is a series of behavior changes that can be followed with the Transtheoretical Model (stages of change). There has been little consideration, however, about whether this information can and should be used in cost-effectiveness analysis. We review the stages of change model and its applications to behavioral health interventions. We then discuss analytical methods for including stages of change, or similar behavior change models, in cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). This is typically not done but it may be critical for study design and for interpreting CEA results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd H Wagner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Economics Resource Center, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Prochaska JJ, Rossi JS, Redding CA, Rosen AB, Tsoh JY, Humfleet GL, Eisendrath SJ, Meisner MR, Hall SM. Depressed smokers and stage of change: implications for treatment interventions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76:143-51. [PMID: 15488338 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco Dependence among smokers with psychiatric disorders has been under-addressed by the mental health, addictions, and tobacco control communities. This study examined depressed smokers' readiness to quit and the applicability of the Stages of Change framework to a psychiatric sample. Currently depressed smokers (N=322) were recruited from four outpatient psychiatric clinics. Participants averaged 16 cigarettes per day (S.D.=10) and 24 years (S.D.=13) of smoking. The majority (79%) reported intention to quit smoking with 24% ready to take action in the next 30 days. Individuals in the preparation stage reported more prior quit attempts, a greater commitment to abstinence, increased recognition of the cons of smoking, and greater use of the processes of change. Precontemplators were least likely to identify a goal related to their smoking behavior. Depressive symptom severity and history of recurrent depressive episodes were unrelated to readiness to quit. This study is one of the first to examine the smoking behaviors of currently depressed psychiatric outpatients. The level and longevity of their tobacco use underscore the need for cessation interventions. The consistency in hypothesized patterns among theoretical constructs of the Stages of Change model supports the transfer of stage-tailored interventions to this clinical population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith J Prochaska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Carpenter MJ, Hughes JR, Solomon LJ, Callas PW. Both smoking reduction with nicotine replacement therapy and motivational advice increase future cessation among smokers unmotivated to quit. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004; 72:371-81. [PMID: 15279521 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Smokers not currently interested in quitting (N = 616) were randomized to receive telephone-based (a) reduction counseling plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) plus brief advice to quit, (b) motivational advice plus brief advice, or (c) no treatment. More smokers in the reduction (43%) and motivational (51%) conditions made a 24-hr quit attempt over 6 months than smokers in the no-treatment condition (16%; p < or = .01), but the 2 active conditions did not differ (p > or = .05). Similarly, 18%, 23%, and 4% of each condition were abstinent (7-day point prevalence) at 6 months (p < or = .01). Results indicate smoking reduction using NRT does not undermine cessation but rather increases the likelihood of quitting to a degree similar to motivational advice.
Collapse
|
196
|
Arnsten JH, Reid K, Bierer M, Rigotti N. Smoking behavior and interest in quitting among homeless smokers. Addict Behav 2004; 29:1155-61. [PMID: 15236817 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine smoking behavior in homeless persons, including the impact of self-reported tobacco-related health problems and drug and alcohol abuse on readiness to quit and interest in smoking cessation counseling. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of outpatients and inpatients on the homeless service at Massachusetts General Hospital. RESULTS Among 98 homeless smokers with a mean age of 44 years, tobacco-related medical diagnoses and symptoms and psychiatric illnesses were common, as were drug and alcohol abuse. One third of the smokers in this sample intended to quit smoking within the next 6 months, including 19% who planned to quit in the next 1 month. Forty-four percent of the participants were somewhat or very interested in smoking cessation counseling. In multivariate analyses, significant (P < .05) predictors of readiness to quit smoking were greater confidence in one's ability to quit (self-efficacy) and more social support for quitting. Multivariate predictors of interest in smoking cessation counseling were smoking-related symptoms and higher self-efficacy for quitting. CONCLUSIONS Homeless smokers recruited from the inpatient and outpatient services of a large, urban teaching hospital reported interest in both stopping tobacco use and receiving assistance to quit smoking. Having an illness that a smoker believes is tobacco-related, having greater confidence in the ability to quit, and having more social support for quitting were associated with greater readiness to quit and more interest in smoking cessation counseling. Alcohol and drug abuse were not associated with reduced interest in quitting smoking. These findings suggest that homeless smokers may benefit from smoking cessation programs that are colocated in medical or drug treatment settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Arnsten
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. Integrating population smoking cessation policies and programs. Public Health Rep 2004; 119:244-52. [PMID: 15158103 PMCID: PMC1497634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phr.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James O Prochaska
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The southern Appalachian states show a high prevalence of smoking, with associated high rates of both heart disease and cancer, yet cultural differences raise questions concerning the applicability of the most frequently used model for smoking cessation, the transtheoretical model, for smokers from this region of the country. OBJECTIVE To identify, by examining the applicability of the transtheoretical model for southern Appalachian smokers, the percentage of individuals in each of the five stages of change, the use of the processes of change from the trans-theoretical model, and the scores on recognized predictors of smoking cessation including the temptation to smoke, the perceived barriers to cessation, the pros and cons of smoking, and nicotine dependence. METHODS This population-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study used a random sample of 3,800 telephone numbers, which were called up to eight times. The 659 smokers or former smokers who agreed to participate were mailed a written questionnaire consisting of six well-established scales that measure constructs from the transtheoretical model. The final sample consisted of 357 usable questionnaires. RESULTS The distribution of smokers in northeastern Tennessee differed from national samples across the first three stages of change, with 56% in precontemplation, as compared with previous findings of 40% in national samples. The subjects' scores for the pros of smoking were similar across the stages of change in this sample, and although the scores for the cons differed significantly across the stages in the sample, post hoc analysis indicated that the only significant change occurred between precontemplation and contemplation. The scores for temptation to smoke did not differ significantly across the stages of change in this sample. DISCUSSION Smokers from Appalachian Tennessee differ from smokers in other parts of the United States, and these findings raise questions about the applicability of the transtheoretical model for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Macnee
- Department of Family/Community Nursing, East Tennessee State University College of Nursing, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Abstract
While partner support has been found to be an important factor in smoking cessation, programs with partner training have not demonstrated improved efficacy. The goal of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a smoking cessation treatment program that included partner support in an innovative education/therapy model similar to alcohol and drug treatment programs. Subjects included 23 smokers, 71% with a support partner. The program consisted of a smoking cessation curriculum, combined with facilitated group therapy for participants and partners, and individualized medication evaluation. Smoking abstinence was 87% at program completion and 80% at one month follow up, 100% abstinence in participants with support and 50% in participants without support (p < 0.05). Smoking Stage of Change at enrollment was: contemplation 22%, preparation 70%, and action 8%, with 87% movement toward action stage. In the present study, partner support enhanced short-term abstinence from smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice D Key
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, P.O. Box 250560, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
McDonald PW. A low-cost, practical method for increasing smokers' interest in smoking cessation programs. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2004. [PMID: 14768742 DOI: 10.1007/bf03403634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low participation rates reduce the public health impact of smoking cessation programs. Two barriers for improving participation are the cost of media campaigns and the proportion of smokers motivated to quit smoking. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using classified newspaper ads and messages aimed at each stage of change to enhance participation in smoking cessation programs. METHODS Three classified ads were run concurrently in a local daily newspaper for five consecutive days. The ads were designed to engage smokers in each of Prochaska's five stages of change. Each ad invited smokers or former smokers to call the local health department to participate in a paid focus group to design a new health department program. RESULTS Calls were received from 181 eligible smokers, including 124 who provided data for the study. Thirty-seven, 34, and 29 percent of smoking respondents were in precontemplation, contemplation and preparation respectively. Half of ex-smokers were in the action stage. Ads cost 174 dollars (Cdn), thus the cost per recruit was less than a dollar. CONCLUSION Classified ads can recruit smokers from all stages of change. Compared to traditional mass media, classified ads may also be a highly cost-efficient promotional strategy. Results provide justification for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W McDonald
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, ON.
| |
Collapse
|